natural gas technologies for the future melanie kenderdine gas technology institute
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Natural Gas Technologies For The Future Melanie Kenderdine Gas Technology Institute Energy and Nanotechnology: Strategy for the Future Houston, Texas May 2-4, 2003. Drivers for Natural Gas Demand. Resource Abundance Overall Growth in Energy Demand Geopolitics of Oil - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Natural Gas Technologies For The Future
Melanie KenderdineGas Technology InstituteEnergy and Nanotechnology: Strategy for the FutureHouston, TexasMay 2-4, 2003
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Drivers for Natural Gas Demand
Resource Abundance
Overall Growth in Energy Demand
Geopolitics of Oil
Inexpensive Power Generation
Environmental Benefits
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World Gas Consumption By Region, 1999 & 202019992020 est.AfricaC./S. AmericaNorth AmericaW. EuropeMiddle EastDev. AsiaEastern EuropeInd. AsiaSource: EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2002
Chart2
14.326.7
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
00
Sheet2
00
Sheet3
00
00
00
00
00
Chart3
3.85.5
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
00
00
00
Chart4
22.937
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
00
00
00
Chart6
7.115.3
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart7
3.515.9
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart1
45.866.2
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
00
Sheet2
00
26.7
Sheet3
00
00
00
00
00
Chart5
6.422.8
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
00
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% World Gas Reserves By RegionNorth America3W. Europe4C./S. America8Africa79% of the worlds gas reserves are in 12 countriesAsia & Oceania536Middle East36Eastern Europe8Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2002
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World Coal/Gas/Oil Consumption By Region, 1999/2020W. EuropeMiddle EastC./S. AmericaAfricaDev. AsiaInd. AsiaNorth AmericaEastern EuropeSource: EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2002
Chart6
3.64.3
Sheet1
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
00
Sheet2
00
Sheet3
00
00
00
00
00
00
Chart1
45.866.2
Sheet1
Oil
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199928.7
202032.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199910.8
202021.1
Asia
199927.7
202059.9
Middle East
199910.5
202016.4
Africa
19995.2
202010.9
Central & South America
19999.5
202018.1
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart2
28.732.5
Sheet1
Oil
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199928.7
202032.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199910.8
202021.1
Asia
199927.7
202059.9
Middle East
199910.5
202016.4
Africa
19995.2
202010.9
Central & South America
19999.5
202018.1
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart3
5.46.3
Sheet1
Oil
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199928.7
202032.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199910.8
202021.1
Asia
199927.7
202059.9
Middle East
199910.5
202016.4
Africa
19995.2
202010.9
Central & South America
19999.5
202018.1
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart4
10.821.1
Sheet1
Oil
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199928.7
202032.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199910.8
202021.1
Asia
199927.7
202059.9
Middle East
199910.5
202016.4
Africa
19995.2
202010.9
Central & South America
19999.5
202018.1
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart6
10.516.4
Sheet1
Oil
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199928.7
202032.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199910.8
202021.1
Asia
199927.7
202059.9
Middle East
199910.5
202016.4
Africa
19995.2
202010.9
Central & South America
19999.5
202018.1
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart7
5.210.9
Sheet1
Oil
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199928.7
202032.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199910.8
202021.1
Asia
199927.7
202059.9
Middle East
199910.5
202016.4
Africa
19995.2
202010.9
Central & South America
19999.5
202018.1
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart8
9.518.1
Sheet1
Oil
