NATO ASI 2011, Salamanca, Spain, 19-30 September, 2011

Challenges on Human perception and understanding on situational awareness during

future Maritime Security Operation

by Capt ITN Andrea Mucedola

Operational environment

Is Evolving

Increasing complexity

Comprehensive approach on Coalition operation

Operational environmentC2 concept is evolving

1805 - Battle of Trafalgar, ADM Horatio Nelson used 3 signal flag hoists to coordinate the fleet

1991 – Operation Desert Storm, Gen. Schwarzkopf used 700,000 phone calls and 152,000 radio messages per day

2010 – AMN , Gen Petraeus leads a coalition using the first ‘coalition network based’ system based on federation of national networks additionally every soldier is connecting via twitter and FB with relatives and friends …. What about INFO security?

Operational environment

Increasing complexity

Metcalfe's law states that the value of a network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users of the system.

Operational environment

Comprehensive approach

Traditional definition of C2 is too limited when we approach modern ops.

The Comprehensive Approach: the point of war is not just to win but to make a better peace

House of Commons Defence CommitteeSeventh Report of Session 2009–10

Operational environment

CommandAuthoritative act of making decisions and ordering actionOverall responsibility for welfare, morale, and discipline of assigned personnelImplies leadership and art of motivating people towards a common objective

ControlAct of monitoring and influencing actionsTechnical means in which a commander guides the conduct of operations.Implies SOP and tailoring of the assets to harmonize/optimize military efforts

C2 is traditionally affected by two factors that define the success of every military operation:

Uncertainty Time

Uncertainty

Knowledge results from people adding meaning to information through the process of cognition

then derived from experience, intuition and human judgment

How do we reduce uncertainty?

What

who

wherewhy

So what?

Gathering of raw data increase the

overall knowledge

But not provide the certitude because of

all unknowns

Time

• Gathering and processing of information takes time (time limits) when the number and the type of actors increase

• information gathered by sensors is timely perishable and opponents might take new actions and changing the situation (rapid tempo of modern operations)

• ensure decision making and execution faster than the opponent is a must

Cognitive Hierarchy

INFORMATION processing

AcquireKNOWLEDGE

UNDERSTANDING to determine COA

DATA gathering

http://www.lumosity.com/blog/what-is-cognition/

Trans-social and trans-national

Social

Cognitive

Physical

HUMAIN DOMAIN

COGNITIVE MODEL

SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTION

ANALISYS

COMPREHENSIONUNDERSTANDING

PROJECTION

http://www.lumosity.com/blog/what-is-cognition/

not considered

valuable and

omitted

not seen

Data

COGNITIVE MODEL

http://www.lumosity.com/blog/what-is-cognition/

seen by A

seen by B

Common picture ?

http://www.lumosity.com/blog/what-is-cognition/

Oper A

Omission errors Confusional errors

Team Leader

Data fused

OperB

National Profile

INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTIC

TEAM ROLES

EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

Influence of national profiles

National Profiles

Power distance

Masculinity Uncertain Avoidance

Long term orientation

Individualism

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

Distance from the power

Individualism or collectivism

Collective

Egalitarian Hierarchical

France

Italy

South Africa

Japan

Mexico

Singapore

Brazil

Sweden

Israel Finland Germany

USAIndividual

Denmark

Norway Ireland

CanadaNetherland

Spain

Belgium

UK

Switzerland

India

Greece

Thailand

Turkey

Pakistan

Argentina

Austria

Source: Geert Hofsted, Motivation, Leadership, and Organization: Do American Theories Apply Abroad: Organizational Dynamics

Australia

Philippines

Portugal

Power Distance - Individualist

Power Distance

Cultural Mismatching

Globalisation vs traditional national culture

Mental Models

Digital and generational divider

COA

Mental models

Culture

http://www.lumosity.com/blog/what-is-cognition/

Trans-national approach

Social Domain

Cognitive

Physical

Today Operational environment

Geographical and cultural difference (transnational diversity)

How to face the Network generation ?

Social Hierarchy approach? What is the best ?

Operational environment

Is technology the panacea of all the human limitations or we need to go back to a better

human understanding?

Cyber Security … How much could we trust computers? What if the cognition processes will be

overun by too smart decision making systems?