natural captia & resourcesl

3.2 RESOURCES-

NATURAL CAPITAL

9/25/2013 Guru Topic 3 IB ESS 1

What is Natural Capital ?

• Natural capital is the term used for ‘natural resources’ which can be exploited to produce natural income of goods and services.

• e.g. trees as timber that can be harvested and sold for money.


Natural Capital OF

EARTH

It includes the core and crust of the earth, the biosphere itself - teeming with forests, grasslands, wetlands, tundra forests, deserts, and other ecosystems - and the upper layers of the atmosphere.


• The stock is the present accumulated quantity of natural capital. It is a supply accumulated for future use; a store.

• Natural capital is the term used for ‘natural resources’ which can be exploited to produce natural income of goods and services.

• e.g. trees as timber that can be harvested and sold for money.

NATURAL CAPITAL & INCOME


• Natural capital provides a wide variety of valuable ecosystem services including flood control, climate stabilization, maintenance of soil fertility, and even beauty and play.

• Globally, and within the bioregion, natural capital is being depleted through over-harvesting, development, poor agricultural practices, toxic contamination, and other causes.

Human capture


3 TYPES OF NATURAL

CAPTIAL

oRenewable

oNon renewable

oReplenishable


Resources

Perpetual Nonrenewable

Renewable

Fresh air

Fresh water

Fertile soil

Plants and animals

(biodiversity)

Direct solar

energy

Winds, tides,

flowing water

Fossil fuels

Metallic minerals

Non- metallic

minerals

(iron, copper,

aluminum)

(clay, sand,

phosphates)


RECAP

• What is Natural Resources?

• What is Natural Capital?

• Example of Natural Resources?

• Types of Natural resources


Values of Natural Capital:

• Economic value: can be determined from

the market price of the goods and services it

produces.

• Ecological value: have no formal market

price. Photosynthesis, nitrogen-fixation, soil

erosion control are essential for human

existance, but are taken for granted.


• Aesthetic value: have not market price and

may not provide identifiable commodities,

so they are unpriced or undervalued from

an economic viewpoint.


Natural Environment

SOURCES

Raw

Materials

production

Economy

Products

consumption

money

Waste

products

Natural Environment

SINKS


• Healthy ecosystems make very significant

economic contributions, but often in ways that

transcend conventional accounting.

• In order to maintain Natural Capital and the

services that it provides, the physical basis for the

productivity and diversity of nature must not be

systematically deteriorated.

Years of growth 30 25 15

10 5

Clear cut

Weak trees removed

Seedlings planted


Natural Capital can be protected through

careful application of:

• Ecological Land-Use to maintain habitat quality and connectivity for all species.

• A connected system of wild lands can coexist with productive rural areas and towns and cities, with each part of the landscape contributing to the stability of natural capital.

• Sustainable Materials Cycles prevent the systematic contamination of living systems.

• Social Capital contributes to a culture of sufficiency easing consumption pressures on natural capital.


• Rapid population growth

• Unsustainable resource use

• Poverty

• Not including the environmental costs of economic goods and services in their market prices

• Trying to manage and simplify nature with too little knowledge about how it works

Environmentalists have identified 5 basic causes of environmental problems we face.


3 TYPES OF NATURAL

CAPTIAL

oRenewable

oNon renewable

oReplenishable


What is Renewable energy &

Nonrenewable energy?

• Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable

• Nonrenewable energy is energy that comes from the ground and is not replaced in a relatively short amount of time.


RECAP

• What is Natural Resources?

• What is Natural Capital?

• Example of Natural Resources?

• Types of Natural resources

• Environmentalists have identified 5 basic

causes of environmental problems we

face.


What is Replenishable

energy?

• Replenishable energy is that energy source that doesn’t reduce and gets their replenishment of energies from other natural sources like wind, sun, trickling water, geothermal flows of heat and biological processes

• Example:

• Water stores,Ground Water or surface water


Difference between renewable &non

renewable energy Renewable Energy

1. The resources that can be renewed

by reproduction are called

renewable resources.

2. Renewable resources are

inexhaustible.

3. Renewable resources are not

affected by the human activities.

4. All biotic resources are

renewable.

For example: air and water.

Non Renewable Energy 1. The resources that are present

in fixed quantities are called non-renewable resources.

