nationalism part i – europeans have even more revolutions
TRANSCRIPT
NationalismNationalism
Part I – Europeans have even Part I – Europeans have even MORE revolutionsMORE revolutions
Types of Nationalist Types of Nationalist MovementsMovements
UnificationUnification– Mergers of politically divided but Mergers of politically divided but
culturally similar landsculturally similar lands 1919thth century Germany century Germany 1919thth century Italy century Italy
SeparationSeparation– Culturally distant group resists Culturally distant group resists
being added to a state or tries to being added to a state or tries to break awaybreak away Greeks in the Ottoman EmpireGreeks in the Ottoman Empire French-Canadians in CanadaFrench-Canadians in Canada
State-buildingState-building– Culturally distinct groups form into Culturally distinct groups form into
a new state by accepting a single a new state by accepting a single cultureculture The United StatesThe United States TurkeyTurkey
BalkansBalkans
Where are the Balkans?Where are the Balkans? Southeastern EuropeSoutheastern Europe Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania,
western Turkey, Serbia, Croatia, western Turkey, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, Macedonia, and KosovoBosnia, Macedonia, and Kosovo
In the early 1800s, all controlled by In the early 1800s, all controlled by Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
Greeks rebelGreeks rebel Greece controlled by TurksGreece controlled by Turks Western Europeans not happyWestern Europeans not happy Russians upsetRussians upset Greeks rebel against Turks in Greeks rebel against Turks in
18211821 Britain, France and Russia unite Britain, France and Russia unite
forces in 1827 to liberate Greeceforces in 1827 to liberate Greece Greece becomes independent in Greece becomes independent in
1830 – first time since Greece 1830 – first time since Greece was taken over by the Romanswas taken over by the Romans
1830 is a big year1830 is a big year Netherlands rules modern day Netherlands rules modern day
Netherlands and BelgiumNetherlands and Belgium Riots break out in Brussels against Riots break out in Brussels against
Dutch rule, Belgium declares Dutch rule, Belgium declares independence in 1830independence in 1830
Italians start to rebel in 1830, some Italians start to rebel in 1830, some small states unify into larger statessmall states unify into larger states
Poles in Warsaw rebel against Poles in Warsaw rebel against Russians in 1830, eventually Russians in 1830, eventually defeated by Russian armydefeated by Russian army
More revolutions in 1848More revolutions in 1848
Metternich (remember him) is still calling Metternich (remember him) is still calling the shots in Austriathe shots in Austria– There is an emperor, but Metternich is the real There is an emperor, but Metternich is the real
powerpower Riots break out in Vienna, Metternich resignsRiots break out in Vienna, Metternich resigns Other parts of Austrian Empire rebelOther parts of Austrian Empire rebel
– Hungarians in Budapest, Czechs in PragueHungarians in Budapest, Czechs in Prague All of these rebellions fail, but again the All of these rebellions fail, but again the
seeds of revolution are still there, and seeds of revolution are still there, and discontent is still widespreaddiscontent is still widespread
Austrian EmpireAustrian Empire 9 nationalities, 12 languages, 3 religions9 nationalities, 12 languages, 3 religions Centered in Vienna, but Budapest and Prague Centered in Vienna, but Budapest and Prague
are important citiesare important cities Dominated by the German-speaking AustriansDominated by the German-speaking Austrians Prussia, also German-speaking, goes to war Prussia, also German-speaking, goes to war
with Austria in 1866 and takes some German-with Austria in 1866 and takes some German-speaking areasspeaking areas
Hungary, the other Hungary, the other ““halfhalf”” of the Austrian of the Austrian Empire demands equal powerEmpire demands equal power
After losing war with Prussia, Austria bows to After losing war with Prussia, Austria bows to pressure from Hungary and split in to two pressure from Hungary and split in to two independent states but with one Emperorindependent states but with one Emperor
Duel MonarchyDuel Monarchy Each part of the empire now had its Each part of the empire now had its
own:own:– ConstitutionConstitution– Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature– Government machinery for domestic affairsGovernment machinery for domestic affairs– Capital (Vienna, Austria; Buda, Hungary)Capital (Vienna, Austria; Buda, Hungary)
Holding this all together is one monarchHolding this all together is one monarch– A common army, foreign policy, and A common army, foreign policy, and
finance systemfinance system
Satisfied Hungarians but not other Satisfied Hungarians but not other nationalities in the empirenationalities in the empire
Simply enabled the German-speaking Simply enabled the German-speaking Austrians and Hungarians to Austrians and Hungarians to dominate minorities, especially the dominate minorities, especially the Slavic peoplesSlavic peoples
Empire collapses after World War IEmpire collapses after World War I
Back to FranceBack to France
Radicals had been behind the revolutions Radicals had been behind the revolutions in 1830 and 1848 all over Europein 1830 and 1848 all over Europe
Only in France was their main goal the Only in France was their main goal the overthrow of the governmentoverthrow of the government– In other countries, they simply wanted some In other countries, they simply wanted some
changeschanges 1830 – France1830 – France’’s King Charles X tries to go s King Charles X tries to go
back to absolute monarchyback to absolute monarchy– Q: WhatQ: What’’s absolute monarchy?s absolute monarchy?
