Nationalism in Europe1815 - 1905

Nationalism in EuropeNationalism and Nation-States• Nationalism—loyalty to nation of people with

common culture, history• Nation-state—nation with its own independent

government and shares many of common features.

ex: Language, Culture, History, Ethnicity, Homeland, Religion

Nationalist Movements

Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjects

Three different types of nationalist movements: unification merges culturally similar lands

Italy & Germany

separation splits off culturally distinct groups Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire

state-building binds separate cultures into one USA

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

Decline of the Ottoman Empire Economic and Social Problems Slow modernization and make improvements Rising nationalism amongst various nationalities Foreign intervention (Russians support Balkans /

Britain supports the Turks) Greek War of Independence, 1830 Balkan Wars Crimean War

Crimean War (See p. 782-783 KAGAN )

When: 1853-1856 Where: Crimea region – north shore of the Black

Sea. Who: Russia vs. Ottoman Empire; 1854-Britain and

France join Ottoman Empire’s side to protect trade and naval interests in the Mediterranean sea region.

Causes: Russia sought more southerly lands around the black sea,

invade Moldavia and Walachia Russia (orthodox) sought to protect important Christian

sites in the holy land – even though the ottoman empire gave that job to France (catholic)

Crimean War (See p. 782-783 KAGAN )

Charge of the Light Brigade Oct 1854, Battle of

Balaclava British Calvary led by

Lord Cardigan 270 dead of 670;

Russian Victory “Charge of the Light

Brigade” Poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson

“Roll Call” by Elizabeth Thompson Butler, 1874.

The Remnants of the Light Brigade,

Elizabeth Thompson Butler (1876 – City of Manchester Art Gallery)

Political Cartoons – Crimean War

Political Cartoons – Crimean War

British Video on The Crimean War

Crimean War (See p. 782-783 KAGAN )Outcome: Treaty of Paris ends the war – Ottoman Empire and allies win. Russia forced to give up lands taken earlier including near the

Danube river Russia gives up claims to protect the Christian sites around the

holy land area. The Concert of Europe is shattered in 1856. (it was established to

restore order and balance of power after napoleon’s defeat in 1815) Led to greater instability in Europe as nations were less

inclined to resolve conflicts through diplomacy and more included to use military force.

England tends to meddle less in European affairs – begins to focus on building its overseas empire.

Russia’s reputation as invincible is shattered and its pride is damaged. It needs to industrialize and modernize if it is to remain a power in Europe.

Obstacles to Italian Unity Austria controlled the northern portions of the

Italian peninsula. Pope controlled central portions of the Italian

peninsula France controlled the Kingdoms of the Two

Sicilies. (The Boot area) Different dialects of Italian Poor transportation and trade barriers

Italian Unification Movement Risorgimento:

The name given to the movement for Italian unity which meant “resurgence” or “revival”.

CarbonariInteractive Map

Giuseppe Mazzini “The Spirit” Founded secret society

called “Young Italy” 1848 staged uprisings in

Sicily with help of King Charles Albert of Sardinia

Proclaimed Rome a republic but Louis-Napoleon of France restores the Pope

Envisioned a Republic for Italy

Count Camillo di Cavour “The Brains”

Advisor to the kingdom of Sardinia

Admired Great Britain Promote rapid industrial

growth, reduce Catholic influence, raising an army

1856 – Teamed up with France and Britain in Crimean War

1858 signs secret treaty with Napoleon III

1859 provokes war with Austria, gains Lombardy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi “The Might”

Joined Young Italy Movement

Fled to Latin America, USA, and Peru

Charismatic military commander in S. Italy.

Guerilla Warfare: used hit and run tactics

“Red Shirts”—Expedition of the Thousand helped gain control of S. Italy in 1860.

United Italy 1861 – Constitutional

Monarchy under Victor Emmanuel II after a vote of the people

1866 - Seven Weeks War – Italy gained Venetia

1871 – With Franco-Prussian War, Italy gains Rome and Venetia to become politically unified.

Review Exercise:1. What is nationalism? When and where did it

first appear?2. Why did Russia attack the Ottoman Empire in

the Crimean war? Why was the war significant?

3. How are the following related to each other: 1. Giuseppe Mazzini, Young Italy, Giuseppe

Garibaldi, liberalism, nationalism, 1848, Risorgimento

GERMAN NATIONALISM

Obstacles to Unity: 39 Independent

German States (Prussia & Austria most powerful)

Industrially disadvantaged due to political divisions

Religiously divided between Protestants and Catholics

Interactive Map

Steps to German Unity 1815 Congress of Vienna: Created closer economic ties

between German states.

