natura 2000 - zonienwoud.be · natura 2000 is an ecological network of protected areas, set up to...
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Natura 2000
From patchwork to network?
Joachim Mergeay
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Natura 2000 is an ecological network of protected
areas, set up to ensure the survival of Europe's most
valuable species and habitats.
The green infrastructure it provides safeguards numerous
ecosystem services and ensures that Europe's natural
system remain healthy and resilient.
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• Green network to connect N2000 sites
• How to define a functional network?
* The real world is also patchy
* How much connection is needed?
“Member states must encourage the management of features of the landscape which are essential for the migration, dispersal and genetic exchange of wild species”
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Natura 2000 is the sum of bird and habitat
directives
• Not based on spatial coherence
• Not designed to be functional network
• Based on “best remaining sites”
• Heterogenous quality across member states
• Heterogenous fragmentation
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5
Fragmentation Jaeger et al. 2011
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Fragmentation in Flanders
• 462 inh/km2
• Urbanisation: 98.3%
• Urbanisatie surface: 25%
• Agriculture: 62%
• Protected nature: 3%
o Av size : 26 ha
• Densest road network EU
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Extinction debt
Delayed loss of diversity after habitat loss
Kuussaari et al. 2009: Trends Ecol Evol
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Extinction debt
Succisa pratensis
67% Ne < 50
18% 50 < Ne < 100
15% 100 < Ne
>75% decline since 1970
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9
Common viper
E. Graitson, 2012
1980 - 2001 2001 - 2012
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10
Common viper, Ardennes
E. Graitson, 2012
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Natura 2000 is the sum of bird and habitat
directives
• We need effective protection of Natura 2000
sites to “ensure the survival of Europe's most
valuable species and habitats”
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Natura 2000 is the sum of bird and habitat
directives
• We need effective protection of Natura 2000
sites
• We need more than Natura2000 for functional
connectivity
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Misconception: green infrastructure connects
ecosystems / nature reserves
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Species differ in their perception of fragmentation
o Need for defragmentation varies across taxa
o Physical connection does not guarantee
functional connectivity and vice-versa
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Species differ in their perception of fragmentation
• Species differ in their perception of connectivity
(grain)
• Functional connectivity is defined at the species
level
• Connections should be tailored to species
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Misconception: green infrastructure connects
ecosystems / nature reserves
• Organisms do not actively seek connections
• Anthropogenic view on connectivity
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Functional network is not merely rolling out
green carpets between N2000 sites
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Functional network?
• Colonization
• Exchange
o compensation of stochastic processes
o allow spread of adaptive genes
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Why do we need a functional network?
• To ensure the survival of Europe's most valuable
species and habitats
Among habitats
Among species
Within species
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Processes affecting diversity
Among species
o Ecological drift ↓
o Dispersal ↑
o Speciation ↑
o Species sorting ↑ ↓
Within species
o genetic drift ↓
o Gene flow ↑ (locally)
o Mutation ↑ (globally)
o Selection ↑ ↓
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Processes affecting diversity
When dispersal rate equals
rate of drift (stochastic loss
of diversity)
no net loss of diversity
Defines required
connectivity
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Conservation of diversity
• Interaction between size and dispersal
o Loss of diversity by chance is function of size
• Species-area relation
• Genetic diversity – effective size relation
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Connectivity and the paradox of small
populations
• Small populations lose diversity more rapidly
• Rate of loss ~ 1/2Ne
0
0.5
1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Genetic drift at Ne=10 and Ne=100
Diversity
Time
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Connectivity and the paradox of small
populations
o If N=10, migration rate must be > 5%
• If N=100, migration rate must be > 0.5%
• Small populations require more robust
connections
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Connectivity and the paradox of small
populations
The stronger the landscape fragmentation, the more
focus there should be on enlarging
Irrespective of density-dependence Very little dispersal in low-quality habitats
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Functional connectivity
• Is easier to reach among large populations
• Increasing connectivity helps, but first there
needs to be high quality sites with thriving
wildlife populations to connect. (Lawton et al.
2010)
• In highly fragmented landscapes enlarging
more cost-efficient (Ovaskainen 2012)
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Components of ecological network
• Core areas Natura 2000
• Corridors and stepping stones
• Restoration areas
• Buffer zones
• Sustainable use areas
Lawton et al. 2010: DEFRA report
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How much connection is needed?
Genetic criteria for population size
At metapopulation scale: mantain 95% of genetic
diversity over 100 years, t generations
* Subpopulations functionally connected
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Metapopulation size
• Common tree frog, Hyla arborea. Ne,95 = 244
• Estimates of Ne Zwin
Ne ~ 50-100
Merkske
Zegge
Ne ~ 5-10
Mariahof
Ne ~ 10-50
Maasmechelen
Ne ~ 10-50
Dautenweyers
Ne ~ 10-20
Wijvenheide
Ne ~ >400
De Brand
Ne ~ >400
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Metapopulation size
• Common tree frog, Hyla arborea. Ne,95 = 244
• Majority of current “metapopulations” too small
• Most isolated populations or metapopulations
cannot be connected functionally to other
populations
o enlarging only option
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Metapopulation size
Common tree frog, Hyla arborea in
Vijvergebied
• 2000: isolated small population
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Metapopulation size
• Common tree frog, Hyla arborea. Ne,95 = 244
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Metapopulation size
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Metapopulation size
Common tree frog, Hyla arborea in
Vijvergebied
• 2000: isolated small population
• 2012 “Vijvergebied”:
o Population size: c. 3000 – 4000 frogs
o Distributed over area > 100x larger
Increasing habitat quality and quantity led to increased functional connectivity Lawton et al. 2010, Ovaskainen 2012: Enlarging (UK, NL) is top priority. Enlarging will automatically increase average connectivity.
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Metapopulation size
Common tree frog, Hyla arborea in
Vijvergebied
• 2000: isolated small population
• 2012 “Vijvergebied”:
o Population size: c. 3000 – 4000 frogs
o Distributed over area > 100x larger
Increasing habitat quality and quantity led to increased functional connectivity Lawton et al. 2010, Ovaskainen 2012: Enlarging (UK, NL) is top priority. Enlarging will automatically increase average connectivity.
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Further reading
• Lawton, J. H., P. N. M. Brotherton, V. K. Brown, C. Elphick, A. H. Fitter, J. Forshaw, R. W. Haddow, S. Hilborne, R. N. Leafe, G. M. Mace, M. P. Southgate, W. J. Sutherland, T. E. Tew, J. Varley, and G. R. Wynne. 2010. Making Space for Nature: a review of England’s wildlife sites and ecological network. Report to Defra.
• Jaeger, J. A. G., T. Soukup, L. F. Madriñán, C. Schwick, and F. Kienast. 2011. Landscape fragmentation in Europe. Joint EEA-FOEN report. EEA, Copenhagen, Denmark.
• Ovaskainen, O. 2012. Strategies for Improving Biodiversity Conservation in the Netherlands: Enlarging Conservation Areas vs. Constructing Ecological Corridors. Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.