Native Americans Native Americans InuitInuit

KwakiutlKwakiutl

PuebloPueblo

LakotaLakota

IroquoisIroquois

First Americans Arrive on the First Americans Arrive on the ContinentContinent

For many years, For many years, archaeologists archaeologists thought that people thought that people arrived arrived approximately approximately 11,500 years ago. 11,500 years ago. They believed that They believed that the first Americans the first Americans came from Asia over came from Asia over a strip of land called a strip of land called Beringia that once Beringia that once connected Asia and connected Asia and North America. North America.

Cactus HillCactus HillArchaeologists have recently found Archaeologists have recently found artifacts at Cactus Hill, a site which is about artifacts at Cactus Hill, a site which is about 45 miles south of Richmond, Virginia, on 45 miles south of Richmond, Virginia, on the Nottoway River in southeast Virginia. the Nottoway River in southeast Virginia. These artifacts are about 18,000 years old. These artifacts are about 18,000 years old. Now some scientists believe that the first Now some scientists believe that the first people who reached North America came people who reached North America came by boat from Europe, perhaps following a by boat from Europe, perhaps following a route from Iceland to Greenland to Canada, route from Iceland to Greenland to Canada, perhaps coming to the Caribbean first. perhaps coming to the Caribbean first.

Recent excavations at a number Recent excavations at a number of sites have provided new evidence of sites have provided new evidence and raised new questions about when and raised new questions about when people first came to the Americas. people first came to the Americas. Stone artifacts, charcoal, and soil, Stone artifacts, charcoal, and soil, plant and animal remains point to plant and animal remains point to human habitation at Cactus Hill at human habitation at Cactus Hill at least 18,000 years ago, during the late least 18,000 years ago, during the late Ice Age.Ice Age. It may be that there was no single It may be that there was no single "First American". The Americas might "First American". The Americas might have been populated as far back as have been populated as far back as 30,000-40,000 years ago by diverse 30,000-40,000 years ago by diverse people from several continents. people from several continents. Scientists continue to study and argue Scientists continue to study and argue these points. They don’t agree. these points. They don’t agree.

http://www.archaeologychannel.org/content/video/http://www.archaeologychannel.org/content/video/iceagenewev_700kW.htmliceagenewev_700kW.html

Video: First people in the Americas & Cactus HillVideo: First people in the Americas & Cactus Hill

Many Native American Many Native American NationsNations Many Native American cultures grew, Many Native American cultures grew,

developed and even disappeared in the developed and even disappeared in the 12,000 years from the last Ice Age until 12,000 years from the last Ice Age until the present. By the year 1400 AD more the present. By the year 1400 AD more than 300 different nations were living in than 300 different nations were living in North America. They spoke different North America. They spoke different languages, lived in different types of languages, lived in different types of homes and had different cultures. homes and had different cultures.

Each tribe or clan adapted to their Each tribe or clan adapted to their environment and used the available environment and used the available resources for survival. resources for survival.

InuitInuit The Inuit inhabited present-day Alaska, The Inuit inhabited present-day Alaska,

Greenland, and northern CanadaGreenland, and northern Canada They lived in Arctic areas where the They lived in Arctic areas where the

temperature is below freezing most of the temperature is below freezing most of the time.time.

There were few plantsThere were few plants

and some areas wereand some areas were

very dry as well as cold.very dry as well as cold.

Inuit tribes of CanadaInuit tribes of Canada

The Inuit live primarily along the far northern seacoasts of Russia, the United States, Canada, and Greenland. There are more than 100,000 Inuit, most of whom live south of the Arctic Circle. The majority, about 46,000, live in Greenland. There are approximately 30,000 on the Aleutian Islands and in Alaska, 25,000 in Canada, and 1,500 in Siberia.

The Inuit homeland is in one of The Inuit homeland is in one of the world’s regions least hospitable the world’s regions least hospitable to human habitation. Most of the to human habitation. Most of the land is flat, barren tundra where land is flat, barren tundra where only the top few inches of the frozen only the top few inches of the frozen earth thaw out during the summer earth thaw out during the summer months. months.

The majority of Inuit have The majority of Inuit have always lived near the sea, hunting always lived near the sea, hunting aquatic mammals such as seals, aquatic mammals such as seals, walrus, and whales. walrus, and whales.

