Native American Music and Living Legends

Cynthia Cozette Lee Middle Years Alternative

Introduction Overview Background Rationale Objectives Strategies Standards BiographiesSpotlights Musical Instruments Classroom Activities Annotated Bibliography Appendices Introduction

Do you know the history of the Navajo Native American Indian Code Talkers and their importance during World War II in helping the American and European allies win the war by creating a secret code system of communication that was never broken Do you know the Taino Indians of Puerto Rico invented what we call today the guiro and maracas Do you know we have twenty-four states in the United States that have Native American names The state of Wyoming comes from the Munsee Delaware Indian language whose translation meaning is ldquoat the big river flatrdquo The state of Connecticut originates from the Eastern Algonquin language meaning ldquoat the long tidal riverrdquo The state of Alabamarsquos name is derived from the Choctaw language meaning ldquothicket clearersrdquo The state of Massachusetts name is derived from the Wampanoag Algonquian language meaning ldquoby the range of hillsrdquo

You may already be familiar with the lengthy history of the Native American indigenous people of the United States of America and their many contributions to our society with their diverse languages and cultures You may already know the true story of General Custer or explorer Christopher Columbus and their destructive treatment of the Native American tribal groups they encountered or perhaps you do not know the real history of the Native American or their many contributions to our society You may have only been introduced to the Native American culture through old cowboy and Indian western movies that depict the people of the First Nations in a negative derogatory manner

With so much history that has been distorted about the Native Americans this leads us to ask who are the Native Americans today and what is their true history More importantly since this will be a Native American cross-curriculum unit on music history and literacy we need to question what were the Native American music traditions of the past and how does the history and cultural traditions of the Native American tribal nations influence our contemporary society today in music and art These are some of the key questions that will be discussed in this curriculum guide Before music history and cultural traditions of the Native Americans are discussed the history and importance of the indigenous Native American culture of the United States of America needs to be reviewed

Overview

This curriculum unit concerns students in grades 5 through 8 learning about the music and history of the Native American culture in the United States The goals of this curriculum unit are to give students an overview of the traditional Native American culture explore the use of percussion instruments in contemporary Native American music and give students an opportunity to create percussion instruments To accompany their hand-crafted percussion instruments the students will compose poems and rap song tributes to Native American culture

Background

Native Americans have a history in North and South America that is thousands of years old Prior to the European colonization of the United States of America beginning in the late 15th century hundreds of tribal nation people existed in this region who spoke thousands of languages and dialects Some tribes like the Massachusetts or Moswetuset people and language are now considered non-existent by the United States Federal government Although there is a small community group of residents who are ancestors of the Moswetuset people still living in Massachusetts today The Moswetuset language is considered part of the Wampanoag Algonquian Many English words that have Native American origin were distorted by the European colonists For example the word Massachusetts is a distortion of the Native American tribe Moswetuset

Five hundred and sixty-six tribes are recognized by the United States Federal government Bureau of Indian Affairs and Department of the Interior today Over two hundred or more tribal nations are unrecognized by the Federal government and the Bureau of Indian affairs Recognized and unrecognized Indian tribes are usually groups who claim to be direct descendents of Native American Indians AboringinalFirst Nations by ethnicity historically and culturally Unrecognized Indian tribes have no legitimacy recognition by the Federal government Some of the unrecognized tribes like the Lenape of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey are seeking recognition as a tribal nation by the United States Federal government through litigation Some of the smaller tribal nations do not have the economic support to pursue legal recognition Besides creating a cultural

divide among communities and negative psychological impact recognition of a tribal nation by the government has impact on the educational social and economic development of many tribal nations who must use their own resources to support their community

Music is highly important in the Native American culture The music of the Native Americans dates back almost 2500 years ago as demonstrated through hieroglyphics and pictograph paintings depicted in caves in both the North and South American continents The use of music traditionally can be for ceremonial medicinal social expression or communication purposes Music is also responsible for the transmission of Native American oral history education and cultural traditions

Although there are many Native American tribal nations the percussion musical instruments that seem to transcend most tribal nations are the drums rattles rasps flutes and whistles which may vary in size shape sound construction and purpose Voice dance and the flute combined with the use of percussion instruments provide a unifying form of expression very important in the Native American cultural tradition for ceremonial and spiritual purposes or sometimes for pleasure and relaxation

Native American music began to be written down and studied by musicologists during the late 19th century until recently Typically the musicologists divided the various traditional styles of Native American music into regions of North America The Southwest the Eastern Woodlands the Plains the Great Basin the Northwest Coast and the Artic regions are how musicologists divided the music customs of the Native Americans Probably because archeologists traditionally categorize the various tribal nations and artifacts by regions the musicologists followed this practice

However when considering a music curriculum on Native American music additional factors should be considered These factors are authenticity purpose and ecological principles Currently there is controversy over Native American music authenticity Some theorists believe that in order for the music to be authentic the music must evolve from the tribal culture Other theorists believe that as long as the musician is an offspring of the Native American culture then the music produced is authentic Native American music In addition controversy exists concerning non-Native American musicians playing and creating Native American music Some theorists believe that non-Native American musicians cannot produce authentic Native American music because they do not have the required heritage and background

The purpose of music in many Native American cultures is for the cultural and spiritual experiences For example the emphasis of a song may not be on the actual words and meaning of the words in the songrsquos lyrics The importance of a song is the emotional and spiritual connection of the participants and listeners to the songrsquos ambience In addition the ecological factor relates to the sounds of the musical

instruments that have been created from natural materials and the subjects of nature used for the songrsquos title

Rationale

As a teacher I have often seen the Native American history being overlooked or distorted in the general curriculum programs Recently when I covered a history class for the absent social studies teacher I was disheartened to view in the student textbook stereotypical photographs of Native Americans and only a few pages of one chapter dedicated to history of the Native American In addition of the dozens of music textbooks I have viewed usually only one or two Native American songs are included from hundreds of songs in the book Consequently through these outdated or limited curriculum guides the American youth is exposed to stereotypes and false images of Native Americans and their music

Consequently there is a great need for our students to learn the real story of the Native Americans and learn to respect the Native Americansrsquo music culture and traditions This unit is created for students to learn about the music and cultural traditions of the Native Americans both past and present The unit is also created to assist students with acquiring factual knowledge separating what is myth and what is real Out of respect for the culture the students will be composing original poems and songs in tribute to the Native American youths of today accompanied on hand-made instruments created by the students In addition a spotlight on a living Native American musician artist or scholar or a non-Native American with expertise on Native American traditions will be included in the unit

My great-grandfather was a slave who fought as a soldier in the American Civil War 1863-1865 Both of my great-grandmothers were Native American descendents One of my great-grandmothers was of the Lenape origin born in Delaware and the other was of Cherokee Indian origin born in Georgia Because of my diverse background I can perceive the dichotomy of being a Native American in our society both loved and hated Sometimes the experience is happy and jubilant and other times it is tragic and sad

This cross-curriculum unit titled Native American Music and Living Legends is designed to assist middle school students in grades 5 through 8 with learning about Native American music and cultural traditions of some of the tribal nations In addition Native American current social and political themes will be discussed to better understand contemporary music trends of Native American youth

This cross-curriculum unit will not only contain discussions about Native American music but include the history of Native American people some ceremonial traditions involving song and dance and focus on contemporary artists and scholars I met through the Native American Voices program at University of Pennsylvania Highlighted in an interview Spotlight on Native American Living Legends section are a Native American

musician composer and dancer Vaughnda Hilton founder of Native Nations Dance Theater In addition a Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape artist Denise Bright Dove Dunkley will be highlighted in an interview and a scholar and caretaker of Native American artifacts Dr Lucy Fowler Williams anthropologist will also be interviewed This section is very important because today we need to learn about Native Americans who are living in our own Delaware Valley Also we need to learn about non-Native Americans who are influenced by the Native American culture and have made it their mission in life to honor respect and preserve the artifacts and traditions of the Native Americans This curriculum unit will link with the prescribed School District of Philadelphia music curriculum program because it will include the following skills the students will perform

bull Perform a variety of songs from diverse genres and cultures using acceptable tone quality good intonation and clear diction in world languages

bull Perform individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres

bull Play in classroom groups or performing ensembles music of diverse genres styles and cultures with expression appropriate to the work performed

bull Improvise rhythmic and harmonic accompaniments to songs and recorded music

Objectives

The students will be able to determine three main objectives about this unit First students will be able to identify supporting details about Native American history and music in order to determine the main ideas or central concepts of the unit Second students will be able to combine many facts or clues from the text with prior knowledge andor experience in order to draw appropriate conclusions Third students will be able to identify and analyze musical elements in order to draw conclusions about the music

To address the first and second objectives students need to evaluate their resources to ensure the source used to describe or interpret Native American culture and music gives a factual and reliable description and does not distort and stereotype Native American culture and music Many traditions of the Native American have been distorted by the European American culture because of their lack of knowledge of Native American traditions

In regards to the third objective we have to be careful that we do not continue these myths or distortions Therefore if we use the European approach to analyzing the music elements to Native American music we may incorrectly decide to use terms such as ldquoprimitiverdquo or ldquosimple melodiesrdquo which downplays the beautiful mesmerizing melancholy sounds we hear today in listening to traditional Native American music

Music stems from the natural sounds of nature in traditional Native American music The rattles may be constructed from turtle shells The drum can be created from animal hide and wood Depending on the natural elements available to the Indian the

flute could be made from various woods With some Native American nations the drum represents the heartbeat or soul of a people or village In addition with some Native American nations at social or ceremonial gatherings the drums and vocals were traditionally performed only by the men However in contemporary times during tribal and inter-tribal ceremonies the females may perform vocals and percussion instruments

Strategies

This curriculum unit will be divided into multiple lessons and give a panorama view of the Native American music experience for the student Each lesson will have multiple objectives Instead of focusing on only one specific tribal nation or tradition the mini-lessons will provide differentiated instruction strategies on various aspects of the Native American music experience from Native Americans belonging to different tribal nations Throughout all the lessons collaborative learning strategies can be implemented in pairs small and large groups Each lesson will start or end with the students learning to perform a traditional Native American song Each lesson will begin with a Do Now and vocabulary list and include a What Do You Hear activity

The first lessons emphasis will be on the student learning the true history of the Native Americans through direct and guided instruction practices by the teacher The students will read articles and informational text on the history of the Native Americans and on famous Native American musicians like Buffy Sainte-Marie a Canadian-American Cree musician and activist In addition through using multimedia literacy the students will view videos or films highlighting the Native Americanrsquos culture and music experience The third lesson will be the students reading a series of interviews conducted by Dr Cynthia Lee with musicians artists and scholars who live in the Philadelphia area in order for the students to understand the Native Americanrsquos cultural music experience is alive and thriving in our society This activity uses explicit instruction through awareness explanation and application strategies In the fourth lesson the students will learn about traditional music percussion instruments their use and how to make them by explicit instruction During this lesson students will apply their knowledge of percussion instruments by creating their own hand-crafted percussion instruments

The final lessons will include the strategies of guided instruction modeling and gradual release in order for the students to learn The classroom activities will include the students through gradual release connecting the past traditions to the present by creating their own songs and musical instruments in tribute to Native American youths

Student will also be able to learn the final lessons through informational text and video films how Native American contemporary music has blossomed into various art forms including classical jazz rock country and western and hip-hop styles of music The student should be able to see how the development of the Native American Music Awards and other venues such as Canyon Records has helped preserve and provide great significance to the music contributions of Native American music Finally the student

should be able to create their own original songs and poems accompanied by percussion instruments hand-crafted and made by the students

Standards

Pennsylvania Department of Education and Humanities Music

91 Production Performance and Exhibition of Dance Music Theatre and Visual Arts

92 Historical and Cultural Contexts

93 Critical Response

94 Aesthetic Response

BiographiesSpotlights

Spotlight on a Caretaker of Native American Artifacts ndash Dr Lucy Fowler Williams ndash Anthropologist

Figure 1-Dr Lucy Fowler Williams with her husband at the Penn Museum Native American Voices Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee

Dr Lucy Fowler Williams is Associate Curator and Senior Keeper of American collections at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (Penn Museum) in Philadelphia Pennsylvania A cultural anthropologist she specializes in understanding the material culture of North American Indian peoples and communities Lucy has worked most closely with Tewa Pueblo communities in New

Mexico to understand the ongoing role of Pueblo cloth and ritual garments today and in the past She has travelled widely to Native American communities from Alaska to New Jersey and her interests include Native American material culture decolonization and issues of representation She collaborated closely with numerous Native consultants and advisors to create the exhibition Native American Voices The People ndash Here and Now which opened at the Penn Museum in 2014 Dr Williams is also the co-author of a book entitled Native American Voices on Identity Art amp Culture Objects of Everlasting Esteem (2005)

Spotlight on a Native American Musician ndash Vaughnda Hilton

Figure 2-Native Nations Productions Inc Figure 3-Vaughnda Hilton in Jingle Dress -Vaughnda Hilton Photo courtesy of at Penn Museum Native American Voices Vaughnda Hilton Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee Vaughnda Hilton was born in Denver Colorado (Tribal Nations Blackfeet amp SeminoleCreek) She is the Founder amp ArtisticExecutive Director of Native Nations Dance Theater (NNDT) Vaughnda teaches Native American Indian History and Native American dance Vaughnda attained a Bachelor of Arts Degree from St Leo University in Florida where she majored in Dance (ballet modern jazz amp tap) and Theater Vaughnda has taught all forms of dance during her 27 year career in the field and has also danced professionally with reputable companies Vaughnda appears in the film ldquoWho We

Arerdquo permanently showing at the Smithsonian Institutersquos National Museum of the American Indian in the Lelawi Theater She is also an actordancer in the PBS documentary film ldquoWe Shall Remainrdquo ndashEpisode II (Tecumsehrsquos Vision) directed by Chris Eyre filmed on location in Prophetstown Indiana in 2007 which aired internationally in April of 2009 NNDT has a school program year round Please call or email for available native nations dance theater dates NNDT Contact Information

Phone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndanativewebnet or wanbliziwiaolcom Website URL wwwnndtweeblycom --by Vaughnda Hilton

Spotlight on a Native American Artist ndash Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

Figure 4-Denise Bright Dove Dunkley making jewelry-Photo courtesy of Ms Dunkley

I am Denise Bright Dove Dunkley 41 of Odessa Delaware Although I have been living in Delaware for 20 years I was born and raised in Bridgeton NJ I am an award winning artist and enrolled tribal member of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians of New Jersey Wife and mother of 4 my passion for what I create has enabled me to maintain my ancestral culture while teaching those around me the truth about Native Americans I served as chairperson for my tribes Cultural Retention Committee and Director for the Little Acorns Youth Group for over 6 years I have traveled as far as Oklahoma and Canada to learn more about my craft With 100s of tutorial hours and 1000s of practice hours mastered I have been actively selling and displaying my artwork for almost 20 years My work has been seen in places such as the University of Pennsylvania Museum State Museum of Trenton Delaware Art Museum Rancocas Arts Festival Mohegan Sun Festival Schemitzen Festival of Green Corn Wheaton Festival of Fine Arts numerous powwows craftart shows historical society events nursing homes libraries Boy Scout events and an array of area schools I have made crafts all my life but traveling and displaying my work fuels my creativity I love explaining my pieces and teaching others about my culture Art often makes a terrific platform to do that My work includes but is not limited to beading jewelry metal manipulation wood work bone work antler carving leather items native

clothingregalia gourd items native instruments pipes ornamental sculptures wind chimes ceremonial items grave markers traditional Delaware items reproductions etc My current goal is to create something for the Smithsonian in Washington DC After that Ill come up with a new goal Its an honor to work and love what you do I have been blessed My contact information is Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Telephone 856-207-1137 Email - Bright Dove856gmailcom Web info ishttpstoresdeniseBrightDovecom -by Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Musical Instruments In one of the lessons the students will learn through informational text reading guided instruction listening to music and discussions that Native American percussion instruments are made from natural elements of nature These elements depend on what materials are available in the surrounding areas where the instrument maker lives The students will learn about Mark Barfoot an Onondaga Native American Mr Barfoot is a Native American music instrument craftsman who creates original Native American hand drums flutes and shakers Mr Barfoot is based in North Carolina and has an online store Wolfcreek Art His website is located at httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Mr Barfoot hand crafts elk head drums and cedar flutes with burnt hole openings In addition he hand crafts shakers made from gourds buffalo horns or tree bark The photographs below and comments are courtesy of Mr Barfoot and are taken from Mark Barfootrsquos website

Figure 7-Elkhead hand drums Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art The image is a sampling of small drums from Markrsquos Painted Drum Line

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE

Figure 8-Cedar Flute-Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTOREindexphproute=productcategoryamppath=59 According to Mr Barfoot ldquoWolf Creek Art traditional flutes are made from one piece of wood and hand bored The tuning is burned in which makes the flute sound more mellow as it ages The traditional Native American flute is well known for being beautiful and collectible but itrsquos also recognized for its spiritual value Its haunting melody and natural sound can bring us to a calming quiet place in the midst of a busy world Playing the flute can help you get in touch with your own spirit Native American Indian flute music is healing for those who play or listen Mark Barfootrsquos flutes have a sweet resonant sound that only improves with time and are signed with a burned in wolf print honoring Markrsquos clanrdquo

With so much history that has been distorted about the Native Americans this leads us to ask who are the Native Americans today and what is their true history More importantly since this will be a Native American cross-curriculum unit on music history and literacy we need to question what were the Native American music traditions of the past and how does the history and cultural traditions of the Native American tribal nations influence our contemporary society today in music and art These are some of the key questions that will be discussed in this curriculum guide Before music history and cultural traditions of the Native Americans are discussed the history and importance of the indigenous Native American culture of the United States of America needs to be reviewed

Overview

This curriculum unit concerns students in grades 5 through 8 learning about the music and history of the Native American culture in the United States The goals of this curriculum unit are to give students an overview of the traditional Native American culture explore the use of percussion instruments in contemporary Native American music and give students an opportunity to create percussion instruments To accompany their hand-crafted percussion instruments the students will compose poems and rap song tributes to Native American culture

Background

Native Americans have a history in North and South America that is thousands of years old Prior to the European colonization of the United States of America beginning in the late 15th century hundreds of tribal nation people existed in this region who spoke thousands of languages and dialects Some tribes like the Massachusetts or Moswetuset people and language are now considered non-existent by the United States Federal government Although there is a small community group of residents who are ancestors of the Moswetuset people still living in Massachusetts today The Moswetuset language is considered part of the Wampanoag Algonquian Many English words that have Native American origin were distorted by the European colonists For example the word Massachusetts is a distortion of the Native American tribe Moswetuset

Five hundred and sixty-six tribes are recognized by the United States Federal government Bureau of Indian Affairs and Department of the Interior today Over two hundred or more tribal nations are unrecognized by the Federal government and the Bureau of Indian affairs Recognized and unrecognized Indian tribes are usually groups who claim to be direct descendents of Native American Indians AboringinalFirst Nations by ethnicity historically and culturally Unrecognized Indian tribes have no legitimacy recognition by the Federal government Some of the unrecognized tribes like the Lenape of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey are seeking recognition as a tribal nation by the United States Federal government through litigation Some of the smaller tribal nations do not have the economic support to pursue legal recognition Besides creating a cultural

divide among communities and negative psychological impact recognition of a tribal nation by the government has impact on the educational social and economic development of many tribal nations who must use their own resources to support their community

Music is highly important in the Native American culture The music of the Native Americans dates back almost 2500 years ago as demonstrated through hieroglyphics and pictograph paintings depicted in caves in both the North and South American continents The use of music traditionally can be for ceremonial medicinal social expression or communication purposes Music is also responsible for the transmission of Native American oral history education and cultural traditions

Although there are many Native American tribal nations the percussion musical instruments that seem to transcend most tribal nations are the drums rattles rasps flutes and whistles which may vary in size shape sound construction and purpose Voice dance and the flute combined with the use of percussion instruments provide a unifying form of expression very important in the Native American cultural tradition for ceremonial and spiritual purposes or sometimes for pleasure and relaxation

Native American music began to be written down and studied by musicologists during the late 19th century until recently Typically the musicologists divided the various traditional styles of Native American music into regions of North America The Southwest the Eastern Woodlands the Plains the Great Basin the Northwest Coast and the Artic regions are how musicologists divided the music customs of the Native Americans Probably because archeologists traditionally categorize the various tribal nations and artifacts by regions the musicologists followed this practice

However when considering a music curriculum on Native American music additional factors should be considered These factors are authenticity purpose and ecological principles Currently there is controversy over Native American music authenticity Some theorists believe that in order for the music to be authentic the music must evolve from the tribal culture Other theorists believe that as long as the musician is an offspring of the Native American culture then the music produced is authentic Native American music In addition controversy exists concerning non-Native American musicians playing and creating Native American music Some theorists believe that non-Native American musicians cannot produce authentic Native American music because they do not have the required heritage and background

The purpose of music in many Native American cultures is for the cultural and spiritual experiences For example the emphasis of a song may not be on the actual words and meaning of the words in the songrsquos lyrics The importance of a song is the emotional and spiritual connection of the participants and listeners to the songrsquos ambience In addition the ecological factor relates to the sounds of the musical

instruments that have been created from natural materials and the subjects of nature used for the songrsquos title

Rationale

As a teacher I have often seen the Native American history being overlooked or distorted in the general curriculum programs Recently when I covered a history class for the absent social studies teacher I was disheartened to view in the student textbook stereotypical photographs of Native Americans and only a few pages of one chapter dedicated to history of the Native American In addition of the dozens of music textbooks I have viewed usually only one or two Native American songs are included from hundreds of songs in the book Consequently through these outdated or limited curriculum guides the American youth is exposed to stereotypes and false images of Native Americans and their music

Consequently there is a great need for our students to learn the real story of the Native Americans and learn to respect the Native Americansrsquo music culture and traditions This unit is created for students to learn about the music and cultural traditions of the Native Americans both past and present The unit is also created to assist students with acquiring factual knowledge separating what is myth and what is real Out of respect for the culture the students will be composing original poems and songs in tribute to the Native American youths of today accompanied on hand-made instruments created by the students In addition a spotlight on a living Native American musician artist or scholar or a non-Native American with expertise on Native American traditions will be included in the unit

My great-grandfather was a slave who fought as a soldier in the American Civil War 1863-1865 Both of my great-grandmothers were Native American descendents One of my great-grandmothers was of the Lenape origin born in Delaware and the other was of Cherokee Indian origin born in Georgia Because of my diverse background I can perceive the dichotomy of being a Native American in our society both loved and hated Sometimes the experience is happy and jubilant and other times it is tragic and sad

This cross-curriculum unit titled Native American Music and Living Legends is designed to assist middle school students in grades 5 through 8 with learning about Native American music and cultural traditions of some of the tribal nations In addition Native American current social and political themes will be discussed to better understand contemporary music trends of Native American youth

This cross-curriculum unit will not only contain discussions about Native American music but include the history of Native American people some ceremonial traditions involving song and dance and focus on contemporary artists and scholars I met through the Native American Voices program at University of Pennsylvania Highlighted in an interview Spotlight on Native American Living Legends section are a Native American

musician composer and dancer Vaughnda Hilton founder of Native Nations Dance Theater In addition a Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape artist Denise Bright Dove Dunkley will be highlighted in an interview and a scholar and caretaker of Native American artifacts Dr Lucy Fowler Williams anthropologist will also be interviewed This section is very important because today we need to learn about Native Americans who are living in our own Delaware Valley Also we need to learn about non-Native Americans who are influenced by the Native American culture and have made it their mission in life to honor respect and preserve the artifacts and traditions of the Native Americans This curriculum unit will link with the prescribed School District of Philadelphia music curriculum program because it will include the following skills the students will perform

bull Perform a variety of songs from diverse genres and cultures using acceptable tone quality good intonation and clear diction in world languages

bull Perform individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres

bull Play in classroom groups or performing ensembles music of diverse genres styles and cultures with expression appropriate to the work performed

bull Improvise rhythmic and harmonic accompaniments to songs and recorded music

Objectives

The students will be able to determine three main objectives about this unit First students will be able to identify supporting details about Native American history and music in order to determine the main ideas or central concepts of the unit Second students will be able to combine many facts or clues from the text with prior knowledge andor experience in order to draw appropriate conclusions Third students will be able to identify and analyze musical elements in order to draw conclusions about the music

To address the first and second objectives students need to evaluate their resources to ensure the source used to describe or interpret Native American culture and music gives a factual and reliable description and does not distort and stereotype Native American culture and music Many traditions of the Native American have been distorted by the European American culture because of their lack of knowledge of Native American traditions

In regards to the third objective we have to be careful that we do not continue these myths or distortions Therefore if we use the European approach to analyzing the music elements to Native American music we may incorrectly decide to use terms such as ldquoprimitiverdquo or ldquosimple melodiesrdquo which downplays the beautiful mesmerizing melancholy sounds we hear today in listening to traditional Native American music

Music stems from the natural sounds of nature in traditional Native American music The rattles may be constructed from turtle shells The drum can be created from animal hide and wood Depending on the natural elements available to the Indian the

flute could be made from various woods With some Native American nations the drum represents the heartbeat or soul of a people or village In addition with some Native American nations at social or ceremonial gatherings the drums and vocals were traditionally performed only by the men However in contemporary times during tribal and inter-tribal ceremonies the females may perform vocals and percussion instruments

Strategies

This curriculum unit will be divided into multiple lessons and give a panorama view of the Native American music experience for the student Each lesson will have multiple objectives Instead of focusing on only one specific tribal nation or tradition the mini-lessons will provide differentiated instruction strategies on various aspects of the Native American music experience from Native Americans belonging to different tribal nations Throughout all the lessons collaborative learning strategies can be implemented in pairs small and large groups Each lesson will start or end with the students learning to perform a traditional Native American song Each lesson will begin with a Do Now and vocabulary list and include a What Do You Hear activity

The first lessons emphasis will be on the student learning the true history of the Native Americans through direct and guided instruction practices by the teacher The students will read articles and informational text on the history of the Native Americans and on famous Native American musicians like Buffy Sainte-Marie a Canadian-American Cree musician and activist In addition through using multimedia literacy the students will view videos or films highlighting the Native Americanrsquos culture and music experience The third lesson will be the students reading a series of interviews conducted by Dr Cynthia Lee with musicians artists and scholars who live in the Philadelphia area in order for the students to understand the Native Americanrsquos cultural music experience is alive and thriving in our society This activity uses explicit instruction through awareness explanation and application strategies In the fourth lesson the students will learn about traditional music percussion instruments their use and how to make them by explicit instruction During this lesson students will apply their knowledge of percussion instruments by creating their own hand-crafted percussion instruments

The final lessons will include the strategies of guided instruction modeling and gradual release in order for the students to learn The classroom activities will include the students through gradual release connecting the past traditions to the present by creating their own songs and musical instruments in tribute to Native American youths

Student will also be able to learn the final lessons through informational text and video films how Native American contemporary music has blossomed into various art forms including classical jazz rock country and western and hip-hop styles of music The student should be able to see how the development of the Native American Music Awards and other venues such as Canyon Records has helped preserve and provide great significance to the music contributions of Native American music Finally the student

should be able to create their own original songs and poems accompanied by percussion instruments hand-crafted and made by the students

Standards

Pennsylvania Department of Education and Humanities Music

91 Production Performance and Exhibition of Dance Music Theatre and Visual Arts

92 Historical and Cultural Contexts

93 Critical Response

94 Aesthetic Response

BiographiesSpotlights

Spotlight on a Caretaker of Native American Artifacts ndash Dr Lucy Fowler Williams ndash Anthropologist

Figure 1-Dr Lucy Fowler Williams with her husband at the Penn Museum Native American Voices Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee

Dr Lucy Fowler Williams is Associate Curator and Senior Keeper of American collections at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (Penn Museum) in Philadelphia Pennsylvania A cultural anthropologist she specializes in understanding the material culture of North American Indian peoples and communities Lucy has worked most closely with Tewa Pueblo communities in New

Mexico to understand the ongoing role of Pueblo cloth and ritual garments today and in the past She has travelled widely to Native American communities from Alaska to New Jersey and her interests include Native American material culture decolonization and issues of representation She collaborated closely with numerous Native consultants and advisors to create the exhibition Native American Voices The People ndash Here and Now which opened at the Penn Museum in 2014 Dr Williams is also the co-author of a book entitled Native American Voices on Identity Art amp Culture Objects of Everlasting Esteem (2005)

Spotlight on a Native American Musician ndash Vaughnda Hilton

Figure 2-Native Nations Productions Inc Figure 3-Vaughnda Hilton in Jingle Dress -Vaughnda Hilton Photo courtesy of at Penn Museum Native American Voices Vaughnda Hilton Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee Vaughnda Hilton was born in Denver Colorado (Tribal Nations Blackfeet amp SeminoleCreek) She is the Founder amp ArtisticExecutive Director of Native Nations Dance Theater (NNDT) Vaughnda teaches Native American Indian History and Native American dance Vaughnda attained a Bachelor of Arts Degree from St Leo University in Florida where she majored in Dance (ballet modern jazz amp tap) and Theater Vaughnda has taught all forms of dance during her 27 year career in the field and has also danced professionally with reputable companies Vaughnda appears in the film ldquoWho We

Arerdquo permanently showing at the Smithsonian Institutersquos National Museum of the American Indian in the Lelawi Theater She is also an actordancer in the PBS documentary film ldquoWe Shall Remainrdquo ndashEpisode II (Tecumsehrsquos Vision) directed by Chris Eyre filmed on location in Prophetstown Indiana in 2007 which aired internationally in April of 2009 NNDT has a school program year round Please call or email for available native nations dance theater dates NNDT Contact Information

Phone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndanativewebnet or wanbliziwiaolcom Website URL wwwnndtweeblycom --by Vaughnda Hilton

Spotlight on a Native American Artist ndash Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

