natural areas journal
TRANSCRIPT
Natural Areas Journal. . . to advance the preservation of natural diversity
A publication of the Natural Areas Association - www.naturalarea.org
© Natural Areas Association
Natural Areas Journal 36:81–87
Distribution of Croton linearis in Miami-Dade
County Preserves with Potential for Supporting the
Federally Endangered Butterflies Strymon acis bartrami and Anaea troglodyta
floridalis
Jennifer Possley1,�
1FairchildTropicalBotanicGarden10901OldCutlerRd.
Miami,FL33156
Stephen Hodges2
Emily Magnaghi3
Joyce Maschinski1
2JoshuaTreeNationalPark
74485NationalParkDrive
TwentyninePalms,CA92277
3TheBotanicGardensatKonaKaiResortandGallery
97802OverseasHwyKeyLargo,FL33037
4Correspondingauthor:[email protected];(305)667-1651,ext.3514
Volume 36 (1), 2016 Natural Areas Journal �1
Natural Areas Journal 36:81–87
•Distribution of Croton linearis in Miami-Dade
County Preserves with Potential for Supporting the
Federally Endangered Butterflies Strymon acis bartrami and Anaea troglodyta
floridalis
Jennifer Possley1,�
1FairchildTropicalBotanicGarden10901OldCutlerRd.
Miami,FL33156
Stephen Hodges2
Emily Magnaghi3
Joyce Maschinski1
2JoshuaTreeNationalPark
74485NationalParkDrive
TwentyninePalms,CA92277
3TheBotanicGardensatKonaKaiResortandGallery
97802OverseasHwyKeyLargo,FL33037
•
R E S E A R C H N O T E
4Correspondingauthor:[email protected];(305)667-1651,ext.3514
ABSTRACT:ExtremesouthFloridahassufferedrecentlossesofbutterflypopulationsandevenspeciesextinctions. Information about the life histories of rare butterflies and their host plants is needed torecovertheirpopulations.WeassessedurbanfragmentsofpinerocklandfortheirpotentialtosupportthefederallyendangeredbutterfliesStrymon acis bartramiandAnaea troglodyta floridalis.WesampledandmappedthedistributionofthelarvalhostplantCroton linearisandusedGISdataandfirerecordstorankeachofthetenpreservesforsuitabilitytosupporttherarebutterflies.Ourfindingsrevealedthathostplantsarepatchily,butwidely,distributedandaregenerallyabundant.Croton linearispopulationswerelargest infragments thathadexperiencedfirewithinthepastdecade.Intotalweestimatedthat49,813C. linearis individualsoccurredinnineof the tenpreserveswesurveyedin2013.While it ispossible thatnineof the tenpreservescontainingC. lineariscouldsupportpopulationsofeitherrarebutterfly, our suitability matrix showed that not all preserves are equal, enabling us to make recom-mendationsaboutwheretofocusbutterflyrecoveryeffortsandhowtoimproverarehabitatatpreserveswithlowerscores.
Index terms:butterfly,fire,fragmentation,hostplant,pinerockland
INTRODUCTION
Biodiversitylossisaglobalphenomenonthatshowslittlesignofreversing,orevenslowing(Butchartetal.2010).Declineofpollinatorsinparticularhasbeenamajorconcernforwelloveradecade(Kearnsetal.1998;Pottsetal.2010),withLepidop-tera being no exception.The IUCN RedListincludes27extinctbutterflyandmothspecies,andanother50thatareendangeredorcriticallyendangered(IUCN2014).Eu-ropeanbutterflieshavedecreasedby11%inrecentdecades(vanSwaayetal.2006).InNorthAmerica,thedeclineinmigrationsoftheonceubiquitousmonarchbutterfly(Danaus plexippus L.) has been well-documented (Brower et al. 2012), whilerare species have gone extinct or appeartobehangingbyathread(USFWS2003;Minno2010;Schultzetal.2011).