Inuit HuntingInuit Hunting

Inuit people met nearly all their basic needs with materials they obtained through hunting and fishing. That is how they got their food, their clothing and much of their shelter.

Inuit FoodInuit Food The Inuit live in a very The Inuit live in a very

harsh environment, one in harsh environment, one in which survival is quite which survival is quite challenging. Few plants challenging. Few plants grow where they live so grow where they live so most of their food comes most of their food comes from the sea or from from the sea or from hunting.hunting.

Food taken from the sea Food taken from the sea include seal, fish, whale, include seal, fish, whale, and walrus.and walrus.

The Inuit hunt polar bear, The Inuit hunt polar bear, caribou, musk ox and small caribou, musk ox and small game like the Arctic haregame like the Arctic hare

Inuit ClothingInuit Clothing Seal, polar bear, caribou skin and furSeal, polar bear, caribou skin and fur Inner and outer clothingInner and outer clothing Jackets, mittens, trousers, bootsJackets, mittens, trousers, boots

Inuit Shelter (Housing)Inuit Shelter (Housing) Sod huts, often partly underground Sod huts, often partly underground

or with underground roomsor with underground rooms Skin TentsSkin Tents IglooIgloo

In the winter many Inuit lived in sod In the winter many Inuit lived in sod homes. They would dig a hole in the homes. They would dig a hole in the ground and pile rocks and sod all around ground and pile rocks and sod all around the outside to make walls. Pieces of the outside to make walls. Pieces of wood or whalebone were used as a wood or whalebone were used as a frame for the roof, which the Inuit then frame for the roof, which the Inuit then covered with sod. In both the tents and covered with sod. In both the tents and the sod houses the Inuit built raised the sod houses the Inuit built raised platforms at the back for sleeping.platforms at the back for sleeping.

Inuit Sod HutInuit Sod Hut

Inuit Sod HutInuit Sod Hut

The Inuit are famous for their The Inuit are famous for their igloos. An igloo is built of blocks of igloos. An igloo is built of blocks of snow shaped into a dome. They were snow shaped into a dome. They were mostly used as temporary shelter mostly used as temporary shelter during winter hunting trips. The igloo during winter hunting trips. The igloo is the one of the Inuit's best is the one of the Inuit's best inventions. It is warm and easy to inventions. It is warm and easy to construct. A skilled worker can build construct. A skilled worker can build an igloo in only an hour or two. an igloo in only an hour or two.

Inuit TransportationInuit Transportation Transportaion on Transportaion on

land was land was accomplished on accomplished on foot with sled foot with sled dogs carrying dogs carrying loads. loads.

Transportation Transportation on the water was on the water was done by kayak done by kayak and umiak. and umiak.

Traditional Umiaks were paddle craft. The open umiak is significantly larger than the enclosed kayak which was built to carry one or two men while hunting. A large umiak is 6 to 10 meters long and can hold more than 20 people. About seven skins are needed for the cover on a boat of 30 foot (9.1 meter). It has traditionally been used in summer to move people and possessions to seasonal hunting grounds and for hunting whales and walrus.

Men race in a umiak in Nome, Men race in a umiak in Nome, Alaska. Alaska.

Roles of Men and WomenRoles of Men and Women Men hunted, fished, and made tools and houses. Men hunted, fished, and made tools and houses.

Women cooked, prepared food, sewed animal skins Women cooked, prepared food, sewed animal skins into clothes and shoes and raised children. into clothes and shoes and raised children.

Art and MusicArt and Music The Inuit made The Inuit made

beautiful carvings of beautiful carvings of ivory, soapstone and ivory, soapstone and bone. bone.

Scrimshaw is a Scrimshaw is a special type of special type of carving on ivory that carving on ivory that has darkened has darkened crevices.crevices.

These pieces were often small and These pieces were often small and easily portable. Why?easily portable. Why?

1949 Inuit Hunting1949 Inuit Hunting

Inuit Video

How to build an igloo - A Boy Among Polar Bears - BBC

Following his father's footsteps - A Boy Among Polar Bears - BBC

At the snow edge - A Boy Among Polar Bears – BBC

Catching Fish for the Winter

Inuit Tribehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_eyB8ZbIsU

Most Inuit today have settled in Most Inuit today have settled in villages and live in houses. Many have villages and live in houses. Many have access to modern technology, however access to modern technology, however many continue to keep some of the old many continue to keep some of the old customs and are proud of the culture customs and are proud of the culture of their people.of their people.