Figure 4-Denise Bright Dove Dunkley making jewelry-Photo courtesy of Ms Dunkley

I am Denise Bright Dove Dunkley 41 of Odessa Delaware Although I have been living in Delaware for 20 years I was born and raised in Bridgeton NJ I am an award winning artist and enrolled tribal member of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians of New Jersey Wife and mother of 4 my passion for what I create has enabled me to maintain my ancestral culture while teaching those around me the truth about Native Americans I served as chairperson for my tribes Cultural Retention Committee and Director for the Little Acorns Youth Group for over 6 years I have traveled as far as Oklahoma and Canada to learn more about my craft With 100s of tutorial hours and 1000s of practice hours mastered I have been actively selling and displaying my artwork for almost 20 years My work has been seen in places such as the University of Pennsylvania Museum State Museum of Trenton Delaware Art Museum Rancocas Arts Festival Mohegan Sun Festival Schemitzen Festival of Green Corn Wheaton Festival of Fine Arts numerous powwows craftart shows historical society events nursing homes libraries Boy Scout events and an array of area schools I have made crafts all my life but traveling and displaying my work fuels my creativity I love explaining my pieces and teaching others about my culture Art often makes a terrific platform to do that My work includes but is not limited to beading jewelry metal manipulation wood work bone work antler carving leather items native

clothingregalia gourd items native instruments pipes ornamental sculptures wind chimes ceremonial items grave markers traditional Delaware items reproductions etc My current goal is to create something for the Smithsonian in Washington DC After that Ill come up with a new goal Its an honor to work and love what you do I have been blessed My contact information is Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Telephone 856-207-1137 Email - Bright Dove856gmailcom Web info ishttpstoresdeniseBrightDovecom -by Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Musical Instruments In one of the lessons the students will learn through informational text reading guided instruction listening to music and discussions that Native American percussion instruments are made from natural elements of nature These elements depend on what materials are available in the surrounding areas where the instrument maker lives The students will learn about Mark Barfoot an Onondaga Native American Mr Barfoot is a Native American music instrument craftsman who creates original Native American hand drums flutes and shakers Mr Barfoot is based in North Carolina and has an online store Wolfcreek Art His website is located at httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Mr Barfoot hand crafts elk head drums and cedar flutes with burnt hole openings In addition he hand crafts shakers made from gourds buffalo horns or tree bark The photographs below and comments are courtesy of Mr Barfoot and are taken from Mark Barfootrsquos website

Figure 7-Elkhead hand drums Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art The image is a sampling of small drums from Markrsquos Painted Drum Line

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE

Figure 8-Cedar Flute-Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTOREindexphproute=productcategoryamppath=59 According to Mr Barfoot ldquoWolf Creek Art traditional flutes are made from one piece of wood and hand bored The tuning is burned in which makes the flute sound more mellow as it ages The traditional Native American flute is well known for being beautiful and collectible but itrsquos also recognized for its spiritual value Its haunting melody and natural sound can bring us to a calming quiet place in the midst of a busy world Playing the flute can help you get in touch with your own spirit Native American Indian flute music is healing for those who play or listen Mark Barfootrsquos flutes have a sweet resonant sound that only improves with time and are signed with a burned in wolf print honoring Markrsquos clanrdquo

divide among communities and negative psychological impact recognition of a tribal nation by the government has impact on the educational social and economic development of many tribal nations who must use their own resources to support their community

Music is highly important in the Native American culture The music of the Native Americans dates back almost 2500 years ago as demonstrated through hieroglyphics and pictograph paintings depicted in caves in both the North and South American continents The use of music traditionally can be for ceremonial medicinal social expression or communication purposes Music is also responsible for the transmission of Native American oral history education and cultural traditions

Although there are many Native American tribal nations the percussion musical instruments that seem to transcend most tribal nations are the drums rattles rasps flutes and whistles which may vary in size shape sound construction and purpose Voice dance and the flute combined with the use of percussion instruments provide a unifying form of expression very important in the Native American cultural tradition for ceremonial and spiritual purposes or sometimes for pleasure and relaxation

Native American music began to be written down and studied by musicologists during the late 19th century until recently Typically the musicologists divided the various traditional styles of Native American music into regions of North America The Southwest the Eastern Woodlands the Plains the Great Basin the Northwest Coast and the Artic regions are how musicologists divided the music customs of the Native Americans Probably because archeologists traditionally categorize the various tribal nations and artifacts by regions the musicologists followed this practice

However when considering a music curriculum on Native American music additional factors should be considered These factors are authenticity purpose and ecological principles Currently there is controversy over Native American music authenticity Some theorists believe that in order for the music to be authentic the music must evolve from the tribal culture Other theorists believe that as long as the musician is an offspring of the Native American culture then the music produced is authentic Native American music In addition controversy exists concerning non-Native American musicians playing and creating Native American music Some theorists believe that non-Native American musicians cannot produce authentic Native American music because they do not have the required heritage and background

The purpose of music in many Native American cultures is for the cultural and spiritual experiences For example the emphasis of a song may not be on the actual words and meaning of the words in the songrsquos lyrics The importance of a song is the emotional and spiritual connection of the participants and listeners to the songrsquos ambience In addition the ecological factor relates to the sounds of the musical

instruments that have been created from natural materials and the subjects of nature used for the songrsquos title

Rationale

As a teacher I have often seen the Native American history being overlooked or distorted in the general curriculum programs Recently when I covered a history class for the absent social studies teacher I was disheartened to view in the student textbook stereotypical photographs of Native Americans and only a few pages of one chapter dedicated to history of the Native American In addition of the dozens of music textbooks I have viewed usually only one or two Native American songs are included from hundreds of songs in the book Consequently through these outdated or limited curriculum guides the American youth is exposed to stereotypes and false images of Native Americans and their music

Consequently there is a great need for our students to learn the real story of the Native Americans and learn to respect the Native Americansrsquo music culture and traditions This unit is created for students to learn about the music and cultural traditions of the Native Americans both past and present The unit is also created to assist students with acquiring factual knowledge separating what is myth and what is real Out of respect for the culture the students will be composing original poems and songs in tribute to the Native American youths of today accompanied on hand-made instruments created by the students In addition a spotlight on a living Native American musician artist or scholar or a non-Native American with expertise on Native American traditions will be included in the unit

My great-grandfather was a slave who fought as a soldier in the American Civil War 1863-1865 Both of my great-grandmothers were Native American descendents One of my great-grandmothers was of the Lenape origin born in Delaware and the other was of Cherokee Indian origin born in Georgia Because of my diverse background I can perceive the dichotomy of being a Native American in our society both loved and hated Sometimes the experience is happy and jubilant and other times it is tragic and sad

This cross-curriculum unit titled Native American Music and Living Legends is designed to assist middle school students in grades 5 through 8 with learning about Native American music and cultural traditions of some of the tribal nations In addition Native American current social and political themes will be discussed to better understand contemporary music trends of Native American youth

This cross-curriculum unit will not only contain discussions about Native American music but include the history of Native American people some ceremonial traditions involving song and dance and focus on contemporary artists and scholars I met through the Native American Voices program at University of Pennsylvania Highlighted in an interview Spotlight on Native American Living Legends section are a Native American

musician composer and dancer Vaughnda Hilton founder of Native Nations Dance Theater In addition a Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape artist Denise Bright Dove Dunkley will be highlighted in an interview and a scholar and caretaker of Native American artifacts Dr Lucy Fowler Williams anthropologist will also be interviewed This section is very important because today we need to learn about Native Americans who are living in our own Delaware Valley Also we need to learn about non-Native Americans who are influenced by the Native American culture and have made it their mission in life to honor respect and preserve the artifacts and traditions of the Native Americans This curriculum unit will link with the prescribed School District of Philadelphia music curriculum program because it will include the following skills the students will perform

bull Perform a variety of songs from diverse genres and cultures using acceptable tone quality good intonation and clear diction in world languages

bull Perform individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres

bull Play in classroom groups or performing ensembles music of diverse genres styles and cultures with expression appropriate to the work performed

bull Improvise rhythmic and harmonic accompaniments to songs and recorded music

Objectives

The students will be able to determine three main objectives about this unit First students will be able to identify supporting details about Native American history and music in order to determine the main ideas or central concepts of the unit Second students will be able to combine many facts or clues from the text with prior knowledge andor experience in order to draw appropriate conclusions Third students will be able to identify and analyze musical elements in order to draw conclusions about the music

To address the first and second objectives students need to evaluate their resources to ensure the source used to describe or interpret Native American culture and music gives a factual and reliable description and does not distort and stereotype Native American culture and music Many traditions of the Native American have been distorted by the European American culture because of their lack of knowledge of Native American traditions

In regards to the third objective we have to be careful that we do not continue these myths or distortions Therefore if we use the European approach to analyzing the music elements to Native American music we may incorrectly decide to use terms such as ldquoprimitiverdquo or ldquosimple melodiesrdquo which downplays the beautiful mesmerizing melancholy sounds we hear today in listening to traditional Native American music

Music stems from the natural sounds of nature in traditional Native American music The rattles may be constructed from turtle shells The drum can be created from animal hide and wood Depending on the natural elements available to the Indian the

flute could be made from various woods With some Native American nations the drum represents the heartbeat or soul of a people or village In addition with some Native American nations at social or ceremonial gatherings the drums and vocals were traditionally performed only by the men However in contemporary times during tribal and inter-tribal ceremonies the females may perform vocals and percussion instruments

Strategies

This curriculum unit will be divided into multiple lessons and give a panorama view of the Native American music experience for the student Each lesson will have multiple objectives Instead of focusing on only one specific tribal nation or tradition the mini-lessons will provide differentiated instruction strategies on various aspects of the Native American music experience from Native Americans belonging to different tribal nations Throughout all the lessons collaborative learning strategies can be implemented in pairs small and large groups Each lesson will start or end with the students learning to perform a traditional Native American song Each lesson will begin with a Do Now and vocabulary list and include a What Do You Hear activity

The first lessons emphasis will be on the student learning the true history of the Native Americans through direct and guided instruction practices by the teacher The students will read articles and informational text on the history of the Native Americans and on famous Native American musicians like Buffy Sainte-Marie a Canadian-American Cree musician and activist In addition through using multimedia literacy the students will view videos or films highlighting the Native Americanrsquos culture and music experience The third lesson will be the students reading a series of interviews conducted by Dr Cynthia Lee with musicians artists and scholars who live in the Philadelphia area in order for the students to understand the Native Americanrsquos cultural music experience is alive and thriving in our society This activity uses explicit instruction through awareness explanation and application strategies In the fourth lesson the students will learn about traditional music percussion instruments their use and how to make them by explicit instruction During this lesson students will apply their knowledge of percussion instruments by creating their own hand-crafted percussion instruments

The final lessons will include the strategies of guided instruction modeling and gradual release in order for the students to learn The classroom activities will include the students through gradual release connecting the past traditions to the present by creating their own songs and musical instruments in tribute to Native American youths

Student will also be able to learn the final lessons through informational text and video films how Native American contemporary music has blossomed into various art forms including classical jazz rock country and western and hip-hop styles of music The student should be able to see how the development of the Native American Music Awards and other venues such as Canyon Records has helped preserve and provide great significance to the music contributions of Native American music Finally the student

should be able to create their own original songs and poems accompanied by percussion instruments hand-crafted and made by the students

Standards

Pennsylvania Department of Education and Humanities Music

91 Production Performance and Exhibition of Dance Music Theatre and Visual Arts

92 Historical and Cultural Contexts

93 Critical Response

94 Aesthetic Response

BiographiesSpotlights

Spotlight on a Caretaker of Native American Artifacts ndash Dr Lucy Fowler Williams ndash Anthropologist

Figure 1-Dr Lucy Fowler Williams with her husband at the Penn Museum Native American Voices Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee

Dr Lucy Fowler Williams is Associate Curator and Senior Keeper of American collections at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (Penn Museum) in Philadelphia Pennsylvania A cultural anthropologist she specializes in understanding the material culture of North American Indian peoples and communities Lucy has worked most closely with Tewa Pueblo communities in New

Mexico to understand the ongoing role of Pueblo cloth and ritual garments today and in the past She has travelled widely to Native American communities from Alaska to New Jersey and her interests include Native American material culture decolonization and issues of representation She collaborated closely with numerous Native consultants and advisors to create the exhibition Native American Voices The People ndash Here and Now which opened at the Penn Museum in 2014 Dr Williams is also the co-author of a book entitled Native American Voices on Identity Art amp Culture Objects of Everlasting Esteem (2005)

Spotlight on a Native American Musician ndash Vaughnda Hilton

Figure 2-Native Nations Productions Inc Figure 3-Vaughnda Hilton in Jingle Dress -Vaughnda Hilton Photo courtesy of at Penn Museum Native American Voices Vaughnda Hilton Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee Vaughnda Hilton was born in Denver Colorado (Tribal Nations Blackfeet amp SeminoleCreek) She is the Founder amp ArtisticExecutive Director of Native Nations Dance Theater (NNDT) Vaughnda teaches Native American Indian History and Native American dance Vaughnda attained a Bachelor of Arts Degree from St Leo University in Florida where she majored in Dance (ballet modern jazz amp tap) and Theater Vaughnda has taught all forms of dance during her 27 year career in the field and has also danced professionally with reputable companies Vaughnda appears in the film ldquoWho We

Arerdquo permanently showing at the Smithsonian Institutersquos National Museum of the American Indian in the Lelawi Theater She is also an actordancer in the PBS documentary film ldquoWe Shall Remainrdquo ndashEpisode II (Tecumsehrsquos Vision) directed by Chris Eyre filmed on location in Prophetstown Indiana in 2007 which aired internationally in April of 2009 NNDT has a school program year round Please call or email for available native nations dance theater dates NNDT Contact Information

Phone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndanativewebnet or wanbliziwiaolcom Website URL wwwnndtweeblycom --by Vaughnda Hilton

Spotlight on a Native American Artist ndash Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

Figure 4-Denise Bright Dove Dunkley making jewelry-Photo courtesy of Ms Dunkley

I am Denise Bright Dove Dunkley 41 of Odessa Delaware Although I have been living in Delaware for 20 years I was born and raised in Bridgeton NJ I am an award winning artist and enrolled tribal member of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians of New Jersey Wife and mother of 4 my passion for what I create has enabled me to maintain my ancestral culture while teaching those around me the truth about Native Americans I served as chairperson for my tribes Cultural Retention Committee and Director for the Little Acorns Youth Group for over 6 years I have traveled as far as Oklahoma and Canada to learn more about my craft With 100s of tutorial hours and 1000s of practice hours mastered I have been actively selling and displaying my artwork for almost 20 years My work has been seen in places such as the University of Pennsylvania Museum State Museum of Trenton Delaware Art Museum Rancocas Arts Festival Mohegan Sun Festival Schemitzen Festival of Green Corn Wheaton Festival of Fine Arts numerous powwows craftart shows historical society events nursing homes libraries Boy Scout events and an array of area schools I have made crafts all my life but traveling and displaying my work fuels my creativity I love explaining my pieces and teaching others about my culture Art often makes a terrific platform to do that My work includes but is not limited to beading jewelry metal manipulation wood work bone work antler carving leather items native

clothingregalia gourd items native instruments pipes ornamental sculptures wind chimes ceremonial items grave markers traditional Delaware items reproductions etc My current goal is to create something for the Smithsonian in Washington DC After that Ill come up with a new goal Its an honor to work and love what you do I have been blessed My contact information is Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Telephone 856-207-1137 Email - Bright Dove856gmailcom Web info ishttpstoresdeniseBrightDovecom -by Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Musical Instruments In one of the lessons the students will learn through informational text reading guided instruction listening to music and discussions that Native American percussion instruments are made from natural elements of nature These elements depend on what materials are available in the surrounding areas where the instrument maker lives The students will learn about Mark Barfoot an Onondaga Native American Mr Barfoot is a Native American music instrument craftsman who creates original Native American hand drums flutes and shakers Mr Barfoot is based in North Carolina and has an online store Wolfcreek Art His website is located at httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Mr Barfoot hand crafts elk head drums and cedar flutes with burnt hole openings In addition he hand crafts shakers made from gourds buffalo horns or tree bark The photographs below and comments are courtesy of Mr Barfoot and are taken from Mark Barfootrsquos website

Figure 7-Elkhead hand drums Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art The image is a sampling of small drums from Markrsquos Painted Drum Line

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE

Figure 8-Cedar Flute-Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTOREindexphproute=productcategoryamppath=59 According to Mr Barfoot ldquoWolf Creek Art traditional flutes are made from one piece of wood and hand bored The tuning is burned in which makes the flute sound more mellow as it ages The traditional Native American flute is well known for being beautiful and collectible but itrsquos also recognized for its spiritual value Its haunting melody and natural sound can bring us to a calming quiet place in the midst of a busy world Playing the flute can help you get in touch with your own spirit Native American Indian flute music is healing for those who play or listen Mark Barfootrsquos flutes have a sweet resonant sound that only improves with time and are signed with a burned in wolf print honoring Markrsquos clanrdquo

instruments that have been created from natural materials and the subjects of nature used for the songrsquos title

Rationale

As a teacher I have often seen the Native American history being overlooked or distorted in the general curriculum programs Recently when I covered a history class for the absent social studies teacher I was disheartened to view in the student textbook stereotypical photographs of Native Americans and only a few pages of one chapter dedicated to history of the Native American In addition of the dozens of music textbooks I have viewed usually only one or two Native American songs are included from hundreds of songs in the book Consequently through these outdated or limited curriculum guides the American youth is exposed to stereotypes and false images of Native Americans and their music

Consequently there is a great need for our students to learn the real story of the Native Americans and learn to respect the Native Americansrsquo music culture and traditions This unit is created for students to learn about the music and cultural traditions of the Native Americans both past and present The unit is also created to assist students with acquiring factual knowledge separating what is myth and what is real Out of respect for the culture the students will be composing original poems and songs in tribute to the Native American youths of today accompanied on hand-made instruments created by the students In addition a spotlight on a living Native American musician artist or scholar or a non-Native American with expertise on Native American traditions will be included in the unit

My great-grandfather was a slave who fought as a soldier in the American Civil War 1863-1865 Both of my great-grandmothers were Native American descendents One of my great-grandmothers was of the Lenape origin born in Delaware and the other was of Cherokee Indian origin born in Georgia Because of my diverse background I can perceive the dichotomy of being a Native American in our society both loved and hated Sometimes the experience is happy and jubilant and other times it is tragic and sad

This cross-curriculum unit titled Native American Music and Living Legends is designed to assist middle school students in grades 5 through 8 with learning about Native American music and cultural traditions of some of the tribal nations In addition Native American current social and political themes will be discussed to better understand contemporary music trends of Native American youth

This cross-curriculum unit will not only contain discussions about Native American music but include the history of Native American people some ceremonial traditions involving song and dance and focus on contemporary artists and scholars I met through the Native American Voices program at University of Pennsylvania Highlighted in an interview Spotlight on Native American Living Legends section are a Native American

musician composer and dancer Vaughnda Hilton founder of Native Nations Dance Theater In addition a Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape artist Denise Bright Dove Dunkley will be highlighted in an interview and a scholar and caretaker of Native American artifacts Dr Lucy Fowler Williams anthropologist will also be interviewed This section is very important because today we need to learn about Native Americans who are living in our own Delaware Valley Also we need to learn about non-Native Americans who are influenced by the Native American culture and have made it their mission in life to honor respect and preserve the artifacts and traditions of the Native Americans This curriculum unit will link with the prescribed School District of Philadelphia music curriculum program because it will include the following skills the students will perform

bull Perform a variety of songs from diverse genres and cultures using acceptable tone quality good intonation and clear diction in world languages

bull Perform individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres

bull Play in classroom groups or performing ensembles music of diverse genres styles and cultures with expression appropriate to the work performed

bull Improvise rhythmic and harmonic accompaniments to songs and recorded music

Objectives

The students will be able to determine three main objectives about this unit First students will be able to identify supporting details about Native American history and music in order to determine the main ideas or central concepts of the unit Second students will be able to combine many facts or clues from the text with prior knowledge andor experience in order to draw appropriate conclusions Third students will be able to identify and analyze musical elements in order to draw conclusions about the music

To address the first and second objectives students need to evaluate their resources to ensure the source used to describe or interpret Native American culture and music gives a factual and reliable description and does not distort and stereotype Native American culture and music Many traditions of the Native American have been distorted by the European American culture because of their lack of knowledge of Native American traditions

In regards to the third objective we have to be careful that we do not continue these myths or distortions Therefore if we use the European approach to analyzing the music elements to Native American music we may incorrectly decide to use terms such as ldquoprimitiverdquo or ldquosimple melodiesrdquo which downplays the beautiful mesmerizing melancholy sounds we hear today in listening to traditional Native American music

Music stems from the natural sounds of nature in traditional Native American music The rattles may be constructed from turtle shells The drum can be created from animal hide and wood Depending on the natural elements available to the Indian the

flute could be made from various woods With some Native American nations the drum represents the heartbeat or soul of a people or village In addition with some Native American nations at social or ceremonial gatherings the drums and vocals were traditionally performed only by the men However in contemporary times during tribal and inter-tribal ceremonies the females may perform vocals and percussion instruments

Strategies

This curriculum unit will be divided into multiple lessons and give a panorama view of the Native American music experience for the student Each lesson will have multiple objectives Instead of focusing on only one specific tribal nation or tradition the mini-lessons will provide differentiated instruction strategies on various aspects of the Native American music experience from Native Americans belonging to different tribal nations Throughout all the lessons collaborative learning strategies can be implemented in pairs small and large groups Each lesson will start or end with the students learning to perform a traditional Native American song Each lesson will begin with a Do Now and vocabulary list and include a What Do You Hear activity

The first lessons emphasis will be on the student learning the true history of the Native Americans through direct and guided instruction practices by the teacher The students will read articles and informational text on the history of the Native Americans and on famous Native American musicians like Buffy Sainte-Marie a Canadian-American Cree musician and activist In addition through using multimedia literacy the students will view videos or films highlighting the Native Americanrsquos culture and music experience The third lesson will be the students reading a series of interviews conducted by Dr Cynthia Lee with musicians artists and scholars who live in the Philadelphia area in order for the students to understand the Native Americanrsquos cultural music experience is alive and thriving in our society This activity uses explicit instruction through awareness explanation and application strategies In the fourth lesson the students will learn about traditional music percussion instruments their use and how to make them by explicit instruction During this lesson students will apply their knowledge of percussion instruments by creating their own hand-crafted percussion instruments

The final lessons will include the strategies of guided instruction modeling and gradual release in order for the students to learn The classroom activities will include the students through gradual release connecting the past traditions to the present by creating their own songs and musical instruments in tribute to Native American youths

Student will also be able to learn the final lessons through informational text and video films how Native American contemporary music has blossomed into various art forms including classical jazz rock country and western and hip-hop styles of music The student should be able to see how the development of the Native American Music Awards and other venues such as Canyon Records has helped preserve and provide great significance to the music contributions of Native American music Finally the student

should be able to create their own original songs and poems accompanied by percussion instruments hand-crafted and made by the students

Standards

Pennsylvania Department of Education and Humanities Music

91 Production Performance and Exhibition of Dance Music Theatre and Visual Arts

92 Historical and Cultural Contexts

93 Critical Response

94 Aesthetic Response

BiographiesSpotlights

Spotlight on a Caretaker of Native American Artifacts ndash Dr Lucy Fowler Williams ndash Anthropologist

Figure 1-Dr Lucy Fowler Williams with her husband at the Penn Museum Native American Voices Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee

Dr Lucy Fowler Williams is Associate Curator and Senior Keeper of American collections at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (Penn Museum) in Philadelphia Pennsylvania A cultural anthropologist she specializes in understanding the material culture of North American Indian peoples and communities Lucy has worked most closely with Tewa Pueblo communities in New

Mexico to understand the ongoing role of Pueblo cloth and ritual garments today and in the past She has travelled widely to Native American communities from Alaska to New Jersey and her interests include Native American material culture decolonization and issues of representation She collaborated closely with numerous Native consultants and advisors to create the exhibition Native American Voices The People ndash Here and Now which opened at the Penn Museum in 2014 Dr Williams is also the co-author of a book entitled Native American Voices on Identity Art amp Culture Objects of Everlasting Esteem (2005)

Spotlight on a Native American Musician ndash Vaughnda Hilton

Figure 2-Native Nations Productions Inc Figure 3-Vaughnda Hilton in Jingle Dress -Vaughnda Hilton Photo courtesy of at Penn Museum Native American Voices Vaughnda Hilton Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee Vaughnda Hilton was born in Denver Colorado (Tribal Nations Blackfeet amp SeminoleCreek) She is the Founder amp ArtisticExecutive Director of Native Nations Dance Theater (NNDT) Vaughnda teaches Native American Indian History and Native American dance Vaughnda attained a Bachelor of Arts Degree from St Leo University in Florida where she majored in Dance (ballet modern jazz amp tap) and Theater Vaughnda has taught all forms of dance during her 27 year career in the field and has also danced professionally with reputable companies Vaughnda appears in the film ldquoWho We

Arerdquo permanently showing at the Smithsonian Institutersquos National Museum of the American Indian in the Lelawi Theater She is also an actordancer in the PBS documentary film ldquoWe Shall Remainrdquo ndashEpisode II (Tecumsehrsquos Vision) directed by Chris Eyre filmed on location in Prophetstown Indiana in 2007 which aired internationally in April of 2009 NNDT has a school program year round Please call or email for available native nations dance theater dates NNDT Contact Information

Phone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndanativewebnet or wanbliziwiaolcom Website URL wwwnndtweeblycom --by Vaughnda Hilton

Spotlight on a Native American Artist ndash Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

Figure 4-Denise Bright Dove Dunkley making jewelry-Photo courtesy of Ms Dunkley

I am Denise Bright Dove Dunkley 41 of Odessa Delaware Although I have been living in Delaware for 20 years I was born and raised in Bridgeton NJ I am an award winning artist and enrolled tribal member of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians of New Jersey Wife and mother of 4 my passion for what I create has enabled me to maintain my ancestral culture while teaching those around me the truth about Native Americans I served as chairperson for my tribes Cultural Retention Committee and Director for the Little Acorns Youth Group for over 6 years I have traveled as far as Oklahoma and Canada to learn more about my craft With 100s of tutorial hours and 1000s of practice hours mastered I have been actively selling and displaying my artwork for almost 20 years My work has been seen in places such as the University of Pennsylvania Museum State Museum of Trenton Delaware Art Museum Rancocas Arts Festival Mohegan Sun Festival Schemitzen Festival of Green Corn Wheaton Festival of Fine Arts numerous powwows craftart shows historical society events nursing homes libraries Boy Scout events and an array of area schools I have made crafts all my life but traveling and displaying my work fuels my creativity I love explaining my pieces and teaching others about my culture Art often makes a terrific platform to do that My work includes but is not limited to beading jewelry metal manipulation wood work bone work antler carving leather items native

clothingregalia gourd items native instruments pipes ornamental sculptures wind chimes ceremonial items grave markers traditional Delaware items reproductions etc My current goal is to create something for the Smithsonian in Washington DC After that Ill come up with a new goal Its an honor to work and love what you do I have been blessed My contact information is Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Telephone 856-207-1137 Email - Bright Dove856gmailcom Web info ishttpstoresdeniseBrightDovecom -by Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Musical Instruments In one of the lessons the students will learn through informational text reading guided instruction listening to music and discussions that Native American percussion instruments are made from natural elements of nature These elements depend on what materials are available in the surrounding areas where the instrument maker lives The students will learn about Mark Barfoot an Onondaga Native American Mr Barfoot is a Native American music instrument craftsman who creates original Native American hand drums flutes and shakers Mr Barfoot is based in North Carolina and has an online store Wolfcreek Art His website is located at httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Mr Barfoot hand crafts elk head drums and cedar flutes with burnt hole openings In addition he hand crafts shakers made from gourds buffalo horns or tree bark The photographs below and comments are courtesy of Mr Barfoot and are taken from Mark Barfootrsquos website

Figure 7-Elkhead hand drums Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art The image is a sampling of small drums from Markrsquos Painted Drum Line

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE

Figure 8-Cedar Flute-Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTOREindexphproute=productcategoryamppath=59 According to Mr Barfoot ldquoWolf Creek Art traditional flutes are made from one piece of wood and hand bored The tuning is burned in which makes the flute sound more mellow as it ages The traditional Native American flute is well known for being beautiful and collectible but itrsquos also recognized for its spiritual value Its haunting melody and natural sound can bring us to a calming quiet place in the midst of a busy world Playing the flute can help you get in touch with your own spirit Native American Indian flute music is healing for those who play or listen Mark Barfootrsquos flutes have a sweet resonant sound that only improves with time and are signed with a burned in wolf print honoring Markrsquos clanrdquo

musician composer and dancer Vaughnda Hilton founder of Native Nations Dance Theater In addition a Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape artist Denise Bright Dove Dunkley will be highlighted in an interview and a scholar and caretaker of Native American artifacts Dr Lucy Fowler Williams anthropologist will also be interviewed This section is very important because today we need to learn about Native Americans who are living in our own Delaware Valley Also we need to learn about non-Native Americans who are influenced by the Native American culture and have made it their mission in life to honor respect and preserve the artifacts and traditions of the Native Americans This curriculum unit will link with the prescribed School District of Philadelphia music curriculum program because it will include the following skills the students will perform

bull Perform a variety of songs from diverse genres and cultures using acceptable tone quality good intonation and clear diction in world languages

bull Perform individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres

bull Play in classroom groups or performing ensembles music of diverse genres styles and cultures with expression appropriate to the work performed

bull Improvise rhythmic and harmonic accompaniments to songs and recorded music

Objectives

The students will be able to determine three main objectives about this unit First students will be able to identify supporting details about Native American history and music in order to determine the main ideas or central concepts of the unit Second students will be able to combine many facts or clues from the text with prior knowledge andor experience in order to draw appropriate conclusions Third students will be able to identify and analyze musical elements in order to draw conclusions about the music

To address the first and second objectives students need to evaluate their resources to ensure the source used to describe or interpret Native American culture and music gives a factual and reliable description and does not distort and stereotype Native American culture and music Many traditions of the Native American have been distorted by the European American culture because of their lack of knowledge of Native American traditions

In regards to the third objective we have to be careful that we do not continue these myths or distortions Therefore if we use the European approach to analyzing the music elements to Native American music we may incorrectly decide to use terms such as ldquoprimitiverdquo or ldquosimple melodiesrdquo which downplays the beautiful mesmerizing melancholy sounds we hear today in listening to traditional Native American music

Music stems from the natural sounds of nature in traditional Native American music The rattles may be constructed from turtle shells The drum can be created from animal hide and wood Depending on the natural elements available to the Indian the

flute could be made from various woods With some Native American nations the drum represents the heartbeat or soul of a people or village In addition with some Native American nations at social or ceremonial gatherings the drums and vocals were traditionally performed only by the men However in contemporary times during tribal and inter-tribal ceremonies the females may perform vocals and percussion instruments

Strategies

This curriculum unit will be divided into multiple lessons and give a panorama view of the Native American music experience for the student Each lesson will have multiple objectives Instead of focusing on only one specific tribal nation or tradition the mini-lessons will provide differentiated instruction strategies on various aspects of the Native American music experience from Native Americans belonging to different tribal nations Throughout all the lessons collaborative learning strategies can be implemented in pairs small and large groups Each lesson will start or end with the students learning to perform a traditional Native American song Each lesson will begin with a Do Now and vocabulary list and include a What Do You Hear activity

The first lessons emphasis will be on the student learning the true history of the Native Americans through direct and guided instruction practices by the teacher The students will read articles and informational text on the history of the Native Americans and on famous Native American musicians like Buffy Sainte-Marie a Canadian-American Cree musician and activist In addition through using multimedia literacy the students will view videos or films highlighting the Native Americanrsquos culture and music experience The third lesson will be the students reading a series of interviews conducted by Dr Cynthia Lee with musicians artists and scholars who live in the Philadelphia area in order for the students to understand the Native Americanrsquos cultural music experience is alive and thriving in our society This activity uses explicit instruction through awareness explanation and application strategies In the fourth lesson the students will learn about traditional music percussion instruments their use and how to make them by explicit instruction During this lesson students will apply their knowledge of percussion instruments by creating their own hand-crafted percussion instruments