With the most sensitive species alreadygone,scientistsandlandmanagershaveamandatetoactquicklytopreventfurtherextinctions of Lepidoptera, which likelyserve as early warning indicators thatextinctions of other, longer-lived animalandplantspeciesarelooming(Kraussetal.2010).Recoveryofthemostimperiledspecieswillrequirethoroughunderstand-ing of each species’ unique biology andinterspeciesmutualisms,mostnotablywithlarvalhostplants.Scientistswillneed toworkwithlandmanagerstoensurethereisadequatehabitattosustaineachspecies,oftenbalancingonerarespecies’manage-mentneedsagainstanother(Schultzetal.
2011).Someofthemostimportantdatathatareneeded include informationon larvalhostplantdistributionandecology.
Wepresentacasestudyfromthegloballycritically imperiled, highly fragmentedpine rockland (or, pineland) forests ofMiami-Dade County, Florida. This plantcommunityishometotheFloridaleafwing(Anaea troglodyta floridalis F. JohnsonandW. Comstock) and Bartram’s scrub-hairstreak (Strymon acis bartrami W.ComstockandHuntington)butterflies,bothofwhicharesubspeciesofWestIndianbut-terfliesfoundonlyinextremesouthFlorida(Smith et al. 1994), and both are recentadditions to the list of species protectedunderthefederalEndangeredSpeciesAct(USFWS 2014).The Florida leafwing iscurrentlyfoundonlyintheLongPineKeyregionofEvergladesNationalPark,whileBartram’s scrub-hairstreak is located inLongPineKeyaswell asBigPineKeyin the Florida Keys and in a handful offorestfragmentswithinurbanMiami-DadeCounty(USFWS2014).Theonlyknownlarvalhostplantforbothtaxaispinelandcroton(Croton linearis Jacq.),ashrubbymemberoftheEuphorbiaceae.Inordertoaidconservationplanningforthesenewlyendangered butterflies, we describe thedistributionandabundanceofC. linearis within the heavily fragmented portionof the butterflies’ ranges in Miami-DadeCounty,andweusethesedata,alongwithGISandfirehistoryinformation,torankcountypreservesforsuitabilitytosupportthebutterflies.
�2 Natural Areas Journal Volume 36 (1), 2016
METHODS
Study Species: Croton linearis
Croton linearis isanevergreenshrubthatgrows to twomtall,oftenmaintainingashorterstatureinfrequentlyburnedhabitats(Figure1).Leavesarealternate,entire,andlinear toelliptic toaboutsevencmlong.Individuals are dioecious with racemesof small white male or female flowersoccurringonseparateplants(CorrellandCorrell1982).Croton linearisisfoundintheWestIndiesandinsoutheastFlorida,USA(CorrellandCorrell1982).InFlorida,it is foundonly infivecounties:Martin,PalmBeach,Broward,Miami-Dade,andMonroe(Gannetal.2014).InMiami-Dade
County,C. linearis is foundprimarily inpinerocklands.Pinerocklandsareaglob-allycriticallyimperiledplantcommunityfoundonlyinSouthFlorida,TheBahamas,andintheTurksandCaicosIslands(FNAI2010).WithinthefootprintofMiami,lessthan2%ofthishabitatremainsasisolatedislandsofnaturesurroundedbydenseurbanandagriculturaldevelopment(Figure2).
Survey Methods
Weconcentratedsurveyeffortsintwocoreareasrepresentingthetwolargestareasofpinerocklandoutsideofthemuchlarger,intactLongPineKeyarea inEvergladesNationalPark(Figure2).TheRichmondareais28kmsouthwestofdowntownMi-
ami,andNavyWellsis48kmsouthwestof downtown Miami. Both areas havewell-establishedpopulationsofBartram’sscrub-hairstreak (USFWS 2014). TheFloridaleafwingwasonceestablishedinbothregions,buthasnotbeendocumentedasmaintainingapopulationateitherloca-tioninthepast25years(USFWS2014).Foreachofthetwocoreareas,weselectedpreservestosurveyiftheycontainedpinerocklandandwerewithinfourkmofthecore.Wefurthernarrowedourcriteria toincludeonlypreservesownedandmanagedby Miami-Dade County, thus excludingapproximately250haofpinerocklandintheRichmondarea that are in federalorprivateownership.Withtheserestrictionsinmind,weselected tenpreserves total-
Figure 1. Croton linearis in Miami-Dade County’s Larry and Penny Thompson Park. This male plant is being visited by the federally endangered butterfly, Bartram’s scrub-hairstreak. Photo: J. Possley.