KwakiutlKwakiutl Homeland is along Homeland is along

the Pacific the Pacific Northwest coastNorthwest coast

Rainy, mild climateRainy, mild climate

The Kwakiutl is a group of Indian tribes The Kwakiutl is a group of Indian tribes living along the Pacific Northwest coast living along the Pacific Northwest coast in an area where Kwakiutl have lived for in an area where Kwakiutl have lived for 8,000 years. Food is plentiful in their 8,000 years. Food is plentiful in their mild, rainy homeland. They are hunter/mild, rainy homeland. They are hunter/

gatherers and get most gatherers and get most

of their food from theof their food from the

oceans and rivers. oceans and rivers.

Their culture is Their culture is

recognized for their recognized for their

artistic totem polesartistic totem poles

and ritualistic masks.and ritualistic masks.

Kwakiutl FoodKwakiutl FoodFood is plentiful in Food is plentiful in

the area where the the area where the Kwakiutl live.Kwakiutl live.

They are hunters and They are hunters and gatherers. gatherers.

SalmonSalmon Caribou CaribouShellfish Shellfish FishFishDeer & ElkDeer & Elk BearBearRootsRoots BerriesBerriesNutsNuts TradeTrade

Traditional Kwakiutl Traditional Kwakiutl ClothingClothing

Woven Cedar BarkWoven Cedar Bark Animal SkinsAnimal Skins

Potlatch 1

Kwakiutl Shelter (Housing)Kwakiutl Shelter (Housing)Plank Houses Plank Houses

are made of are made of cedar. cedar.

Kwakiutl TransportationKwakiutl Transportation

Dugout canoes Dugout canoes made of Cedarmade of Cedar

War CanoesWar Canoes

Kwakiutl men used large trunks of cedar Kwakiutl men used large trunks of cedar trees, burned and dug out the center and trees, burned and dug out the center and made canoes. Some canoes were used by made canoes. Some canoes were used by a few people, but the Kwakiutl also built a few people, but the Kwakiutl also built large canoes to follow the path of large canoes to follow the path of migrating fish and animals during migrating fish and animals during different seasons of the year. These large different seasons of the year. These large canoes, sometimes up to 60 feet long, canoes, sometimes up to 60 feet long, were used to go far into the ocean. They were used to go far into the ocean. They were callled “war” canoeswere callled “war” canoes

Potlatch Potlatch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_gYjQw9Bf4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_gYjQw9Bf4

Throughout native North America, gift Throughout native North America, gift giving is a central feature of social life. giving is a central feature of social life. In the Pacific Northwest, this tradition is In the Pacific Northwest, this tradition is known as the potlatch. Within the tribal known as the potlatch. Within the tribal groups of these areas, individuals groups of these areas, individuals hosting a potlatch give away much, if hosting a potlatch give away much, if not all, of their wealth and material not all, of their wealth and material goods to show goodwill to the rest of goods to show goodwill to the rest of the tribal members and to maintain the tribal members and to maintain their social status. Later they go to their social status. Later they go to another potlatch and receive gifts. another potlatch and receive gifts. Participation shows status. Participation shows status.

Kwakiutl Role of Man and Kwakiutl Role of Man and WomanWoman

Men hunted, fished, traded, built Men hunted, fished, traded, built houses and canoes. Men became houses and canoes. Men became incredible carvers and artists. incredible carvers and artists.

Women gathered food, wove cedar, Women gathered food, wove cedar, and raised children.and raised children.

Kwakiutl ArtKwakiutl Art Because food sources Because food sources

were plentiful, the were plentiful, the Kwakiutl culture valued Kwakiutl culture valued art and clans devoted art and clans devoted time to art projects time to art projects like:like:

MasksMasks Totem PolesTotem Poles CarvingsCarvings

The totem pole The totem pole was an artistic way was an artistic way of representing a of representing a family’s history, family’s history, social standing and social standing and important events in important events in a chief or noble's a chief or noble's life. life.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=p5NSKRc07Fo&feature=relatedv=p5NSKRc07Fo&feature=related

PuebloPueblo

Pueblo tribes Pueblo tribes inhabited the inhabited the Southwest in Southwest in present-day New present-day New Mexico and ArizonaMexico and Arizona

They lived in desert They lived in desert areas with little rain areas with little rain and in areas and in areas bordering cliffs and bordering cliffs and mountainsmountains

The Pueblo are natives of the The Pueblo are natives of the Southwest deserts, particularly Southwest deserts, particularly New Mexico. (The Hopi live in New Mexico. (The Hopi live in Arizona, while the Ysleta del Sur Arizona, while the Ysleta del Sur Tigua live in Texas.) Tigua live in Texas.)