The final lessons will include the strategies of guided instruction modeling and gradual release in order for the students to learn The classroom activities will include the students through gradual release connecting the past traditions to the present by creating their own songs and musical instruments in tribute to Native American youths

Student will also be able to learn the final lessons through informational text and video films how Native American contemporary music has blossomed into various art forms including classical jazz rock country and western and hip-hop styles of music The student should be able to see how the development of the Native American Music Awards and other venues such as Canyon Records has helped preserve and provide great significance to the music contributions of Native American music Finally the student

should be able to create their own original songs and poems accompanied by percussion instruments hand-crafted and made by the students

Standards

Pennsylvania Department of Education and Humanities Music

91 Production Performance and Exhibition of Dance Music Theatre and Visual Arts

92 Historical and Cultural Contexts

93 Critical Response

94 Aesthetic Response

BiographiesSpotlights

Spotlight on a Caretaker of Native American Artifacts ndash Dr Lucy Fowler Williams ndash Anthropologist

Figure 1-Dr Lucy Fowler Williams with her husband at the Penn Museum Native American Voices Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee

Dr Lucy Fowler Williams is Associate Curator and Senior Keeper of American collections at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (Penn Museum) in Philadelphia Pennsylvania A cultural anthropologist she specializes in understanding the material culture of North American Indian peoples and communities Lucy has worked most closely with Tewa Pueblo communities in New

Mexico to understand the ongoing role of Pueblo cloth and ritual garments today and in the past She has travelled widely to Native American communities from Alaska to New Jersey and her interests include Native American material culture decolonization and issues of representation She collaborated closely with numerous Native consultants and advisors to create the exhibition Native American Voices The People ndash Here and Now which opened at the Penn Museum in 2014 Dr Williams is also the co-author of a book entitled Native American Voices on Identity Art amp Culture Objects of Everlasting Esteem (2005)

Spotlight on a Native American Musician ndash Vaughnda Hilton

Figure 2-Native Nations Productions Inc Figure 3-Vaughnda Hilton in Jingle Dress -Vaughnda Hilton Photo courtesy of at Penn Museum Native American Voices Vaughnda Hilton Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee Vaughnda Hilton was born in Denver Colorado (Tribal Nations Blackfeet amp SeminoleCreek) She is the Founder amp ArtisticExecutive Director of Native Nations Dance Theater (NNDT) Vaughnda teaches Native American Indian History and Native American dance Vaughnda attained a Bachelor of Arts Degree from St Leo University in Florida where she majored in Dance (ballet modern jazz amp tap) and Theater Vaughnda has taught all forms of dance during her 27 year career in the field and has also danced professionally with reputable companies Vaughnda appears in the film ldquoWho We

Arerdquo permanently showing at the Smithsonian Institutersquos National Museum of the American Indian in the Lelawi Theater She is also an actordancer in the PBS documentary film ldquoWe Shall Remainrdquo ndashEpisode II (Tecumsehrsquos Vision) directed by Chris Eyre filmed on location in Prophetstown Indiana in 2007 which aired internationally in April of 2009 NNDT has a school program year round Please call or email for available native nations dance theater dates NNDT Contact Information

Phone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndanativewebnet or wanbliziwiaolcom Website URL wwwnndtweeblycom --by Vaughnda Hilton

Spotlight on a Native American Artist ndash Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

Figure 4-Denise Bright Dove Dunkley making jewelry-Photo courtesy of Ms Dunkley

I am Denise Bright Dove Dunkley 41 of Odessa Delaware Although I have been living in Delaware for 20 years I was born and raised in Bridgeton NJ I am an award winning artist and enrolled tribal member of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians of New Jersey Wife and mother of 4 my passion for what I create has enabled me to maintain my ancestral culture while teaching those around me the truth about Native Americans I served as chairperson for my tribes Cultural Retention Committee and Director for the Little Acorns Youth Group for over 6 years I have traveled as far as Oklahoma and Canada to learn more about my craft With 100s of tutorial hours and 1000s of practice hours mastered I have been actively selling and displaying my artwork for almost 20 years My work has been seen in places such as the University of Pennsylvania Museum State Museum of Trenton Delaware Art Museum Rancocas Arts Festival Mohegan Sun Festival Schemitzen Festival of Green Corn Wheaton Festival of Fine Arts numerous powwows craftart shows historical society events nursing homes libraries Boy Scout events and an array of area schools I have made crafts all my life but traveling and displaying my work fuels my creativity I love explaining my pieces and teaching others about my culture Art often makes a terrific platform to do that My work includes but is not limited to beading jewelry metal manipulation wood work bone work antler carving leather items native

clothingregalia gourd items native instruments pipes ornamental sculptures wind chimes ceremonial items grave markers traditional Delaware items reproductions etc My current goal is to create something for the Smithsonian in Washington DC After that Ill come up with a new goal Its an honor to work and love what you do I have been blessed My contact information is Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Telephone 856-207-1137 Email - Bright Dove856gmailcom Web info ishttpstoresdeniseBrightDovecom -by Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Musical Instruments In one of the lessons the students will learn through informational text reading guided instruction listening to music and discussions that Native American percussion instruments are made from natural elements of nature These elements depend on what materials are available in the surrounding areas where the instrument maker lives The students will learn about Mark Barfoot an Onondaga Native American Mr Barfoot is a Native American music instrument craftsman who creates original Native American hand drums flutes and shakers Mr Barfoot is based in North Carolina and has an online store Wolfcreek Art His website is located at httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Mr Barfoot hand crafts elk head drums and cedar flutes with burnt hole openings In addition he hand crafts shakers made from gourds buffalo horns or tree bark The photographs below and comments are courtesy of Mr Barfoot and are taken from Mark Barfootrsquos website

Figure 7-Elkhead hand drums Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art The image is a sampling of small drums from Markrsquos Painted Drum Line

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE

Figure 8-Cedar Flute-Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTOREindexphproute=productcategoryamppath=59 According to Mr Barfoot ldquoWolf Creek Art traditional flutes are made from one piece of wood and hand bored The tuning is burned in which makes the flute sound more mellow as it ages The traditional Native American flute is well known for being beautiful and collectible but itrsquos also recognized for its spiritual value Its haunting melody and natural sound can bring us to a calming quiet place in the midst of a busy world Playing the flute can help you get in touch with your own spirit Native American Indian flute music is healing for those who play or listen Mark Barfootrsquos flutes have a sweet resonant sound that only improves with time and are signed with a burned in wolf print honoring Markrsquos clanrdquo

flute could be made from various woods With some Native American nations the drum represents the heartbeat or soul of a people or village In addition with some Native American nations at social or ceremonial gatherings the drums and vocals were traditionally performed only by the men However in contemporary times during tribal and inter-tribal ceremonies the females may perform vocals and percussion instruments

Strategies

This curriculum unit will be divided into multiple lessons and give a panorama view of the Native American music experience for the student Each lesson will have multiple objectives Instead of focusing on only one specific tribal nation or tradition the mini-lessons will provide differentiated instruction strategies on various aspects of the Native American music experience from Native Americans belonging to different tribal nations Throughout all the lessons collaborative learning strategies can be implemented in pairs small and large groups Each lesson will start or end with the students learning to perform a traditional Native American song Each lesson will begin with a Do Now and vocabulary list and include a What Do You Hear activity

The first lessons emphasis will be on the student learning the true history of the Native Americans through direct and guided instruction practices by the teacher The students will read articles and informational text on the history of the Native Americans and on famous Native American musicians like Buffy Sainte-Marie a Canadian-American Cree musician and activist In addition through using multimedia literacy the students will view videos or films highlighting the Native Americanrsquos culture and music experience The third lesson will be the students reading a series of interviews conducted by Dr Cynthia Lee with musicians artists and scholars who live in the Philadelphia area in order for the students to understand the Native Americanrsquos cultural music experience is alive and thriving in our society This activity uses explicit instruction through awareness explanation and application strategies In the fourth lesson the students will learn about traditional music percussion instruments their use and how to make them by explicit instruction During this lesson students will apply their knowledge of percussion instruments by creating their own hand-crafted percussion instruments

The final lessons will include the strategies of guided instruction modeling and gradual release in order for the students to learn The classroom activities will include the students through gradual release connecting the past traditions to the present by creating their own songs and musical instruments in tribute to Native American youths

Student will also be able to learn the final lessons through informational text and video films how Native American contemporary music has blossomed into various art forms including classical jazz rock country and western and hip-hop styles of music The student should be able to see how the development of the Native American Music Awards and other venues such as Canyon Records has helped preserve and provide great significance to the music contributions of Native American music Finally the student

should be able to create their own original songs and poems accompanied by percussion instruments hand-crafted and made by the students

Standards

Pennsylvania Department of Education and Humanities Music

91 Production Performance and Exhibition of Dance Music Theatre and Visual Arts

92 Historical and Cultural Contexts

93 Critical Response

94 Aesthetic Response

BiographiesSpotlights

Spotlight on a Caretaker of Native American Artifacts ndash Dr Lucy Fowler Williams ndash Anthropologist

Figure 1-Dr Lucy Fowler Williams with her husband at the Penn Museum Native American Voices Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee

Dr Lucy Fowler Williams is Associate Curator and Senior Keeper of American collections at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (Penn Museum) in Philadelphia Pennsylvania A cultural anthropologist she specializes in understanding the material culture of North American Indian peoples and communities Lucy has worked most closely with Tewa Pueblo communities in New

Mexico to understand the ongoing role of Pueblo cloth and ritual garments today and in the past She has travelled widely to Native American communities from Alaska to New Jersey and her interests include Native American material culture decolonization and issues of representation She collaborated closely with numerous Native consultants and advisors to create the exhibition Native American Voices The People ndash Here and Now which opened at the Penn Museum in 2014 Dr Williams is also the co-author of a book entitled Native American Voices on Identity Art amp Culture Objects of Everlasting Esteem (2005)

Spotlight on a Native American Musician ndash Vaughnda Hilton

Figure 2-Native Nations Productions Inc Figure 3-Vaughnda Hilton in Jingle Dress -Vaughnda Hilton Photo courtesy of at Penn Museum Native American Voices Vaughnda Hilton Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee Vaughnda Hilton was born in Denver Colorado (Tribal Nations Blackfeet amp SeminoleCreek) She is the Founder amp ArtisticExecutive Director of Native Nations Dance Theater (NNDT) Vaughnda teaches Native American Indian History and Native American dance Vaughnda attained a Bachelor of Arts Degree from St Leo University in Florida where she majored in Dance (ballet modern jazz amp tap) and Theater Vaughnda has taught all forms of dance during her 27 year career in the field and has also danced professionally with reputable companies Vaughnda appears in the film ldquoWho We

Arerdquo permanently showing at the Smithsonian Institutersquos National Museum of the American Indian in the Lelawi Theater She is also an actordancer in the PBS documentary film ldquoWe Shall Remainrdquo ndashEpisode II (Tecumsehrsquos Vision) directed by Chris Eyre filmed on location in Prophetstown Indiana in 2007 which aired internationally in April of 2009 NNDT has a school program year round Please call or email for available native nations dance theater dates NNDT Contact Information

Phone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndanativewebnet or wanbliziwiaolcom Website URL wwwnndtweeblycom --by Vaughnda Hilton

Spotlight on a Native American Artist ndash Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

Figure 4-Denise Bright Dove Dunkley making jewelry-Photo courtesy of Ms Dunkley

I am Denise Bright Dove Dunkley 41 of Odessa Delaware Although I have been living in Delaware for 20 years I was born and raised in Bridgeton NJ I am an award winning artist and enrolled tribal member of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians of New Jersey Wife and mother of 4 my passion for what I create has enabled me to maintain my ancestral culture while teaching those around me the truth about Native Americans I served as chairperson for my tribes Cultural Retention Committee and Director for the Little Acorns Youth Group for over 6 years I have traveled as far as Oklahoma and Canada to learn more about my craft With 100s of tutorial hours and 1000s of practice hours mastered I have been actively selling and displaying my artwork for almost 20 years My work has been seen in places such as the University of Pennsylvania Museum State Museum of Trenton Delaware Art Museum Rancocas Arts Festival Mohegan Sun Festival Schemitzen Festival of Green Corn Wheaton Festival of Fine Arts numerous powwows craftart shows historical society events nursing homes libraries Boy Scout events and an array of area schools I have made crafts all my life but traveling and displaying my work fuels my creativity I love explaining my pieces and teaching others about my culture Art often makes a terrific platform to do that My work includes but is not limited to beading jewelry metal manipulation wood work bone work antler carving leather items native

clothingregalia gourd items native instruments pipes ornamental sculptures wind chimes ceremonial items grave markers traditional Delaware items reproductions etc My current goal is to create something for the Smithsonian in Washington DC After that Ill come up with a new goal Its an honor to work and love what you do I have been blessed My contact information is Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Telephone 856-207-1137 Email - Bright Dove856gmailcom Web info ishttpstoresdeniseBrightDovecom -by Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Musical Instruments In one of the lessons the students will learn through informational text reading guided instruction listening to music and discussions that Native American percussion instruments are made from natural elements of nature These elements depend on what materials are available in the surrounding areas where the instrument maker lives The students will learn about Mark Barfoot an Onondaga Native American Mr Barfoot is a Native American music instrument craftsman who creates original Native American hand drums flutes and shakers Mr Barfoot is based in North Carolina and has an online store Wolfcreek Art His website is located at httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Mr Barfoot hand crafts elk head drums and cedar flutes with burnt hole openings In addition he hand crafts shakers made from gourds buffalo horns or tree bark The photographs below and comments are courtesy of Mr Barfoot and are taken from Mark Barfootrsquos website

Figure 7-Elkhead hand drums Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art The image is a sampling of small drums from Markrsquos Painted Drum Line

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE

Figure 8-Cedar Flute-Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTOREindexphproute=productcategoryamppath=59 According to Mr Barfoot ldquoWolf Creek Art traditional flutes are made from one piece of wood and hand bored The tuning is burned in which makes the flute sound more mellow as it ages The traditional Native American flute is well known for being beautiful and collectible but itrsquos also recognized for its spiritual value Its haunting melody and natural sound can bring us to a calming quiet place in the midst of a busy world Playing the flute can help you get in touch with your own spirit Native American Indian flute music is healing for those who play or listen Mark Barfootrsquos flutes have a sweet resonant sound that only improves with time and are signed with a burned in wolf print honoring Markrsquos clanrdquo

should be able to create their own original songs and poems accompanied by percussion instruments hand-crafted and made by the students

Standards

Pennsylvania Department of Education and Humanities Music

91 Production Performance and Exhibition of Dance Music Theatre and Visual Arts

92 Historical and Cultural Contexts

93 Critical Response

94 Aesthetic Response

BiographiesSpotlights

Spotlight on a Caretaker of Native American Artifacts ndash Dr Lucy Fowler Williams ndash Anthropologist

Figure 1-Dr Lucy Fowler Williams with her husband at the Penn Museum Native American Voices Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee

Dr Lucy Fowler Williams is Associate Curator and Senior Keeper of American collections at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (Penn Museum) in Philadelphia Pennsylvania A cultural anthropologist she specializes in understanding the material culture of North American Indian peoples and communities Lucy has worked most closely with Tewa Pueblo communities in New

Mexico to understand the ongoing role of Pueblo cloth and ritual garments today and in the past She has travelled widely to Native American communities from Alaska to New Jersey and her interests include Native American material culture decolonization and issues of representation She collaborated closely with numerous Native consultants and advisors to create the exhibition Native American Voices The People ndash Here and Now which opened at the Penn Museum in 2014 Dr Williams is also the co-author of a book entitled Native American Voices on Identity Art amp Culture Objects of Everlasting Esteem (2005)

Spotlight on a Native American Musician ndash Vaughnda Hilton

Figure 2-Native Nations Productions Inc Figure 3-Vaughnda Hilton in Jingle Dress -Vaughnda Hilton Photo courtesy of at Penn Museum Native American Voices Vaughnda Hilton Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee Vaughnda Hilton was born in Denver Colorado (Tribal Nations Blackfeet amp SeminoleCreek) She is the Founder amp ArtisticExecutive Director of Native Nations Dance Theater (NNDT) Vaughnda teaches Native American Indian History and Native American dance Vaughnda attained a Bachelor of Arts Degree from St Leo University in Florida where she majored in Dance (ballet modern jazz amp tap) and Theater Vaughnda has taught all forms of dance during her 27 year career in the field and has also danced professionally with reputable companies Vaughnda appears in the film ldquoWho We

Arerdquo permanently showing at the Smithsonian Institutersquos National Museum of the American Indian in the Lelawi Theater She is also an actordancer in the PBS documentary film ldquoWe Shall Remainrdquo ndashEpisode II (Tecumsehrsquos Vision) directed by Chris Eyre filmed on location in Prophetstown Indiana in 2007 which aired internationally in April of 2009 NNDT has a school program year round Please call or email for available native nations dance theater dates NNDT Contact Information

Phone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndanativewebnet or wanbliziwiaolcom Website URL wwwnndtweeblycom --by Vaughnda Hilton

Spotlight on a Native American Artist ndash Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

Figure 4-Denise Bright Dove Dunkley making jewelry-Photo courtesy of Ms Dunkley

I am Denise Bright Dove Dunkley 41 of Odessa Delaware Although I have been living in Delaware for 20 years I was born and raised in Bridgeton NJ I am an award winning artist and enrolled tribal member of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians of New Jersey Wife and mother of 4 my passion for what I create has enabled me to maintain my ancestral culture while teaching those around me the truth about Native Americans I served as chairperson for my tribes Cultural Retention Committee and Director for the Little Acorns Youth Group for over 6 years I have traveled as far as Oklahoma and Canada to learn more about my craft With 100s of tutorial hours and 1000s of practice hours mastered I have been actively selling and displaying my artwork for almost 20 years My work has been seen in places such as the University of Pennsylvania Museum State Museum of Trenton Delaware Art Museum Rancocas Arts Festival Mohegan Sun Festival Schemitzen Festival of Green Corn Wheaton Festival of Fine Arts numerous powwows craftart shows historical society events nursing homes libraries Boy Scout events and an array of area schools I have made crafts all my life but traveling and displaying my work fuels my creativity I love explaining my pieces and teaching others about my culture Art often makes a terrific platform to do that My work includes but is not limited to beading jewelry metal manipulation wood work bone work antler carving leather items native

clothingregalia gourd items native instruments pipes ornamental sculptures wind chimes ceremonial items grave markers traditional Delaware items reproductions etc My current goal is to create something for the Smithsonian in Washington DC After that Ill come up with a new goal Its an honor to work and love what you do I have been blessed My contact information is Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Telephone 856-207-1137 Email - Bright Dove856gmailcom Web info ishttpstoresdeniseBrightDovecom -by Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Musical Instruments In one of the lessons the students will learn through informational text reading guided instruction listening to music and discussions that Native American percussion instruments are made from natural elements of nature These elements depend on what materials are available in the surrounding areas where the instrument maker lives The students will learn about Mark Barfoot an Onondaga Native American Mr Barfoot is a Native American music instrument craftsman who creates original Native American hand drums flutes and shakers Mr Barfoot is based in North Carolina and has an online store Wolfcreek Art His website is located at httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Mr Barfoot hand crafts elk head drums and cedar flutes with burnt hole openings In addition he hand crafts shakers made from gourds buffalo horns or tree bark The photographs below and comments are courtesy of Mr Barfoot and are taken from Mark Barfootrsquos website

Figure 7-Elkhead hand drums Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art The image is a sampling of small drums from Markrsquos Painted Drum Line

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE

Figure 8-Cedar Flute-Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTOREindexphproute=productcategoryamppath=59 According to Mr Barfoot ldquoWolf Creek Art traditional flutes are made from one piece of wood and hand bored The tuning is burned in which makes the flute sound more mellow as it ages The traditional Native American flute is well known for being beautiful and collectible but itrsquos also recognized for its spiritual value Its haunting melody and natural sound can bring us to a calming quiet place in the midst of a busy world Playing the flute can help you get in touch with your own spirit Native American Indian flute music is healing for those who play or listen Mark Barfootrsquos flutes have a sweet resonant sound that only improves with time and are signed with a burned in wolf print honoring Markrsquos clanrdquo

Mexico to understand the ongoing role of Pueblo cloth and ritual garments today and in the past She has travelled widely to Native American communities from Alaska to New Jersey and her interests include Native American material culture decolonization and issues of representation She collaborated closely with numerous Native consultants and advisors to create the exhibition Native American Voices The People ndash Here and Now which opened at the Penn Museum in 2014 Dr Williams is also the co-author of a book entitled Native American Voices on Identity Art amp Culture Objects of Everlasting Esteem (2005)

Spotlight on a Native American Musician ndash Vaughnda Hilton

Figure 2-Native Nations Productions Inc Figure 3-Vaughnda Hilton in Jingle Dress -Vaughnda Hilton Photo courtesy of at Penn Museum Native American Voices Vaughnda Hilton Exhibit opening Photo courtesy of Cynthia Cozette Lee Vaughnda Hilton was born in Denver Colorado (Tribal Nations Blackfeet amp SeminoleCreek) She is the Founder amp ArtisticExecutive Director of Native Nations Dance Theater (NNDT) Vaughnda teaches Native American Indian History and Native American dance Vaughnda attained a Bachelor of Arts Degree from St Leo University in Florida where she majored in Dance (ballet modern jazz amp tap) and Theater Vaughnda has taught all forms of dance during her 27 year career in the field and has also danced professionally with reputable companies Vaughnda appears in the film ldquoWho We

Arerdquo permanently showing at the Smithsonian Institutersquos National Museum of the American Indian in the Lelawi Theater She is also an actordancer in the PBS documentary film ldquoWe Shall Remainrdquo ndashEpisode II (Tecumsehrsquos Vision) directed by Chris Eyre filmed on location in Prophetstown Indiana in 2007 which aired internationally in April of 2009 NNDT has a school program year round Please call or email for available native nations dance theater dates NNDT Contact Information

Phone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndanativewebnet or wanbliziwiaolcom Website URL wwwnndtweeblycom --by Vaughnda Hilton

Spotlight on a Native American Artist ndash Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

Figure 4-Denise Bright Dove Dunkley making jewelry-Photo courtesy of Ms Dunkley

I am Denise Bright Dove Dunkley 41 of Odessa Delaware Although I have been living in Delaware for 20 years I was born and raised in Bridgeton NJ I am an award winning artist and enrolled tribal member of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians of New Jersey Wife and mother of 4 my passion for what I create has enabled me to maintain my ancestral culture while teaching those around me the truth about Native Americans I served as chairperson for my tribes Cultural Retention Committee and Director for the Little Acorns Youth Group for over 6 years I have traveled as far as Oklahoma and Canada to learn more about my craft With 100s of tutorial hours and 1000s of practice hours mastered I have been actively selling and displaying my artwork for almost 20 years My work has been seen in places such as the University of Pennsylvania Museum State Museum of Trenton Delaware Art Museum Rancocas Arts Festival Mohegan Sun Festival Schemitzen Festival of Green Corn Wheaton Festival of Fine Arts numerous powwows craftart shows historical society events nursing homes libraries Boy Scout events and an array of area schools I have made crafts all my life but traveling and displaying my work fuels my creativity I love explaining my pieces and teaching others about my culture Art often makes a terrific platform to do that My work includes but is not limited to beading jewelry metal manipulation wood work bone work antler carving leather items native

clothingregalia gourd items native instruments pipes ornamental sculptures wind chimes ceremonial items grave markers traditional Delaware items reproductions etc My current goal is to create something for the Smithsonian in Washington DC After that Ill come up with a new goal Its an honor to work and love what you do I have been blessed My contact information is Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Telephone 856-207-1137 Email - Bright Dove856gmailcom Web info ishttpstoresdeniseBrightDovecom -by Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Musical Instruments In one of the lessons the students will learn through informational text reading guided instruction listening to music and discussions that Native American percussion instruments are made from natural elements of nature These elements depend on what materials are available in the surrounding areas where the instrument maker lives The students will learn about Mark Barfoot an Onondaga Native American Mr Barfoot is a Native American music instrument craftsman who creates original Native American hand drums flutes and shakers Mr Barfoot is based in North Carolina and has an online store Wolfcreek Art His website is located at httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Mr Barfoot hand crafts elk head drums and cedar flutes with burnt hole openings In addition he hand crafts shakers made from gourds buffalo horns or tree bark The photographs below and comments are courtesy of Mr Barfoot and are taken from Mark Barfootrsquos website

Figure 7-Elkhead hand drums Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art The image is a sampling of small drums from Markrsquos Painted Drum Line

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE

Figure 8-Cedar Flute-Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTOREindexphproute=productcategoryamppath=59 According to Mr Barfoot ldquoWolf Creek Art traditional flutes are made from one piece of wood and hand bored The tuning is burned in which makes the flute sound more mellow as it ages The traditional Native American flute is well known for being beautiful and collectible but itrsquos also recognized for its spiritual value Its haunting melody and natural sound can bring us to a calming quiet place in the midst of a busy world Playing the flute can help you get in touch with your own spirit Native American Indian flute music is healing for those who play or listen Mark Barfootrsquos flutes have a sweet resonant sound that only improves with time and are signed with a burned in wolf print honoring Markrsquos clanrdquo

Arerdquo permanently showing at the Smithsonian Institutersquos National Museum of the American Indian in the Lelawi Theater She is also an actordancer in the PBS documentary film ldquoWe Shall Remainrdquo ndashEpisode II (Tecumsehrsquos Vision) directed by Chris Eyre filmed on location in Prophetstown Indiana in 2007 which aired internationally in April of 2009 NNDT has a school program year round Please call or email for available native nations dance theater dates NNDT Contact Information

Phone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndanativewebnet or wanbliziwiaolcom Website URL wwwnndtweeblycom --by Vaughnda Hilton

Spotlight on a Native American Artist ndash Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

Figure 4-Denise Bright Dove Dunkley making jewelry-Photo courtesy of Ms Dunkley

I am Denise Bright Dove Dunkley 41 of Odessa Delaware Although I have been living in Delaware for 20 years I was born and raised in Bridgeton NJ I am an award winning artist and enrolled tribal member of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians of New Jersey Wife and mother of 4 my passion for what I create has enabled me to maintain my ancestral culture while teaching those around me the truth about Native Americans I served as chairperson for my tribes Cultural Retention Committee and Director for the Little Acorns Youth Group for over 6 years I have traveled as far as Oklahoma and Canada to learn more about my craft With 100s of tutorial hours and 1000s of practice hours mastered I have been actively selling and displaying my artwork for almost 20 years My work has been seen in places such as the University of Pennsylvania Museum State Museum of Trenton Delaware Art Museum Rancocas Arts Festival Mohegan Sun Festival Schemitzen Festival of Green Corn Wheaton Festival of Fine Arts numerous powwows craftart shows historical society events nursing homes libraries Boy Scout events and an array of area schools I have made crafts all my life but traveling and displaying my work fuels my creativity I love explaining my pieces and teaching others about my culture Art often makes a terrific platform to do that My work includes but is not limited to beading jewelry metal manipulation wood work bone work antler carving leather items native

clothingregalia gourd items native instruments pipes ornamental sculptures wind chimes ceremonial items grave markers traditional Delaware items reproductions etc My current goal is to create something for the Smithsonian in Washington DC After that Ill come up with a new goal Its an honor to work and love what you do I have been blessed My contact information is Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Telephone 856-207-1137 Email - Bright Dove856gmailcom Web info ishttpstoresdeniseBrightDovecom -by Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Musical Instruments In one of the lessons the students will learn through informational text reading guided instruction listening to music and discussions that Native American percussion instruments are made from natural elements of nature These elements depend on what materials are available in the surrounding areas where the instrument maker lives The students will learn about Mark Barfoot an Onondaga Native American Mr Barfoot is a Native American music instrument craftsman who creates original Native American hand drums flutes and shakers Mr Barfoot is based in North Carolina and has an online store Wolfcreek Art His website is located at httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Mr Barfoot hand crafts elk head drums and cedar flutes with burnt hole openings In addition he hand crafts shakers made from gourds buffalo horns or tree bark The photographs below and comments are courtesy of Mr Barfoot and are taken from Mark Barfootrsquos website

Figure 7-Elkhead hand drums Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art The image is a sampling of small drums from Markrsquos Painted Drum Line

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE

Figure 8-Cedar Flute-Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTOREindexphproute=productcategoryamppath=59 According to Mr Barfoot ldquoWolf Creek Art traditional flutes are made from one piece of wood and hand bored The tuning is burned in which makes the flute sound more mellow as it ages The traditional Native American flute is well known for being beautiful and collectible but itrsquos also recognized for its spiritual value Its haunting melody and natural sound can bring us to a calming quiet place in the midst of a busy world Playing the flute can help you get in touch with your own spirit Native American Indian flute music is healing for those who play or listen Mark Barfootrsquos flutes have a sweet resonant sound that only improves with time and are signed with a burned in wolf print honoring Markrsquos clanrdquo

clothingregalia gourd items native instruments pipes ornamental sculptures wind chimes ceremonial items grave markers traditional Delaware items reproductions etc My current goal is to create something for the Smithsonian in Washington DC After that Ill come up with a new goal Its an honor to work and love what you do I have been blessed My contact information is Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Telephone 856-207-1137 Email - Bright Dove856gmailcom Web info ishttpstoresdeniseBrightDovecom -by Denise Bright Dove Dunkley Musical Instruments In one of the lessons the students will learn through informational text reading guided instruction listening to music and discussions that Native American percussion instruments are made from natural elements of nature These elements depend on what materials are available in the surrounding areas where the instrument maker lives The students will learn about Mark Barfoot an Onondaga Native American Mr Barfoot is a Native American music instrument craftsman who creates original Native American hand drums flutes and shakers Mr Barfoot is based in North Carolina and has an online store Wolfcreek Art His website is located at httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Mr Barfoot hand crafts elk head drums and cedar flutes with burnt hole openings In addition he hand crafts shakers made from gourds buffalo horns or tree bark The photographs below and comments are courtesy of Mr Barfoot and are taken from Mark Barfootrsquos website

Figure 7-Elkhead hand drums Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art The image is a sampling of small drums from Markrsquos Painted Drum Line

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE

Figure 8-Cedar Flute-Photograph Courtesy of Mark Barfoot Wolf Creek Art

httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTOREindexphproute=productcategoryamppath=59 According to Mr Barfoot ldquoWolf Creek Art traditional flutes are made from one piece of wood and hand bored The tuning is burned in which makes the flute sound more mellow as it ages The traditional Native American flute is well known for being beautiful and collectible but itrsquos also recognized for its spiritual value Its haunting melody and natural sound can bring us to a calming quiet place in the midst of a busy world Playing the flute can help you get in touch with your own spirit Native American Indian flute music is healing for those who play or listen Mark Barfootrsquos flutes have a sweet resonant sound that only improves with time and are signed with a burned in wolf print honoring Markrsquos clanrdquo