Volume 36 (1), 2016 Natural Areas Journal �3
ingapproximately414hatosurveyforC. linearis (Table1).
WesurveyedforC. linearisfromJanuarythroughJuly2013,withlimitedfollow-upsurveysin2014.SurveyorsusedhandheldGPSunitstocollectlocationinformation. When we encountered C. linearis, wescanned within a 2.5-m radius for otherindividualsandrecordedthetotalnumberofplantsobservedwithintheradius.
We implemented two different surveymethods depending on the size of thepreserve. For sites <20 ha (Florida City,NavyWells39,PalmDrive,SunnyPalms,Eachus, andTamiamiPinelandComplexAddition), surveyors walked all pine
rocklandedges,includingfirebreaksandtrails.Forparcelinteriors,wemadeseveralpassesbackand forth througheachunit,attempting to cover as much ground aspossible in the time allotted (1–2 days)(Figure3).
For sites >20 ha (Navy Wells, Larry &Penny Thompson, Martinez, and ZooMiami), surveyors walked all edges, firebreaks, and trails and made passes backandforththroughaportionoftheinteriorso that we sampled at least 10% of thetotalpinerocklandarea.
For all preserves regardless of size, weusedourC. lineariscountstoextrapolatethe number of individuals in the entire
preservebasedon theareasurveyed,ac-cordingtoasimpleproportionalformula:NT=(AT×NS)÷(AS×5),whereNTisthe totalextrapolatedC. linearispopula-tionsize,NSisthenumberofindividualscounted during surveys, AT is the totalareaofpinerockland,andASistheareacoveredduringsurveys.Wemultipliedthetotaltracklengthby5m,thewidthofoursurveyarea(2.5moneachside).Priortoanalysis,weexcluded irrelevantportionsofsurveytracks.Incalculatingthesquaremetersofpinerocklandforeachpreserve,weexcludeddevelopedareas(e.g.,pave-ment, buildings, orchards) and, on rareoccasion,areasthatwereheavilyinfestedwithexoticplants.
Figure 2. Location of Miami-Dade County within southern Florida (inset) and detail showing intact forest (black) in the Long Pine key (LPk) region of Everglades National Park and in scattered fragments in urban Miami-Dade. The two core survey areas, Navy Wells (NW) and Richmond (RM), are indicated on the map as black circles.
�� Natural Areas Journal Volume 36 (1), 2016
Suitability Ranking
In order to rank the ten preserves forsuitability to support Bartram’s scrub-hairstreak and/or Florida leafwing, wecompiledinformationfromCroton linearisgroundsurveys,FairchildTropicalBotanicGarden’sGIS,andMiami-DadeCounty’sburnrecords.Followinginformationavail-able in theUSFWSrule (USFWS2014)andKraussetal.(2010),wechosesevencriteriaandtreatedeachascategoricaldata:(1)presenceofC. linearis,(2)densityofC. linearis (usingextrapolatedtotals),(3)preservesize,(4)preserveisolation,whichwe quantified as distance to the nearestneighboring pine rockland, (5) matrixquality,withnaturalareabeing themostdesirable surroundings for any preserve,followedbynurseriesoragriculture,fol-lowedbybuildings,(6)firehistory,whichwequantifiedasnumberofyearssincethelastfire,and(7)mosaicpotential,whichindicateshowmanypermanentfirebreaksexistwithinapreservethatwouldpromotepatchyburninginsteadoffiresthataffecttheentirepreserve.Withtheexceptionofpresence/absenceofC. linearis,allcrite-riahadpossiblescoresof1,2,or3,withhigherscoresreflectinggreatersuitability.Eachpreserve’sscorewasthentalliedforcomparison,dividedby18(themaximumscore)andmultipliedby100toreflectthepercentageoftotalpossiblescore(ST):ST
=(∑S÷18)×100.