Unlike many other Native Unlike many other Native American tribes, the Pueblo American tribes, the Pueblo Indians were never forced to leave Indians were never forced to leave their homelands and many are still their homelands and many are still

living there todayliving there today. .

Pueblo ShelterPueblo Shelter The homes of the Pueblo people were called The homes of the Pueblo people were called

Pueblos. They were made of stone and adobe Pueblos. They were made of stone and adobe (mud bricks) (mud bricks)

Often they had Often they had

many levelsmany levels Many families and Many families and

groups were groups were

cliff dwellers; cliff dwellers;

Pueblos were Pueblos were

designed for designed for

protection from protection from

enemies.enemies.

Pueblo people lived in adobe Pueblo people lived in adobe houses known as houses known as pueblospueblos, which are , which are multi-story house complexes made of multi-story house complexes made of adobe (clay and straw baked into hard adobe (clay and straw baked into hard bricks) and stone. Each adobe unit was bricks) and stone. Each adobe unit was home to one family, like a modern home to one family, like a modern apartment. Pueblo people used ladders apartment. Pueblo people used ladders to reach the upstairs apartments. A to reach the upstairs apartments. A Pueblo adobe house can contain dozens Pueblo adobe house can contain dozens of units and was often home to an entire of units and was often home to an entire extended clan. extended clan.

Pueblo Village tourPueblo Village tour

Unlike most old-fashioned Indian Unlike most old-fashioned Indian shelters, traditional Pueblo houses shelters, traditional Pueblo houses are still used by many people today. are still used by many people today. In fact, some Pueblo people have In fact, some Pueblo people have been living in the same adobe house been living in the same adobe house complex, such as Sky City, for complex, such as Sky City, for dozens of generations. Other Pueblo dozens of generations. Other Pueblo families now live in modern houses families now live in modern houses or apartment buildings, just like you. or apartment buildings, just like you.

Why are Pueblo built on high ground? Why are Pueblo built on high ground?

Pueblo FoodPueblo Food

Pueblo people werePueblo people were

farmers, even though farmers, even though

they lived in the in the they lived in the in the

basin and range region.basin and range region. They lived in a very They lived in a very

dry area and irrigateddry area and irrigated

their crops during droughttheir crops during drought They grew corn, beans, and squash.They grew corn, beans, and squash. They hunted rabbit and antelope and made They hunted rabbit and antelope and made

stewstew These farmers also grew cotton – used for These farmers also grew cotton – used for

weavingweaving

Pueblo ClothingPueblo Clothing Pueblo men grew Pueblo men grew

cotton and used it for cotton and used it for weaving clothes and weaving clothes and other fabricother fabric

Their woven cotton is Their woven cotton is famousfamous

Animal skins (rabbit) Animal skins (rabbit) were also used for were also used for clothingclothing

Because they lived in a hot, dry area, Because they lived in a hot, dry area, often Pueblo men didn't wear much clothing-- often Pueblo men didn't wear much clothing-- only breechcloths or short kilts. Pueblo women only breechcloths or short kilts. Pueblo women wore knee-length cotton dresses called wore knee-length cotton dresses called mantasmantas. A manta fastened at a woman's right . A manta fastened at a woman's right shoulder, leaving her left shoulder bare.shoulder, leaving her left shoulder bare.

Men and women both wore deerskin Men and women both wore deerskin moccasins on their feet. For dances and moccasins on their feet. For dances and special occasions, women painted their special occasions, women painted their moccasins white and wrapped white strips of moccasins white and wrapped white strips of deerskin called deerskin called putteeputtee around their shins as around their shins as leggings. leggings.

Pueblo TransportationPueblo Transportation Pueblo nearly always traveled by foot, Pueblo nearly always traveled by foot,

walking or running. Pueblos used walking or running. Pueblos used dogs pulling a dogs pulling a travoistravois (a kind of drag (a kind of drag sled) to help them carry heavy loads.sled) to help them carry heavy loads.