Hand Drums

The students will learn through music listening informational text and seeing visuals that Native American drums come in various shapes and sizes From the very large bass drums used at powwows sweat lodge drums used at tribal ceremonies to the small hand drums Each drum is created by a skilled craftsman of Native American instruments for a purpose Hand drums are used to accompany singers and dancers in traditional performances at special ceremonies or powwows Many tribal nations use the hand drum to enhance the spiritual essence of the song and dance by the singer or musician sounding a continuous ostinato or steady pulse beat with a drum beater or stick The hand drum can be crafted with colorful pictures or designs painted on the drum head to represent tribal symbols of nature such as the animal symbol for a clan

Cedar Flutes

The students will discuss after listening to music reading informational text and seeing visuals what materials are used to make Native American flutes These materials depend on the geographic location of the expert Native American flute maker However today due to global transportation systems a flute maker can use materials located out of their geographic region to create Native American flutes if the person requesting the flute wants a flute made out of a specific material Most flutes are made from some kind of wood or bamboo Mark Barfoot specializes in making cedar flutes with burnt hole openings which create a more enchanting melancholy captivating sound

Shakers

The students will learn by listening to music informational text and seeing visuals that Native American shakers or rattles are also made from natural elements and come in all sizes and shapes Dried plants such as gourds or tree barks and animal horns are used to create the outside of the shaker Peebles beads beans or a hard substance like dry corn or raw rice are used on the inside to provide the rattle sound when the instrument shakes Some tribal nations have certain songs which are sung only with a shaker or rattle accompaniment The singer or musician may shake only one rattle The rattle sound is used to enhance the spiritual and expressive quality of the song or dance

Classroom Activities

This unit on Native American Music and Living Legends by C C Lee can be completed in up to 10 multiple lessons The duration of each lesson is 60 minutes The lessons can be taught in any order However I plan to teach my lessons in the following sequence

Day 1 ndash Native American History and Traditional Songs

The teacher will guide the students through the true history of the Native American highlighting the true story of Pocahontas in contrast to the Disney musical film version of

Pocahontas An overview of the history of the Native Americans during pre-colonial times during colonial times and after colonial times up until contemporary times should be discussed through guided instruction Lessons on Native American languages and state name origins are useful for this lesson Students need to read and analyze key details of interviews by Dr Lee with Dr Lucy Fowler Williams anthropologist and Vaughnda Hilton Native American musician composer and dancer in order to learn about contemporary issues of Native Americans The lesson should begin and end with a Native American traditional song performance by the students taught by the teachers The lesson should always include Pair to Pair ndash partner or small group activities Graphic organizers on the readings and song analysis should be used By the end of the lesson through gradual release methods the students should be able to complete the activity independently

bull Students will be able to identify supporting details about Native American history and music in order to determine the main ideas or central concepts of the Native American history and traditional songs

bull Students will be able to perform Native American traditional songs individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres

Vocabulary steady beat ostinato melody Indian sign language Pocahontas Powhattans

Materials Needed Songs are 1ldquoGo My Sonrdquo from wwwgomysoncom 2 ldquoNavajo Happy Songrdquo from httpmusicnotesnetSONGS03-NAVAJhtml 3 ldquoSteady As A Beating Drumrdquo from Pocahontas Disney musical ldquoDisney musical film ndash ldquoPocahontasrdquo Books are 1 Treuer A (1984) What is the real story of Pocahontas In Everything you wanted to know about Indians but were afraid to ask (p 35) St Paul MN Historical Society Press 2 Fletcher A (1915 1994) Indian games amp dances with native songs Boston MA CC Brichard Interviews (see appendices) with Dr Lucy Fowler Williams anthropologist and Vaughnda Hilton ndash Director of Native Nations Dance Theater

Day 2 ndash Native American Contemporary and Crossover Music

The teacher will guide the students through contemporary and crossover music by Native Americans and non-Native Americans Students need to gather information online from the Native American Music Awards association and be able to explain the different music styles genres and categories the awards are given in each year for Native American Music Students can discuss debate or write a persuasive essay whether contemporary Native American composers and non-Native American musiciansrsquo music songs can be considered authentic or not

bull Students will be able to perform Native American traditional and crossover songs individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres

Pocahontas An overview of the history of the Native Americans during pre-colonial times during colonial times and after colonial times up until contemporary times should be discussed through guided instruction Lessons on Native American languages and state name origins are useful for this lesson Students need to read and analyze key details of interviews by Dr Lee with Dr Lucy Fowler Williams anthropologist and Vaughnda Hilton Native American musician composer and dancer in order to learn about contemporary issues of Native Americans The lesson should begin and end with a Native American traditional song performance by the students taught by the teachers The lesson should always include Pair to Pair ndash partner or small group activities Graphic organizers on the readings and song analysis should be used By the end of the lesson through gradual release methods the students should be able to complete the activity independently

bull Students will be able to identify supporting details about Native American history and music in order to determine the main ideas or central concepts of the Native American history and traditional songs

bull Students will be able to perform Native American traditional songs individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres

Vocabulary steady beat ostinato melody Indian sign language Pocahontas Powhattans

Materials Needed Songs are 1ldquoGo My Sonrdquo from wwwgomysoncom 2 ldquoNavajo Happy Songrdquo from httpmusicnotesnetSONGS03-NAVAJhtml 3 ldquoSteady As A Beating Drumrdquo from Pocahontas Disney musical ldquoDisney musical film ndash ldquoPocahontasrdquo Books are 1 Treuer A (1984) What is the real story of Pocahontas In Everything you wanted to know about Indians but were afraid to ask (p 35) St Paul MN Historical Society Press 2 Fletcher A (1915 1994) Indian games amp dances with native songs Boston MA CC Brichard Interviews (see appendices) with Dr Lucy Fowler Williams anthropologist and Vaughnda Hilton ndash Director of Native Nations Dance Theater

Day 2 ndash Native American Contemporary and Crossover Music

The teacher will guide the students through contemporary and crossover music by Native Americans and non-Native Americans Students need to gather information online from the Native American Music Awards association and be able to explain the different music styles genres and categories the awards are given in each year for Native American Music Students can discuss debate or write a persuasive essay whether contemporary Native American composers and non-Native American musiciansrsquo music songs can be considered authentic or not

bull Students will be able to perform Native American traditional and crossover songs individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres

bull Students will be able to listen identify and analyze musical elements in order

make comparisons and to draw conclusions about the music

Vocabulary crossover music NAMA contemporary traditional Native American musician non-Native American musician authenticity

Materials Needed Songs are 1 ldquoUp Where We Belongrdquo by Buffy Sainte-Marie 2 ldquoColors of The Windrdquo from Disney musical Pocahontas 3 R Carlos Nakai Cycles Canyon Records 1985 CD Books are 1 Nakai R C amp DeMars J (1996) The question of authenticity In The art of the Native American flute (pp 109 ndash 114) Phoenix AZ Canyon Records Production 2 Gombert G (1994) A guide to Native American music recordings Summerton TN Book Publishing Company Online 1 History of Canyon Records (nd) Retrieved on April 11 2014 from httpsstorecanyonrecordscomindexphpapp=cmsampns=displayampref=about+canyon 2 Native American Music Awards website is wwwnativeamericanmusicawardscom

Day 3 ndash Native American Religious Music

The teacher guides the students through traditional educational practices of Native American youths being forced to attend the Christian and government boarding schools beginning in the late 1800rsquos The film The Only Good Indian is a good resource Also the use of YouTube to listen to performances of the song ldquoAmazing Gracerdquo in Cherokee and other Native American languages is also a good resource The students need to analyze music elements of songs in order to identify music as Native American religious music

bull Students will be able to listen identify and analyze musical elements in order to draw conclusions about the music

bull Students will be able to combine many facts or clues from the text with prior knowledge andor experience in order to draw appropriate conclusions

Vocabulary Cherokee Lenape Huron religious boarding schools traditional

Materials Needed Songs are 1 ldquoThe Huron Carolrdquo from httpwwwsonglyricscomchristmas-carolsthe-huron-carol-lyrics 2 ldquoAmazing Gracerdquo in Cherokee on YouTube 3 ldquoAmazing Gracerdquo in Lenape on httpwwwtalk-lenapeorgstoriesphp 4 ldquoSilent Nightrdquo in Lenape on httpwwwtalk-lenapeorgstoriesphp

Day 4 ndash Native American Education and Marching Bands

The teacher guides students through further history of boarding schools marching bands and education Education chapter on p 138-141 in book by Treuer is good resource

Have students read article Native American School Band Rocks The Oldies and the Ancients online from httpwwwamericanindiannewsorg200912music-oldies-and-the-ancients Also article by Mike Anton Native American Marching Band Distracts a New Generation from Blight in the Los Angeles Times January 7 2007 another good resource Students need to listen to the marches of John Phillip Sousa and discuss late 1800rsquos American culture compared to American culture of today and marching bands of today like in the film Drumline Discuss similarities and differences and explain the reasons why Native American Marching Bands have not remained as popular today as they were during the late 1800rsquos

bull Students will be able to combine many facts or clues from the text with prior knowledge andor experience in order to draw appropriate conclusions

bull Students will be able to listen identify and analyze musical elements in order to draw conclusions about the music

Vocabulary Mojave missionaries Sousa marching band conductor

Materials Needed ndash Book is Treuer A (1984) Education In Everything you wanted to know about Indians but were afraid to ask (pp 138-141) St Paul MN Historical Society Press Film OrsquoConnell S (Director) 2012 Sousa on the Rez United States Public Broadcasting Company Article Anton M (2007 January 7) Native American Marching Band distracts a new generation from blight Los Angeles Times Retrieved from httpwwwbostoncomnewsnationarticles20070107native_american_marching_band_distracts_a_new_generation_from_blight

Day 5 ndash Student Performances and Debates on the topic of ldquoThe True Story of Pocahontas How Do We End Distortions and Mythsrdquo

The teacher reviews the readings and activities of the week comparing the Disney musical version of Pocahontasrsquo story to Treuerrsquos true historical version of Pocahontas being kidnapped and forced into marriage with an English captain Have students take turns performing songs based on a performance rubric they created Give students a choice board of activities or choices to debate or write persuasive essays on the topic how do we end distortions and myths about the Native Americans Students can create a timeline on history of Native American culture and music and also deliver an oral report

bull Students will be able to perform Native American traditional songs individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres

bull Students will be able to determine and orally speak or write about steps to end prejudice and distortions of Native Americans in order to gain historical knowledge and social awareness of Native American issues

Vocabulary solutions social awareness distortions myths performance rubrics

Materials Needed Songs are 1ldquoGo My Sonrdquo from wwwgomysoncom 2 ldquoNavajo Happy Songrdquo from httpmusicnotesnetSONGS03-NAVAJhtml 3 ldquoSteady As A Beating Drumrdquo from Pocahontas Disney musical Film Walt Disney Pictures (Producer) 1995 Pocahontas Book - Treuer A (1984) What is the real story of Pocahontas In Everything you wanted to know about Indians but were afraid to ask (p 35) St Paul MN Historical Society Press Interview with Vaughnda Hilton ndash Director of Native Nations Dance Theater

Day 6 and Day 7- Native American Percussion Instruments

The teacher guides the students through articles on Native American percussion instruments Then the students create their own drums and shakers Students need to read analyze and give key details to lives and careers of Denise Bright Dove Dunkley jewelry maker who was interviewed by Dr Lee and information on Mark Barfoot music instrument craftsman who makes drums and cedar flutes Music listening to R Carlos Nakai flute music is good here because he is Denisersquos favorite Native American musician She listens to R Carlos Nakai while she creates her jewelry Also Buffy Sainte-Marie music listening is good here since Mark Barfoot has created percussion instruments for her

bull Students will be able to play in classroom groups or performing ensembles music of diverse genres styles and cultures with expression appropriate to the work performed

bull Students will be able to improvise rhythmic and harmonic accompaniments

to songs and recorded music

Vocabulary powwow drums rattles shakers elkskin cedar wood flutes

Materials needed Book 1 Carlson L (1994) More than moccasins A kidrsquos activity guide to traditional North American Indian life Chicago IL Chicago Review Press 2 Fletcher A (1915 1994) Indian games amp dances with native songs Boston MA CC Brichard Images See Figures 7 and 8 Article Native American music traditions how stuff works Retrieved on February 8 2014 from httppeoplehowstuffworkscomculture-traditionscultural-traditions10-native-american-music-traditionshtmprintable Music 1 R Carlos Nakai Cycles Canyon Records 1985 CD 2 R Carlos Nakai Changes Canyon Records 1983 CD 3 R Carlos Nakai Spirit Horses Canyon Records 1991 CD 4 Buffy Sainte-Marie The Best of Buffy1970 CD 5 Buffy Sainte-Marie Up Where We Belong 1996 CD Song Buffy Sainte-Marie 1996 ldquoStarwalkerrdquo in Up Where We Belong CD

Vocabulary solutions social awareness distortions myths performance rubrics

Materials Needed Songs are 1ldquoGo My Sonrdquo from wwwgomysoncom 2 ldquoNavajo Happy Songrdquo from httpmusicnotesnetSONGS03-NAVAJhtml 3 ldquoSteady As A Beating Drumrdquo from Pocahontas Disney musical Film Walt Disney Pictures (Producer) 1995 Pocahontas Book - Treuer A (1984) What is the real story of Pocahontas In Everything you wanted to know about Indians but were afraid to ask (p 35) St Paul MN Historical Society Press Interview with Vaughnda Hilton ndash Director of Native Nations Dance Theater

Day 6 and Day 7- Native American Percussion Instruments

The teacher guides the students through articles on Native American percussion instruments Then the students create their own drums and shakers Students need to read analyze and give key details to lives and careers of Denise Bright Dove Dunkley jewelry maker who was interviewed by Dr Lee and information on Mark Barfoot music instrument craftsman who makes drums and cedar flutes Music listening to R Carlos Nakai flute music is good here because he is Denisersquos favorite Native American musician She listens to R Carlos Nakai while she creates her jewelry Also Buffy Sainte-Marie music listening is good here since Mark Barfoot has created percussion instruments for her

bull Students will be able to play in classroom groups or performing ensembles music of diverse genres styles and cultures with expression appropriate to the work performed

bull Students will be able to improvise rhythmic and harmonic accompaniments

to songs and recorded music

Vocabulary powwow drums rattles shakers elkskin cedar wood flutes

Materials needed Book 1 Carlson L (1994) More than moccasins A kidrsquos activity guide to traditional North American Indian life Chicago IL Chicago Review Press 2 Fletcher A (1915 1994) Indian games amp dances with native songs Boston MA CC Brichard Images See Figures 7 and 8 Article Native American music traditions how stuff works Retrieved on February 8 2014 from httppeoplehowstuffworkscomculture-traditionscultural-traditions10-native-american-music-traditionshtmprintable Music 1 R Carlos Nakai Cycles Canyon Records 1985 CD 2 R Carlos Nakai Changes Canyon Records 1983 CD 3 R Carlos Nakai Spirit Horses Canyon Records 1991 CD 4 Buffy Sainte-Marie The Best of Buffy1970 CD 5 Buffy Sainte-Marie Up Where We Belong 1996 CD Song Buffy Sainte-Marie 1996 ldquoStarwalkerrdquo in Up Where We Belong CD

Day 8 ndash Native American Songs Poems and Political Activism

The teacher will guide the students through a discussion of the Native American Indian Movement (AIM) by readings and YouTube excerpt of famous speech by Russell Means to Congress Students need to read analyze and give key details to article on Buffy Sainte-Marie folk singer and activitist Also lessons can be found on Native American history on Buffy Sainte-Mariersquos Cradleboard Teaching Project curriculum website httpwwwcradleboardorgmainhtml

Lyrics or verses to songs written that distort Indian images such as ldquoLittle Moheardquo httpwwwtraditionalmusiccoukfolk-song-lyricsLittle_Moheahtm need to be analyzed for students to understand stereotypes in music song poetry and literature Poem selections from Rising Voices poetry book need to be read and analyzed by teacher and students in guided and small group instruction Also poem by Parris Butler ldquoIncantation to Dispel New Age Dogmardquo page 152 of Native American Voices by Lobo et al needs to be read and analyzed

bull Students will be able to identify supporting details about Native American history music and poems in order to determine the main ideas or central concepts of the Native American history and traditional songs

bull Students will be able to identify stereotypes in music song or poetry lyrics in order to determine the use of music to continue stereotypes in literature concerning Native Americans

Vocabulary cultural inferiority colonized oppressed prejudice discrimination genocide stereotypes

Materials Needed Books 1 Hirschfelder A amp Singer B R (1992) Rising voices writings of young Native Americans New York NY Ballantine Books 2 Lobo S Talbot S amp Morris T (2010) The Pocahontas Perplex The Image of Indian Women in American Culture In Native American Voices (3rd ed pp 159-165) Boston MA Prentice Hall Videos 1 Orchun K (2009) Native Americans (Bury my heart at Wounded Knee) Retrieved from httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=BUTUQ7_TFW4 2 Means R (1989) American Indian Activist Russell Means Powerful Speech 1989 (1989) Retrieved from httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=QVYShOZkZGs Song Buffy Sainte-Marie (1964) ldquoUniversal Soldier ldquo in Itrsquos My Way CD Book Review Zoladz L (2012 December 2) Illuminations A biography of Buffy Sainte-Marie [Review of the book Buffy Sainte-Marie Itrsquos My Way by Stonechild B 2012] Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpslareviewofbooksorgreviewilluminations-a-biography-of-buffy-sainte-marie Poem Butler P (1997) Incantation to Dispel New Age Dogma Retrieved on June 6 2014 from Page 185 httpfacultyithacaedukbhansendocsnamindiansnavracismstereotypespdf

Day 9 ndash Song Poem and Rap Tributes to Native American Youths

The teacher will allow students to work independently or in pairs to create a 16 to 32 line verse rhyming or non-rhyming poem rap or song in tribute to the Native American youth of today

Optional With parent and principalrsquos permission studentsrsquo poems and song lyrics can be mailed to local state or federal politicians and Native American schools to help increase social awareness of Native American cultural social issues of today and let them know there are students who support their culture

bull Students will be able to create original songs poems and raps in order to perform individually and in ensembles using their own rhythmic accompaniments on percussion instruments

Day 10 ndash Student Performances ndash ldquoNative American Voices Rising Todayrdquo

The teacher will allow students to work independently or in pairs to create a 16 to 32 line verse rhyming or non-rhyming poem rap or song in tribute to the Native American youth of today Then after practice students will present performances and presentation

bull Students will be able to perform individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres

bull Students will be able to play in classroom groups or performing ensembles

music of diverse genres styles and cultures with expression appropriate to the work performed

bull Students will be able to improvise rhythmic and harmonic accompaniments

to songs and recorded music

Sample Lesson One Letrsquos Explore Native American Song as a Way of Communication

Music is considered by some theorists to be a universal language and means of communication among all cultures of the world Native American music involves understanding the vastness of the Native American culture and languages Would you try to write an article on the music or languages of Europe This would be complex task because there are many countries cultures languages and dialects spoken on the continent of Europe Although this attempt has been done we must understand that hundreds of Native American tribal nations spoke thousands of languages and dialects in North American before the Europeans came in the 1500rsquos

Today only several hundred tribal nations are recognized by the United States Federal government Although each tribal nation has its own language culture and customs the role of music in each Native American tribal nation seems to transcend into an important role for healing spirituality and social ceremonial purposes in their culture The use of the human voice as a solo or group chant instrument the use of the percussion instruments drums rattles and rasps and the use of the whistles or flutes provide support to the linear texture of the Native American songs and vocal musical sounds

Native Americans devised many different ways of communication besides written and spoken languages They used smoke signals drums and sign language as other means of communication Indian hand sign language was practiced by many tribal nations particularly in the plain states

Today we are going to learn to sing a song titled Go My Son written by a Navajo and a Ute Indian and learn to use Indian sign language This song is written by Arlene Nofchissey Williams (Navajo) and Carnes Burson (Ute) The music arrangement used at many schools is done by Linda Williams You can go to gomysoncom and see the words and hear this version Amazon sells a MP3 version for 99 cents Tantararerecordscom sells a CD and Sheet music on it The textbook only shows that Nofchissey -Burson as who wrote it

Source Music Connection a Series of Music Textbooks gomysoncom (A Navajo site)

Unit Title Native American Music ndash Letrsquos Explore Song as a Way of Communication

Grades 5-8

Educational Objective The teacher will be able to introduce the students to the Navajo Indian culture and music traditions

Behavioral Objectives Students will be able to analyze music elements and words in Native American song in order to determine the composer or songwriterrsquos purpose Students will be able to perform Indian sign language to song in order to demonstrate non-literary vocal skills Students will be able to perform Native American traditional songs individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres and providing rhythmic accompaniment on percussion instruments

Standards Pennsylvania Department of Education and Humanities

91 Production Performance and Exhibition of Dance Music Theatre and Visual Arts

92 Historical and Cultural Contexts

Anticipatory Set Have you every tried to speak to someone who is deaf or seen someone who is deaf communicate Based on your prior knowledge of music and history can you explain what hand sign language is and what purpose does it serve

Pair to Pair ndash Share your findings with another student and be prepared to discuss your findings in class

Activities

1 Listen to the song Go My Son and analyze the combination of the voice and percussion rhythmic elements Explain what the central theme of the song is and how the music elements enhance the composerrsquos lyrics

2 Next learn to sing the song in English using the sign language Did you find it easier to learn the song with hand movements Complete the sign language activity handout and share your findings with a friend

3 Sing the song again choosing student volunteers to perform on percussion instruments-drum and rattles Discuss rhythm as an important force and element in the music Discuss Native American traditions in performing music

4 Next listen to Go My Son in the Navajo dialect and compare the song to the English version What are some of the similarities and differences you hear in the music performance Explain which version you like the best Give 3 reasons why you prefer that version

5 If you were a Navajo youth today what do you think your educational experience would be like if you lived on a reservation Based on your knowledge of American history would education in the past be a good or bad experience for a Native American

6 View movie video The Only Good Indian Have class complete questionnaire handout about movie video

Summary

1 Have class perform song Go My Son by themselves using sign language

2 Have students explain music elements of song and central theme and idea of song

3 Have students tell about the experiences of Indian youths in being educated in America in the past and today

4 Exit ticket ndash Show me how to say or sing a phrase from the song Go My Son demonstrating Indian sign language

Materials Needed

1 Go My Son song lyrics (Silver Burdett Grade 6 textbook if available)o r download from the Internet gomysoncom

2 Go My Son music recording in English and Navajo

Navajo recording available in local music store can be downloaded

3 Movie video The Only Good Indian

4 1 large drum and rattles or shakers

Sample Lesson Two Letrsquos Explore Heritage ndash My Winter Count Story

Grades 5-8

Educational Objective The teacher will be able to show students the importance of oral history traditions in Native American culture and compare it to contemporary traditions of preserving family history in order for student to understand importance of history and social studies and different ways of preserving family history

Behavioral Objective Students will be able to explain the Native American Winter Count tradition in order to create their own count of their own family tree or personal history through a pictograph and song Students will be able to perform Native American traditional songs individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres and providing rhythmic accompaniment on percussion instruments

Anticipatory Set What is wwwancestrycom and what is this websitersquos main purpose online

Winter Count Activity I ndash The teacher needs to read the following biography of Dr Lee aloud to the students or have the students Pair to Pair in partners read the story to each other

DR LEErsquoS WINTER COUNT STORY

I come from a large family I have four older sisters and three older brothers I liked to listen to music since I was a small child I am the great granddaughter of a Black American slave who fought in the Civil War I am also the great granddaughter of a part Black and Lenape Indian woman and the granddaughter of a part-Black and Cherokee Indian woman I have always associated my heritage with the African American cultural side of my family It is not until now when I am enrolled in a course at the Teacherrsquos Institute of Philadelphia at the University of Pennsylvania titled Native American Voices that I ever thought to venture into researching the Native American indigenous side of my ancestry How does one begin to find their heritage when it has been lost

I began by researching my family tree through the United States Census records and by speaking to family members Although my oral family history pointed to both Black and Native American descent I could not specifically find any written documents that confirmed my Native American tribal ancestry I came across a tradition practiced by some tribal nations like the Lakota of orally telling the history of important events of their villages or drawing pictures of what happened during the winter months This was called the Winter Count Some of my family history was full of happy events and some events were sad In music when we hear happy music we call it major key sounding and when we hear sad songs we call this music minor sounding

CAN YOU LIST 10 IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCURRED IN DR LEErsquoS WINTER COUNT STORY AND BIOGRAPHY CAN YOU DRAW A PICTURE TO REPRESENT EACH IMPORTANT EVENT

Dr Lee liked music as a baby

She came from a large family

She is a Lenape Indian descendent

She is also a Cherokee Indian descendent

She is also a descendent of an African slave

She is also a descendent of a Civil War soldier

She researched her family tree

She found some Native Americans have a tradition of a Winter Count Story

She created her own Winter Count story

Winter Count Activity

1 After the class has read Dr Leersquos biography the teacher with the whole class needs to determine what the important events in Dr Leersquos family history were and then practice by drawing pictures to represent important events that happened to Dr Lee since childhood (See list of events provided)

2 Then the students need to independently create a timeline write a short autobiography or list 10 important events that have occurred in their life since childhood Next each student needs to draw a series of pictures about 10 important events that have happened to them this past winter or since your childhood

3 Next the student should show your Winter Count drawing to a friend and try to get them to decipher your Winter Count story through the pictures they drew

Winter Count Activity III ndash

Major and Minor Song Activity

Review singing The Navajo Happy Song and the Huron Carol with the students using percussion instruments to provide steady beat accompaniment Discuss the music elements and meaning of the lyrics Then read articles on the history of the Navajo or Huron tribal nations Research on the internet if possible where the Navajo lived and where the Huron lived Compare and contrast the information about each tribal nation and using a graphic organizer analyze and list the similarities and differences between the Navajo and Huron traditions Next do a Winter Count Activity story on the Navajo or Huron history Be prepared to share your information for both activities

Homework or In class Activity Take your Winter Count pictograph story and create a poem or 8 song verses about your story Be prepared to perform your poem or song in class tomorrow

Materials needed Songs Go My Son and Huron Carol can be lyrics retrieved from the internet online (See references) Dr Leersquos written biography 4 sheets of plain white paper and pencils Articles on the history of the Navajo and Huron Native Americans

Annotated Bibliography

Fletcher A (1915 1994) Indian games amp dances with native songs Boston MA CC Brichard A wealth of songs games and dances from various Native American tribal communities

Gombert G (1994) A guide to Native American music recordings Summerton TN Book Publishing Company Provides a list of two hundred recording companies and distributors contact information and record listings for recordings by authentic Native American musicians History of Canyon Records (nd) Retrieved on April 11 2014 from httpsstorecanyonrecordscomindexphpapp=cmsampns=displayampref=about+canyon This is the website for Canyon Records a recording company created in the 1950rsquos in Phoenix Arizona to preserve authentic Native American songs Lobo S Talbot S amp Morris T (2010) The Pocahontas Perplex The Image of Indian Women in American Culture In Native American Voices (3rd ed pp 159-165) This book is an important resource for explaining the history economic legal and social issues of the indigenous Native Americans including Alaska Hawaii Mexico and Canada Nakai R C amp DeMars J (1996) The question of authenticity In The art of the Native American flute (pp 109 ndash 114) Phoenix AZ Canyon Records Production This book is a valuable anthology tool for explaining the music compositions and the history of R Carlos Nakairsquos original flute works from 1983 until 1995 The book includes flute selections from some of his original compositions along with fingering for the Native American flute There is a nice beginning chapter that explains the Native American Music tradition In addition to a later chapter that discusses authenticity in Native American music Treuer A (1984) What is the real story of Pocahontas In Everything you wanted to know about Indians but were afraid to ask (p 35) Education (pp 138-141) Very informative book explaining traditions trends and myths in being a Native American today Highly recommended to Natives and non-natives Teacher Resources Anton M (2007 January 7) Native American Marching Band distracts a new generation from blight Los Angeles Times Retrieved from httpwwwbostoncomnewsnationarticles20070107native_american_marching_band_distracts_a_new_generation_from_blight This is an article about how a Mojave Tribe march band survived during a period of time when most native American tribal bands were dissolved Barfoot M (2014) Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Photograph Courtesy of Mark BarfootWolf Creek Art

Today only several hundred tribal nations are recognized by the United States Federal government Although each tribal nation has its own language culture and customs the role of music in each Native American tribal nation seems to transcend into an important role for healing spirituality and social ceremonial purposes in their culture The use of the human voice as a solo or group chant instrument the use of the percussion instruments drums rattles and rasps and the use of the whistles or flutes provide support to the linear texture of the Native American songs and vocal musical sounds

Native Americans devised many different ways of communication besides written and spoken languages They used smoke signals drums and sign language as other means of communication Indian hand sign language was practiced by many tribal nations particularly in the plain states

Today we are going to learn to sing a song titled Go My Son written by a Navajo and a Ute Indian and learn to use Indian sign language This song is written by Arlene Nofchissey Williams (Navajo) and Carnes Burson (Ute) The music arrangement used at many schools is done by Linda Williams You can go to gomysoncom and see the words and hear this version Amazon sells a MP3 version for 99 cents Tantararerecordscom sells a CD and Sheet music on it The textbook only shows that Nofchissey -Burson as who wrote it

Source Music Connection a Series of Music Textbooks gomysoncom (A Navajo site)

Unit Title Native American Music ndash Letrsquos Explore Song as a Way of Communication

Grades 5-8

Educational Objective The teacher will be able to introduce the students to the Navajo Indian culture and music traditions

Behavioral Objectives Students will be able to analyze music elements and words in Native American song in order to determine the composer or songwriterrsquos purpose Students will be able to perform Indian sign language to song in order to demonstrate non-literary vocal skills Students will be able to perform Native American traditional songs individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres and providing rhythmic accompaniment on percussion instruments

Standards Pennsylvania Department of Education and Humanities

91 Production Performance and Exhibition of Dance Music Theatre and Visual Arts

92 Historical and Cultural Contexts

Anticipatory Set Have you every tried to speak to someone who is deaf or seen someone who is deaf communicate Based on your prior knowledge of music and history can you explain what hand sign language is and what purpose does it serve

Pair to Pair ndash Share your findings with another student and be prepared to discuss your findings in class

Activities

1 Listen to the song Go My Son and analyze the combination of the voice and percussion rhythmic elements Explain what the central theme of the song is and how the music elements enhance the composerrsquos lyrics

2 Next learn to sing the song in English using the sign language Did you find it easier to learn the song with hand movements Complete the sign language activity handout and share your findings with a friend

3 Sing the song again choosing student volunteers to perform on percussion instruments-drum and rattles Discuss rhythm as an important force and element in the music Discuss Native American traditions in performing music

