natural co -leaking marine sites off the coast of italy rel... · seiland 2009 ocean water ph...

Natural CO2-leaking marine sites off the coast of Italy

A resource for studying potential impacts, examining gas migration processes, and testing g g g p , g

monitoring techniques.

Salvatore LombardiUniversità di Roma “La Sapienza”

November 2-4, 2010Maria Laach, Germany

IEAGHG workshop: Natural Releases of CO2: Building Knowledge for CO2 Storage Environmental Impact Assessments

Example sites

IschiaIslandIsland

PanareaPanareaIsland

There are many sites off the west coast of Italy where natural CO2



There are many sites off the west coast of Italy where natural CO2 is released from the sea floor - these two are the most studied

Ischia

Ischia

CastelloAragonese

IschiaIsland

CO vents2

• Shallow (<5m), warm-water site in photic zone, therefore biologically-active area



• Note high population density in vicinity of leaks

Ischia

E ti t d fl tHall-Spencer & Rodolfo-Metalpa 2009

• Estimated flow rate: – south side = 1.4 x 106 L / day over 3000 m2

– north side = 0.7 x 106 L / day over 2000 m2



• Gas composition – 90-95% CO2, 3-6% N2, no H2S

Ischia

St di d l f idifi ti d bHall-Spencer & Rodolfo-Metalpa 2009

• Studied as an analogue of ocean acidification caused by increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere

• Work lead by U of Plymouth, with researchers from



y y ,France, Brazil and Italy

Ischia – biological impact

• Low pH over 120 mN i bili f l i• Note variability of values in gas release area, due to differential mixingg

• Impact first observed where avg. pH is still high but greater pH variability

C l i

Hall Spencer et al (2008)

• Calcareous species diminished while invasive non-calcareous are favoured



Hall-Spencer et al. (2008)

Ischia – biological impactpH = 8.2 pH = 7.3

Missing older, outer periostracum layerp y

Eroded pitted shellEroded pitted shell



Hall-Spencer et al. (2008)


Dias et al. (2010)

• Biodiversity is also affected, even at



moderate pH changes


• Percentage cover of corallines

other species is strongly impacted at pH values below 8be ow 8

• Some bryozoan species were able to survive l H b f

bryozoanslower pH because of a lower Mg calcite level



Martin et al. (2008)


• Some species benefited under moderatelySome species benefited under moderately increased pCO2– Some showed stable or increased calcificationSome showed stable or increased calcification

linked likely to an increase in DIC– Seagrass production was highest at pH 7.6Se g ss p oduc o w s g es p 7.6– Brown algae increased under low pH

conditions



Panarea

• Located off the NE tip of Sicily • One of the Aeolian Islands, linked

genetically and structurally with St b li Li i d V lStromboli, Lipari and Vulcano

• Area of interest is a series of islets to the east of Panarea (box at left)to the east of Panarea (box at left) that encircle a gas emission field of approximately 3km2

Esposito et al (2006)



Esposito et al. (2006)

Panarea

General area of i igas emissions

Steinbruckner (2009)

• Gas emissions studied since early 1980’s (Italiano & Nuccio, 1991)• relatively stable in both gas chemistry (e g 98% CO2 1 7% H2S

Steinbruckner (2009)



• relatively stable in both gas chemistry (e.g. 98% CO2, 1.7% H2S plus other trace gases) and flux rates (7-9 x 106 l/d).

Panarea

• In Nov. 2002, however, a gas outburst increased flow by 2 orders of magnitude



• After 3 months flow returned to pre-outburst rates

Panarea

Panarelli

Secca dei Panarelli

Dattilo

Panarelli

Li Bi

Bottaro

Lisca Nera

Lisca Bianca

Secca di Lisca Nera

• Yellow – leakage areas in December 2002

Lisca Nera

modified after Esposito et al. (2006) and Anzidei et al. (2005)



g• Red – leakage areas one year later

Panarea – gas migration pathways(Esposito et al. 2006)

• Underwater mapping has defined many



pp g yfracture and lineament directions

Panarea – gas migration pathways(Esposito et al. 2006)

Gas bubble lineaments

• Gas bubble lineaments are mainly SW-NE and SE-NW• Gas exhalation field is presently active where these two fracture



Gas exhalation field is presently active where these two fracture trends intersect and form a network

Panarea – gas migration pathwaysmodified after De Astis et al. 2003 Acocella et al. 2009