RESULTS
Wesurveyedapproximately71of414ha(17%)intenpreservesforthepresenceofCroton linearis.Onesite,EachusPineland,lacked any C. linearis. In the other ninepreserveswemappedatotalof7642indi-vidualC. linearis (Tables1,2).WhenweextrapolatetheC. linearis populations,weestimatethatthetotalnumberofC. linearisatallsitesis49,815individuals.MartinezPreservehadthehighestextrapolatedpopu-lationat14,800,andNavyWellswasthesecondhighestat12,734.OfthepreserveswhereC. linearis waspresent,PalmDrivePinelandhadthefewestindividuals,with76counted(299extrapolated).
Dis
tan
ce f
rom
Nu
mb
er o
f d
isti
nct
PR
N
um
ber o
f C
. li
nea
ris
E
stim
ate
of
tota
l E
stim
ate
of
tota
l a
rea
Est
ima
te o
f to
tal
C.
core (
km
)m
an
ag
em
en
t u
nit
sin
div
idu
als
ma
pp
ed
area
su
rvey
ed
(m
2)
of
pin
ela
nd
(h
a)
lin
ea
ris
in
div
idu
als
at
site
Each
us
12
0 1
8,6
30
6.5
0
Larr
y &
Pen
ny
01
07
80
13
9,4
45
93
.55
23
0
Mart
inez
03
96
33
4,4
85
53
14
,80
0
Tam
iam
i P
inel
an
d
Com
ple
x A
dd
itio
n
Zoo M
iam
i0
14
16
95
17
6,2
20
10
29
81
1
Flo
rid
a C
ity
1.5
16
58
25
,52
08
20
63
Navy W
ells
01
12
29
62
12
,76
51
18
12
,73
4
Navy W
ells
39
1.7
51
50
61
6,7
80
5.7
17
49
Palm
Dri
ve
2.5
17
61
7,3
05
6.8
29
9
Su
nn
y P
alm
s0
.75
32
34
1
5,8
45
14
20
68
Navy WellsRichmond
21
43
42
8,6
45
71
06
1
Tab
le 1
. The
10
Mia
mi-
Dad
e C
ount
y pi
ne r
ockl
and
(PR
) pr
eser
ves
surv
eyed
for
Cro
ton
linea
ris.
The
tot
al a
reas
sur
veye
d w
ere
esti
mat
ed b
y ad
ding
up
the
leng
th o
f G
PS
trac
ks a
nd m
ulti
ply-
ing
by 5
m, t
he w
idth
of
our
visu
al s
earc
h ar
ea. T
otal
pin
elan
d ar
ea f
or N
avy
Wel
ls i
nclu
des
30 h
a ow
ned
by t
he F
lori
da k
eys
Aqu
educ
t A
utho
rity
. Tot
al p
inel
and
area
for
Mar
tine
z P
inel
and
incl
udes
4 h
a ow
ned
by t
he N
atio
nal
Oce
anic
and
Atm
osph
eric
Adm
inis
trat
ion.
Volume 36 (1), 2016 Natural Areas Journal ��
Our ranking matrix awarded the highestpreserve score for supporting rare but-terflypopulationstothepinelandsatZooMiami (Table 2). The Zoo was the onlysite that receivedamaximumscoreof3inthe“matrixquality”category,becauseitissurroundedonalmostallsidesbypinerockland forest. The next most suitablesiteswereNavyWellsandLarryandPennyThompsonPark.Nopreservereceivedthelowest possible score (28). The lowest-scoringpinelandwasPalmDrive(39).