Travois Pulled by a dog (amaetur video)

..

Pueblo Art, Music and Pueblo Art, Music and StorytellingStorytelling

Pottery, Baskets and KachinasPottery, Baskets and Kachinas

There are lots of traditional Pueblo There are lots of traditional Pueblo legends and fairy tales. Storytelling is legends and fairy tales. Storytelling is very important in the Pueblo culture.very important in the Pueblo culture.Pueblo artists are famous for their Pueblo artists are famous for their beautiful pottery and heishi jewelry. beautiful pottery and heishi jewelry. They also made stone carvings, baskets, They also made stone carvings, baskets, and colorful weavings. All of these art and colorful weavings. All of these art forms are still flourishing today. Here is a forms are still flourishing today. Here is a good site on the art of Pueblo pottery.good site on the art of Pueblo pottery.

Pueblo pottery Pueblo pottery

Pueblo Pueblo basketsbaskets

Pueblo Roles of Man and Pueblo Roles of Man and WomanWoman

Men farmed, hunted, made tools, Men farmed, hunted, made tools, gathered cotton and wove it into gathered cotton and wove it into clothing.clothing.

Men also built the pueblos.Men also built the pueblos.

Women ground corn, prepared food Women ground corn, prepared food and taught children.and taught children.

Women wove baskets Women wove baskets

and made beautiful and and made beautiful and

distintive pottery.distintive pottery.

Pueblo is a Spanish word that means Pueblo is a Spanish word that means “village”“village”

The Pueblo nation includes the Tewa, The Pueblo nation includes the Tewa, Hopi and Zuni tribes. They are the Hopi and Zuni tribes. They are the descendents of the Anasazi – the descendents of the Anasazi – the Ancient Ones – who built the great Ancient Ones – who built the great adobe cities in the Southwest. Around adobe cities in the Southwest. Around 750 a huge city was built by the Anasazi 750 a huge city was built by the Anasazi in what is now New Mexico. What in what is now New Mexico. What happened to that city? It was happened to that city? It was abandoned. Perhaps climate changes in abandoned. Perhaps climate changes in the 1300’s and long periods without the 1300’s and long periods without rain forced the people to move away. rain forced the people to move away.

Some Pueblo people still live Some Pueblo people still live traditional lives in the American traditional lives in the American Southwest. Many of them still farm, Southwest. Many of them still farm, weave baskets , make beautiful rugs, weave baskets , make beautiful rugs, silver jewelry and fine pottery. Some silver jewelry and fine pottery. Some of their homes, like the Taos Pueblo in of their homes, like the Taos Pueblo in New Mexico, were built about 1,000 New Mexico, were built about 1,000 years ago.years ago.

The Pueblo live along side the Navajo in The Pueblo live along side the Navajo in Arizona, Utah and New Mexico. The Arizona, Utah and New Mexico. The Navajo and the Pueblo are alike in Navajo and the Pueblo are alike in many ways. many ways.

LakotaLakota Lakota people lived in the Great Plains, Lakota people lived in the Great Plains,

an area characterized by dry grasslands.an area characterized by dry grasslands.

What is the difference between What is the difference between the Lakota, the Dakota and the the Lakota, the Dakota and the

Sioux? Sioux? There is no real difference. "Lakota" and There is no real difference. "Lakota" and

"Dakota" are different pronunciations of "Dakota" are different pronunciations of the same tribal name, which means "the the same tribal name, which means "the allies.“ allies.“ "Sioux," on the other hand, is not a "Sioux," on the other hand, is not a Lakota name. It comes from the Lakota name. It comes from the OjibwayOjibway name for the tribe, which means "little name for the tribe, which means "little snakes." Many Lakotas use the word snakes." Many Lakotas use the word Sioux to refer to themselves when they're Sioux to refer to themselves when they're speaking English, however. Most prefer speaking English, however. Most prefer the name Lakota. the name Lakota.

Lakota Lakota FoodFood

Lakota Women Speak about Lakota Women Speak about the Buffalothe Buffalo

Lakota depended on the buffalo (bison) Lakota depended on the buffalo (bison) for everything, including food.for everything, including food.

The Lakota were nomadic — they The Lakota were nomadic — they followed herds of buffalofollowed herds of buffalo

They also hunted elk, antelope and other They also hunted elk, antelope and other animals.animals.