4 Next listen to Go My Son in the Navajo dialect and compare the song to the English version What are some of the similarities and differences you hear in the music performance Explain which version you like the best Give 3 reasons why you prefer that version

5 If you were a Navajo youth today what do you think your educational experience would be like if you lived on a reservation Based on your knowledge of American history would education in the past be a good or bad experience for a Native American

6 View movie video The Only Good Indian Have class complete questionnaire handout about movie video

Summary

1 Have class perform song Go My Son by themselves using sign language

2 Have students explain music elements of song and central theme and idea of song

3 Have students tell about the experiences of Indian youths in being educated in America in the past and today

4 Exit ticket ndash Show me how to say or sing a phrase from the song Go My Son demonstrating Indian sign language

Materials Needed

1 Go My Son song lyrics (Silver Burdett Grade 6 textbook if available)o r download from the Internet gomysoncom

2 Go My Son music recording in English and Navajo

Navajo recording available in local music store can be downloaded

3 Movie video The Only Good Indian

4 1 large drum and rattles or shakers

Sample Lesson Two Letrsquos Explore Heritage ndash My Winter Count Story

Grades 5-8

Educational Objective The teacher will be able to show students the importance of oral history traditions in Native American culture and compare it to contemporary traditions of preserving family history in order for student to understand importance of history and social studies and different ways of preserving family history

Behavioral Objective Students will be able to explain the Native American Winter Count tradition in order to create their own count of their own family tree or personal history through a pictograph and song Students will be able to perform Native American traditional songs individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres and providing rhythmic accompaniment on percussion instruments

Anticipatory Set What is wwwancestrycom and what is this websitersquos main purpose online

Winter Count Activity I ndash The teacher needs to read the following biography of Dr Lee aloud to the students or have the students Pair to Pair in partners read the story to each other

DR LEErsquoS WINTER COUNT STORY

I come from a large family I have four older sisters and three older brothers I liked to listen to music since I was a small child I am the great granddaughter of a Black American slave who fought in the Civil War I am also the great granddaughter of a part Black and Lenape Indian woman and the granddaughter of a part-Black and Cherokee Indian woman I have always associated my heritage with the African American cultural side of my family It is not until now when I am enrolled in a course at the Teacherrsquos Institute of Philadelphia at the University of Pennsylvania titled Native American Voices that I ever thought to venture into researching the Native American indigenous side of my ancestry How does one begin to find their heritage when it has been lost

I began by researching my family tree through the United States Census records and by speaking to family members Although my oral family history pointed to both Black and Native American descent I could not specifically find any written documents that confirmed my Native American tribal ancestry I came across a tradition practiced by some tribal nations like the Lakota of orally telling the history of important events of their villages or drawing pictures of what happened during the winter months This was called the Winter Count Some of my family history was full of happy events and some events were sad In music when we hear happy music we call it major key sounding and when we hear sad songs we call this music minor sounding

CAN YOU LIST 10 IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCURRED IN DR LEErsquoS WINTER COUNT STORY AND BIOGRAPHY CAN YOU DRAW A PICTURE TO REPRESENT EACH IMPORTANT EVENT

Dr Lee liked music as a baby

She came from a large family

She is a Lenape Indian descendent

She is also a Cherokee Indian descendent

She is also a descendent of an African slave

She is also a descendent of a Civil War soldier

She researched her family tree

She found some Native Americans have a tradition of a Winter Count Story

She created her own Winter Count story

Winter Count Activity

1 After the class has read Dr Leersquos biography the teacher with the whole class needs to determine what the important events in Dr Leersquos family history were and then practice by drawing pictures to represent important events that happened to Dr Lee since childhood (See list of events provided)

2 Then the students need to independently create a timeline write a short autobiography or list 10 important events that have occurred in their life since childhood Next each student needs to draw a series of pictures about 10 important events that have happened to them this past winter or since your childhood

3 Next the student should show your Winter Count drawing to a friend and try to get them to decipher your Winter Count story through the pictures they drew

Winter Count Activity III ndash

Major and Minor Song Activity

Review singing The Navajo Happy Song and the Huron Carol with the students using percussion instruments to provide steady beat accompaniment Discuss the music elements and meaning of the lyrics Then read articles on the history of the Navajo or Huron tribal nations Research on the internet if possible where the Navajo lived and where the Huron lived Compare and contrast the information about each tribal nation and using a graphic organizer analyze and list the similarities and differences between the Navajo and Huron traditions Next do a Winter Count Activity story on the Navajo or Huron history Be prepared to share your information for both activities

Homework or In class Activity Take your Winter Count pictograph story and create a poem or 8 song verses about your story Be prepared to perform your poem or song in class tomorrow

Materials needed Songs Go My Son and Huron Carol can be lyrics retrieved from the internet online (See references) Dr Leersquos written biography 4 sheets of plain white paper and pencils Articles on the history of the Navajo and Huron Native Americans

Annotated Bibliography

Fletcher A (1915 1994) Indian games amp dances with native songs Boston MA CC Brichard A wealth of songs games and dances from various Native American tribal communities

Gombert G (1994) A guide to Native American music recordings Summerton TN Book Publishing Company Provides a list of two hundred recording companies and distributors contact information and record listings for recordings by authentic Native American musicians History of Canyon Records (nd) Retrieved on April 11 2014 from httpsstorecanyonrecordscomindexphpapp=cmsampns=displayampref=about+canyon This is the website for Canyon Records a recording company created in the 1950rsquos in Phoenix Arizona to preserve authentic Native American songs Lobo S Talbot S amp Morris T (2010) The Pocahontas Perplex The Image of Indian Women in American Culture In Native American Voices (3rd ed pp 159-165) This book is an important resource for explaining the history economic legal and social issues of the indigenous Native Americans including Alaska Hawaii Mexico and Canada Nakai R C amp DeMars J (1996) The question of authenticity In The art of the Native American flute (pp 109 ndash 114) Phoenix AZ Canyon Records Production This book is a valuable anthology tool for explaining the music compositions and the history of R Carlos Nakairsquos original flute works from 1983 until 1995 The book includes flute selections from some of his original compositions along with fingering for the Native American flute There is a nice beginning chapter that explains the Native American Music tradition In addition to a later chapter that discusses authenticity in Native American music Treuer A (1984) What is the real story of Pocahontas In Everything you wanted to know about Indians but were afraid to ask (p 35) Education (pp 138-141) Very informative book explaining traditions trends and myths in being a Native American today Highly recommended to Natives and non-natives Teacher Resources Anton M (2007 January 7) Native American Marching Band distracts a new generation from blight Los Angeles Times Retrieved from httpwwwbostoncomnewsnationarticles20070107native_american_marching_band_distracts_a_new_generation_from_blight This is an article about how a Mojave Tribe march band survived during a period of time when most native American tribal bands were dissolved Barfoot M (2014) Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Photograph Courtesy of Mark BarfootWolf Creek Art

91 Production Performance and Exhibition of Dance Music Theatre and Visual Arts

92 Historical and Cultural Contexts

Anticipatory Set Have you every tried to speak to someone who is deaf or seen someone who is deaf communicate Based on your prior knowledge of music and history can you explain what hand sign language is and what purpose does it serve

Pair to Pair ndash Share your findings with another student and be prepared to discuss your findings in class

Activities

1 Listen to the song Go My Son and analyze the combination of the voice and percussion rhythmic elements Explain what the central theme of the song is and how the music elements enhance the composerrsquos lyrics

2 Next learn to sing the song in English using the sign language Did you find it easier to learn the song with hand movements Complete the sign language activity handout and share your findings with a friend

3 Sing the song again choosing student volunteers to perform on percussion instruments-drum and rattles Discuss rhythm as an important force and element in the music Discuss Native American traditions in performing music

4 Next listen to Go My Son in the Navajo dialect and compare the song to the English version What are some of the similarities and differences you hear in the music performance Explain which version you like the best Give 3 reasons why you prefer that version

5 If you were a Navajo youth today what do you think your educational experience would be like if you lived on a reservation Based on your knowledge of American history would education in the past be a good or bad experience for a Native American

6 View movie video The Only Good Indian Have class complete questionnaire handout about movie video

Summary

1 Have class perform song Go My Son by themselves using sign language

2 Have students explain music elements of song and central theme and idea of song

3 Have students tell about the experiences of Indian youths in being educated in America in the past and today

4 Exit ticket ndash Show me how to say or sing a phrase from the song Go My Son demonstrating Indian sign language

Materials Needed

1 Go My Son song lyrics (Silver Burdett Grade 6 textbook if available)o r download from the Internet gomysoncom

2 Go My Son music recording in English and Navajo

Navajo recording available in local music store can be downloaded

3 Movie video The Only Good Indian

4 1 large drum and rattles or shakers

Sample Lesson Two Letrsquos Explore Heritage ndash My Winter Count Story

Grades 5-8

Educational Objective The teacher will be able to show students the importance of oral history traditions in Native American culture and compare it to contemporary traditions of preserving family history in order for student to understand importance of history and social studies and different ways of preserving family history

Behavioral Objective Students will be able to explain the Native American Winter Count tradition in order to create their own count of their own family tree or personal history through a pictograph and song Students will be able to perform Native American traditional songs individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres and providing rhythmic accompaniment on percussion instruments

Anticipatory Set What is wwwancestrycom and what is this websitersquos main purpose online

Winter Count Activity I ndash The teacher needs to read the following biography of Dr Lee aloud to the students or have the students Pair to Pair in partners read the story to each other

DR LEErsquoS WINTER COUNT STORY

I come from a large family I have four older sisters and three older brothers I liked to listen to music since I was a small child I am the great granddaughter of a Black American slave who fought in the Civil War I am also the great granddaughter of a part Black and Lenape Indian woman and the granddaughter of a part-Black and Cherokee Indian woman I have always associated my heritage with the African American cultural side of my family It is not until now when I am enrolled in a course at the Teacherrsquos Institute of Philadelphia at the University of Pennsylvania titled Native American Voices that I ever thought to venture into researching the Native American indigenous side of my ancestry How does one begin to find their heritage when it has been lost

I began by researching my family tree through the United States Census records and by speaking to family members Although my oral family history pointed to both Black and Native American descent I could not specifically find any written documents that confirmed my Native American tribal ancestry I came across a tradition practiced by some tribal nations like the Lakota of orally telling the history of important events of their villages or drawing pictures of what happened during the winter months This was called the Winter Count Some of my family history was full of happy events and some events were sad In music when we hear happy music we call it major key sounding and when we hear sad songs we call this music minor sounding

CAN YOU LIST 10 IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCURRED IN DR LEErsquoS WINTER COUNT STORY AND BIOGRAPHY CAN YOU DRAW A PICTURE TO REPRESENT EACH IMPORTANT EVENT

Dr Lee liked music as a baby

She came from a large family

She is a Lenape Indian descendent

She is also a Cherokee Indian descendent

She is also a descendent of an African slave

She is also a descendent of a Civil War soldier

She researched her family tree

She found some Native Americans have a tradition of a Winter Count Story

She created her own Winter Count story

Winter Count Activity

1 After the class has read Dr Leersquos biography the teacher with the whole class needs to determine what the important events in Dr Leersquos family history were and then practice by drawing pictures to represent important events that happened to Dr Lee since childhood (See list of events provided)

2 Then the students need to independently create a timeline write a short autobiography or list 10 important events that have occurred in their life since childhood Next each student needs to draw a series of pictures about 10 important events that have happened to them this past winter or since your childhood

3 Next the student should show your Winter Count drawing to a friend and try to get them to decipher your Winter Count story through the pictures they drew

Winter Count Activity III ndash

Major and Minor Song Activity

Review singing The Navajo Happy Song and the Huron Carol with the students using percussion instruments to provide steady beat accompaniment Discuss the music elements and meaning of the lyrics Then read articles on the history of the Navajo or Huron tribal nations Research on the internet if possible where the Navajo lived and where the Huron lived Compare and contrast the information about each tribal nation and using a graphic organizer analyze and list the similarities and differences between the Navajo and Huron traditions Next do a Winter Count Activity story on the Navajo or Huron history Be prepared to share your information for both activities

Homework or In class Activity Take your Winter Count pictograph story and create a poem or 8 song verses about your story Be prepared to perform your poem or song in class tomorrow

Materials needed Songs Go My Son and Huron Carol can be lyrics retrieved from the internet online (See references) Dr Leersquos written biography 4 sheets of plain white paper and pencils Articles on the history of the Navajo and Huron Native Americans

Annotated Bibliography

Fletcher A (1915 1994) Indian games amp dances with native songs Boston MA CC Brichard A wealth of songs games and dances from various Native American tribal communities

Gombert G (1994) A guide to Native American music recordings Summerton TN Book Publishing Company Provides a list of two hundred recording companies and distributors contact information and record listings for recordings by authentic Native American musicians History of Canyon Records (nd) Retrieved on April 11 2014 from httpsstorecanyonrecordscomindexphpapp=cmsampns=displayampref=about+canyon This is the website for Canyon Records a recording company created in the 1950rsquos in Phoenix Arizona to preserve authentic Native American songs Lobo S Talbot S amp Morris T (2010) The Pocahontas Perplex The Image of Indian Women in American Culture In Native American Voices (3rd ed pp 159-165) This book is an important resource for explaining the history economic legal and social issues of the indigenous Native Americans including Alaska Hawaii Mexico and Canada Nakai R C amp DeMars J (1996) The question of authenticity In The art of the Native American flute (pp 109 ndash 114) Phoenix AZ Canyon Records Production This book is a valuable anthology tool for explaining the music compositions and the history of R Carlos Nakairsquos original flute works from 1983 until 1995 The book includes flute selections from some of his original compositions along with fingering for the Native American flute There is a nice beginning chapter that explains the Native American Music tradition In addition to a later chapter that discusses authenticity in Native American music Treuer A (1984) What is the real story of Pocahontas In Everything you wanted to know about Indians but were afraid to ask (p 35) Education (pp 138-141) Very informative book explaining traditions trends and myths in being a Native American today Highly recommended to Natives and non-natives Teacher Resources Anton M (2007 January 7) Native American Marching Band distracts a new generation from blight Los Angeles Times Retrieved from httpwwwbostoncomnewsnationarticles20070107native_american_marching_band_distracts_a_new_generation_from_blight This is an article about how a Mojave Tribe march band survived during a period of time when most native American tribal bands were dissolved Barfoot M (2014) Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Photograph Courtesy of Mark BarfootWolf Creek Art

2 Have students explain music elements of song and central theme and idea of song

3 Have students tell about the experiences of Indian youths in being educated in America in the past and today

4 Exit ticket ndash Show me how to say or sing a phrase from the song Go My Son demonstrating Indian sign language

Materials Needed

1 Go My Son song lyrics (Silver Burdett Grade 6 textbook if available)o r download from the Internet gomysoncom

2 Go My Son music recording in English and Navajo

Navajo recording available in local music store can be downloaded

3 Movie video The Only Good Indian

4 1 large drum and rattles or shakers

Sample Lesson Two Letrsquos Explore Heritage ndash My Winter Count Story

Grades 5-8

Educational Objective The teacher will be able to show students the importance of oral history traditions in Native American culture and compare it to contemporary traditions of preserving family history in order for student to understand importance of history and social studies and different ways of preserving family history

Behavioral Objective Students will be able to explain the Native American Winter Count tradition in order to create their own count of their own family tree or personal history through a pictograph and song Students will be able to perform Native American traditional songs individually and in ensembles using good intonation and blending vocal timbres and providing rhythmic accompaniment on percussion instruments

Anticipatory Set What is wwwancestrycom and what is this websitersquos main purpose online

Winter Count Activity I ndash The teacher needs to read the following biography of Dr Lee aloud to the students or have the students Pair to Pair in partners read the story to each other

DR LEErsquoS WINTER COUNT STORY

I come from a large family I have four older sisters and three older brothers I liked to listen to music since I was a small child I am the great granddaughter of a Black American slave who fought in the Civil War I am also the great granddaughter of a part Black and Lenape Indian woman and the granddaughter of a part-Black and Cherokee Indian woman I have always associated my heritage with the African American cultural side of my family It is not until now when I am enrolled in a course at the Teacherrsquos Institute of Philadelphia at the University of Pennsylvania titled Native American Voices that I ever thought to venture into researching the Native American indigenous side of my ancestry How does one begin to find their heritage when it has been lost

I began by researching my family tree through the United States Census records and by speaking to family members Although my oral family history pointed to both Black and Native American descent I could not specifically find any written documents that confirmed my Native American tribal ancestry I came across a tradition practiced by some tribal nations like the Lakota of orally telling the history of important events of their villages or drawing pictures of what happened during the winter months This was called the Winter Count Some of my family history was full of happy events and some events were sad In music when we hear happy music we call it major key sounding and when we hear sad songs we call this music minor sounding

CAN YOU LIST 10 IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCURRED IN DR LEErsquoS WINTER COUNT STORY AND BIOGRAPHY CAN YOU DRAW A PICTURE TO REPRESENT EACH IMPORTANT EVENT

Dr Lee liked music as a baby

She came from a large family

She is a Lenape Indian descendent

She is also a Cherokee Indian descendent

She is also a descendent of an African slave

She is also a descendent of a Civil War soldier

She researched her family tree

She found some Native Americans have a tradition of a Winter Count Story

She created her own Winter Count story

Winter Count Activity

1 After the class has read Dr Leersquos biography the teacher with the whole class needs to determine what the important events in Dr Leersquos family history were and then practice by drawing pictures to represent important events that happened to Dr Lee since childhood (See list of events provided)

2 Then the students need to independently create a timeline write a short autobiography or list 10 important events that have occurred in their life since childhood Next each student needs to draw a series of pictures about 10 important events that have happened to them this past winter or since your childhood

3 Next the student should show your Winter Count drawing to a friend and try to get them to decipher your Winter Count story through the pictures they drew

Winter Count Activity III ndash

Major and Minor Song Activity

Review singing The Navajo Happy Song and the Huron Carol with the students using percussion instruments to provide steady beat accompaniment Discuss the music elements and meaning of the lyrics Then read articles on the history of the Navajo or Huron tribal nations Research on the internet if possible where the Navajo lived and where the Huron lived Compare and contrast the information about each tribal nation and using a graphic organizer analyze and list the similarities and differences between the Navajo and Huron traditions Next do a Winter Count Activity story on the Navajo or Huron history Be prepared to share your information for both activities

Homework or In class Activity Take your Winter Count pictograph story and create a poem or 8 song verses about your story Be prepared to perform your poem or song in class tomorrow

Materials needed Songs Go My Son and Huron Carol can be lyrics retrieved from the internet online (See references) Dr Leersquos written biography 4 sheets of plain white paper and pencils Articles on the history of the Navajo and Huron Native Americans

Annotated Bibliography

Fletcher A (1915 1994) Indian games amp dances with native songs Boston MA CC Brichard A wealth of songs games and dances from various Native American tribal communities

Gombert G (1994) A guide to Native American music recordings Summerton TN Book Publishing Company Provides a list of two hundred recording companies and distributors contact information and record listings for recordings by authentic Native American musicians History of Canyon Records (nd) Retrieved on April 11 2014 from httpsstorecanyonrecordscomindexphpapp=cmsampns=displayampref=about+canyon This is the website for Canyon Records a recording company created in the 1950rsquos in Phoenix Arizona to preserve authentic Native American songs Lobo S Talbot S amp Morris T (2010) The Pocahontas Perplex The Image of Indian Women in American Culture In Native American Voices (3rd ed pp 159-165) This book is an important resource for explaining the history economic legal and social issues of the indigenous Native Americans including Alaska Hawaii Mexico and Canada Nakai R C amp DeMars J (1996) The question of authenticity In The art of the Native American flute (pp 109 ndash 114) Phoenix AZ Canyon Records Production This book is a valuable anthology tool for explaining the music compositions and the history of R Carlos Nakairsquos original flute works from 1983 until 1995 The book includes flute selections from some of his original compositions along with fingering for the Native American flute There is a nice beginning chapter that explains the Native American Music tradition In addition to a later chapter that discusses authenticity in Native American music Treuer A (1984) What is the real story of Pocahontas In Everything you wanted to know about Indians but were afraid to ask (p 35) Education (pp 138-141) Very informative book explaining traditions trends and myths in being a Native American today Highly recommended to Natives and non-natives Teacher Resources Anton M (2007 January 7) Native American Marching Band distracts a new generation from blight Los Angeles Times Retrieved from httpwwwbostoncomnewsnationarticles20070107native_american_marching_band_distracts_a_new_generation_from_blight This is an article about how a Mojave Tribe march band survived during a period of time when most native American tribal bands were dissolved Barfoot M (2014) Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Photograph Courtesy of Mark BarfootWolf Creek Art

DR LEErsquoS WINTER COUNT STORY

I come from a large family I have four older sisters and three older brothers I liked to listen to music since I was a small child I am the great granddaughter of a Black American slave who fought in the Civil War I am also the great granddaughter of a part Black and Lenape Indian woman and the granddaughter of a part-Black and Cherokee Indian woman I have always associated my heritage with the African American cultural side of my family It is not until now when I am enrolled in a course at the Teacherrsquos Institute of Philadelphia at the University of Pennsylvania titled Native American Voices that I ever thought to venture into researching the Native American indigenous side of my ancestry How does one begin to find their heritage when it has been lost

I began by researching my family tree through the United States Census records and by speaking to family members Although my oral family history pointed to both Black and Native American descent I could not specifically find any written documents that confirmed my Native American tribal ancestry I came across a tradition practiced by some tribal nations like the Lakota of orally telling the history of important events of their villages or drawing pictures of what happened during the winter months This was called the Winter Count Some of my family history was full of happy events and some events were sad In music when we hear happy music we call it major key sounding and when we hear sad songs we call this music minor sounding

CAN YOU LIST 10 IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCURRED IN DR LEErsquoS WINTER COUNT STORY AND BIOGRAPHY CAN YOU DRAW A PICTURE TO REPRESENT EACH IMPORTANT EVENT

Dr Lee liked music as a baby

She came from a large family

She is a Lenape Indian descendent

She is also a Cherokee Indian descendent

She is also a descendent of an African slave

She is also a descendent of a Civil War soldier

She researched her family tree

She found some Native Americans have a tradition of a Winter Count Story

She created her own Winter Count story

Winter Count Activity

1 After the class has read Dr Leersquos biography the teacher with the whole class needs to determine what the important events in Dr Leersquos family history were and then practice by drawing pictures to represent important events that happened to Dr Lee since childhood (See list of events provided)

2 Then the students need to independently create a timeline write a short autobiography or list 10 important events that have occurred in their life since childhood Next each student needs to draw a series of pictures about 10 important events that have happened to them this past winter or since your childhood

3 Next the student should show your Winter Count drawing to a friend and try to get them to decipher your Winter Count story through the pictures they drew

Winter Count Activity III ndash

Major and Minor Song Activity

Review singing The Navajo Happy Song and the Huron Carol with the students using percussion instruments to provide steady beat accompaniment Discuss the music elements and meaning of the lyrics Then read articles on the history of the Navajo or Huron tribal nations Research on the internet if possible where the Navajo lived and where the Huron lived Compare and contrast the information about each tribal nation and using a graphic organizer analyze and list the similarities and differences between the Navajo and Huron traditions Next do a Winter Count Activity story on the Navajo or Huron history Be prepared to share your information for both activities

Homework or In class Activity Take your Winter Count pictograph story and create a poem or 8 song verses about your story Be prepared to perform your poem or song in class tomorrow

Materials needed Songs Go My Son and Huron Carol can be lyrics retrieved from the internet online (See references) Dr Leersquos written biography 4 sheets of plain white paper and pencils Articles on the history of the Navajo and Huron Native Americans

Annotated Bibliography

Fletcher A (1915 1994) Indian games amp dances with native songs Boston MA CC Brichard A wealth of songs games and dances from various Native American tribal communities

Gombert G (1994) A guide to Native American music recordings Summerton TN Book Publishing Company Provides a list of two hundred recording companies and distributors contact information and record listings for recordings by authentic Native American musicians History of Canyon Records (nd) Retrieved on April 11 2014 from httpsstorecanyonrecordscomindexphpapp=cmsampns=displayampref=about+canyon This is the website for Canyon Records a recording company created in the 1950rsquos in Phoenix Arizona to preserve authentic Native American songs Lobo S Talbot S amp Morris T (2010) The Pocahontas Perplex The Image of Indian Women in American Culture In Native American Voices (3rd ed pp 159-165) This book is an important resource for explaining the history economic legal and social issues of the indigenous Native Americans including Alaska Hawaii Mexico and Canada Nakai R C amp DeMars J (1996) The question of authenticity In The art of the Native American flute (pp 109 ndash 114) Phoenix AZ Canyon Records Production This book is a valuable anthology tool for explaining the music compositions and the history of R Carlos Nakairsquos original flute works from 1983 until 1995 The book includes flute selections from some of his original compositions along with fingering for the Native American flute There is a nice beginning chapter that explains the Native American Music tradition In addition to a later chapter that discusses authenticity in Native American music Treuer A (1984) What is the real story of Pocahontas In Everything you wanted to know about Indians but were afraid to ask (p 35) Education (pp 138-141) Very informative book explaining traditions trends and myths in being a Native American today Highly recommended to Natives and non-natives Teacher Resources Anton M (2007 January 7) Native American Marching Band distracts a new generation from blight Los Angeles Times Retrieved from httpwwwbostoncomnewsnationarticles20070107native_american_marching_band_distracts_a_new_generation_from_blight This is an article about how a Mojave Tribe march band survived during a period of time when most native American tribal bands were dissolved Barfoot M (2014) Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Photograph Courtesy of Mark BarfootWolf Creek Art

She found some Native Americans have a tradition of a Winter Count Story

She created her own Winter Count story

Winter Count Activity

1 After the class has read Dr Leersquos biography the teacher with the whole class needs to determine what the important events in Dr Leersquos family history were and then practice by drawing pictures to represent important events that happened to Dr Lee since childhood (See list of events provided)

2 Then the students need to independently create a timeline write a short autobiography or list 10 important events that have occurred in their life since childhood Next each student needs to draw a series of pictures about 10 important events that have happened to them this past winter or since your childhood

3 Next the student should show your Winter Count drawing to a friend and try to get them to decipher your Winter Count story through the pictures they drew

Winter Count Activity III ndash

Major and Minor Song Activity

Review singing The Navajo Happy Song and the Huron Carol with the students using percussion instruments to provide steady beat accompaniment Discuss the music elements and meaning of the lyrics Then read articles on the history of the Navajo or Huron tribal nations Research on the internet if possible where the Navajo lived and where the Huron lived Compare and contrast the information about each tribal nation and using a graphic organizer analyze and list the similarities and differences between the Navajo and Huron traditions Next do a Winter Count Activity story on the Navajo or Huron history Be prepared to share your information for both activities

Homework or In class Activity Take your Winter Count pictograph story and create a poem or 8 song verses about your story Be prepared to perform your poem or song in class tomorrow

Materials needed Songs Go My Son and Huron Carol can be lyrics retrieved from the internet online (See references) Dr Leersquos written biography 4 sheets of plain white paper and pencils Articles on the history of the Navajo and Huron Native Americans

Annotated Bibliography

Fletcher A (1915 1994) Indian games amp dances with native songs Boston MA CC Brichard A wealth of songs games and dances from various Native American tribal communities

Gombert G (1994) A guide to Native American music recordings Summerton TN Book Publishing Company Provides a list of two hundred recording companies and distributors contact information and record listings for recordings by authentic Native American musicians History of Canyon Records (nd) Retrieved on April 11 2014 from httpsstorecanyonrecordscomindexphpapp=cmsampns=displayampref=about+canyon This is the website for Canyon Records a recording company created in the 1950rsquos in Phoenix Arizona to preserve authentic Native American songs Lobo S Talbot S amp Morris T (2010) The Pocahontas Perplex The Image of Indian Women in American Culture In Native American Voices (3rd ed pp 159-165) This book is an important resource for explaining the history economic legal and social issues of the indigenous Native Americans including Alaska Hawaii Mexico and Canada Nakai R C amp DeMars J (1996) The question of authenticity In The art of the Native American flute (pp 109 ndash 114) Phoenix AZ Canyon Records Production This book is a valuable anthology tool for explaining the music compositions and the history of R Carlos Nakairsquos original flute works from 1983 until 1995 The book includes flute selections from some of his original compositions along with fingering for the Native American flute There is a nice beginning chapter that explains the Native American Music tradition In addition to a later chapter that discusses authenticity in Native American music Treuer A (1984) What is the real story of Pocahontas In Everything you wanted to know about Indians but were afraid to ask (p 35) Education (pp 138-141) Very informative book explaining traditions trends and myths in being a Native American today Highly recommended to Natives and non-natives Teacher Resources Anton M (2007 January 7) Native American Marching Band distracts a new generation from blight Los Angeles Times Retrieved from httpwwwbostoncomnewsnationarticles20070107native_american_marching_band_distracts_a_new_generation_from_blight This is an article about how a Mojave Tribe march band survived during a period of time when most native American tribal bands were dissolved Barfoot M (2014) Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Photograph Courtesy of Mark BarfootWolf Creek Art

Gombert G (1994) A guide to Native American music recordings Summerton TN Book Publishing Company Provides a list of two hundred recording companies and distributors contact information and record listings for recordings by authentic Native American musicians History of Canyon Records (nd) Retrieved on April 11 2014 from httpsstorecanyonrecordscomindexphpapp=cmsampns=displayampref=about+canyon This is the website for Canyon Records a recording company created in the 1950rsquos in Phoenix Arizona to preserve authentic Native American songs Lobo S Talbot S amp Morris T (2010) The Pocahontas Perplex The Image of Indian Women in American Culture In Native American Voices (3rd ed pp 159-165) This book is an important resource for explaining the history economic legal and social issues of the indigenous Native Americans including Alaska Hawaii Mexico and Canada Nakai R C amp DeMars J (1996) The question of authenticity In The art of the Native American flute (pp 109 ndash 114) Phoenix AZ Canyon Records Production This book is a valuable anthology tool for explaining the music compositions and the history of R Carlos Nakairsquos original flute works from 1983 until 1995 The book includes flute selections from some of his original compositions along with fingering for the Native American flute There is a nice beginning chapter that explains the Native American Music tradition In addition to a later chapter that discusses authenticity in Native American music Treuer A (1984) What is the real story of Pocahontas In Everything you wanted to know about Indians but were afraid to ask (p 35) Education (pp 138-141) Very informative book explaining traditions trends and myths in being a Native American today Highly recommended to Natives and non-natives Teacher Resources Anton M (2007 January 7) Native American Marching Band distracts a new generation from blight Los Angeles Times Retrieved from httpwwwbostoncomnewsnationarticles20070107native_american_marching_band_distracts_a_new_generation_from_blight This is an article about how a Mojave Tribe march band survived during a period of time when most native American tribal bands were dissolved Barfoot M (2014) Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTORE Photograph Courtesy of Mark BarfootWolf Creek Art