DISCUSSION
Results from these surveys can be usedto inform conservation planning for theFloridaleafwingand/orBartram’sscrub-hairstreak butterflies in urban Miami’sprotectedpinerocklandforestfragments.Westronglyrecommendthatintroductionsfocus on Zoo Miami, Larry and PennyThompson Park, and Martinez Preservein the Richmond area, and Navy WellsandSunnyPalmsintheNavyWellsarea.Bartram’sscrub-hairstreakreintroductioneffortsmightalsoincludeNavyWells39,since there is a documented population
of that taxon there (Possley, pers. obs.).Additionaleffortstowardtherecoveryofthese butterflies in Miami’s urban frag-mentsshouldincluderestoringhabitatinthese preserves, conducting prescribedfires in amosaicpattern and at frequen-ciesbetweentwoandtenyears(USFWS2014), and perhaps introducing Croton linearistoEachuspinelandoraugmentingthepopulationatPalmDrivePineland.Ad-ditionalmappingandsurveyeffortsmightalsofocusonthepresenceofnectarplantsadjacent toconcentrationsofC. linearis. Inaddition,researchintothelifehistoryofbothbutterflyspeciesisneeded,assomeaspects—especiallyregardingadultinsectbiology—arepoorlyunderstood,yetcouldbecrucialtoconservationplanning.
In Miami-Dade County, the presence ofpinerocklandhabitatisclearlyalimitingfactor forboth rarebutterflies.However,within the core areas of Richmond andNavyWells,abundanceof thehostplantCroton linearisisrelativelyhighandmaynotlimitbutterflyabundance.Theexcep-tion is Eachus Pineland, which lackedC. linearis. Our surveys suggest anotherlimiting factor for the rare butterflies is
fire:siteswithmorefrequentfirehadmoreabundantC. linearis.AmarkedexceptiontothistrendwasMartinezPreserve,whichhadthelargest(extrapolated)populationofC. linearisdespitenothavinghadarecentfire.MartinezPreserve contains remnantmarlprairie,whichmaymakeitlessvul-nerable to invasion by native hardwoodsthatreducesuitabilityforC. linearisandthebutterfliesthatdependonit.ItisalsonoteworthythattheLongPineKeyareaofEvergladesNationalParksupportspopula-tionsofbothrarebutterflies,despitehavingafire-returnintervaluptotenyears(US-FWS2014).However, thepine rocklandfragmentsinurbanMiamilikelyrequireashorterfire-returninterval,astheyexperi-enceedgeeffectsandpropagulepressurefromurbantreeplantings(nativeandnot)toamuchhigherdegreethanforestedareasofthenationalpark.
Finally, inconsideringwhether the tech-niquesweemployedmightworkforotherplant–pollinator relationships, it is prob-ablymostsuitedforcaseslikeoursinwhichararebutterflyhasco-evolvedwithalarvalhost plant that is relatively common.Aswithourefforts,anysimilarsurveysneedtoconsiderthetrade-offbetweenprecisioninhostplantcountsversustheavailabletimeandfunding.Incaseswhereboththeinsectandtheplantareexceedinglyrare,effortsmightbebetterspentmappingindividualplantsandexploringhowtoincreasetheirabundance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
MajorfundingwasprovidedbyUSFishandWildlifeServiceAgreementF12AP01170.WegratefullyacknowledgeMarkSalvatoandDanaHartley,UnitedStatesFishandWildlifeService,whosupportedoureffortsthroughoutthisproject.AdditionalfundingwasprovidedbyFairchildTropicalBotanicGardenandMiami-DadeCounty’sEnvi-ronmentally Endangered Lands programthrough Resolution #R-808-07 and Mi-ami-DadeCounty’sDepartmentofParks,RecreationandOpenSpacesthroughReso-lution#R-688-13.WethankthefollowingMiami-DadeCountymanagers,biologists,andpermitproviders:RobinGray-Urgélles,CynthiaGuerra,TimJoyner,JoeMaguire,
Figure 3. Example of spatial data collected during Croton linearis surveys at Tamiami Pineland Complex Addition. Surveys (white line) were only conducted in pine rockland habitat, which in this case is the northern 7 of the preserve’s total 12 ha. Aerial photo, taken in 2012, from www.labins.org.
�6 Natural Areas Journal Volume 36 (1), 2016
Tiffany Melvin, Sonya Thompson, andAlicieWarren.LydiaCuni,FrankRidgley,JuliaGehring,AlanaEdwards,andDustinSmithhelpedwithfieldwork.