The Lakota are hunter-gatherers.

The Lakota Way 1 Lakota Song

Lakota ClothingLakota Clothing Lakota clothing Lakota clothing

was mostly made was mostly made of buffalo hides of buffalo hides and deer skin; it and deer skin; it was very was very decorated and decorated and sewn with sinew sewn with sinew (animal tendon)(animal tendon)

Lakota warriors and chiefs Lakota warriors and chiefs were well-known for their were well-known for their impressive feathered impressive feathered warbonnetswarbonnets, but they didn't , but they didn't wear them in everyday life; wear them in everyday life; they were for special they were for special occasions. occasions. Each feather in the war bonnet Each feather in the war bonnet

was earned through some was earned through some act of bravery. Only the act of bravery. Only the greatest chiefs had a long greatest chiefs had a long headdress.headdress.

Both Lakota men and women Both Lakota men and women wore their hair long, cutting it wore their hair long, cutting it only when they were in only when they were in

mourningmourning. .

Lakota ShelterLakota Shelter Lakota tepees were Lakota tepees were

made of buffalo made of buffalo hides. hides.

Teepees could be Teepees could be taken down and taken down and moved to a new moved to a new location as the location as the tribe followed the tribe followed the buffalo herds. buffalo herds.

The Lakota were The Lakota were nomads and nomads and needed portable needed portable shelter. shelter.

Lakota TransportationLakota Transportation Lakota Lakota

transportation transportation changed after changed after Spanish brought Spanish brought horses to North horses to North America.America.

Dogs and horses Dogs and horses pulled a travois pulled a travois (type of sled)(type of sled)

Photos & Music: Plains Indians and HorsesPhotos & Music: Plains Indians and Horses

Plains IndiansPlains Indians

The Lakota Indians of the northern plains have been called a “horse nation” because they have strong ties, culturally and historically, with the animals.

The Lakota originally lived by the Great Lakes. The establishment of settlements caused them to migrate west from the Great Lakes region. They later called themselves the Lakota, and were also called Sioux. They were introduced to horse culture by the Cheyenne.

After their adoption of the horse, their society centered on the buffalo hunt with the horse.

Lakota Role of Man and Lakota Role of Man and WomanWoman

Women made Women made tepees and tepees and butchered butchered buffalobuffalo

Women cooked Women cooked and cared for and cared for childrenchildren

Men hunted and Men hunted and protected the protected the tribetribe

Lakota Art and MusicLakota Art and Music Lakota decorated their Lakota decorated their

clothing and headdresses clothing and headdresses with beads, feathers, bones with beads, feathers, bones and sinew. and sinew.

Drums and pipes were Drums and pipes were played played

Lakota baskets were utilitarian in design. Lakota baskets were utilitarian in design. They were small bowl-like containers, They were small bowl-like containers, usually lidded and intended to store usually lidded and intended to store dried berries, herbs, medicines and dried berries, herbs, medicines and powders.   powders.  

Made of dried pine needles stitched Made of dried pine needles stitched together by sinew from deer or bison, together by sinew from deer or bison, baskets were left flexible and porous or baskets were left flexible and porous or were coated with pitch to make them were coated with pitch to make them waterproof. waterproof.    

Lakota basketLakota basket

The Lakota weren’t the only people living The Lakota weren’t the only people living in the Great Plains. in the Great Plains.

There were Cheyenne, Arapaho, Blackfeet, There were Cheyenne, Arapaho, Blackfeet, Comanche and Pawnee. All had many Comanche and Pawnee. All had many things in common, but one of the biggest things in common, but one of the biggest was the importance of the buffalo. was the importance of the buffalo.

The Plains Indians depended on these The Plains Indians depended on these huge shaggy beasts for almost huge shaggy beasts for almost everything.everything.

Buffalo Hunt: Dances With WolvesBuffalo Hunt: Dances With Wolves

The bison provided meat, leather, sinew for The bison provided meat, leather, sinew for bows, grease, dried dung for fires, and even bows, grease, dried dung for fires, and even the hooves could be boiled for glue. When the hooves could be boiled for glue. When times were bad, bison were consumed down times were bad, bison were consumed down to the last bit of marrow.to the last bit of marrow.