2. Non-renewable resources are exhaustible.

3. Non renewable resources are affected by human activities

4. Some abiotic resources are non-renewable. For example- fossil fuels and minerals.


What is Fossil fuels?

• Coal, oil and gas are called "fossil fuels"

becausethey have been formed from the

organic remains ofprehistoric plants and

animals.


FOSSIL FUELS

SOURCE OF ENERGY

• Coal ,oil and natural gas are the three fossil

fuels.

They have two common characteristic

1. They were formed from the decomposition of

the remains of plants and animals.

2. It has taken millions of years for them to

accumulate and form deposit which are large

enough to be mined for human use


• These were formed from the decomposition of

plant and dead creatures, which collected in

layers on the sea bed.

• Each one rotted to form a tiny spot of oil.

• Their remains were covered by mud and sand.

Formation of Oil &Natural Gas


• As the sand was compressed into hard

sandstone rock, the oil and gas separated and

rose through the sandstone filling in the spaces

between the rock.

• Finally lighter gas rises to the top


Rank Company

1 Saudi Aramco

2 National Iranian Oil Company

3 Qatar Petroleum

4 Iraq National Oil Company

5 Petróleos de Venezuela

6 Abu Dhabi National Oil Company

7 Kuwait Petroleum Corporation

8 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation

9 Libya NOC

10 Sonatrach

TOP 10 OILS COMPANIES


Advantage & Disadvantage of Fossil fuel

Advantages

1. Large amounts of

electricity can be

generated in one place

using coal, fairly cheaply.

2. Transporting oil and gas to

the power stations is easy.

3. Fossil fuels are very easy

to find.

4. Power stations that make

use of fossil fuel can be

constructed in almost any

location.

Disadvantages

1. Basically, the main drawback of

fossil fuels is pollution. Burning

any fossil fuel produces carbon

dioxide, which contributes to the

"greenhouse effect“.

2.

It also produces sulphur dioxide, a

gas that contributes to acid rain.

3. Mining coal can be difficult and

dangerous. Strip mining destroys

large areas of the landscape.

4. Coal-fired power stations need

huge amounts of fuel, which

means train-loads of coal almost

constantly.


• Nuclear energy originates from the splitting

of uranium atoms in a process called fission.

• At the power plant, the fission process is used

to generate heat for producing steam, which is

used by a turbine to generate electricity.

• Nuclear energy contributed only between 7 &

8 % of total world commercial energy

consumption .

What is Nuclear Energy?


Nuclear Power plants

• A nuclear power plant (NPP) is

a thermal power station in which the

heat source is one or more nuclear

reactors.


Nuclear Power plants in India

• Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source

of electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectr

ic and renewable sources of electricity.

• As of 2010, India has 20 nuclear reactors in

operation in six nuclear power plants,

generating 4,780 MW.


Is Nuclear Power plants is safe ?


SAFETY OF NUCLEAR

POWER PLANT

• Scientist have repeatedly emphasized how safe

nuclear power is ,but they have not been able

to convince most .

• Public confidence is nuclear power was

shattered by the great explosion in 1986,at

chernobl in the Ukraine


countries produce the most nuclear power?

Huge demand for power

No coal left,very little oil & gas

Major industrial country;has little coal,no oil and gas


http://energyforumonline.com/1013/what-countries-produce-the-most-nuclear-power/

http://energyforumonline.com/1013/what-countries-produce-the-most-nuclear-power/

Advantage

1. Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.

2. Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel.

3. Produces small amounts of waste.

4. Nuclear power is reliable.

Disadvantage 1. Nuclear plants are more

expensive to build and maintain.

2. Waste products are dangerous and need to be carefully stored for long periods of time.

3. Nuclear power plants can be dangerous to its surroundings and employees.

Advantage & Disadvantage of Nuclear Energy


ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

SOURCES

AND

OTHER CONSERVATION

STRATEGIES


• An alternative source usually refers to an

energy source that can be used as a

replacement for fossil fuels.

• Most alternative sources are also renewable

sources of energy

• They are also SUSTAINABLE sources of

energy, which means that people will be able to

use long after fossil fuels run out.

What is alternative source of energy?