This is a wonderful online ordering resource for Native American percussion instruments with beautiful photographs and descriptions of hand-crafted Native American drums and flutes created by Mark Barfoot Onondaga Barfoot M (2014) Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpmarkbarfootcomMARKSTOREindexphproute=productcategoryamppath=59 Photographs Courtesy of Mark BarfootWolf Creek Art This is a wonderful online ordering resource for Native American percussion instruments with beautiful photographs and descriptions of hand-crafted Native American drums and flutes created by Mark Barfoot Onondaga Bierhorst J (1979) A cry from the earth music of the North American Indians [CD FA-37777]Washington FolkwaysSmithsonian A collection of 33 short Native American songs from across the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs (2014) Retrieved on April 11 2014 from httpwwwbiagovWhoWeAreBIAOISTribalGovernmentServicesTribalDirectory This directory lists the names of Indian Tribes recognized by the United States Federal government along with the chiefrsquos name and address Butler P (1997) Incantation to Dispel New Age Dogma Retrieved on June 6 2014 from poem on Page 185 about Native American issues httpfacultyithacaedukbhansendocsnamindiansnavracismstereotypespdf Carlson L (1994) More than moccasins A kidrsquos activity guide to traditional North American Indian life Chicago Review Press Chicago Hawkins C Forgotten but not gone Retrieved on April 29 2014 from httpaircucscedunews-eventseventsforgotten-but-not-gonehtml Article about psychological social and economic impact on tribal nations not recognized by the Federal government and Bureau of Indian Affairs Native American School Band Rocks The Oldies and the Ancients (2009) Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpwwwamericanindiannewsorg200912music-oldies-and-the-ancients Good article on the contemporary trend of Native American Marching Bands with a history from boarding schools in the late 1800rsquos Native American music traditions how stuff works Retrieved on February 8 2014 from httppeoplehowstuffworkscomculture-traditionscultural-traditions10-native-american-music-traditionshtmprintable

Excellent short article on purpose of Native American music trends and use of the drums flutes rattles chordophones secular and sacred music and music use at ceremonies Native American Languages (2014) Retrieved on April 11 2014 from httpwwwnative-languagesorgpennsylvaniahtm Excellent website that discusses languages of the original Native American tribes and the tribal nations still in existence today Native American Music Awards webpage wwwnativeamerican musicawardscom The authentic website for the Native American Music Awards organization Lists the Hall of Fame awardees and various genres styles and categories of Native American Music in recordings that annually receives music awards Navajo Happy Song Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpmusicnotesnetSONGS03-NAVAJhtml This is a music store online service to purchase music to songs Pennsylvania Department of Education Music Standards Grades 6 -8 Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpwwwpdesasorgStandardViews113|795|0|0 The draft of the latest Music Common Core Standards as written by the Pennsylvania Department of Education for 2014 Sainte-Marie B (1997) Cradleboard teaching project Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpwwwcradleboardorgmainhtml This is a wonderful resource to teach students the true history of the Native Americans created by Native American musician and songwriter Buffy Saint-Marie a Canadian Cree artist and social activist The core curriculum includes courses about geography social studies history science and music at each of three grade levels elementary school middle school and high school grades All units are developed to give a Native American outlook about each subject to all students The Cradleboard Teaching Project now works with Native Americans from various tribal nations to give a holistic perspective on education Stonechild L (2012) Illuminations A biography of Buffy Sainte-Marie Fifth House Ontario Canada Williams L Wierzbowski W amp Preucel R W (Eds)Native American Voices on Identity Art amp Culture Objects of Everlasting Esteem Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology A beautiful picture book of Native American artifacts actually housed in the University of Pennsylvania Museum Very nice writings by Native Americans concerning artifacts or experience of being Indian

Zoladz L Illuminations A biography of Buffy Sainte-Marie Retrieved on June 6 2014 from httpslareviewofbooksorgreviewilluminations-a-biography-of-buffy-sainte-marie Student Resources Hitakonanursquolaxk (1994) The grandfathers speak Native American Folk Tales of the Lenape People New York Interlink Books Wonderful collection of Lenape Myths and Legends Great to use to act out stories with students in classroom Hirschfelder A amp Singer B R (1992) Rising voices writings of young Native Americans New York Ballantine Books A book of poems by Native American youths from various tribal nations about being a Native American tribal member growing up in the American society Multimedia Carmody T (Producer) amp Willmott K (Director) (2009) The only good Indian [Motion Picture] United States OrsquoConnell S (Director) (2012) Sousa on the Rez [Film] United States Public Broadcasting Company Orchun K (2009) Native Americans (Bury my heart at Wounded Knee) Retrieved from httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=BUTUQ7_TFW4 Means R (1989) American Indian Activist Russell Means Powerful Speech 1989 (1989) Retrieved from httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=QVYShOZkZGs Song BooksCDsRecordings ldquoAmazing Gracerdquo in Cherokee on YouTube ldquoAmazing Gracerdquo in Lenape on httpwwwtalk-lenapeorgstoriesphp Burnett M (1975) Dance down the rain sing up the corn Lippincott New York A collection of Native American songs for children from across the United States ldquoColors of The Windrdquo from Disney musical Pocahontas ldquoGo My Sonrdquo from wwwgomysoncom

ldquoNavajo Happy Songrdquo from httpmusicnotesnetSONGS03-NAVAJhtml ldquoSilent Nightrdquo in Lenape on httpwwwtalk-lenapeorgstoriesphp ldquoSteady as a Beating Drumrdquo from Pocahontas Disney musical ldquoDisney musical film ndash ldquoPocahontasrdquo ldquoThe Huron Carolrdquo from httpwwwsonglyricscomchristmas-carolsthe-huron-carol-lyrics R Carlos Nakai Changes Canyon Records 1983 CD R Carlos Nakai Cycles Canyon Records 1985 CD A very nice collection of musical compositions by R Carlos Nakai performed on cedar flute R Carlos Nakai Spirit Horses Canyon Records 1991 CD Buffy Sainte-Marie 1996 ldquoStarwalkerrdquo in Up Where We Belong CD Buffy Sainte-Marie The Best of Buffy1970 CD Buffy Sainte-Marie Up Where We Belong 1996 CD Appendices Interview with Dr Lucy Fowler Williams

This telephone interview of Dr Lucy Fowler Williams anthropologist and caretaker of Native American artifacts at the Penn Museum of Archeology and Anthropology was completed on Wednesday June 4 2014 The interview lasted about 20 minutes from 900 pm until 920 pm The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American Artist section of Cynthia Cozette Leersquos curriculum unit on Native American Music and Living Legends for the Teacherrsquos Institute of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania course Native American Voices

Lee My first question is could you tell me a little bit about your background and how you became an anthropologist and an expert with Native American artifacts

Williams I grew up in a town where there is a New Hampshire college Dartmouth College that had a Native American mascot I recall my parents discussing the issue about the Native American mascot being used This does not explain why I do the work I

do but this is a backdrop of my experience of how I became interested in the Native American culture I did have a very strong interest of Native Americans as a kid but I did not have opportunities to really meet with the Native American people It was not until I decided to go out west to New Mexico where I could go to school and actually be taught by a Native American instructor in person I went to the University of New Mexico where I could work with a man by the name of Alphonso Ortiz who was a Pueblo and amazing professor who taught Native American religion He was a really amazing scholar and so I had to go out west to actually meet Native American people I knew for a very long time that I loved to look at things and different cultures I used to always visit my museum where I lived and when I grew up I decided to move out west to receive an internship in a museum where I learned about Native American cultures and traditions

Lee Wonderful

Williams I pretty clearly sort of followed my passion and at that time it was for Navajo weaving And at that time I really wanted to meet some of the Navajo people I decided to go out there and obtained a job I received my Masters and decided to come to Penn and then decided to work in the museum at Penn I transferred from New Mexico to Penn This comes from a long history of wanting to learn more about the Native Americans traveling from New Hampshire to New Mexico and then back to Penn

Lee Okay That is really interesting My next question is I know you have been all over the United States even to Alaska and you have seen all kinds of tribal traditions My question is could you tell us a little bit about your travel experience and do you have any memorable experiences that you can share with me

Williams Sure do you mean who are in Alaska

Lee Yes That is wonderful if you could share about your experience with the Native Americans who are in Alaska

Williams Okay Yes I have had the wonderful opportunity to travel I would say 5 or 6 times to Alaska which is really incredible And I feel so thankful to have had that opportunity Basically I have been invited to come to potlatch ceremonies which are Native memorials or funeral ceremonies A potlatch is a ceremony that takes place one year after an individual dies Because we have important objects in the museum collection that belong to the Tglingit people who live in southeast Alaska We have important collections that were acquired by one of our early curators who was a Native American Tlingit At that time his people were selling artifacts because they really

needed money and they were changing to Christianity Because they were encouraged to become American citizens and to drop their own practices so it was a real time of change Luckily he was able to secure some of these artifacts to the Penn Museum I have been invited to these kinds of funerals I have been asked to carry cone hats which are important family objects that belonged to the Native Americans for these events It has just been an incredible experience because these events last usually up to 24 hours This is an all night event usually with dancing and celebration Basically the family members of the person who died are given the opportunity to thank all of the people who have helped them get through the grief and sadness of the year Having lost that loved one the role of these objects I bring might have a special meaning to the family history The people show their gratitude that they really appreciate me bringing these objects to them

Lee Interesting

Williams One of the highlights was one of the communities actually adopted me and gave me a Tlingit name This was a way of thanking me for coming all of that way That was a very special moment and I was given my Tlingit name in front of the whole community and I was given an official blanket that I have in my house right here on my bed It was nice By being adopted I have a special relationship I told them I was worried I could not always come to these events because of my distance They told me not to worry about this and I really remember this because it was a special occasion

Lee Were there certain songs and dances that were performed at these functions

Williams Yes There is actually one in particular at the beginning of the ceremony it is for the grief and sadness part of the ceremony where they actually sing their clan song It is a really sad song It is not only sung at death but when they are morning Those songs seem so sad and part of it is because so many Native Americans people are standing around you who are sad After that the ceremony marks the end of the one year morning and this is the time you are suppose to stop grieving as a family This is now a time when you are to turn upwards and be happier to put that grief behind you Then they will have faster pace I would say happier songs They have softer paced songs for death as well I would say the mourning songs really have a sadness quality sound about them I wish you could hear them because I am not a musical person They dance through the whole evening and morning Death is an important part of this ceremony The dancing is for how they feel

Lee When I was in our Penn course I recall you bringing a rattle to one class session What type of musical percussion instruments were being played when you were at the potlatches

Williams There were two The drum which was a wooden hand held drum with a tightly wrapped hide on one side of the drum with a drum stick Then the lead singer who sang the song a man or woman would beat the drum Then there is some kind of rattle I have seen some rattles with the family emblem Coho rattle with a salmon figure used by the lead singer also I have seen that used as well so there are very few instruments I have seen in fact Most of the group knows these songs I believe actually there is a singing group who is responsible for kind of leading the songs This may be a group of 5 to 10 people who are the singers Sometimes everybody sings but there is a singing group

Lee That is really very very interesting

Williams Yes

Lee Currently at the University of Pennsylvania Museum there is an exhibit going on Native American Voices and I would like to know what artifacts you have there that are musical instruments Could you share with us about not only the instruments but what other artifacts you have there that the students may be interested in learning about

Williams There is one large drum as you come in an entrance on the right That is a Pueblo drum from New Mexico and it is turquoise colored That is a big drum maybe about 3 feet high It is carved from a tree trunk and is hollowed out The drum head consists of a tight piece of rawhide This drum is very modern I actually purchased it in Pueblo ten years ago It is made by a craftsman whose name is Gide Trujillo He is a well known Pueblo drum maker He lives just north of Albuquerque by about 30 miles or so and that drum is used by the Pueblo people on their special occasions That involves a group of male drummers Maybe a group of 10 men would always be holding a drum like that and they would have it strapped around their waist It is a pretty heavy drum actually They would hold it on their left side of the waist with their arm down and they would beat on the drum Performing with them a group of male singers maybe 20 men of all ages would sing at ceremonies They would sing at a couple of ceremonies I have gone to at least on the plaza and they would sing while the whole community would be dancing In the summertime it is the corn dances and in the winter time it is the bear dances They would perform with different kinds of dances that would celebrate and honor the harvest or particular animal or that kind of celebration

Lee Oh

Williams That is a beautiful beautiful drum and it is painted turquoise In most communities you are told you are born into your motherrsquos side in either the color of turquoise or pumpkin So you are either turquoise or you are orange Those are your colors

Lee Oh interesting

Williams Turquoise or the blue one definitely is owned by a man who is a central part of the Native American community

Lee That is so fascinating We have young people who are interested in becoming someone like you an expert with Native American artifacts or perhaps one day in wanting to become an anthropologist like you What advice would you give to that young person who is interested in pursuing a similar career like you have being an archeologist

Williams I am not an archeologist I am a cultural anthropologist I work with living people where archeologists generally are doing excavations and digging into the ground learning about the people of the past

Lee I am so sorry I called you an archeologist when you are an anthropologist

Williams While I am interested in thathellipthat is not the kind of work I do I do more like field work going into communities talking to people and studying things about their music or religion or what is happening in communities today about health issues or education or studying their material culture or traditions that way

Lee Oh Thank you for explaining the difference

Williams For the advice of the students I think that anthropology definitely is the study of people and human cultures around the world both in the past and the present I think that if you are a person that is really interested in that and interested in things like tradition and languages and how people hold on to their traditions then a lot of that is done in social studies and probably history also

Lee Yes

Williams Then I would follow your passion That would be my definite advice to you When something is interesting to use as a certain kind of art or a certain kind of music or dance I would try to think about where it comes from Think about the people who have

influenced and created that kind of artistic tradition or cultural tradition and learn more about them And try to go for the authenticity so try to seek out persons who actually might have that cultural background Then if you cannot find a person then you can probably find a book about it or something on the internet about it or you could go to a place like a museum Try to investigate the culture and I would not hesitate for a moment to try to go to people like that who do that kind of work Then offer yourself to help in any way Ask if you could help out in any way either by volunteering or by asking them if they would have any job opportunities I would definitely recommend someone do that and not be shy about asking or expressing your interest to people Once people know you are interested they will really become excited usually

Lee Oh that is so fascinating and thank you for sharing this information and completing this interview

Interview with Vaughnda Hilton ndash Native Nations Dance Theater Director This telephone interview of Vaughnda Hilton Native American musician dancer and composer and director of Native Nations Dance Theater was completed on Saturday May 26 2014 The interview lasted about 20 minutes from 600 pm until 620 pm The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American Musician section of Cynthia Cozette Leersquos curriculum unit on Native American Music and Living Legends for the Teacherrsquos Institute of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania course Native American Voices Lee How did you become a Native American musician dance and composer Hilton I started when I was very young My mother would take me to the powwows and learn about putting the music together by watching the drummers My mother was actually instrumental in teaching me the music I learned to play classical flute the piano and so I am very well taught as a musician

Lee Thatrsquos wonderful

Hilton I started dancing at age 4 or 5 years old I also studied classical dancing and went into powwow dancing when I was very young when I probably was about 7 years old I started dancing and learning all of the different types of dancing then

Lee Thatrsquos incredible Would you say your mother was a very strong influence

Hilton Absolutely

Lee Can you tell me a little about your background as a Native American When I spoke with your mother when you performed at the opening Native American Voices exhibit at the Penn Museum she said she had married a Blackfoot Indian man and she was Seminole

Hilton Sure My mom is Seminole Creek from Florida and my dad is Blackfoot and he is also part Israeli They met at Florida A amp M They both met a college in Florida and that is both of their hometown That is my background People ask me what are your tribal nations and I tell them I am Blackfoot and Seminole Creek

Lee Oh interesting My next question is when you are performing songs and dances are you only performing Seminole or only performing Creek traditional songs Are you performing music from different tribal nations

Hilton We are performing music from different tribal nations because as the director of Native Nations Dance Theater I want to sing and see the dancing and hear the music of many different tribal nations to try to explain to people that there are many different nations that are thriving today

Lee Yes

Hilton So I try to learn the different songs and I get permission from the tribal groups to sing their songs I have my own songs I compose and sing as well

Lee Oh wonderful

Hilton We try to get the point across that there are many many many different tribal nations There are 566 in America to date that are federally recognized There are tribal nations in North South and in Central America There are nations that are not recognized by the government however we still recognize them just the same as Native Americans We try to give a well-rounded view of what is out there who is out there and the difference in the sound and music

Lee Could you tell us a little about the Native Nations Dance Theater and how it was founded What your mission is today and what you mainly do as a group

Hilton Native Nations Dance Theater was founded in 1991 I founded and directed it for many years and still do It is a Native American Dance Company that is to preserve the culture of the dancing and the songs that go with the dances That is what we do and we

are also a traveling dance company and we have been all over the world sharing Native American stories histories and legends songs and the music that goes along with it

Lee I noticed when you performed at the University of Pennsylvania opening exhibit of Native American voices you had family members involved in your Native Nations Could you tell me a little about this if you do not mind sharing

Hilton Yes Native Nations Dance Theater is a family based group However we do have other people friends and family members that come from different nations join us from time to time My mother was with me at the University of Pennsylvania at the opening of Native Voices My mother Pauline Songbird and my grandson Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong My grandsonrsquos name is Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong That is the Native name he was given

Lee Oh that is beautiful

Hilton He was given that name when he was about two years old He tried to stand and walk and he did it in such a particular way that we saidHey he looks kind of like a buffalo when he stands uprdquo And so we decided he stands so strong and before he stood up to take a step he would just stand up and hold his ground That is how he got that name

Lee Oh that is really fantastic

Hilton My other grandson was there and he has been singing before he could walk Singing the dance songs led by Vice Chief Levy Newell III of the Cherokee Confederacy of Pennsylvania His Native American name is Flying Eagle and he is Cherokee He was with us and my son Andrew TomahawkhellipAnd his father is from the Caribbean and so he is part West Indian Actually he is part Caribe Indian

Lee Oh that is so fantastic When I saw you at the Native American Voices exhibit I noticed you where wearing what they call a jingle dress and your mother was wearing a beautiful dresshellipwas it white leather and a white shawl

Hilton Yes It was white buckskin It was white deerskin

Lee Now do you make your own dress wear

Hilton Yes

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton Yes and I make the regalia for my family members We all make regalia We all learn how to sew at a very young age My mother had 11 aunts and they are all seamstresses They all made regalia and made dresses They had shops in Florida All that so we learned how to sew and make our clothes from a very young age Therefore I have been making regalia for a long time since I was a young teenager My son also does beadshelliphe does beading work My grandson is still learning the process of how we have this regalia and how to treat it and take care of it so that we will have it for a long time

Lee Yes Absolutely

Hilton I did make the jingle dress It takes me about 2 months to make myself because most of my jingle dresses have 365 cones which represents every day of the year and 7 rows which represent ever day of the week

Lee Oh

Hilton It is a medicine dress for a medicine dance The dance when it is performed is to bring about good feelings to people

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton That dance is from the Ojibwa people who are another nationrsquos dance that we share

Lee This leads to the next question I know music traditionally in Native American tribal cultures have different purposes Are you mainly concerned with preserving the traditional music or since you are a composer yourself are you incorporating contemporary music into your own style What currently are you performing

Hilton What I do is I sing the traditional songs and I kept the traditional songs and share them with everyone when I present in the schools I let them know that these are traditional songs that have been out there and have existed for hundreds of thousands of years Also when I am singing songs that I have composed I let them know that these are more contemporary because I created them However they may have a traditional sound and have a traditional language Or I may be singing in a traditional language or I may be singing in a vocable What a vocable ishellipwell you know in traditional English music they use the syllable la la lahellip

Lee Right

Hilton In a vocable phrase it is still a phrase that makes you want to have a good feeling or used just to add a good sound to it I explain that when I sing traditional and I sing contemporary so that people know the difference That is the only thing we do in Native Nations Dance Theater is that we try to educate and explain concepts so people understand that we are keeping our tradition but also we are moving forward in time with our tradition We are evolving as a people as we go into the future

Lee Yes

Hilton Just like any other culture that progresses we also progress so our songs will progress with us We sing about things that are happening around us today Hopefully we will show some type of progression as we keep our culture and bring it into the future with us

Lee That is very interesting and fascinating I know you have traveled all over the world as a performer and director of the Native Nations do you have any memorable experiences that you could share with us

Vaughnda Hilton told Dr Lee there are many so many memories One experience was when Native Nations was scheduled to go to Abu Dhabi which is in the Middle East They were requested by the foreign minister to go there and perform at an event called Summer in Abu Dhabi and Native Nations went to the airport and got all of our bags together They were requested to bring artifacts of musical instruments regalia and things that you would need for 56 days When they got to the airport their suitcases were overweight and so they had to return home to repack their luggage and board another plane a few days later However when Native Nations arrived in Abu Dhabi the experience was beautiful The people were very nice They performed on a program with groups from other countries including South Africa

Native Nations does present song dance and lecture programs for the schools Their contact information is Telephone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndabatuvewebnet or wanbiliwiaolcom

Website wwwnndtweeblycom

Interview with Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

This telephone interview of Denise Dunkley Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Artist was completed on Saturday May 10 2014 The interview lasted about 45 minutes from 1015 am until 1100 am The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American

needed money and they were changing to Christianity Because they were encouraged to become American citizens and to drop their own practices so it was a real time of change Luckily he was able to secure some of these artifacts to the Penn Museum I have been invited to these kinds of funerals I have been asked to carry cone hats which are important family objects that belonged to the Native Americans for these events It has just been an incredible experience because these events last usually up to 24 hours This is an all night event usually with dancing and celebration Basically the family members of the person who died are given the opportunity to thank all of the people who have helped them get through the grief and sadness of the year Having lost that loved one the role of these objects I bring might have a special meaning to the family history The people show their gratitude that they really appreciate me bringing these objects to them

Lee Interesting

Williams One of the highlights was one of the communities actually adopted me and gave me a Tlingit name This was a way of thanking me for coming all of that way That was a very special moment and I was given my Tlingit name in front of the whole community and I was given an official blanket that I have in my house right here on my bed It was nice By being adopted I have a special relationship I told them I was worried I could not always come to these events because of my distance They told me not to worry about this and I really remember this because it was a special occasion

Lee Were there certain songs and dances that were performed at these functions

Williams Yes There is actually one in particular at the beginning of the ceremony it is for the grief and sadness part of the ceremony where they actually sing their clan song It is a really sad song It is not only sung at death but when they are morning Those songs seem so sad and part of it is because so many Native Americans people are standing around you who are sad After that the ceremony marks the end of the one year morning and this is the time you are suppose to stop grieving as a family This is now a time when you are to turn upwards and be happier to put that grief behind you Then they will have faster pace I would say happier songs They have softer paced songs for death as well I would say the mourning songs really have a sadness quality sound about them I wish you could hear them because I am not a musical person They dance through the whole evening and morning Death is an important part of this ceremony The dancing is for how they feel

Lee When I was in our Penn course I recall you bringing a rattle to one class session What type of musical percussion instruments were being played when you were at the potlatches

Williams There were two The drum which was a wooden hand held drum with a tightly wrapped hide on one side of the drum with a drum stick Then the lead singer who sang the song a man or woman would beat the drum Then there is some kind of rattle I have seen some rattles with the family emblem Coho rattle with a salmon figure used by the lead singer also I have seen that used as well so there are very few instruments I have seen in fact Most of the group knows these songs I believe actually there is a singing group who is responsible for kind of leading the songs This may be a group of 5 to 10 people who are the singers Sometimes everybody sings but there is a singing group

Lee That is really very very interesting

Williams Yes

Lee Currently at the University of Pennsylvania Museum there is an exhibit going on Native American Voices and I would like to know what artifacts you have there that are musical instruments Could you share with us about not only the instruments but what other artifacts you have there that the students may be interested in learning about

Williams There is one large drum as you come in an entrance on the right That is a Pueblo drum from New Mexico and it is turquoise colored That is a big drum maybe about 3 feet high It is carved from a tree trunk and is hollowed out The drum head consists of a tight piece of rawhide This drum is very modern I actually purchased it in Pueblo ten years ago It is made by a craftsman whose name is Gide Trujillo He is a well known Pueblo drum maker He lives just north of Albuquerque by about 30 miles or so and that drum is used by the Pueblo people on their special occasions That involves a group of male drummers Maybe a group of 10 men would always be holding a drum like that and they would have it strapped around their waist It is a pretty heavy drum actually They would hold it on their left side of the waist with their arm down and they would beat on the drum Performing with them a group of male singers maybe 20 men of all ages would sing at ceremonies They would sing at a couple of ceremonies I have gone to at least on the plaza and they would sing while the whole community would be dancing In the summertime it is the corn dances and in the winter time it is the bear dances They would perform with different kinds of dances that would celebrate and honor the harvest or particular animal or that kind of celebration

Lee Oh

Williams That is a beautiful beautiful drum and it is painted turquoise In most communities you are told you are born into your motherrsquos side in either the color of turquoise or pumpkin So you are either turquoise or you are orange Those are your colors

Lee Oh interesting

Williams Turquoise or the blue one definitely is owned by a man who is a central part of the Native American community

Lee That is so fascinating We have young people who are interested in becoming someone like you an expert with Native American artifacts or perhaps one day in wanting to become an anthropologist like you What advice would you give to that young person who is interested in pursuing a similar career like you have being an archeologist

Williams I am not an archeologist I am a cultural anthropologist I work with living people where archeologists generally are doing excavations and digging into the ground learning about the people of the past

Lee I am so sorry I called you an archeologist when you are an anthropologist

Williams While I am interested in thathellipthat is not the kind of work I do I do more like field work going into communities talking to people and studying things about their music or religion or what is happening in communities today about health issues or education or studying their material culture or traditions that way

Lee Oh Thank you for explaining the difference

Williams For the advice of the students I think that anthropology definitely is the study of people and human cultures around the world both in the past and the present I think that if you are a person that is really interested in that and interested in things like tradition and languages and how people hold on to their traditions then a lot of that is done in social studies and probably history also

Lee Yes

Williams Then I would follow your passion That would be my definite advice to you When something is interesting to use as a certain kind of art or a certain kind of music or dance I would try to think about where it comes from Think about the people who have

influenced and created that kind of artistic tradition or cultural tradition and learn more about them And try to go for the authenticity so try to seek out persons who actually might have that cultural background Then if you cannot find a person then you can probably find a book about it or something on the internet about it or you could go to a place like a museum Try to investigate the culture and I would not hesitate for a moment to try to go to people like that who do that kind of work Then offer yourself to help in any way Ask if you could help out in any way either by volunteering or by asking them if they would have any job opportunities I would definitely recommend someone do that and not be shy about asking or expressing your interest to people Once people know you are interested they will really become excited usually

Lee Oh that is so fascinating and thank you for sharing this information and completing this interview

Interview with Vaughnda Hilton ndash Native Nations Dance Theater Director This telephone interview of Vaughnda Hilton Native American musician dancer and composer and director of Native Nations Dance Theater was completed on Saturday May 26 2014 The interview lasted about 20 minutes from 600 pm until 620 pm The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American Musician section of Cynthia Cozette Leersquos curriculum unit on Native American Music and Living Legends for the Teacherrsquos Institute of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania course Native American Voices Lee How did you become a Native American musician dance and composer Hilton I started when I was very young My mother would take me to the powwows and learn about putting the music together by watching the drummers My mother was actually instrumental in teaching me the music I learned to play classical flute the piano and so I am very well taught as a musician

Lee Thatrsquos wonderful

Hilton I started dancing at age 4 or 5 years old I also studied classical dancing and went into powwow dancing when I was very young when I probably was about 7 years old I started dancing and learning all of the different types of dancing then

Lee Thatrsquos incredible Would you say your mother was a very strong influence

Hilton Absolutely

Lee Can you tell me a little about your background as a Native American When I spoke with your mother when you performed at the opening Native American Voices exhibit at the Penn Museum she said she had married a Blackfoot Indian man and she was Seminole

Hilton Sure My mom is Seminole Creek from Florida and my dad is Blackfoot and he is also part Israeli They met at Florida A amp M They both met a college in Florida and that is both of their hometown That is my background People ask me what are your tribal nations and I tell them I am Blackfoot and Seminole Creek

Lee Oh interesting My next question is when you are performing songs and dances are you only performing Seminole or only performing Creek traditional songs Are you performing music from different tribal nations

Hilton We are performing music from different tribal nations because as the director of Native Nations Dance Theater I want to sing and see the dancing and hear the music of many different tribal nations to try to explain to people that there are many different nations that are thriving today

Lee Yes

Hilton So I try to learn the different songs and I get permission from the tribal groups to sing their songs I have my own songs I compose and sing as well

Lee Oh wonderful

Hilton We try to get the point across that there are many many many different tribal nations There are 566 in America to date that are federally recognized There are tribal nations in North South and in Central America There are nations that are not recognized by the government however we still recognize them just the same as Native Americans We try to give a well-rounded view of what is out there who is out there and the difference in the sound and music

Lee Could you tell us a little about the Native Nations Dance Theater and how it was founded What your mission is today and what you mainly do as a group

Hilton Native Nations Dance Theater was founded in 1991 I founded and directed it for many years and still do It is a Native American Dance Company that is to preserve the culture of the dancing and the songs that go with the dances That is what we do and we

are also a traveling dance company and we have been all over the world sharing Native American stories histories and legends songs and the music that goes along with it

Lee I noticed when you performed at the University of Pennsylvania opening exhibit of Native American voices you had family members involved in your Native Nations Could you tell me a little about this if you do not mind sharing

Hilton Yes Native Nations Dance Theater is a family based group However we do have other people friends and family members that come from different nations join us from time to time My mother was with me at the University of Pennsylvania at the opening of Native Voices My mother Pauline Songbird and my grandson Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong My grandsonrsquos name is Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong That is the Native name he was given

Lee Oh that is beautiful

Hilton He was given that name when he was about two years old He tried to stand and walk and he did it in such a particular way that we saidHey he looks kind of like a buffalo when he stands uprdquo And so we decided he stands so strong and before he stood up to take a step he would just stand up and hold his ground That is how he got that name

Lee Oh that is really fantastic

Hilton My other grandson was there and he has been singing before he could walk Singing the dance songs led by Vice Chief Levy Newell III of the Cherokee Confederacy of Pennsylvania His Native American name is Flying Eagle and he is Cherokee He was with us and my son Andrew TomahawkhellipAnd his father is from the Caribbean and so he is part West Indian Actually he is part Caribe Indian

Lee Oh that is so fantastic When I saw you at the Native American Voices exhibit I noticed you where wearing what they call a jingle dress and your mother was wearing a beautiful dresshellipwas it white leather and a white shawl

Hilton Yes It was white buckskin It was white deerskin

Lee Now do you make your own dress wear

Hilton Yes

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton Yes and I make the regalia for my family members We all make regalia We all learn how to sew at a very young age My mother had 11 aunts and they are all seamstresses They all made regalia and made dresses They had shops in Florida All that so we learned how to sew and make our clothes from a very young age Therefore I have been making regalia for a long time since I was a young teenager My son also does beadshelliphe does beading work My grandson is still learning the process of how we have this regalia and how to treat it and take care of it so that we will have it for a long time