Panarea

Stromboli

SalinaFilicudi

Vulcano

LipariAlicudi

Sicily

• NE-SW direction same as regional trend linking Panarea - Stromboli• Other studies show that the fractures in the Panarea area are



Other studies show that the fractures in the Panarea area are predominantly extensional, thus more prone to be open

Panarea – gas migration pathways

Seiland 2009

• In addition to aligned along fractures, gas leakage also occurs as diffuse fields (left)

d t i di id l t ( i ht)November 2-4, 2010Maria Laach, Germany


and strong individual spots (right)

Panarea – water quality impactSeiland 2009

Tassi et al., 2009

• At some vents deep origin waters are released with the gas, analogous to brine migrating with CO2

• Can be used to study mixing dilution and potential



Can be used to study mixing, dilution, and potential impact on water column chemistry and biota

Panarea – water quality impact

Seiland 2009ocean water pH

Seiland 2009

• Similarly this water also has different pH values, which can be traced and monitored i h l d b



in the water column and bottom waters.

Panarea – biological impactKaruza et al., submitted

• Studies near a large, thermal vent shows a strong influence on viral abundance but



strong influence on viral abundance but basically none on prokaryote abundance

Panarea – monitoring methodsAliani et al., 2010

Gas bubble plume reaching the water surfacethe water surface

Current meters have been applied to see the effect of the bubble plume on water columnplume on water column structure / stratigraphy



Panarea – monitoring methodsAnzidei et al. 2005

• Echo sounder surveys have been applied to show bubble-



y ppplume location, strength, and height in water column

Panarea – ongoing / planned work•CO2GeoNet, Network of Excellence for CO2 Geological Storage (partner, team leader, April 2004-March 2009)

• European Community funded CCS projects p y p jhaving a component at the natural test site of Panarea:

– CO2GeoNet, Network of Excellence of Inter-laboratory connection for CO2 Geological Storage (OGS, NIVA, g g ( , ,URS) April 2004-March 2009)

– RISCS (OGS, URS) – started Jan 1, 2010ECO2 (OGS URS) will likely start Jan 1 2011– ECO2 (OGS, URS) – will likely start Jan 1, 2011

– PaCO2 (IFM-Geomar, CERTH, IOW, OGS, URS) –will start July, 2011



y

Panarea – ongoing / planned work

•CO2GEONET – Network of Excellence of Inter-CO2GEONET Network of Excellence of Interlaboratory Connection for CO2 Geological Storage (OGS, NIVA, URS), April 2004-March 2009( ) p

Gas and water qualityImpact on BiotaImpact on BiotaTesting monitoring tools




• RISCS - Research into Impacts and Safety in CO2RISCS Research into Impacts and Safety in CO2 Storage– 4 campaigns (one each season)

• Just completed first campaign 1 week ago– Integrated chemical, biological, physical measurements– Profiles across background and vented areas to study– Profiles across background and vented areas to study

mixing and dilution effects in the water column– Benthic chambers to study sediment-water exchange

for respiratory and production processesfor respiratory and production processes– Current meters to define system during sampling

periods




• ECO2 - Sub-seabed CO2 Storage: Impact onECO2 Sub seabed CO2 Storage: Impact on Marine Ecosystems– CO2 flux rate measurements– Testing of novel sensor equipment. Deployment of new

generation, dissolved CO2 monitoring station– Transplant experiments on biomarkersTransplant experiments on biomarkers– Study of the metabolic and respiratory physiology of

seep-adapted organisms




• PaCO2 - The Panarea natural CO2 seeps: fate andPaCO2 The Panarea natural CO2 seeps: fate and impact of the leaking gas– EuroFleets – 5 ship days on R/V Urania– Joint research with RISCS and ECO2

• Work:– Hydroacoustics, sub-bottom profiler, sea-air CO2 flux– CTD and water sampling profiling– High resolution profiling ADCP eddy correlation– High resolution profiling, ADCP, eddy correlation– Temperature moorings, GasQuant– Bubble plume modelling



p g

Panarea References• Acocella, V., Neri, M. and Walter, T.R., 2009. Structural features of Panarea volcano in the frame of the Aeolian Arc (Italy):

Implications for the 2002-2003 unrest. Journal of Geodynamics, 47(5): 288-292.• Aliani, S., Bortoluzzi, G., Caramanna, G. and Raffa, F., 2010. Seawater dynamics and environmental settings after november 2002 gas

eruption off Bottaro (Panarea, Aeolian Islands, Mediterranean Sea). Continental Shelf Research, In Press, Accepted Manuscript.• Anzidei, M., Esposito, A., Bortoluzzi, G. and De Giosa, F., 2005. The high resolution bathymetric map of the exhalative area of

Panarea (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Annals of Geophysics, 48(6): 899-921.• Caliro, S., Caracausi, A., Chiodini, G., Ditta, M., Italiano, F., Longo, M., Minopoli, C., Nuccio, P.M., Paonita, A. and Rizzo, A., 2004.