1. Solar energy is generating of electricity from the sun

2. Wind energy is generating of electricity from the wind

3. Geothermal energy is using hot water or steam from the Earth’s interior for heating buildings or electricity generation.

4. Biofuel and ethanol are plant-derived substitutes of gasoline for powering vehicles

5. Wave : force of the sea waves as they break against the coastline

6. Biomass: using fuel wood, crop wastes and animal dung as fuel

Most common types of alternative energy


What is biomass?

• Biomass, as a renewable energy source,

is biological material from living, or recently

living organisms.

• As an energy source, biomass can either be

used directly, or converted into other energy

products such as biofuel.


Advantages

1. Theoretically inexhaustible fuel source

2. Minimal environmental impact

3. Alcohols and other fuels produced by biomass are efficient, viable, and relatively clean-burning

4. Available throughout the world

Disadvantages

1. Still an expensive source, both in terms of producing the biomass and converting it to FUEL

2. On a small scale there is most likely a net loss of energy--energy must be put in to grow the plant mass

Advantage & Disadvantage of Biomass


What is Solar Energy

• Solar energy refers primarily to the use

of solar radiation for various purposes.


Advantage

1. Solar energy is free - it needs

no fuel and produces no waste

or pollution.

2. Solar cells make absolutely no

noise at all.

3. Solar powered panels and

products are typically

extremely easy to install.

Disadvantage

1. The Solar Cells and Solar

Panels that are needed to

harness solar energy tend to

be very expensive

2. Solar power cannot be

harnessed during a storm,

on a cloudy day or at

night.

Advantage & Disadvantage of Solar Energy


What is Geothermal Energy?

• Geothermal means earth-heat. It is related to

the thermal energy of Earth’s interior.

• On a large scale, the intensity of this thermal

energy increases with depth, that is, the

temperature of the Earth increases as we travel

closer to its centre.


• Hot rocks underground heat water to produce steam.

• We drill holes down to the hot region, steam comes up, is purified and used to drive turbines, which drive electric generators.

• There may be natural "groundwater" in the hot rocks anyway, or we may need to drill more holes and pump water down to them.

How it works?


1. Geothermal energy does not produce any pollution,

2. The power stations do not take up much room, so there is not much impact on the environment.

3. No fuel is needed.

4. Once you've built a geothermal power station, the energy is almost free.

1. Not universally available.

2. High Cost:

Advantage & Disadvantage of GeoThermal Energy Advantage Disadvantage


• Hydropower or water power is power that is

derived from the force or energy of moving

water

• The production of electrical power through the

use of the gravitational force of falling or

flowing water

What is HYDRO POWER?


• Most hydroelectric power (HEP) comes from

the potential energy of dammed water driving

a water turbine and generator.

• The power extracted from the water depends on

the volume and on the difference in height

between the source and the water's outflow.

WORKING PROCESS


1. Once the dam is built, the energy

is virtually free.

2. No waste or pollution produced.

3. Much more reliable than wind,

solar or wave power.

4. Water can be stored above the

dam ready to cope with peaks in

demand.

5. Electricity can be generated

constantly.

1. The dams are very expensive to build.

2. Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing problems for animals that used to live there.

3. Finding a suitable site can be difficult - the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable.

4. Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have an impact on plant life.

Advantage Disadvantage


What is Wind Energy? • Wind energy is energy that is created by using

the wind to generate power.

• It is a form of kinetic energy that can be transformed into mechanical energy or electricity.

How it works? • Wind turbines transform the energy in the wind

into mechanical power, which can then be used directly for grinding etc. or further converting to electric power to generate electricity.


• On hill tops and other areas of open high

ground

• Along the coastline

• Offshore(in the sea) but close to the coast

Where you can see?


Top 10 countries by windpower capacity (2010) MW

China 44,733

United States 40,180

Germany 27,215

Spain 20,676

India 13,066

Italy 5,797

France 5,660

United Kingdom 5,204

Canada 4,008

Denmark 3,734


1. Wind is free, wind farms need

no fuel.

2. Produces no waste or

greenhouse gases.

3. The land beneath can usually

still be used for farming.

4. Wind farms can be tourist

attractions.

5. A good method of supplying

energy to remote areas.

1. The wind is not always predictable -

some days have no wind.

2. Suitable areas for wind farms are

often near the coast, where land is

expensive.