Lee Yes Absolutely

Hilton I did make the jingle dress It takes me about 2 months to make myself because most of my jingle dresses have 365 cones which represents every day of the year and 7 rows which represent ever day of the week

Lee Oh

Hilton It is a medicine dress for a medicine dance The dance when it is performed is to bring about good feelings to people

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton That dance is from the Ojibwa people who are another nationrsquos dance that we share

Lee This leads to the next question I know music traditionally in Native American tribal cultures have different purposes Are you mainly concerned with preserving the traditional music or since you are a composer yourself are you incorporating contemporary music into your own style What currently are you performing

Hilton What I do is I sing the traditional songs and I kept the traditional songs and share them with everyone when I present in the schools I let them know that these are traditional songs that have been out there and have existed for hundreds of thousands of years Also when I am singing songs that I have composed I let them know that these are more contemporary because I created them However they may have a traditional sound and have a traditional language Or I may be singing in a traditional language or I may be singing in a vocable What a vocable ishellipwell you know in traditional English music they use the syllable la la lahellip

Lee Right

Hilton In a vocable phrase it is still a phrase that makes you want to have a good feeling or used just to add a good sound to it I explain that when I sing traditional and I sing contemporary so that people know the difference That is the only thing we do in Native Nations Dance Theater is that we try to educate and explain concepts so people understand that we are keeping our tradition but also we are moving forward in time with our tradition We are evolving as a people as we go into the future

Lee Yes

Hilton Just like any other culture that progresses we also progress so our songs will progress with us We sing about things that are happening around us today Hopefully we will show some type of progression as we keep our culture and bring it into the future with us

Lee That is very interesting and fascinating I know you have traveled all over the world as a performer and director of the Native Nations do you have any memorable experiences that you could share with us

Vaughnda Hilton told Dr Lee there are many so many memories One experience was when Native Nations was scheduled to go to Abu Dhabi which is in the Middle East They were requested by the foreign minister to go there and perform at an event called Summer in Abu Dhabi and Native Nations went to the airport and got all of our bags together They were requested to bring artifacts of musical instruments regalia and things that you would need for 56 days When they got to the airport their suitcases were overweight and so they had to return home to repack their luggage and board another plane a few days later However when Native Nations arrived in Abu Dhabi the experience was beautiful The people were very nice They performed on a program with groups from other countries including South Africa

Native Nations does present song dance and lecture programs for the schools Their contact information is Telephone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndabatuvewebnet or wanbiliwiaolcom

Website wwwnndtweeblycom

Interview with Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

This telephone interview of Denise Dunkley Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Artist was completed on Saturday May 10 2014 The interview lasted about 45 minutes from 1015 am until 1100 am The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American

Lee When I was in our Penn course I recall you bringing a rattle to one class session What type of musical percussion instruments were being played when you were at the potlatches

Williams There were two The drum which was a wooden hand held drum with a tightly wrapped hide on one side of the drum with a drum stick Then the lead singer who sang the song a man or woman would beat the drum Then there is some kind of rattle I have seen some rattles with the family emblem Coho rattle with a salmon figure used by the lead singer also I have seen that used as well so there are very few instruments I have seen in fact Most of the group knows these songs I believe actually there is a singing group who is responsible for kind of leading the songs This may be a group of 5 to 10 people who are the singers Sometimes everybody sings but there is a singing group

Lee That is really very very interesting

Williams Yes

Lee Currently at the University of Pennsylvania Museum there is an exhibit going on Native American Voices and I would like to know what artifacts you have there that are musical instruments Could you share with us about not only the instruments but what other artifacts you have there that the students may be interested in learning about

Williams There is one large drum as you come in an entrance on the right That is a Pueblo drum from New Mexico and it is turquoise colored That is a big drum maybe about 3 feet high It is carved from a tree trunk and is hollowed out The drum head consists of a tight piece of rawhide This drum is very modern I actually purchased it in Pueblo ten years ago It is made by a craftsman whose name is Gide Trujillo He is a well known Pueblo drum maker He lives just north of Albuquerque by about 30 miles or so and that drum is used by the Pueblo people on their special occasions That involves a group of male drummers Maybe a group of 10 men would always be holding a drum like that and they would have it strapped around their waist It is a pretty heavy drum actually They would hold it on their left side of the waist with their arm down and they would beat on the drum Performing with them a group of male singers maybe 20 men of all ages would sing at ceremonies They would sing at a couple of ceremonies I have gone to at least on the plaza and they would sing while the whole community would be dancing In the summertime it is the corn dances and in the winter time it is the bear dances They would perform with different kinds of dances that would celebrate and honor the harvest or particular animal or that kind of celebration

Lee Oh

Williams That is a beautiful beautiful drum and it is painted turquoise In most communities you are told you are born into your motherrsquos side in either the color of turquoise or pumpkin So you are either turquoise or you are orange Those are your colors

Lee Oh interesting

Williams Turquoise or the blue one definitely is owned by a man who is a central part of the Native American community

Lee That is so fascinating We have young people who are interested in becoming someone like you an expert with Native American artifacts or perhaps one day in wanting to become an anthropologist like you What advice would you give to that young person who is interested in pursuing a similar career like you have being an archeologist

Williams I am not an archeologist I am a cultural anthropologist I work with living people where archeologists generally are doing excavations and digging into the ground learning about the people of the past

Lee I am so sorry I called you an archeologist when you are an anthropologist

Williams While I am interested in thathellipthat is not the kind of work I do I do more like field work going into communities talking to people and studying things about their music or religion or what is happening in communities today about health issues or education or studying their material culture or traditions that way

Lee Oh Thank you for explaining the difference

Williams For the advice of the students I think that anthropology definitely is the study of people and human cultures around the world both in the past and the present I think that if you are a person that is really interested in that and interested in things like tradition and languages and how people hold on to their traditions then a lot of that is done in social studies and probably history also

Lee Yes

Williams Then I would follow your passion That would be my definite advice to you When something is interesting to use as a certain kind of art or a certain kind of music or dance I would try to think about where it comes from Think about the people who have

influenced and created that kind of artistic tradition or cultural tradition and learn more about them And try to go for the authenticity so try to seek out persons who actually might have that cultural background Then if you cannot find a person then you can probably find a book about it or something on the internet about it or you could go to a place like a museum Try to investigate the culture and I would not hesitate for a moment to try to go to people like that who do that kind of work Then offer yourself to help in any way Ask if you could help out in any way either by volunteering or by asking them if they would have any job opportunities I would definitely recommend someone do that and not be shy about asking or expressing your interest to people Once people know you are interested they will really become excited usually

Lee Oh that is so fascinating and thank you for sharing this information and completing this interview

Interview with Vaughnda Hilton ndash Native Nations Dance Theater Director This telephone interview of Vaughnda Hilton Native American musician dancer and composer and director of Native Nations Dance Theater was completed on Saturday May 26 2014 The interview lasted about 20 minutes from 600 pm until 620 pm The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American Musician section of Cynthia Cozette Leersquos curriculum unit on Native American Music and Living Legends for the Teacherrsquos Institute of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania course Native American Voices Lee How did you become a Native American musician dance and composer Hilton I started when I was very young My mother would take me to the powwows and learn about putting the music together by watching the drummers My mother was actually instrumental in teaching me the music I learned to play classical flute the piano and so I am very well taught as a musician

Lee Thatrsquos wonderful

Hilton I started dancing at age 4 or 5 years old I also studied classical dancing and went into powwow dancing when I was very young when I probably was about 7 years old I started dancing and learning all of the different types of dancing then

Lee Thatrsquos incredible Would you say your mother was a very strong influence

Hilton Absolutely

Lee Can you tell me a little about your background as a Native American When I spoke with your mother when you performed at the opening Native American Voices exhibit at the Penn Museum she said she had married a Blackfoot Indian man and she was Seminole

Hilton Sure My mom is Seminole Creek from Florida and my dad is Blackfoot and he is also part Israeli They met at Florida A amp M They both met a college in Florida and that is both of their hometown That is my background People ask me what are your tribal nations and I tell them I am Blackfoot and Seminole Creek

Lee Oh interesting My next question is when you are performing songs and dances are you only performing Seminole or only performing Creek traditional songs Are you performing music from different tribal nations

Hilton We are performing music from different tribal nations because as the director of Native Nations Dance Theater I want to sing and see the dancing and hear the music of many different tribal nations to try to explain to people that there are many different nations that are thriving today

Lee Yes

Hilton So I try to learn the different songs and I get permission from the tribal groups to sing their songs I have my own songs I compose and sing as well

Lee Oh wonderful

Hilton We try to get the point across that there are many many many different tribal nations There are 566 in America to date that are federally recognized There are tribal nations in North South and in Central America There are nations that are not recognized by the government however we still recognize them just the same as Native Americans We try to give a well-rounded view of what is out there who is out there and the difference in the sound and music

Lee Could you tell us a little about the Native Nations Dance Theater and how it was founded What your mission is today and what you mainly do as a group

Hilton Native Nations Dance Theater was founded in 1991 I founded and directed it for many years and still do It is a Native American Dance Company that is to preserve the culture of the dancing and the songs that go with the dances That is what we do and we

are also a traveling dance company and we have been all over the world sharing Native American stories histories and legends songs and the music that goes along with it

Lee I noticed when you performed at the University of Pennsylvania opening exhibit of Native American voices you had family members involved in your Native Nations Could you tell me a little about this if you do not mind sharing

Hilton Yes Native Nations Dance Theater is a family based group However we do have other people friends and family members that come from different nations join us from time to time My mother was with me at the University of Pennsylvania at the opening of Native Voices My mother Pauline Songbird and my grandson Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong My grandsonrsquos name is Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong That is the Native name he was given

Lee Oh that is beautiful

Hilton He was given that name when he was about two years old He tried to stand and walk and he did it in such a particular way that we saidHey he looks kind of like a buffalo when he stands uprdquo And so we decided he stands so strong and before he stood up to take a step he would just stand up and hold his ground That is how he got that name

Lee Oh that is really fantastic

Hilton My other grandson was there and he has been singing before he could walk Singing the dance songs led by Vice Chief Levy Newell III of the Cherokee Confederacy of Pennsylvania His Native American name is Flying Eagle and he is Cherokee He was with us and my son Andrew TomahawkhellipAnd his father is from the Caribbean and so he is part West Indian Actually he is part Caribe Indian

Lee Oh that is so fantastic When I saw you at the Native American Voices exhibit I noticed you where wearing what they call a jingle dress and your mother was wearing a beautiful dresshellipwas it white leather and a white shawl

Hilton Yes It was white buckskin It was white deerskin

Lee Now do you make your own dress wear

Hilton Yes

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton Yes and I make the regalia for my family members We all make regalia We all learn how to sew at a very young age My mother had 11 aunts and they are all seamstresses They all made regalia and made dresses They had shops in Florida All that so we learned how to sew and make our clothes from a very young age Therefore I have been making regalia for a long time since I was a young teenager My son also does beadshelliphe does beading work My grandson is still learning the process of how we have this regalia and how to treat it and take care of it so that we will have it for a long time

Lee Yes Absolutely

Hilton I did make the jingle dress It takes me about 2 months to make myself because most of my jingle dresses have 365 cones which represents every day of the year and 7 rows which represent ever day of the week

Lee Oh

Hilton It is a medicine dress for a medicine dance The dance when it is performed is to bring about good feelings to people

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton That dance is from the Ojibwa people who are another nationrsquos dance that we share

Lee This leads to the next question I know music traditionally in Native American tribal cultures have different purposes Are you mainly concerned with preserving the traditional music or since you are a composer yourself are you incorporating contemporary music into your own style What currently are you performing

Hilton What I do is I sing the traditional songs and I kept the traditional songs and share them with everyone when I present in the schools I let them know that these are traditional songs that have been out there and have existed for hundreds of thousands of years Also when I am singing songs that I have composed I let them know that these are more contemporary because I created them However they may have a traditional sound and have a traditional language Or I may be singing in a traditional language or I may be singing in a vocable What a vocable ishellipwell you know in traditional English music they use the syllable la la lahellip

Lee Right

Hilton In a vocable phrase it is still a phrase that makes you want to have a good feeling or used just to add a good sound to it I explain that when I sing traditional and I sing contemporary so that people know the difference That is the only thing we do in Native Nations Dance Theater is that we try to educate and explain concepts so people understand that we are keeping our tradition but also we are moving forward in time with our tradition We are evolving as a people as we go into the future

Lee Yes

Hilton Just like any other culture that progresses we also progress so our songs will progress with us We sing about things that are happening around us today Hopefully we will show some type of progression as we keep our culture and bring it into the future with us

Lee That is very interesting and fascinating I know you have traveled all over the world as a performer and director of the Native Nations do you have any memorable experiences that you could share with us

Vaughnda Hilton told Dr Lee there are many so many memories One experience was when Native Nations was scheduled to go to Abu Dhabi which is in the Middle East They were requested by the foreign minister to go there and perform at an event called Summer in Abu Dhabi and Native Nations went to the airport and got all of our bags together They were requested to bring artifacts of musical instruments regalia and things that you would need for 56 days When they got to the airport their suitcases were overweight and so they had to return home to repack their luggage and board another plane a few days later However when Native Nations arrived in Abu Dhabi the experience was beautiful The people were very nice They performed on a program with groups from other countries including South Africa

Native Nations does present song dance and lecture programs for the schools Their contact information is Telephone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndabatuvewebnet or wanbiliwiaolcom

Website wwwnndtweeblycom

Interview with Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

This telephone interview of Denise Dunkley Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Artist was completed on Saturday May 10 2014 The interview lasted about 45 minutes from 1015 am until 1100 am The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American

Lee Oh

Williams That is a beautiful beautiful drum and it is painted turquoise In most communities you are told you are born into your motherrsquos side in either the color of turquoise or pumpkin So you are either turquoise or you are orange Those are your colors

Lee Oh interesting

Williams Turquoise or the blue one definitely is owned by a man who is a central part of the Native American community

Lee That is so fascinating We have young people who are interested in becoming someone like you an expert with Native American artifacts or perhaps one day in wanting to become an anthropologist like you What advice would you give to that young person who is interested in pursuing a similar career like you have being an archeologist

Williams I am not an archeologist I am a cultural anthropologist I work with living people where archeologists generally are doing excavations and digging into the ground learning about the people of the past

Lee I am so sorry I called you an archeologist when you are an anthropologist

Williams While I am interested in thathellipthat is not the kind of work I do I do more like field work going into communities talking to people and studying things about their music or religion or what is happening in communities today about health issues or education or studying their material culture or traditions that way

Lee Oh Thank you for explaining the difference

Williams For the advice of the students I think that anthropology definitely is the study of people and human cultures around the world both in the past and the present I think that if you are a person that is really interested in that and interested in things like tradition and languages and how people hold on to their traditions then a lot of that is done in social studies and probably history also

Lee Yes

Williams Then I would follow your passion That would be my definite advice to you When something is interesting to use as a certain kind of art or a certain kind of music or dance I would try to think about where it comes from Think about the people who have

influenced and created that kind of artistic tradition or cultural tradition and learn more about them And try to go for the authenticity so try to seek out persons who actually might have that cultural background Then if you cannot find a person then you can probably find a book about it or something on the internet about it or you could go to a place like a museum Try to investigate the culture and I would not hesitate for a moment to try to go to people like that who do that kind of work Then offer yourself to help in any way Ask if you could help out in any way either by volunteering or by asking them if they would have any job opportunities I would definitely recommend someone do that and not be shy about asking or expressing your interest to people Once people know you are interested they will really become excited usually

Lee Oh that is so fascinating and thank you for sharing this information and completing this interview

Interview with Vaughnda Hilton ndash Native Nations Dance Theater Director This telephone interview of Vaughnda Hilton Native American musician dancer and composer and director of Native Nations Dance Theater was completed on Saturday May 26 2014 The interview lasted about 20 minutes from 600 pm until 620 pm The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American Musician section of Cynthia Cozette Leersquos curriculum unit on Native American Music and Living Legends for the Teacherrsquos Institute of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania course Native American Voices Lee How did you become a Native American musician dance and composer Hilton I started when I was very young My mother would take me to the powwows and learn about putting the music together by watching the drummers My mother was actually instrumental in teaching me the music I learned to play classical flute the piano and so I am very well taught as a musician

Lee Thatrsquos wonderful

Hilton I started dancing at age 4 or 5 years old I also studied classical dancing and went into powwow dancing when I was very young when I probably was about 7 years old I started dancing and learning all of the different types of dancing then

Lee Thatrsquos incredible Would you say your mother was a very strong influence

Hilton Absolutely

Lee Can you tell me a little about your background as a Native American When I spoke with your mother when you performed at the opening Native American Voices exhibit at the Penn Museum she said she had married a Blackfoot Indian man and she was Seminole

Hilton Sure My mom is Seminole Creek from Florida and my dad is Blackfoot and he is also part Israeli They met at Florida A amp M They both met a college in Florida and that is both of their hometown That is my background People ask me what are your tribal nations and I tell them I am Blackfoot and Seminole Creek

Lee Oh interesting My next question is when you are performing songs and dances are you only performing Seminole or only performing Creek traditional songs Are you performing music from different tribal nations

Hilton We are performing music from different tribal nations because as the director of Native Nations Dance Theater I want to sing and see the dancing and hear the music of many different tribal nations to try to explain to people that there are many different nations that are thriving today

Lee Yes

Hilton So I try to learn the different songs and I get permission from the tribal groups to sing their songs I have my own songs I compose and sing as well

Lee Oh wonderful

Hilton We try to get the point across that there are many many many different tribal nations There are 566 in America to date that are federally recognized There are tribal nations in North South and in Central America There are nations that are not recognized by the government however we still recognize them just the same as Native Americans We try to give a well-rounded view of what is out there who is out there and the difference in the sound and music

Lee Could you tell us a little about the Native Nations Dance Theater and how it was founded What your mission is today and what you mainly do as a group

Hilton Native Nations Dance Theater was founded in 1991 I founded and directed it for many years and still do It is a Native American Dance Company that is to preserve the culture of the dancing and the songs that go with the dances That is what we do and we

are also a traveling dance company and we have been all over the world sharing Native American stories histories and legends songs and the music that goes along with it

Lee I noticed when you performed at the University of Pennsylvania opening exhibit of Native American voices you had family members involved in your Native Nations Could you tell me a little about this if you do not mind sharing

Hilton Yes Native Nations Dance Theater is a family based group However we do have other people friends and family members that come from different nations join us from time to time My mother was with me at the University of Pennsylvania at the opening of Native Voices My mother Pauline Songbird and my grandson Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong My grandsonrsquos name is Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong That is the Native name he was given

Lee Oh that is beautiful

Hilton He was given that name when he was about two years old He tried to stand and walk and he did it in such a particular way that we saidHey he looks kind of like a buffalo when he stands uprdquo And so we decided he stands so strong and before he stood up to take a step he would just stand up and hold his ground That is how he got that name

Lee Oh that is really fantastic

Hilton My other grandson was there and he has been singing before he could walk Singing the dance songs led by Vice Chief Levy Newell III of the Cherokee Confederacy of Pennsylvania His Native American name is Flying Eagle and he is Cherokee He was with us and my son Andrew TomahawkhellipAnd his father is from the Caribbean and so he is part West Indian Actually he is part Caribe Indian

Lee Oh that is so fantastic When I saw you at the Native American Voices exhibit I noticed you where wearing what they call a jingle dress and your mother was wearing a beautiful dresshellipwas it white leather and a white shawl

Hilton Yes It was white buckskin It was white deerskin

Lee Now do you make your own dress wear

Hilton Yes

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton Yes and I make the regalia for my family members We all make regalia We all learn how to sew at a very young age My mother had 11 aunts and they are all seamstresses They all made regalia and made dresses They had shops in Florida All that so we learned how to sew and make our clothes from a very young age Therefore I have been making regalia for a long time since I was a young teenager My son also does beadshelliphe does beading work My grandson is still learning the process of how we have this regalia and how to treat it and take care of it so that we will have it for a long time

Lee Yes Absolutely

Hilton I did make the jingle dress It takes me about 2 months to make myself because most of my jingle dresses have 365 cones which represents every day of the year and 7 rows which represent ever day of the week

Lee Oh

Hilton It is a medicine dress for a medicine dance The dance when it is performed is to bring about good feelings to people

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton That dance is from the Ojibwa people who are another nationrsquos dance that we share

Lee This leads to the next question I know music traditionally in Native American tribal cultures have different purposes Are you mainly concerned with preserving the traditional music or since you are a composer yourself are you incorporating contemporary music into your own style What currently are you performing

Hilton What I do is I sing the traditional songs and I kept the traditional songs and share them with everyone when I present in the schools I let them know that these are traditional songs that have been out there and have existed for hundreds of thousands of years Also when I am singing songs that I have composed I let them know that these are more contemporary because I created them However they may have a traditional sound and have a traditional language Or I may be singing in a traditional language or I may be singing in a vocable What a vocable ishellipwell you know in traditional English music they use the syllable la la lahellip

Lee Right

Hilton In a vocable phrase it is still a phrase that makes you want to have a good feeling or used just to add a good sound to it I explain that when I sing traditional and I sing contemporary so that people know the difference That is the only thing we do in Native Nations Dance Theater is that we try to educate and explain concepts so people understand that we are keeping our tradition but also we are moving forward in time with our tradition We are evolving as a people as we go into the future

Lee Yes

Hilton Just like any other culture that progresses we also progress so our songs will progress with us We sing about things that are happening around us today Hopefully we will show some type of progression as we keep our culture and bring it into the future with us

Lee That is very interesting and fascinating I know you have traveled all over the world as a performer and director of the Native Nations do you have any memorable experiences that you could share with us

Vaughnda Hilton told Dr Lee there are many so many memories One experience was when Native Nations was scheduled to go to Abu Dhabi which is in the Middle East They were requested by the foreign minister to go there and perform at an event called Summer in Abu Dhabi and Native Nations went to the airport and got all of our bags together They were requested to bring artifacts of musical instruments regalia and things that you would need for 56 days When they got to the airport their suitcases were overweight and so they had to return home to repack their luggage and board another plane a few days later However when Native Nations arrived in Abu Dhabi the experience was beautiful The people were very nice They performed on a program with groups from other countries including South Africa

Native Nations does present song dance and lecture programs for the schools Their contact information is Telephone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndabatuvewebnet or wanbiliwiaolcom

Website wwwnndtweeblycom

Interview with Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

This telephone interview of Denise Dunkley Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Artist was completed on Saturday May 10 2014 The interview lasted about 45 minutes from 1015 am until 1100 am The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American

influenced and created that kind of artistic tradition or cultural tradition and learn more about them And try to go for the authenticity so try to seek out persons who actually might have that cultural background Then if you cannot find a person then you can probably find a book about it or something on the internet about it or you could go to a place like a museum Try to investigate the culture and I would not hesitate for a moment to try to go to people like that who do that kind of work Then offer yourself to help in any way Ask if you could help out in any way either by volunteering or by asking them if they would have any job opportunities I would definitely recommend someone do that and not be shy about asking or expressing your interest to people Once people know you are interested they will really become excited usually

Lee Oh that is so fascinating and thank you for sharing this information and completing this interview

Interview with Vaughnda Hilton ndash Native Nations Dance Theater Director This telephone interview of Vaughnda Hilton Native American musician dancer and composer and director of Native Nations Dance Theater was completed on Saturday May 26 2014 The interview lasted about 20 minutes from 600 pm until 620 pm The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American Musician section of Cynthia Cozette Leersquos curriculum unit on Native American Music and Living Legends for the Teacherrsquos Institute of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania course Native American Voices Lee How did you become a Native American musician dance and composer Hilton I started when I was very young My mother would take me to the powwows and learn about putting the music together by watching the drummers My mother was actually instrumental in teaching me the music I learned to play classical flute the piano and so I am very well taught as a musician

Lee Thatrsquos wonderful

Hilton I started dancing at age 4 or 5 years old I also studied classical dancing and went into powwow dancing when I was very young when I probably was about 7 years old I started dancing and learning all of the different types of dancing then

Lee Thatrsquos incredible Would you say your mother was a very strong influence

Hilton Absolutely

Lee Can you tell me a little about your background as a Native American When I spoke with your mother when you performed at the opening Native American Voices exhibit at the Penn Museum she said she had married a Blackfoot Indian man and she was Seminole

Hilton Sure My mom is Seminole Creek from Florida and my dad is Blackfoot and he is also part Israeli They met at Florida A amp M They both met a college in Florida and that is both of their hometown That is my background People ask me what are your tribal nations and I tell them I am Blackfoot and Seminole Creek

Lee Oh interesting My next question is when you are performing songs and dances are you only performing Seminole or only performing Creek traditional songs Are you performing music from different tribal nations

Hilton We are performing music from different tribal nations because as the director of Native Nations Dance Theater I want to sing and see the dancing and hear the music of many different tribal nations to try to explain to people that there are many different nations that are thriving today

Lee Yes

Hilton So I try to learn the different songs and I get permission from the tribal groups to sing their songs I have my own songs I compose and sing as well

Lee Oh wonderful

Hilton We try to get the point across that there are many many many different tribal nations There are 566 in America to date that are federally recognized There are tribal nations in North South and in Central America There are nations that are not recognized by the government however we still recognize them just the same as Native Americans We try to give a well-rounded view of what is out there who is out there and the difference in the sound and music

Lee Could you tell us a little about the Native Nations Dance Theater and how it was founded What your mission is today and what you mainly do as a group

Hilton Native Nations Dance Theater was founded in 1991 I founded and directed it for many years and still do It is a Native American Dance Company that is to preserve the culture of the dancing and the songs that go with the dances That is what we do and we

are also a traveling dance company and we have been all over the world sharing Native American stories histories and legends songs and the music that goes along with it

Lee I noticed when you performed at the University of Pennsylvania opening exhibit of Native American voices you had family members involved in your Native Nations Could you tell me a little about this if you do not mind sharing

Hilton Yes Native Nations Dance Theater is a family based group However we do have other people friends and family members that come from different nations join us from time to time My mother was with me at the University of Pennsylvania at the opening of Native Voices My mother Pauline Songbird and my grandson Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong My grandsonrsquos name is Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong That is the Native name he was given

Lee Oh that is beautiful

Hilton He was given that name when he was about two years old He tried to stand and walk and he did it in such a particular way that we saidHey he looks kind of like a buffalo when he stands uprdquo And so we decided he stands so strong and before he stood up to take a step he would just stand up and hold his ground That is how he got that name

Lee Oh that is really fantastic

Hilton My other grandson was there and he has been singing before he could walk Singing the dance songs led by Vice Chief Levy Newell III of the Cherokee Confederacy of Pennsylvania His Native American name is Flying Eagle and he is Cherokee He was with us and my son Andrew TomahawkhellipAnd his father is from the Caribbean and so he is part West Indian Actually he is part Caribe Indian

Lee Oh that is so fantastic When I saw you at the Native American Voices exhibit I noticed you where wearing what they call a jingle dress and your mother was wearing a beautiful dresshellipwas it white leather and a white shawl

Hilton Yes It was white buckskin It was white deerskin

Lee Now do you make your own dress wear

Hilton Yes

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton Yes and I make the regalia for my family members We all make regalia We all learn how to sew at a very young age My mother had 11 aunts and they are all seamstresses They all made regalia and made dresses They had shops in Florida All that so we learned how to sew and make our clothes from a very young age Therefore I have been making regalia for a long time since I was a young teenager My son also does beadshelliphe does beading work My grandson is still learning the process of how we have this regalia and how to treat it and take care of it so that we will have it for a long time

Lee Yes Absolutely

Hilton I did make the jingle dress It takes me about 2 months to make myself because most of my jingle dresses have 365 cones which represents every day of the year and 7 rows which represent ever day of the week

Lee Oh

Hilton It is a medicine dress for a medicine dance The dance when it is performed is to bring about good feelings to people

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton That dance is from the Ojibwa people who are another nationrsquos dance that we share

Lee This leads to the next question I know music traditionally in Native American tribal cultures have different purposes Are you mainly concerned with preserving the traditional music or since you are a composer yourself are you incorporating contemporary music into your own style What currently are you performing

Hilton What I do is I sing the traditional songs and I kept the traditional songs and share them with everyone when I present in the schools I let them know that these are traditional songs that have been out there and have existed for hundreds of thousands of years Also when I am singing songs that I have composed I let them know that these are more contemporary because I created them However they may have a traditional sound and have a traditional language Or I may be singing in a traditional language or I may be singing in a vocable What a vocable ishellipwell you know in traditional English music they use the syllable la la lahellip

Lee Right

Hilton In a vocable phrase it is still a phrase that makes you want to have a good feeling or used just to add a good sound to it I explain that when I sing traditional and I sing contemporary so that people know the difference That is the only thing we do in Native Nations Dance Theater is that we try to educate and explain concepts so people understand that we are keeping our tradition but also we are moving forward in time with our tradition We are evolving as a people as we go into the future

Lee Yes

Hilton Just like any other culture that progresses we also progress so our songs will progress with us We sing about things that are happening around us today Hopefully we will show some type of progression as we keep our culture and bring it into the future with us

Lee That is very interesting and fascinating I know you have traveled all over the world as a performer and director of the Native Nations do you have any memorable experiences that you could share with us

Vaughnda Hilton told Dr Lee there are many so many memories One experience was when Native Nations was scheduled to go to Abu Dhabi which is in the Middle East They were requested by the foreign minister to go there and perform at an event called Summer in Abu Dhabi and Native Nations went to the airport and got all of our bags together They were requested to bring artifacts of musical instruments regalia and things that you would need for 56 days When they got to the airport their suitcases were overweight and so they had to return home to repack their luggage and board another plane a few days later However when Native Nations arrived in Abu Dhabi the experience was beautiful The people were very nice They performed on a program with groups from other countries including South Africa

Native Nations does present song dance and lecture programs for the schools Their contact information is Telephone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndabatuvewebnet or wanbiliwiaolcom

Website wwwnndtweeblycom

Interview with Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

This telephone interview of Denise Dunkley Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Artist was completed on Saturday May 10 2014 The interview lasted about 45 minutes from 1015 am until 1100 am The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American

Hilton Absolutely

Lee Can you tell me a little about your background as a Native American When I spoke with your mother when you performed at the opening Native American Voices exhibit at the Penn Museum she said she had married a Blackfoot Indian man and she was Seminole

Hilton Sure My mom is Seminole Creek from Florida and my dad is Blackfoot and he is also part Israeli They met at Florida A amp M They both met a college in Florida and that is both of their hometown That is my background People ask me what are your tribal nations and I tell them I am Blackfoot and Seminole Creek

Lee Oh interesting My next question is when you are performing songs and dances are you only performing Seminole or only performing Creek traditional songs Are you performing music from different tribal nations

Hilton We are performing music from different tribal nations because as the director of Native Nations Dance Theater I want to sing and see the dancing and hear the music of many different tribal nations to try to explain to people that there are many different nations that are thriving today