Evidence of a recent input of magmatic gases into the quiescent volcanic edifice of Panarea, Aeolian Islands, Italy. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(7): L07619.

• De Astis G Ventura G and Vilardo G 2003 Geodynamic significance of the Aeolian volcanism (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea Italy) in• De Astis, G., Ventura, G. and Vilardo, G., 2003. Geodynamic significance of the Aeolian volcanism (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) in light of structural, seismological, and geochemical data. Tectonics, 22(4): 1040.

• Esposito, A., Giordano, G. and Anzidei, M., 2006. The 2002-2003 submarine gas eruption at Panarea volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy): Volcanology of the seafloor and implications for the hazard scenario. Marine Geology, 227(1-2): 119-134.

• Italiano, F. and Nuccio, P.M., 1991. Geochemical investigations of submarine exhalations to the east of Panarea, Aeolian Islands, Italy. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 46: 125-141.

• Karuza, A., Celussi, M., Cibic, T., Del Negro, P. and De Vittor, C., submitted. Effects of pH decrease caused by natural releases of CO2 on marine prokaryotic diversity and virus abundance. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science.

• Sieland, R., 2009. Chemical and isotopic investigations of submarine hydrothermal fluid discharges from anarea, Aeolian Islands, Italy, Technische Universitat Bergakadeimi Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany, 190 pp.

• Steinbruckner, D., 2009. Quantification of submarine degassing of Panarea Volcano in the Aeolian archipelago, Italy, Technische Universitat Bergakdeimi Freiberg Freiberg Germany 126 ppUniversitat Bergakdeimi Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany, 126 pp.

• Tassi, F., Capaccioni, B., Caramanna, G., Cinti, D., Montegrossi, G., Pizzino, L., Quattrocchi, F. and Vaselli, O., 2009. Low-pH waters discharging from submarine vents at Panarea Island (Aeolian Islands, southern Italy) after the 2002 gas blast: Origin of hydrothermal fluids and implications for volcanic surveillance. Applied Geochemistry, 24(2): 246-254.

• Tassi, F., Capaccioni, B., Caramanna, G., Cinti, D., Montegrossi, G., Pizzino, L., Quattrocchi, F. and Vaselli, O., 2009. Low-pH waters discharging from submarine vents at Panarea Island (Aeolian Islands, southern Italy) after the 2002 gas blast: Origin of hydrothermal



fluids and implications for volcanic surveillance. Applied Geochemistry, 24(2): 246-254.

Ischia References• Dias, B.B., Hart, M.B., Smart, C.W. and Hall-Spencer, J.M., 2010. Modern seawater acidification: the response of

foraminifera to high-CO2 conditions in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of the Geological Society, 167: 843-846.• Hall-Spencer, J.M. and Rodolfo-Metalpa, R., 2009. Using scientific diving to investigate the long-term effects of

ocean acidification at CO2 vents. In: B.J. Merkel and M. Schipek (Editors), Research in Shallow Marine and Fresh Water Systems: 1st International Workshop, Freiburg, Germany, pp. 72-76, May 14 – 16, 2009.

• Hall-Spencer, J.M., Rodolfo-Metalpa, R., Martin, S., Ransome, E., Fine, M., Turner, S.M., Rowley, S.J., Tedesco, D. and Buia, M.-C., 2008. Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature, 454(3).

• Martin, S., Rodolfo-Metalpa, R., Ransome, E., Rowley, S.J., Buia, M.-C., Gattuso, J.-F. and Hall-Spencer, J.M., 2008. Effects of naturally acidified seawater on seagrass calcareous epibionts Biol Lett 4: 689 692Effects of naturally acidified seawater on seagrass calcareous epibionts. Biol. Lett., 4: 689-692.



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