3. Some people feel that covering the

landscape with these towers is

unsightly.

4. Can kill birds - migrating flocks t

5. Can affect television reception if you

live nearby.

Advantage Disadvantage


What is Ecological Footprint?

• The ecological footprint is a measure of human

demand on the Earth's ecosystems.

• An ecological footprint measures the total amount

of land and resources used, it includes

your carbon footprint but goes further

• It represents the amount of biologically

productive land and sea area necessary to supply

the resources a human population consumes, and

to assimilate associated waste.


Ecological footprint?

• Using this assessment, it is possible to estimate

how much of the Earth it would take to support

humanity if everybody followed a given

lifestyle.

• It is a standardized measure of demand

for natural capital that may be contrasted with

the planet's ecology


2007


Ecological footprints can be

increased by: 1. Greater reliance on fossil fuels

2. Increased use of technology and energy (but technology can also reduce the footprint)

3. High levels of imported resources (which have high transport costs)

4. Large per capita production of carbon waste (high energy use, fossil fuel use)

5. Large per capita consumption of food

6. A meat-rich diet


Ecological footprints can be

reduced by: 1. reducing use of resources

2. recycling resources

3. reusing resources

4. improving efficiency of resource use

5. reducing amount of pollution produced

6. transporting waste to other countries to deal with

7. improving country to increase carrying capacity

8. importing resources from other countries

9. reducing population to reduce resource use

10. using technology to increase carrying capacity

11. using technology to intensify land


3.8.3: Describe and explain the differences between the

ecological footprints of two human populations, one from an

LEDC and one from a MEDC

• LEDCs have small ecological footprints as MEDCs have much greater rates of resource consumption.

• This is partly because MEDCs have higher incomes and the demands for energy resources is high. MEDCs consume a lot of resources as they are wasteful, they also have more waste and pollution.

• LEDCs are the opposite with lower consumption as people do not have too much to spend. The economy of the country forces them to recycle many resources, however they are developing and they’re ecological footprint is increasing.


3.2.4

INTRINSIC VALUE


• Intrinsic values, in relation to ecosystems,

means those aspects of ecosystems and their

constituent parts which have value in their own

right, including:

• (a) Their biological and genetic diversity; and

• (b) The essential characteristics that determine

an ecosystem's integrity, form, functioning,

and resilience.

What is Intrinsic value?


Intrinsic value?

• Environmentalists argue that every part of

the ecosystem has intrinsic value.

• This means that although living things may have

no monetary value to human beings, they have

significant worth in other ways.


DOES ENVIRONMENT HAVE

ITS OWN INTRINSIC VALUE?


Environment have its own Intrinsic value

In the modern world, many governments look

at the economic value of an aspect of the

environment when making policy decisions.

Those who believe in intrinsic value would

say that though an endangered species or

a rainforest may not provide any use or value

for people, they have inherent worth

nonetheless.


3.2.6

Sustainable development


What is Sustainable development?

• Sustainable development is development that

meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations

to meet their own needs. It contains within it

two key concepts:


• the concept of needs, in particular the essential

needs of the world's poor, to which overriding

priority should be given; and

• the idea of limitations imposed by the state of

technology and social organization on the

environment's ability to meet present and

future needs."


• Sustainability is the extent to which a given interaction with the environment exploits and uses the NATURAL INCOME without causing long term deterioration of NATURAL CAPITAL.

• Harvesting renewable or replenishable resources at a rate that will be replaced by natural growth.


Which one is Sustainable Yield?


Sustainable Yield • Rate of increase in NATURAL CAPITAL.

• Amount which can be exploited without depleting

the original stock or its potential to be

replenished.

• Exploitation must not affect long term

productivity.


Calculation of SY

• Gain in biomass over time through growth and

recruitment (addition of individuals to the

population).

• Can express as energy rather than biomass.


REDUCE REUSE

RECYCLE


• Soil is a natural body consisting of layers

of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which

differ physical, chemical, and

mineralogical characteristics

• Soil is composed of particles of broken rock that have

been altered by chemical and mechanical processes

that include weathering and erosion.

What is SOIL?


Soil formation is a slow process:

1. Weathering of rock (mechanical).

2. Deposition of sediments by erosion

(mechanical).

3. Decomposition of organic matter in

dead organisms (chemical).