Lee Yes

Hilton So I try to learn the different songs and I get permission from the tribal groups to sing their songs I have my own songs I compose and sing as well

Lee Oh wonderful

Hilton We try to get the point across that there are many many many different tribal nations There are 566 in America to date that are federally recognized There are tribal nations in North South and in Central America There are nations that are not recognized by the government however we still recognize them just the same as Native Americans We try to give a well-rounded view of what is out there who is out there and the difference in the sound and music

Lee Could you tell us a little about the Native Nations Dance Theater and how it was founded What your mission is today and what you mainly do as a group

Hilton Native Nations Dance Theater was founded in 1991 I founded and directed it for many years and still do It is a Native American Dance Company that is to preserve the culture of the dancing and the songs that go with the dances That is what we do and we

are also a traveling dance company and we have been all over the world sharing Native American stories histories and legends songs and the music that goes along with it

Lee I noticed when you performed at the University of Pennsylvania opening exhibit of Native American voices you had family members involved in your Native Nations Could you tell me a little about this if you do not mind sharing

Hilton Yes Native Nations Dance Theater is a family based group However we do have other people friends and family members that come from different nations join us from time to time My mother was with me at the University of Pennsylvania at the opening of Native Voices My mother Pauline Songbird and my grandson Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong My grandsonrsquos name is Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong That is the Native name he was given

Lee Oh that is beautiful

Hilton He was given that name when he was about two years old He tried to stand and walk and he did it in such a particular way that we saidHey he looks kind of like a buffalo when he stands uprdquo And so we decided he stands so strong and before he stood up to take a step he would just stand up and hold his ground That is how he got that name

Lee Oh that is really fantastic

Hilton My other grandson was there and he has been singing before he could walk Singing the dance songs led by Vice Chief Levy Newell III of the Cherokee Confederacy of Pennsylvania His Native American name is Flying Eagle and he is Cherokee He was with us and my son Andrew TomahawkhellipAnd his father is from the Caribbean and so he is part West Indian Actually he is part Caribe Indian

Lee Oh that is so fantastic When I saw you at the Native American Voices exhibit I noticed you where wearing what they call a jingle dress and your mother was wearing a beautiful dresshellipwas it white leather and a white shawl

Hilton Yes It was white buckskin It was white deerskin

Lee Now do you make your own dress wear

Hilton Yes

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton Yes and I make the regalia for my family members We all make regalia We all learn how to sew at a very young age My mother had 11 aunts and they are all seamstresses They all made regalia and made dresses They had shops in Florida All that so we learned how to sew and make our clothes from a very young age Therefore I have been making regalia for a long time since I was a young teenager My son also does beadshelliphe does beading work My grandson is still learning the process of how we have this regalia and how to treat it and take care of it so that we will have it for a long time

Lee Yes Absolutely

Hilton I did make the jingle dress It takes me about 2 months to make myself because most of my jingle dresses have 365 cones which represents every day of the year and 7 rows which represent ever day of the week

Lee Oh

Hilton It is a medicine dress for a medicine dance The dance when it is performed is to bring about good feelings to people

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton That dance is from the Ojibwa people who are another nationrsquos dance that we share

Lee This leads to the next question I know music traditionally in Native American tribal cultures have different purposes Are you mainly concerned with preserving the traditional music or since you are a composer yourself are you incorporating contemporary music into your own style What currently are you performing

Hilton What I do is I sing the traditional songs and I kept the traditional songs and share them with everyone when I present in the schools I let them know that these are traditional songs that have been out there and have existed for hundreds of thousands of years Also when I am singing songs that I have composed I let them know that these are more contemporary because I created them However they may have a traditional sound and have a traditional language Or I may be singing in a traditional language or I may be singing in a vocable What a vocable ishellipwell you know in traditional English music they use the syllable la la lahellip

Lee Right

Hilton In a vocable phrase it is still a phrase that makes you want to have a good feeling or used just to add a good sound to it I explain that when I sing traditional and I sing contemporary so that people know the difference That is the only thing we do in Native Nations Dance Theater is that we try to educate and explain concepts so people understand that we are keeping our tradition but also we are moving forward in time with our tradition We are evolving as a people as we go into the future

Lee Yes

Hilton Just like any other culture that progresses we also progress so our songs will progress with us We sing about things that are happening around us today Hopefully we will show some type of progression as we keep our culture and bring it into the future with us

Lee That is very interesting and fascinating I know you have traveled all over the world as a performer and director of the Native Nations do you have any memorable experiences that you could share with us

Vaughnda Hilton told Dr Lee there are many so many memories One experience was when Native Nations was scheduled to go to Abu Dhabi which is in the Middle East They were requested by the foreign minister to go there and perform at an event called Summer in Abu Dhabi and Native Nations went to the airport and got all of our bags together They were requested to bring artifacts of musical instruments regalia and things that you would need for 56 days When they got to the airport their suitcases were overweight and so they had to return home to repack their luggage and board another plane a few days later However when Native Nations arrived in Abu Dhabi the experience was beautiful The people were very nice They performed on a program with groups from other countries including South Africa

Native Nations does present song dance and lecture programs for the schools Their contact information is Telephone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndabatuvewebnet or wanbiliwiaolcom

Website wwwnndtweeblycom

Interview with Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

This telephone interview of Denise Dunkley Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Artist was completed on Saturday May 10 2014 The interview lasted about 45 minutes from 1015 am until 1100 am The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American

are also a traveling dance company and we have been all over the world sharing Native American stories histories and legends songs and the music that goes along with it

Lee I noticed when you performed at the University of Pennsylvania opening exhibit of Native American voices you had family members involved in your Native Nations Could you tell me a little about this if you do not mind sharing

Hilton Yes Native Nations Dance Theater is a family based group However we do have other people friends and family members that come from different nations join us from time to time My mother was with me at the University of Pennsylvania at the opening of Native Voices My mother Pauline Songbird and my grandson Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong My grandsonrsquos name is Andrew Buffalo Stand Strong That is the Native name he was given

Lee Oh that is beautiful

Hilton He was given that name when he was about two years old He tried to stand and walk and he did it in such a particular way that we saidHey he looks kind of like a buffalo when he stands uprdquo And so we decided he stands so strong and before he stood up to take a step he would just stand up and hold his ground That is how he got that name

Lee Oh that is really fantastic

Hilton My other grandson was there and he has been singing before he could walk Singing the dance songs led by Vice Chief Levy Newell III of the Cherokee Confederacy of Pennsylvania His Native American name is Flying Eagle and he is Cherokee He was with us and my son Andrew TomahawkhellipAnd his father is from the Caribbean and so he is part West Indian Actually he is part Caribe Indian

Lee Oh that is so fantastic When I saw you at the Native American Voices exhibit I noticed you where wearing what they call a jingle dress and your mother was wearing a beautiful dresshellipwas it white leather and a white shawl

Hilton Yes It was white buckskin It was white deerskin

Lee Now do you make your own dress wear

Hilton Yes

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton Yes and I make the regalia for my family members We all make regalia We all learn how to sew at a very young age My mother had 11 aunts and they are all seamstresses They all made regalia and made dresses They had shops in Florida All that so we learned how to sew and make our clothes from a very young age Therefore I have been making regalia for a long time since I was a young teenager My son also does beadshelliphe does beading work My grandson is still learning the process of how we have this regalia and how to treat it and take care of it so that we will have it for a long time

Lee Yes Absolutely

Hilton I did make the jingle dress It takes me about 2 months to make myself because most of my jingle dresses have 365 cones which represents every day of the year and 7 rows which represent ever day of the week

Lee Oh

Hilton It is a medicine dress for a medicine dance The dance when it is performed is to bring about good feelings to people

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton That dance is from the Ojibwa people who are another nationrsquos dance that we share

Lee This leads to the next question I know music traditionally in Native American tribal cultures have different purposes Are you mainly concerned with preserving the traditional music or since you are a composer yourself are you incorporating contemporary music into your own style What currently are you performing

Hilton What I do is I sing the traditional songs and I kept the traditional songs and share them with everyone when I present in the schools I let them know that these are traditional songs that have been out there and have existed for hundreds of thousands of years Also when I am singing songs that I have composed I let them know that these are more contemporary because I created them However they may have a traditional sound and have a traditional language Or I may be singing in a traditional language or I may be singing in a vocable What a vocable ishellipwell you know in traditional English music they use the syllable la la lahellip

Lee Right

Hilton In a vocable phrase it is still a phrase that makes you want to have a good feeling or used just to add a good sound to it I explain that when I sing traditional and I sing contemporary so that people know the difference That is the only thing we do in Native Nations Dance Theater is that we try to educate and explain concepts so people understand that we are keeping our tradition but also we are moving forward in time with our tradition We are evolving as a people as we go into the future

Lee Yes

Hilton Just like any other culture that progresses we also progress so our songs will progress with us We sing about things that are happening around us today Hopefully we will show some type of progression as we keep our culture and bring it into the future with us

Lee That is very interesting and fascinating I know you have traveled all over the world as a performer and director of the Native Nations do you have any memorable experiences that you could share with us

Vaughnda Hilton told Dr Lee there are many so many memories One experience was when Native Nations was scheduled to go to Abu Dhabi which is in the Middle East They were requested by the foreign minister to go there and perform at an event called Summer in Abu Dhabi and Native Nations went to the airport and got all of our bags together They were requested to bring artifacts of musical instruments regalia and things that you would need for 56 days When they got to the airport their suitcases were overweight and so they had to return home to repack their luggage and board another plane a few days later However when Native Nations arrived in Abu Dhabi the experience was beautiful The people were very nice They performed on a program with groups from other countries including South Africa

Native Nations does present song dance and lecture programs for the schools Their contact information is Telephone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndabatuvewebnet or wanbiliwiaolcom

Website wwwnndtweeblycom

Interview with Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

This telephone interview of Denise Dunkley Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Artist was completed on Saturday May 10 2014 The interview lasted about 45 minutes from 1015 am until 1100 am The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American

Hilton Yes and I make the regalia for my family members We all make regalia We all learn how to sew at a very young age My mother had 11 aunts and they are all seamstresses They all made regalia and made dresses They had shops in Florida All that so we learned how to sew and make our clothes from a very young age Therefore I have been making regalia for a long time since I was a young teenager My son also does beadshelliphe does beading work My grandson is still learning the process of how we have this regalia and how to treat it and take care of it so that we will have it for a long time

Lee Yes Absolutely

Hilton I did make the jingle dress It takes me about 2 months to make myself because most of my jingle dresses have 365 cones which represents every day of the year and 7 rows which represent ever day of the week

Lee Oh

Hilton It is a medicine dress for a medicine dance The dance when it is performed is to bring about good feelings to people

Lee Oh that is so incredible

Hilton That dance is from the Ojibwa people who are another nationrsquos dance that we share

Lee This leads to the next question I know music traditionally in Native American tribal cultures have different purposes Are you mainly concerned with preserving the traditional music or since you are a composer yourself are you incorporating contemporary music into your own style What currently are you performing

Hilton What I do is I sing the traditional songs and I kept the traditional songs and share them with everyone when I present in the schools I let them know that these are traditional songs that have been out there and have existed for hundreds of thousands of years Also when I am singing songs that I have composed I let them know that these are more contemporary because I created them However they may have a traditional sound and have a traditional language Or I may be singing in a traditional language or I may be singing in a vocable What a vocable ishellipwell you know in traditional English music they use the syllable la la lahellip

Lee Right

Hilton In a vocable phrase it is still a phrase that makes you want to have a good feeling or used just to add a good sound to it I explain that when I sing traditional and I sing contemporary so that people know the difference That is the only thing we do in Native Nations Dance Theater is that we try to educate and explain concepts so people understand that we are keeping our tradition but also we are moving forward in time with our tradition We are evolving as a people as we go into the future

Lee Yes

Hilton Just like any other culture that progresses we also progress so our songs will progress with us We sing about things that are happening around us today Hopefully we will show some type of progression as we keep our culture and bring it into the future with us

Lee That is very interesting and fascinating I know you have traveled all over the world as a performer and director of the Native Nations do you have any memorable experiences that you could share with us

Vaughnda Hilton told Dr Lee there are many so many memories One experience was when Native Nations was scheduled to go to Abu Dhabi which is in the Middle East They were requested by the foreign minister to go there and perform at an event called Summer in Abu Dhabi and Native Nations went to the airport and got all of our bags together They were requested to bring artifacts of musical instruments regalia and things that you would need for 56 days When they got to the airport their suitcases were overweight and so they had to return home to repack their luggage and board another plane a few days later However when Native Nations arrived in Abu Dhabi the experience was beautiful The people were very nice They performed on a program with groups from other countries including South Africa

Native Nations does present song dance and lecture programs for the schools Their contact information is Telephone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndabatuvewebnet or wanbiliwiaolcom

Website wwwnndtweeblycom

Interview with Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

This telephone interview of Denise Dunkley Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Artist was completed on Saturday May 10 2014 The interview lasted about 45 minutes from 1015 am until 1100 am The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American

Hilton In a vocable phrase it is still a phrase that makes you want to have a good feeling or used just to add a good sound to it I explain that when I sing traditional and I sing contemporary so that people know the difference That is the only thing we do in Native Nations Dance Theater is that we try to educate and explain concepts so people understand that we are keeping our tradition but also we are moving forward in time with our tradition We are evolving as a people as we go into the future

Lee Yes

Hilton Just like any other culture that progresses we also progress so our songs will progress with us We sing about things that are happening around us today Hopefully we will show some type of progression as we keep our culture and bring it into the future with us

Lee That is very interesting and fascinating I know you have traveled all over the world as a performer and director of the Native Nations do you have any memorable experiences that you could share with us

Vaughnda Hilton told Dr Lee there are many so many memories One experience was when Native Nations was scheduled to go to Abu Dhabi which is in the Middle East They were requested by the foreign minister to go there and perform at an event called Summer in Abu Dhabi and Native Nations went to the airport and got all of our bags together They were requested to bring artifacts of musical instruments regalia and things that you would need for 56 days When they got to the airport their suitcases were overweight and so they had to return home to repack their luggage and board another plane a few days later However when Native Nations arrived in Abu Dhabi the experience was beautiful The people were very nice They performed on a program with groups from other countries including South Africa

Native Nations does present song dance and lecture programs for the schools Their contact information is Telephone (770) 769-6974 Email vaughndabatuvewebnet or wanbiliwiaolcom

Website wwwnndtweeblycom

Interview with Denise Bright Dove Dunkley

This telephone interview of Denise Dunkley Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Artist was completed on Saturday May 10 2014 The interview lasted about 45 minutes from 1015 am until 1100 am The interview is for the purpose of Spotlight on a Native American

Artist section of Cynthia Cozette Leersquos curriculum unit on Native American Music and Living Legends for the Teacherrsquos Institute of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania course Native American Voices

Lee My first question is how did you become a Native American Lenni-Lenape arts and crafts expert

Dunkley I have put some thought into this question The most honest answer is I believe I think it was somebody elsersquos purpose

Lee And what do you mean by that

Dunkley I just didnrsquot wake up one day and say you know Irsquom going to focus on my culture and being an artist I went to school for criminal justice I have a degree in criminal justice sociology and criminology I went to Rutgers University in New Brunswick and have a bachelorrsquos degree in that area I pretty much went on a full academic scholarship I only had to pay one thousand dollars and when I finished everything else was academic

Lee Okay

Dunkley But it is funny how things work out because a lot of people ask me this question Like how did you go from that to this All I can say is that I believe it must be up to the creator because when I finished school I started traveling abroad with my husband My goal was to continue on to law school I had applied to different law schools on the East coast and these schools are very demanding on the East coast Some people had suggested that I need to apply for the West coast schools because you would be a shoe-in over there While awaiting admission taking the LSAT again to increase my score I started working as a para legal After a year I was expecting my first child and joined my soon to be husband in Europe While there in my free time my creativity began to grow

Lee Oh

Dunkley I always loved art since high school My first encounter with Indian art was through an elder in the tribe that gave me my Indian name

Lee Okay

Dunkley The elder actually pulled me aside because I went into the tribal office one day and wanted to buy some earrings This was about at the age of fifteen I wanted to buy

some earrings and she wouldnrsquot allow me to buy them I asked what do you mean because I wanted to take them back She said you should learn how to make them yourself I had wanted to learn how to make Indian art but did not know anyone who could teach me The elder said I want you to come to my house on this day and I will teach you how to make them I have been beading ever since then She taught me how to make one pair of earrings I made that first pair and I gave it to her

Lee Interesting

Dunkley One day I visited the Tribal Center and it was like someone elses plan I asked my beading tutor (the elder) what kind of thread to use to make more She sold me a spool of thread and Im talking about way back in the eighties this big spool was $25 I bought it anyway and still use it to this day

Lee Right

Dunkley I said itrsquos okay Is that the kind of thread I should be using She said yes so I said this is okay give it to me anyway I still use that spool today Twenty-five dollars was a lot of money back then I just feel like I was being guided by somebody else When she told me it was the correct thread thats all I cared about Not the cost Even then I had the foresight to want to use good quality materials

Lee Oh interesting

Dunkley So when I had this lapse of time between college and law school I just picked up beading again You have more time on your hands and time to come to that peace of mind that I come to when I am not overwhelmed I start looking at things and start feeling creative Then I want to bead I can really find -- how can I put this -- I am able to find a personal peace when I am by myself and I really get creative

Lee Yes

Dunkley You know how some people like to be surrounded by other people

Lee Right

Dunkley I find like Irsquom more well I am not like an introverted person but I am okay when I am alone That is when I am most creative

Lee Okay

Dunkley Before and during our marriage my husband did a lot of traveling I would travel with him I started getting an interest in my culture and would try more things with beading I would read more about my culture I was just fascinated with Native American art Anything I read then I would try to go and make I would try creating pictures and artifacts I would spend a lot of time studying objects planning steps one to the end I had an opportunity to get quality raw materials from abroad After all thats where things were initially gained from trading

Lee Okay

Dunkley Just on a whim It is funny because when I began entering a lot of art competitions and they would ask me what media do I like to work in

Lee Right

Dunkley I loved all sorts a mixed media because everything captures my attention I started to collectively sort of all put it together Over those years I got married and started having children And then the next thing you know I am creating more stuff in my down time and it just took off from there

Lee Oh great

Dunkley Other instances I can recall was when I was a teenager and I would sit with my mom and her friends and we would craft all the time So I always had a history of sitting with elder women and listening to them They taught me to tie ribbons and make general crafts I developed my talent and they would give me positive reinforcement They would say We really like that and you should make some more of them and we will put those items up for sale A lot of the stuff we did was not typical Native American art but any technique learned can develop and build another A few years ago I spent two weeks crafting with elders in Oklahoma and it felt like home Just the fact of having sat with elders long ago prepared me for what was to come today

Lee It was your own individual creation

Dunkley Right It would be like when a holiday came up in Bridgeton New Jersey I remember the Nanticoke-Indian Lenape tribe there I grew up in a time where our parentsrsquo generation was taking their reigns in making us known as a tribe

Lee Yes

Dunkley My generation was still struggling with gaining validity among the naysayers amongst the town So when I was in high school for example girls would ask me what are you What is your background All of these things contributed to me about wanting to be knowledgeable about myself Because when I was in high school a lot of people would say Indians do not exist My cousins and I would have to say we are Native Americans and we have to leave school for programs and most people would say Indians do not exist and what you are saying is not true I do not know why you guys are making up lies because you do not want to say you are Black

Lee Oh

Dunkley That is what I heard most of my life And then the students would question me and say well you have good hair so what do you have in you I would answer them well according to you nothing

Lee Oh

Dunkley But the studying and all of the things I did for myself in order to make myself more knowledgeable and more powerful about who I am At the age of forty-one I have come to the realization that you give off a certain presence I learned that when you have knowledge about your culture then it is very hard for people to challenge you and question you I found that then they have nothing to argue about However when you are fifteen and you do not even know you exist and I was just starting to learn in the history classes about Native Americans that the books information was all wrong Now I really know information about my culture and can argue back with them In fact now my daughter wants to go to college and major in history

• The teacher guides students through further history of boarding schools marching bands and education Education chapter on p 138-141 in book by Treuer is good resource Have students read article Native American School Band Rocks The Oldies and the
• • Source Music Connection a Series of Music Textbooks gomysoncom (A Navajo site)

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some earrings and she wouldnrsquot allow me to buy them I asked what do you mean because I wanted to take them back She said you should learn how to make them yourself I had wanted to learn how to make Indian art but did not know anyone who could teach me The elder said I want you to come to my house on this day and I will teach you how to make them I have been beading ever since then She taught me how to make one pair of earrings I made that first pair and I gave it to her

Lee Interesting

Dunkley One day I visited the Tribal Center and it was like someone elses plan I asked my beading tutor (the elder) what kind of thread to use to make more She sold me a spool of thread and Im talking about way back in the eighties this big spool was $25 I bought it anyway and still use it to this day

Lee Right

Dunkley I said itrsquos okay Is that the kind of thread I should be using She said yes so I said this is okay give it to me anyway I still use that spool today Twenty-five dollars was a lot of money back then I just feel like I was being guided by somebody else When she told me it was the correct thread thats all I cared about Not the cost Even then I had the foresight to want to use good quality materials

Lee Oh interesting

Dunkley So when I had this lapse of time between college and law school I just picked up beading again You have more time on your hands and time to come to that peace of mind that I come to when I am not overwhelmed I start looking at things and start feeling creative Then I want to bead I can really find -- how can I put this -- I am able to find a personal peace when I am by myself and I really get creative

Lee Yes

Dunkley You know how some people like to be surrounded by other people

Lee Right

Dunkley I find like Irsquom more well I am not like an introverted person but I am okay when I am alone That is when I am most creative

Lee Okay

Dunkley Before and during our marriage my husband did a lot of traveling I would travel with him I started getting an interest in my culture and would try more things with beading I would read more about my culture I was just fascinated with Native American art Anything I read then I would try to go and make I would try creating pictures and artifacts I would spend a lot of time studying objects planning steps one to the end I had an opportunity to get quality raw materials from abroad After all thats where things were initially gained from trading

Lee Okay

Dunkley Just on a whim It is funny because when I began entering a lot of art competitions and they would ask me what media do I like to work in

Lee Right

Dunkley I loved all sorts a mixed media because everything captures my attention I started to collectively sort of all put it together Over those years I got married and started having children And then the next thing you know I am creating more stuff in my down time and it just took off from there

Lee Oh great

Dunkley Other instances I can recall was when I was a teenager and I would sit with my mom and her friends and we would craft all the time So I always had a history of sitting with elder women and listening to them They taught me to tie ribbons and make general crafts I developed my talent and they would give me positive reinforcement They would say We really like that and you should make some more of them and we will put those items up for sale A lot of the stuff we did was not typical Native American art but any technique learned can develop and build another A few years ago I spent two weeks crafting with elders in Oklahoma and it felt like home Just the fact of having sat with elders long ago prepared me for what was to come today

Lee It was your own individual creation

Dunkley Right It would be like when a holiday came up in Bridgeton New Jersey I remember the Nanticoke-Indian Lenape tribe there I grew up in a time where our parentsrsquo generation was taking their reigns in making us known as a tribe

Lee Yes

Dunkley My generation was still struggling with gaining validity among the naysayers amongst the town So when I was in high school for example girls would ask me what are you What is your background All of these things contributed to me about wanting to be knowledgeable about myself Because when I was in high school a lot of people would say Indians do not exist My cousins and I would have to say we are Native Americans and we have to leave school for programs and most people would say Indians do not exist and what you are saying is not true I do not know why you guys are making up lies because you do not want to say you are Black

Lee Oh

Dunkley That is what I heard most of my life And then the students would question me and say well you have good hair so what do you have in you I would answer them well according to you nothing

Lee Oh

Dunkley But the studying and all of the things I did for myself in order to make myself more knowledgeable and more powerful about who I am At the age of forty-one I have come to the realization that you give off a certain presence I learned that when you have knowledge about your culture then it is very hard for people to challenge you and question you I found that then they have nothing to argue about However when you are fifteen and you do not even know you exist and I was just starting to learn in the history classes about Native Americans that the books information was all wrong Now I really know information about my culture and can argue back with them In fact now my daughter wants to go to college and major in history

• The teacher guides students through further history of boarding schools marching bands and education Education chapter on p 138-141 in book by Treuer is good resource Have students read article Native American School Band Rocks The Oldies and the
• • Source Music Connection a Series of Music Textbooks gomysoncom (A Navajo site)

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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt13 CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt13 CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama)13 HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt13 KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt13 LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger)13 NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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Dunkley Before and during our marriage my husband did a lot of traveling I would travel with him I started getting an interest in my culture and would try more things with beading I would read more about my culture I was just fascinated with Native American art Anything I read then I would try to go and make I would try creating pictures and artifacts I would spend a lot of time studying objects planning steps one to the end I had an opportunity to get quality raw materials from abroad After all thats where things were initially gained from trading

Lee Okay

Dunkley Just on a whim It is funny because when I began entering a lot of art competitions and they would ask me what media do I like to work in

Lee Right

Dunkley I loved all sorts a mixed media because everything captures my attention I started to collectively sort of all put it together Over those years I got married and started having children And then the next thing you know I am creating more stuff in my down time and it just took off from there

Lee Oh great

Dunkley Other instances I can recall was when I was a teenager and I would sit with my mom and her friends and we would craft all the time So I always had a history of sitting with elder women and listening to them They taught me to tie ribbons and make general crafts I developed my talent and they would give me positive reinforcement They would say We really like that and you should make some more of them and we will put those items up for sale A lot of the stuff we did was not typical Native American art but any technique learned can develop and build another A few years ago I spent two weeks crafting with elders in Oklahoma and it felt like home Just the fact of having sat with elders long ago prepared me for what was to come today

Lee It was your own individual creation

Dunkley Right It would be like when a holiday came up in Bridgeton New Jersey I remember the Nanticoke-Indian Lenape tribe there I grew up in a time where our parentsrsquo generation was taking their reigns in making us known as a tribe

Lee Yes

Dunkley My generation was still struggling with gaining validity among the naysayers amongst the town So when I was in high school for example girls would ask me what are you What is your background All of these things contributed to me about wanting to be knowledgeable about myself Because when I was in high school a lot of people would say Indians do not exist My cousins and I would have to say we are Native Americans and we have to leave school for programs and most people would say Indians do not exist and what you are saying is not true I do not know why you guys are making up lies because you do not want to say you are Black

Lee Oh

Dunkley That is what I heard most of my life And then the students would question me and say well you have good hair so what do you have in you I would answer them well according to you nothing

Lee Oh

Dunkley But the studying and all of the things I did for myself in order to make myself more knowledgeable and more powerful about who I am At the age of forty-one I have come to the realization that you give off a certain presence I learned that when you have knowledge about your culture then it is very hard for people to challenge you and question you I found that then they have nothing to argue about However when you are fifteen and you do not even know you exist and I was just starting to learn in the history classes about Native Americans that the books information was all wrong Now I really know information about my culture and can argue back with them In fact now my daughter wants to go to college and major in history

• The teacher guides students through further history of boarding schools marching bands and education Education chapter on p 138-141 in book by Treuer is good resource Have students read article Native American School Band Rocks The Oldies and the
• • Source Music Connection a Series of Music Textbooks gomysoncom (A Navajo site)

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 FRA ltFEFF005500740069006c006900730065007a00200063006500730020006f007000740069006f006e00730020006100660069006e00200064006500200063007200e900650072002000640065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200070006f0075007200200075006e00650020007100750061006c0069007400e90020006400270069006d007000720065007300730069006f006e00200070007200e9007000720065007300730065002e0020004c0065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000500044004600200063007200e900e90073002000700065007500760065006e0074002000ea0074007200650020006f007500760065007200740073002000640061006e00730020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000610069006e00730069002000710075002700410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650074002000760065007200730069006f006e007300200075006c007400e90072006900650075007200650073002egt13 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama)13 HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt13 KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt13 LTH ltFEFF004e006100750064006f006b0069007400650020016100690075006f007300200070006100720061006d006500740072007500730020006e006f0072011700640061006d00690020006b0075007200740069002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b00750072006900650020006c0061006200690061007500730069006100690020007000720069007400610069006b007900740069002000610075006b01610074006f00730020006b006f006b007900620117007300200070006100720065006e006700740069006e00690061006d00200073007000610075007300640069006e0069006d00750069002e0020002000530075006b0075007200740069002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400610069002000670061006c006900200062016b007400690020006100740069006400610072006f006d00690020004100630072006f006200610074002000690072002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000610072002000760117006c00650073006e0117006d00690073002000760065007200730069006a006f006d00690073002egt13 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger)13 NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY ltFEFF0054006900650074006f0020006e006100730074006100760065006e0069006100200070006f0075017e0069007400650020006e00610020007600790074007600e100720061006e0069006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b0074006f007200e90020007300610020006e0061006a006c0065007001610069006500200068006f0064006900610020006e00610020006b00760061006c00690074006e00fa00200074006c0061010d00200061002000700072006500700072006500730073002e00200056007900740076006f00720065006e00e900200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400790020005000440046002000620075006400650020006d006f017e006e00e90020006f00740076006f00720069016500200076002000700072006f006700720061006d006f006300680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000610020006e006f0076016100ed00630068002egt13 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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Dunkley My generation was still struggling with gaining validity among the naysayers amongst the town So when I was in high school for example girls would ask me what are you What is your background All of these things contributed to me about wanting to be knowledgeable about myself Because when I was in high school a lot of people would say Indians do not exist My cousins and I would have to say we are Native Americans and we have to leave school for programs and most people would say Indians do not exist and what you are saying is not true I do not know why you guys are making up lies because you do not want to say you are Black

Lee Oh

Dunkley That is what I heard most of my life And then the students would question me and say well you have good hair so what do you have in you I would answer them well according to you nothing

Lee Oh

Dunkley But the studying and all of the things I did for myself in order to make myself more knowledgeable and more powerful about who I am At the age of forty-one I have come to the realization that you give off a certain presence I learned that when you have knowledge about your culture then it is very hard for people to challenge you and question you I found that then they have nothing to argue about However when you are fifteen and you do not even know you exist and I was just starting to learn in the history classes about Native Americans that the books information was all wrong Now I really know information about my culture and can argue back with them In fact now my daughter wants to go to college and major in history

• The teacher guides students through further history of boarding schools marching bands and education Education chapter on p 138-141 in book by Treuer is good resource Have students read article Native American School Band Rocks The Oldies and the
• • Source Music Connection a Series of Music Textbooks gomysoncom (A Navajo site)

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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF 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UseObjectSettings13 Namespace [13 (Adobe)13 (CreativeSuite)13 (20)13 ]13 PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK13 PreserveEditing true13 UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged13 UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile13 UseDocumentBleed false13 gtgt13 ]13gtgt setdistillerparams13ltlt13 HWResolution [2400 2400]13 PageSize [612000 792000]13gtgt setpagedevice13