1834 Prussian Junkers called for a Zollverein or Economic Union. Reduced / eliminated tariffs between states Uniform prices Standardized currency and systems of measurement Gave Prussia political edge over Austria

1861 – New king, William I and his new chancellor Otto Von Bismarck. Rise of Bismarck

Otto Von Bismarck 1862 – “Iron and Blood” Speech as

Chancellor Realpolitik – politics where success

matters more than legality and idealism

United Germany is Prussiadominating over other German States. This meant using military and economic might to dominate Austria.

Favored Authoritarian governmentBismarck

Wars of Unification 1863 Danish War Claim of Schleswig and Holstein provokes

war: Denmark against Prussia and Austria. Quick victory makes other German nations

respect Prussia Prussia rules Schleswig while Austria rules

Holstein.

Wars of UnificationSeven Weeks’ War, 1866 Border dispute with Austria to provoke war Diplomacy: Napoleon III neutrality / Italy

against Austria Prussia uses modern technology to win war. Prussia seizes Austrian territory in northern

Germany, not Southern. North German Confederacy created with

Prussian dominance.

Wars of Unification

The Franco-Prussian War (July 1870 – Jan. 1871)

Dispute: Spain desires German Prince Leopold to become their new king, France objects.

Ems Telegram: Bismarck falsifies the dispatch to appear insulting to the French. France declares war.

Southern German territories ally with Bismarck. Germany occupies Northern France and take Alsace and part

of Lorraine.

Birth of the Second Reich William I is crowned kaiser—emperor of a united

Germany—at Versailles German rulers opposed democratic ideas and western style of

parliamentary government.

Parliament with two branches: Reichstag (lower)

400 elected members Limited powers

Bundesrat (upper) 58 appointed members Approved all laws

A Growing World Power An Industrial and Military Giant

Bismarck helped turn an agricultural country to world’s leading industrial power

1884 Berlin Conference to discuss colonization of Africa Bismarck resists the growth of socialism

William II dismisses Bismarck Rapid expansion of German army and navy Most Germans took pride in their new power and

strength.

NATIONALISM IN RUSSIA Obstacles to Nationalism: (Social,

Economical, Political) Socially: 60 Nationalities, 100 different

languages, serfdom Economical: Oppressive agricultural practices,

little industrialization Political: Autocracy where one person rules with

unlimited authority.

Autocracy in Decline Alexander I’s war

with Napoleon exposes soldiers to Western culture Soldiers join secret

societies. Seek a Constitutional

monarchy, freeing serfs, etc

Autocracy in Decline Nicolas I

Puts down Decemberist Uprising (1825) Censors the press, creates secret police, and restricts other

liberties Russification: An official policy of intolerance and

persecution of non-Russian peoples where they were required to learn Russian and its customs.

Loses the Crimean War (1854-1856)

Political Cartoon

Autocracy in Decline Alexander II “Reformer”

1861 Emancipation: Free serfs to provide labor for industrialization. Created class of landless peasants Landless peasants moved to the cities Discontent rises in the cities Took control of provinces away from landowners Created need for new system of local government

1864 Zemstvos local assemblies with provincial duties such as schools and health

care. New courts established

Autocracy in Decline Revolutionary Stirrings: Alexander II’s reforms not enough. Alexander Herzen:

Published “The Bell” which advocated reforms in Russia.

“Land and Freedom” movement to educate peasants and seek their support in liberal reforms.

Advocate for communal living—peasants banding together to support each other.

Autocracy in Decline Revolutionary Stirrings: “The People’s Will”

Splintered from the “Land and Freedom” movement Advocate for terrorism (agitation) and propaganda to bring about

needed social reforms faster Specific Goals:

Representation in government General local government, democratic Ownership of all land by the people Freedom of speech, conscience, association, public meeting A national army formed Goal to assassinate the czar who repressed the revolutionaries.

Terrorism: Alexander II assassinated, 1881.

Autocracy in Decline Alexander III and Nicholas II Conservative and oppressive rulers Intensified program of Russification and ended

many reforms of Alexander II. Pogroms: Severe persecution of the Jews. [Political

Cartoon]

1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War weakens authority of czar Nicholas II.

Revolution of 1905 Jan. 21, 1905 “Bloody Sunday” leads to revolution

against Nicholas II

1905 October Manifesto creates the Duma or Russian parliament.

Revolution is mostly a failure: Army remained loyal to czar French loaned money to their Russian ally. Revolutionary groups splintered

Nationalism: Austria-Hungary Revolution of 1848

– Hungary nearly gains independence

1867 – The Dual Monarchy forms; deals with ethnic diversity.

1878 – Gains Bosnia and Serbia from Turks. “A proposal by Aurel Popovici”