These top two layers are most fertile, have the highest

concentration of organic matter, and contain large amounts of

living organisms.

Flatworm

Rove beetle

Ant Centipede

Mite

Pseudoscorpion

Ground beetle

Adult fly

Millipede

Fly larvae

Sowbug

Mite

Earthworm

Slug

Snail

Roundworms

Protozoa

Bacteria

Organic debris

Beetle Mite

Fungi

Springtail

Actinomycetes


“B” (subsoil) and “C” (parent material)

HORIZON contain most of the soil’s

inorganic matter, broken-down rock.


• Soil has four basic constituents

1. Organic matter: living plants and

animals and their dead remains and

wastes

2. Mineral matter: mainly sand, silt and

clay

3. Water

4. Air


Soil Content

• Clay (very fine particles)

• Silt (fine particles)

• Sand

• Gravel (coarse to very coarse particles)

SOIL TEXTURE is determined by the relative amounts

of the different types and sizes of mineral particles.


Silt (fine particles) Clay (very fine particles)


Sand (medium-size particles)


Gravel (coarse to very coarse particles)


Properties of Soils with Different Textures

Texture Nutrient

Capacity

Infiltration Water-

Holding

Capacity

Aeration Workability

Clay Good Poor Good Poor Poor

Silt Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium

Sand Poor Good Poor Good Good

Loam Medium Medium Medium Medium medium


SOIL PROFILE • Soil Profile refers to the layers of soil;

• Horizon A, B, and C.

• Horizon A refers to the upper layer of soil,

nearest the surface. It is commonly known as

topsoil.

• Horizon A provides plants with nutrients they

need for a great life


• The layer below horizon A, of course, has to

be horizon B

• The subsoil is the horizon B

• This is where materials accumulates from

horizons above & below


• Horizon C consists mostly of weatherized big

rocks.

• This contains many loose pieces of rock,

broken off from the parent rock below

weathering


Soil Minerals


• Soil minerals play a vital role in soil fertility

since mineral surfaces serve as potential sites

for nutrient storage.

• There are numerous types of minerals found in

the soil.

• These minerals vary greatly in size and

chemical composition.


Soil texture

• Soil texture is a qualitative classification tool

used in both the field and laboratory to

determine classes for agricultural soils based

on their physical texture.


100%clay

Increasing percentage silt

Increasing percentage clay

0

20

40

60

80

80

60

40

20

0

100%sand 80 60 40 20 100%silt

Increasing percentage sand

sandy clay

clay

silty clay

silty clay loam

clay loam

loam silty loam

silt

sandy clay loam

sandy loam

loamy sand sand


SOIL PERMEABILITY is the rate at which water and

air move from upper to lower soil layers.

Water Water

High permeability Low permeability 9/25/2013 Guru Topic 3 IB ESS 144

Nitrogen fixing by lightning

Commercial inorganic fertilizer

10-6-4 N-P-K

Organic fertilizers, animal manure,

green manure, compost

Crop plant

Dead organic matter

Application to land

Nitrogen fixing by bacteria

Nitrogen fixing

Weathering of rock

Nutrient removal with harvest

Decomposition

Supply of available plant nutrients in soil

Nutrient loss by bacterial processes

such as conversion

of nitrates to nitrogen gas

Nutrient loss from soil erosion

Absorption of nutrients by roots

Pathway of

plant

nutrients in

soil.


Desertification is the enlargement of deserts through human activities.

Consequences Causes

Worsening drought Famine Economic losses Lower living standards Environmental refugees

Overgrazing Deforestation Surface mining Erosion Salinization Soil compaction


• October summative : 22.10.2012(Monday)

• Marks:60

• Format: Paper 2

• Syllabus:

• Ecological footprint

• Intrinsic value

• Sustainable development &Yield

• Calculation of Sustainable Yield

• SOIL &FOOD SYSTEM

• Book page numbers:192 to 253


EOST 2012

• Thursday, 22nd,November

• Time :11.30 am-1.00 pm

Syllabus:

Topic 3: Human population, carrying capacity and resource use

• 3.1 Population dynamics

• 3.2 Resources—natural capital

• 3.3 Energy resources

• 3.4 The soil system

• 3.5 Food resources

• 3.6 Water resources

• 3.7 Limits to growth

• 3.8 Environmental demands of human populations


What is Leaching?

