Nationalism

The growth of nationalism in the early 1900s

Nationalism

-growing sense of unity, purpose, and pride by people from a particular region

-many similarities in the group

-language

-customs

-religion

-Creates an identity

-great threat to the large multiethnic empires of the time

When did it start?

Started with the French Revolution When kings of European countries sent

armies to end the revolution and return a monarch to the French throne, citizens of France united in a spirit of nationalism to defend their homeland.

Years later, after Napoleon had risen to power and threatened the security of Europe, feelings of nationalism aroused Great Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Spain to defeat Napoleon and protect their territory and the rest of Europe.

National identities became important – desire, dominance and prestige

The Good The Bad

United citizens in effort to:• Have voice in

government• Gain human rights• Gain independence

Created competition • For colonies• For control of trade

routes

Healthy patriotism Led to warfare

Persecution of national groups in foreign countries

Liberalism

-nationalism would cause various groups to want to form separate nations that meet their individual groups needs

-Enlightenment thinking

-ideas of liberty and equality

-representative government

-equality under the law

-greater government reform

-universal male suffrage

-true democracy???

Nationalistic Factors

-Several contributing factors to the rise of a nationalist feeling in many areas of Europe

-Enlightenment

-American and French Revolutions both created a united country of democratic principals

-Industrial Revolution – created complex economies and class divisions

-Conservative Reaction to Revolutions – effort to unite one country

-Revolutionary actions of 1848 across Europe

The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789.French Revolution

Great Britain

-Philosophy of liberalism already existed

-Limited monarchy already existed

-However, Right to Vote was not allowed to all people

-1832 Reform Bill introduced by Whig Party

-redistributed the apportionment of Parliament---greater importance to urban areas

-expansion of suffrage

-Chartist movement

Unification of Italy

-Italy had not been united since the times of the Romans

-Giuseppe Mazzini

-Young Italy Movement----Revolts of 1848

-King Victor Emmanuel and Camillo Cavour of Sardinia unite northern Italy

-Giuseppe Garibaldi

-controlled southern Italy-

-Red Shirts

-Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel unite lands to form a united Italy.

-Rome and Venice come under control thereafter

German Unity

-Failure of German states to unite

-Northern German states have a developing sense of separation from Austria

-Prussia becomes dominant German state

-King William I becomes Prussia king in 1861

-King calls on Otto von Bismarck to head the government

-defies Parliament by declaring the King and him would rule without question

Otto von Bismarck

-rule through “blood and iron”

-“realpolitik”

-politics of reality

-Austro-Prussian War of 1866

-ended Austria’s dominance of German affairs

Second Reich

-Franco-Prussian War of 1871

-Prussia defeats France in patriotic war

-war pushed southern German states to join with Prussia

-War set harsh terms for France

-loss of Alsace-Lorraine territory

-Second Reich established

-William becomes Kaiser or emperor

Bismarck’s Germany

-Bismarck’s Germany

-growing socialist and liberalist movement in German politics

-Conservative rule but liberal policies

-absolutist control

-universal suffrage for men

-promoted national unity and pride

-German Legislature

-Bundesrat – appointed officials

-Reichstag – run by the people

Domestic Policy

-Industrialization begins

-protective tariffs developed

-fight against Socialism

-Social Democratic Party outlawed

-New social reforms

-social security laws

-first welfare type programs

-Bismarck resigns, 1890

-New Emperor William II resented his power

-Germany now one of Europe’s strongest nations

Essential Question:What two powerful countries emerge after uniting and creating one nationalist identity?

Russia

-Mid 19th century Russia was the most backward of the major European nations

-mostly agricultural nation

-serfdom still held most peasants as slaves

-open field system still practiced

-Largest territory and population – diverse nationalities

-Undeveloped resources

-Landlocked

-Many ethnic groups

-Strong absolutist ruler

Russian Efforts at Reform

-defeat in the Crimean War of the 1850’s showed Russian weakness – showed everyone how weak Russia was

-Reform efforts begun at the tsarist level

-Political Opposition continues

-Government repression

-Wanted to end liberal protest and terrorism

-Growth of radical groups followed--

Czar Nicholas II

-Czar Nicholas II (last czar)1894

-government industrialization begins

-by 1900 Russia had seemingly made great progress in catching up with industrial Europe

-Socialist groups continue to push for reforms

-Russo-Japanese War ended in 1905 with Russia humiliated by Japan

Revolution of 1905

-Bloody Sunday, Jan 1905 – pent up angst against the czar (strikes, liberals)

-Czarist troops kill hundreds of protestors

-Revolution of 1905

-large peasant and worker revolts

-general strikes began to freeze the economy

-Tsar issues reform efforts in the October Manifesto

-Duma (parliament) is created but with little power

-Russian monarchy survives because its enemies are not yet united in opposition – people are still unhappy

Nationalist Austria-Hungary

-Austria-Hungary – lost more land due to Italian and German nationalism

-1848 revolts led to Metternich’s resignation

-Monarchy survives with new ruler

-Emperor resigns and 18 year old nephew becomes emperor

-Francis-Joseph I – granted new constitution run by German speaking Austrians

-Ethnic troubles within the empire - Hungarians

Dual Monarchy

-Austrian defeat by Prussia in 1866

-Empire begins to split between Austria and Hungary

-Ferenc Deak- Hungarian leader

proposes

-Dual Monarchy – shared monarch, finance minister, defense and foreign affairs

-other nationalist groups begin to push for independence – slavs,

-nationalism serves to break up the empire

Works Cited

http://www.saburchill.com/history/Woodall/004.html

http://www.articlesbase.com/k-12-education-articles/rise-of-nationalism-in-europe-a-short-overview-748824.html

http://www.enotes.com/topic/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe

http://apwhwiki.pbworks.com/w/page/363484/Unification%20of%20Germany%20%28Otto%20von%20Bismarck%29