Buffalo Hunt - photos

The Iroquois PeopleThe Iroquois People

The Iroquois homeland is in northeast United The Iroquois homeland is in northeast United States, the Eastern Woodland. This region is States, the Eastern Woodland. This region is heavily forested and gets plenty of rain and snow. heavily forested and gets plenty of rain and snow.

The Iroquois nation was in the area that is now New York.

Iroquois IndiansIroquois Indians Iroquois Indians : History

Iroquios Iroquios The Iroquois Indians originally lived The Iroquois Indians originally lived

near Lake Ontario and along the near Lake Ontario and along the Mohawk River in New York State. Mohawk River in New York State.

Five tribes, the Mohawks, the Five tribes, the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas, banded Cayugas, and the Senecas, banded together to form a confederacy, the together to form a confederacy, the Iroquios Nation. Later a sixth tribe, Iroquios Nation. Later a sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined. the Tuscarora, joined.

The Iroquois confederacy created the The Iroquois confederacy created the Great Law of Peace which explained Great Law of Peace which explained how to settle diputes. It brought how to settle diputes. It brought peace and prosperity to the Iroquois peace and prosperity to the Iroquois for hundreds of years. for hundreds of years.

That peace was shattered when That peace was shattered when settlers came from Europe. settlers came from Europe.

Iroquois ShelterIroquois Shelter The Iroquois live in longhouses made of The Iroquois live in longhouses made of

wood, bark, animal skins.wood, bark, animal skins. They are up to 100 feet long and four or They are up to 100 feet long and four or

five families shared one longhouse.five families shared one longhouse. There was a shared fire in the center for There was a shared fire in the center for

cooking– sometimescooking– sometimes

a row of center fires a row of center fires

and a hole in ceiling and a hole in ceiling

for smoke to escape.for smoke to escape.

The Iroquois lived in villages protected by fences of sharpened logs.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dIqcNtygIM&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dIqcNtygIM&feature=related

Iroquois FoodIroquois Food The Iroquois were farmers. They The Iroquois were farmers. They

grew corn, squash, beans, which grew corn, squash, beans, which they called the three sisters. They they called the three sisters. They also grew pumpkins.also grew pumpkins.

The Iroquois were also The Iroquois were also hunter/gatherers, often collecting hunter/gatherers, often collecting nuts, berries and wild roots for food. nuts, berries and wild roots for food.

They also fished, often using canoes.They also fished, often using canoes. They hunted deer, bear, small game They hunted deer, bear, small game

like rabbits, squirrels, and turkeys.like rabbits, squirrels, and turkeys.

..

Iroquois ClothingIroquois Clothing Most Iroquois clothing was made from Most Iroquois clothing was made from

deerskin.deerskin. They needed warm clothing for the cold They needed warm clothing for the cold

winters in the northeast. winters in the northeast. They wore long fringed They wore long fringed

skirts, breech cloths, skirts, breech cloths,

moccasins, leggings.moccasins, leggings.

Clothing was often Clothing was often

decorated with beads, decorated with beads,

feathers and sinew. feathers and sinew.

The Iroquois Indians used theThe Iroquois Indians used the peltspelts of of animals for their clothing. In the animals for their clothing. In the winter, the men wore shirts, leggings, winter, the men wore shirts, leggings, and moccasins made of and moccasins made of buckskinbuckskin, , made from the skins of animals, made from the skins of animals, mainly deer. mainly deer.

The women wore skirts they had The women wore skirts they had woven from the wild grasses, covered woven from the wild grasses, covered with furs, with leggings underneath. with furs, with leggings underneath.

In the summer, the men wore In the summer, the men wore a a breechclothbreechcloth, a short piece of buckskin , a short piece of buckskin that hung from the front to the back.that hung from the front to the back.

The women wore their grass dresses, The women wore their grass dresses, and the children wore nothing at all in and the children wore nothing at all in the summer.the summer.

Iroquois TransportationIroquois Transportation Iroquois made Iroquois made

canoes covered canoes covered with waterproof with waterproof elm or birch bark.elm or birch bark.

Role of Man and Role of Man and Woman Woman

Women were the head of the family and Women were the head of the family and owned the land. owned the land.

Women held a powerful position in the Women held a powerful position in the Iroquois tribe. They owned longhouses, Iroquois tribe. They owned longhouses, controlled the land, and chose the chief. controlled the land, and chose the chief. When a man married, he lived moved to When a man married, he lived moved to the longhouse of his wife and lived with the longhouse of his wife and lived with his wife's clan.his wife's clan.