Riots break out and he flees the countryRiots break out and he flees the country
Louis-PhilippeLouis-Philippe
Louis-Philippe becomes king when Louis-Philippe becomes king when Charles fleesCharles flees
He was a supporter of liberal reformsHe was a supporter of liberal reforms Reigned until 1848Reigned until 1848 Revolutionary ideals had been Revolutionary ideals had been
simmering, even though LP tried to pass simmering, even though LP tried to pass reformsreforms
King is overthrown, republic declaredKing is overthrown, republic declared Very unstable, chaos, violenceVery unstable, chaos, violence
Second RepublicSecond Republic
French history is categorized by French history is categorized by when it was ruled as a republicwhen it was ruled as a republic
First Republic – during the French First Republic – during the French Revolution until Napoleon became Revolution until Napoleon became emperor (no president, just a council)emperor (no president, just a council)
Second – 1848-1852Second – 1848-1852– Third – 1870-1940Third – 1870-1940– Fourth – 1944-1958Fourth – 1944-1958– Fifth – 1958 to presentFifth – 1958 to present
Second RepublicSecond Republic
Chaos leads people to approve of a Chaos leads people to approve of a constitution with a strong president constitution with a strong president as the head of governmentas the head of government– Very common in future French Very common in future French
governments, even todaygovernments, even today Election in 1848 – Louis-Napoleon, Election in 1848 – Louis-Napoleon,
nephew of Napoleon, wins and nephew of Napoleon, wins and becomes first president of Francebecomes first president of France
What do you think he does next?What do you think he does next?
A new Emperor NapoleonA new Emperor Napoleon Declares himself Emperor Napoleon III in Declares himself Emperor Napoleon III in
18521852– Chose Chose ““IIIIII”” instead of instead of ““IIII”” out of respect for out of respect for
NapoleonNapoleon’’s son who had died in 1832s son who had died in 1832 Very popular move with the French who Very popular move with the French who
saw him as a strong leadersaw him as a strong leader Also believed he would end the instability Also believed he would end the instability
and the riotsand the riots Napoleon III turned out to be a successNapoleon III turned out to be a success
– Government built railroads, factories, and Government built railroads, factories, and helped industrialize Francehelped industrialize France
– Was the first elected president of France, and Was the first elected president of France, and the last emperor of Francethe last emperor of France
War in the CrimeaWar in the Crimea
Who would benefit from the break up Who would benefit from the break up of the Ottoman Empire?of the Ottoman Empire?
Map—page 623Map—page 623 Austria, Russia, Britain, and France Austria, Russia, Britain, and France
all want in.all want in.
WarWar
Issue: Right to protect Christian shrines Issue: Right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine—France has it Russia wants in Palestine—France has it Russia wants it.it.
Russia invades Moldavia/WallachiaRussia invades Moldavia/Wallachia Ottoman Empire declares war on RussiaOttoman Empire declares war on Russia Britain and France declare war on RussiaBritain and France declare war on Russia
– Why?Why? Austria remains neutralAustria remains neutral
Why?Why?
Balance of powerBalance of powerDardanellesDardanellesNaval ControlNaval Control
Overall, poorly planned and foughtOverall, poorly planned and fought
Outcome Outcome
Ultimately Russia is defeated and Ultimately Russia is defeated and sues for peacesues for peace
Treaty of Paris (1856)Treaty of Paris (1856)– Russia gives up Bessarabia and accepts Russia gives up Bessarabia and accepts
Black Sea neutralityBlack Sea neutrality– Moldavia and Wallachia under protection Moldavia and Wallachia under protection
of all 5 powersof all 5 powers Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale
Significance Significance
Broke up long-standing power relationshipsBroke up long-standing power relationships Destroyed Concert of EuropeDestroyed Concert of Europe Austria & Russia enemies (no Austrian Austria & Russia enemies (no Austrian
help)help) Russia withdraws for two decadesRussia withdraws for two decades Britain pulls back from continental affairsBritain pulls back from continental affairs Austria without friendsAustria without friends Situation made it possible for unification of Situation made it possible for unification of
Italy and GermanyItaly and Germany
RussiaRussia Not just Russians in the empireNot just Russians in the empire 22 million Ukrainians, 8 million Poles22 million Ukrainians, 8 million Poles Dozens of other ethnic groups as wellDozens of other ethnic groups as well Alexander III, like many of his Alexander III, like many of his
predecessors wanted to maintain total predecessors wanted to maintain total control of the empirecontrol of the empire
Russification – forcing Russian culture on Russification – forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the empireall ethnic groups in the empire
Backfires and creates nationalism among Backfires and creates nationalism among minority groupsminority groups
Empire collapses during World War IEmpire collapses during World War I
Define NationalismDefine Nationalism Nationalism is the belief that peopleNationalism is the belief that people’’s s
greatest loyalty should not be to a king, greatest loyalty should not be to a king, but to a nation of people who share but to a nation of people who share common history and culture. Deep common history and culture. Deep devotion to onedevotion to one’’s nations nation
Nationalism blurs the lines in political Nationalism blurs the lines in political spectrum (conservative, liberal, radical)spectrum (conservative, liberal, radical)
Appeals to all parts of life: Culture, History, Appeals to all parts of life: Culture, History, Language, Territory, Nationality, ReligionLanguage, Territory, Nationality, Religion