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ITALIAN UNIFICATION

Fall of the Roman Empire:• Italian Peninsula no longer unified• Most people spoke the same

language• Peninsula was divided into several

states• States were competing• Each state had their own

government • Napoleon’s unification did not last• Congress of Vienna split Italian

States• Nationalism is on a rise in Europe

ITALIAN UNIFICATIONPrince Matternich of Austria :• Wanted to maintain old Europe’s relationships• Realized after 15 years that it would not work• “the old Europe is nearing its end”

Nationalism grows in Europe Congress of Vienna created:

Political boundaries, ignoring national groups Groups under large Empires (some included different

ethnic groups)

Giuseppe Mazzini : the “heart”o Young Italy- Nationalists groupo Exiled, smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italyo Wanted the lines set by the Congress of Vienna (in 1815) to

be redrawno Sparked Italian unification

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

Nationalist’s Influences:• Led many rebellions• Citizens in Italian states

rebelled against Austrian rule.• State of Piedmont declared

war against Austria• Rome is seized• Sardinia had a successful

revolt. • Rulers granted new constitution• Sardinia remained independent

ITALIAN UNIFICATIONCamillo di Cavour: the “brain”• Believed the Italian unification

movement would be successful

• Founded nationalist newspaper, Il Risorgimento

• Became Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia

• Believed in a strong economy and monarchy

• Supported France in a war with Russia, France helped with their war against Austria by 1860 northern Italy was liberated

“Nationalism has become general; it grows daily; and it has already grown strong enough to keep all parts of Italy united despite the differences that distinguish them.”

ITALIAN UNIFICATIONGiuseppe Garibaldi: the “sword”

Joined Young Italy in 1833 (Mazzini’s movement)

Forced to flee Italy twice, learned guerilla warfare in South America

Returned for good in 1854 5 years later approached by Cavour to lead

part of the ArmyHad a group of followers called the Red Shirts

Their uniforms were colorfulGained control of Sicily by July 1860Conquered Naples

Red Shirts now control the southern part of the Italian peninsula.

ITALIAN UNIFICATIONItaly United!

King Victor Emmanuel: Was from Sardinia

Was given the Kingdom of Two Sicilies by Garibaldi

Territories throughout Italy held elections, all agreed to unification

1866: Austria and Prussia go to war

--Italians side with Prussians, defeat Austria, Prussia gives Venetia to Italy

1870: France and Prussia go to war

--France withdraws troops from Rome, Italy enters Rome