Children belonged to their mother's clan. Children belonged to their mother's clan. Men were hunters and fishers and built Men were hunters and fishers and built

the longhouses. They also made canoes the longhouses. They also made canoes and tools. They protected the family and and tools. They protected the family and clan.clan.

Iroquois WomenIroquois Women While Iroquois sachems (chiefs-leaders) While Iroquois sachems (chiefs-leaders)

were men, women nominated them for were men, women nominated them for their leadership positions and made sure their leadership positions and made sure they fulfilled their responsibilitiesthey fulfilled their responsibilities

Women belonged to Medicine Societies Women belonged to Medicine Societies and they participated in political and they participated in political ceremonies.ceremonies.

The Iroquois were an agricultural people The Iroquois were an agricultural people and it was the women who owned the and it was the women who owned the land and tended the crops. land and tended the crops.

Iroquois Art and MusicIroquois Art and Music Art and music were important Art and music were important

in Iroquois culture, in Iroquois culture, particularly basket weaving, particularly basket weaving,

pottery and beadwork.pottery and beadwork.

BasketsBasketsHand woven baskets are an important Hand woven baskets are an important part of Iroquois culture and tradition. In part of Iroquois culture and tradition. In fact, during a marriage ceremony, it is fact, during a marriage ceremony, it is mandatory for the husband and the wife mandatory for the husband and the wife to exchange baskets with one another. to exchange baskets with one another.

PotteryPottery Pots with a round bottom, made from Pots with a round bottom, made from clay, which have geometric designs on clay, which have geometric designs on them, are a typical Iroquois art. They them, are a typical Iroquois art. They were used by Iroquois people to cook were used by Iroquois people to cook food. food.

Iroquois use beads for creating some Iroquois use beads for creating some stunning designs on the clothes and stunning designs on the clothes and jewelery that they wear. Earrings jewelery that they wear. Earrings made from glass beads, which are made from glass beads, which are threaded on a porcupine's quill, have threaded on a porcupine's quill, have always been very popular in this always been very popular in this culture.culture.

The Iroquois painted on surfaces and The Iroquois painted on surfaces and animal hides, till about the year 1821. animal hides, till about the year 1821. It was only in the year 1821, that they It was only in the year 1821, that they began painting on canvas and paper. began painting on canvas and paper.

Lacrosse was started by the Lacrosse was started by the Iroquois.Iroquois.

In wintertime, Iroquois people used laced snowshoes and sleds to travel through the snow.

Hiawatha who lived around 1550, was a leader of the Onondaga and Mohawk nations of the Iroquios.

Native American HistoryNative American History

Homelands of Homelands of the 5 the 5 American American Indian tribes Indian tribes we’re studying we’re studying this year.this year.

The European settlers treated the Native Americans The European settlers treated the Native Americans harshly. Their land was taken away from them and they were harshly. Their land was taken away from them and they were forced to move from their native lands to Indian reservations. forced to move from their native lands to Indian reservations. Some were forced to send their children away to schools run Some were forced to send their children away to schools run by white authorities. The young people often lost the chance by white authorities. The young people often lost the chance to learn about their own culture and traditions.to learn about their own culture and traditions.

Today, there are schools on the reservations, and Today, there are schools on the reservations, and many of the Native American people have moved from the many of the Native American people have moved from the reservations and into American cities to find work to support reservations and into American cities to find work to support their families. Native Americans live both on reservations and their families. Native Americans live both on reservations and in the cities and towns of our country. They are US citizens in the cities and towns of our country. They are US citizens and also members of their tribes. and also members of their tribes.

Native Americans have had to fight for their rights to Native Americans have had to fight for their rights to teach their children about the traditions of the tribes, to hunt teach their children about the traditions of the tribes, to hunt and fish, and to open new businesses on the reservations. and fish, and to open new businesses on the reservations. Slowly things are changing. Now Native Americans pass down Slowly things are changing. Now Native Americans pass down their traditions, such as native dances, to their children. their traditions, such as native dances, to their children. Although poverty continues to be a major problem for Native Although poverty continues to be a major problem for Native Americans both on and off reservations, there is gradual Americans both on and off reservations, there is gradual improvement. improvement.

Native Americans TodayNative Americans Today