• Leaching refers to the loss of water-

soluble plant nutrients from the soil,

due to rain and irrigation.


3.4.3

Soil Degradation


What is Soil Degradation?

• Soil degradation is the decline in quantity and

quality of soil.

• It includes erosion by wind and water,

biological degradation(e.g. the loss of humans

and plant or animal life)

• Physical degradation(loss of structure, changes

in permeability)

• Chemical degradatrion(acidification,declining

fertility,changes in ph & salinity)


Types of Soil Degradation

• There are three main types of soil degradation:

1. Soil erosion,

2. Desertification, and

3. Salinization.


What is Soil erosion?

• Soil is naturally removed by the action of

water or wind or

• Soil erosion is when the soil is blown away by

the wind or washed away by the rain.


Causes of soil erosion • Water can cause soil erosion. Rainfall is an example of

water causing soil erosion.

• The lack of permanent vegetation cover in certain locations can cause soil erosion due to the wind.

• Human activities such as farming, logging, and constructions also cause soil erosion.

Consequences of soil erosion • Soil erosion can lead to poor crop growth and yield

reductions in areas of fields.

• Loss of soil fertility through depletion of plant nutrients in top soil.

• Soil quality, structure, stability and texture can be affected by the loss of soil.

1.Soil Erosion


What is called this type of land?


• Desertification is the development of desert-like

conditions in regions that have experienced

human disturbance such as deforestation,

overgrazing, or poorly managed agriculture.

What is Soil Desertification?


Causes of desertification

• Natural climate change that causes prolonged drought.

• Human activities that reduce or degrade top soil.

• Increased population and livestock pressure on marginal lands accelerates desertification.

• Deforestation

Consequences of desertification

• Economic loses

• Lower living standards

• Major threat to biodiversity

• Prolonged droughts

2.Desertification


Lake Chad in a 2001 satellite image, with the actual lake in blue.

The lake has shrunk by 95% since the 1960s


Causes of Salinization

• High level of salt in the soils

• Over cultivation

• Irrigation mismanagement

• Climate trends that favor accumulation

Consequences of Salinization

• Stunts crop growth

• Lowers crop yields

• Destroys fertility and plants

• Damage to infrastructure (i.e. roads, bricks etc.)

• Reduction of water quality

3.Salinization


Soil Conservation involves reducing soil erosion and restoring soil fertility.


Soil Restoration

• Organic fertilizer

• Manure

• Compost crop rotation

• No till farming

• Contour farming

• Terracing

• Nitrogen fixation-legumes


3.4.4

SOIL

CONSERVVATION


1.PLANTING TREES • Roots of trees firmly hold on to the soil. As

trees grow tall, they also keep rooting deeper

into the soil.

• As the roots of trees spread deep into the

layers of soil, they hold it tightly, thus

preventing soil erosion.


• The process of preparing soil for plowing is known as tilling.

• No-till farming is a way of growing crops without disturbing it through tillage.

• The process of tilling is beneficial in mixing fertilizers in the soil, making rows and preparing the surface for sowing.

2. No-till Farming


3.Crop Rotation

• Some pathogens tend to build up in soil if the

same crops are cultivated again and again.

• To save the soil from these adverse effects,

crop rotation is practiced.

• It is a method of growing a series of dissimilar

crops in an area. Crop rotation also helps in

the improvement of soil structure and fertility.


• A terrace is a leveled section of a hilly cultivated area.

• Owing to its unique structure, it prevents rapid surface runoff of water.

• Terracing gives the landmass a stepped appearance, thus slowing the washing down of soil.

4. Build Terraces


5. Water the Soil

• Watering soil is a good measure of soil

conservation.

• Watering the soil along with plants growing in

it is a way to prevent soil erosion caused by

wind.


6. Salinity Management

• The salinity of soil increases due to excessive

accumulation of salts in the soil.

• The salinity of soil is detrimental to the

vegetative life in it.

• The death of vegetation leads to soil erosion.

Hence, salinity management is an indirect way

of conserving soil.


natural captia & resourcesl

Education

natural capital income

natural capital of earth

values of natural capital

stability of natural

natural sources

example of natural resources

natural income of goods

ib ess12