Jennifer Possley is a field biologist at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Her interests include linking ecology with natural areas management, rare species monitoring, and tropical fern biology.
Stephen Hodges is a botanist with a wide variety of experience ranging from the coastal rock barrens of the Florida Keys to the jungles of Panama. He has special interests in Florida Keys botany, ethno-botany, and plant medicine.
Emily Magnaghi is a botanist at The Botanical Gardens at Kona Kai Resort in Key Largo, Florida. She is involved with ethnobotanic and environmental education, local conservation and restoration efforts, and has many environmental interests including sustainable agriculture and landscaping with native plants.
Joyce Maschinski is a conservation ecolo-gist at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden and adjunct professor at Florida Interna-tional University, University of Miami, and Northern Arizona University. Her recent research explores plant reintroduction.
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Cri
teri
a
C.
linearis
pre
sen
ce
C.
linearis
den
sity
(#/h
a)
Pin
e ro
ckla
nd
are
a (
ha)
Fra
gm
ent
isola
tion
(km
) M
atr
ix
Fir
e h
isto
ry
(yrs
)
Mosa
ic p
ote
nti
al
(# u
nit
s)
Data
sourc
eF
ield
surv
eys
Fie
ld s
urv
eys
GIS
GIS
GIS
NA
MG
IS
1)
<50
1)
1–37
1)
>1
1)
Urb
an
1)
>10
1)
1
2)
51–100
2)
38–74
2)
0.1
–1
2)
Agri
c.2)
3–10
2)
2–3
3)
>100
3)
75–118
3)
0
3)
Natu
ral
3)
0–2
3)
>4
Each
us
Abse
nt
01
21.5
12
42
Larr
y &
Pen
ny
Pre
sen
t2
33
22
383
Mart
inez
Pre
sen
t3
23
2.5
12
75
Tam
iam
i P
inel
an
d
Com
ple
x A
ddit
ion
Pre
sen
t3
12
22
161
Zoo M
iam
iP
rese
nt
23
33
23
89
Flo
rida C
ity
Pre
sen
t3
12
11
150
Navy W
ells
Pre
sen
t3
32
22
383
Navy W
ells
39
Pre
sen
t3
11
23
161
Palm
Dri
ve
Pre
sen
t1
11
21
139
Sun
ny P
alm
sP
rese
nt
31
22
32
72
Tota
l sc
ore
(max:
100)
Data
cate
gori
esP
rese
nt/
Abse
nt
Richmond Navy Wells
Tab
le 2
. Mat
rix
of 1
0 M
iam
i-D
ade
Cou
nty
pine
roc
klan
d pr
eser
ves,
ran
king
sui
tabi
lity
to s
uppo
rt p
opul
atio
ns o
f th
e fe
dera
lly e
ndan
gere
d bu
tter
flies
Bar
tram
’s s
crub
-hai
rstr
eak
and
Flo
rida
le
afw
ing.
Exc
epti
ng “
C. l
inea
ris
pres
ence
,” c
rite
ria
had
poss
ible
sco
res
of 1
, 2, o
r 3,
wit
h hi
gher
sco
res
refle
ctin
g gr
eate
r su
itab
ility
. “C
. lin
eari
s de
nsit
y” (
figur
es n
ot s
how
n) w
as c
alcu
late
d by
di
vidi
ng th
e ex
trap
olat
ed n
umbe
r of
C. l
inea
ris
by th
e he
ctar
es o
f pin
e ro
ckla
nd. W
e us
ed in
crem
ents
of 0
.5 in
the
“Mat
rix”
and
“F
ire
hist
ory”
cat
egor
ies;
in th
e “M
atri
x” c
ateg
ory,
this
indi
cate
d a
pres
erve
was
sur
roun
ded
by m
ore
than
one
cat
egor
y of
mat
rix,
and
in
the
“Fir
e H
isto
ry”
cate
gory
, thi
s in
dica
ted
that
onl
y a
port
ion
of t
he p
rese
rve
burn
ed d
urin
g th
e pe
riod
.
Volume 36 (1), 2016 Natural Areas Journal ��
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