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199928.7
202032.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199910.8
202021.1
Asia
199927.7
202059.9
Middle East
199910.5
202016.4
Africa
19995.2
202010.9
Central & South America
19999.5
202018.1
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart1
45.866.2
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
00
Sheet2
00
26.7
Sheet3
00
00
00
00
00
Chart1
23.529.8
Sheet1
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
00
Sheet2
00
Sheet3
00
00
00
00
00
00
Chart7
3.515.9
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart6
7.115.3
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart2
14.326.7
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
00
Sheet2
00
Sheet3
00
00
00
00
00
Chart2
8.46.5
Sheet1
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
00
Sheet2
00
Sheet3
00
00
00
00
00
00
Chart4
22.937
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
00
00
00
Chart4
11.18.6
Sheet1
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
00
Sheet2
00
Sheet3
00
00
00
00
00
00
Chart3
3.85.5
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
00
00
00
Chart3
5.46.3
Sheet1
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
00
Sheet2
00
Sheet3
00
00
00
00
00
00
Chart5
27.759.9
Sheet1
Oil
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199928.7
202032.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199910.8
202021.1
Asia
199927.7
202059.9
Middle East
199910.5
202016.4
Africa
19995.2
202010.9
Central & South America
19999.5
202018.1
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart5
6.422.8
Sheet1
World Total Energy Consumption by Region and Fuel (Reference Case 1990-2020)
Natural Gas
North America
199945.8
202066.2
Western Europe
199914.3
202026.7
Industrialized Asia
19993.8
20205.5
Eastern Europe
199922.9
202037
Asia
19996.4
202022.8
Middle East
19997.1
202015.3
Africa
19992.1VALUES TOO SMALL
20203.8
Central & South America
19993.5
202015.9
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
00
Chart5
30.764
Sheet1
COAL
North America
199923.5
202029.8
Western Europe
19998.4
20206.5
Industrialized Asia
19995.4
20206.3
Eastern Europe
199911.1
20208.6
Asia
199930.7
202064
Middle East
19991.1
20201.5
Africa
19993.6
20204.3
Central & South America
19990.9
20201.3
Sheet1
00
Sheet2
00
Sheet3
00
00
00
00
00
00
-
% World Oil/Gas/Coal Reserves By Region: Geopolitical Issues In FocusC./S. AmericaAsia & Oceania36Middle East57North AmericaW. EuropeEastern EuropeAfrica2651824868693273673083Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2002OilGasCoal
-
Global Electricity Consumption: 75% Demand Increase by 2020
-
Economics of New Baseload Electric Plant Costs Are Driving US Gas Demand
-
New Baseload Electric Plant Costslong run with $3.20 gas and $1.20/mmBtu coal
Assumptions
Major assumptions used in the analysis:
1. Fuel (coal and natural gas) prices for the 4 regions
2. Capacity costs and cost improvements for the 4 regions
3. Plant efficiency
4. Tax rates and returns for the 4 regions
5. O&M cost variations for coal (high, low environmental) and nuclear
1.a. Coal prices
cost per ton 2001cost per ton LTcost per MMBtu 2001cost per MMBtu LT
US$32.00$23.00$1.67$1.20
Europe$33.00$28.88$1.72$1.51
China$35.00$35.00$1.83$1.83
Japan$40.00$40.00$2.09$2.09
U.S. 2001 prices are weighted average of latest East & West price based on 2000 prices, rail differential, and EIA $/st/MMBtu calculation
U.S. LT prices are based on DB forecast
Europe and Asia 2001 and LT coal prices from DB forecasts in Commodities Outlook
1.b. Natural gas prices
cost per MMBtu 2001cost per MMBtu LT
US$3.45$3.15
Europe$3.05$3.00
China$3.50$3.50
Japan LNG$3.50$3.00
U.S. data from average of forward 12-month Hhub curve (2001) and DB LT forecast
Europe data from average of forward 4Q IPE curve and DB LT forecast
China and Japan data based on DB forecast from Paul Sarky
2. Capacity costs and improvements
PCC cost per kW 2001 low envPCC cost per kW LT low envPCC cost per kW 2001 high envPCC cost per kW LT high envCFB cost per kW 2001CFB cost per kW LTIGCC cost per kW 2001IGCC cost per kW LTCCGT cost per kW 2001CCGT cost per kW LTNuclear cost per kW 2001Nuclear cost per kW LTSCGT cost per kW 2001SCGT cost per kW LT
US1100110011701150120011001315100058045024002400465400
Europe11001100120011001315100058045024002400465400
China750750120011001315100075075024002400600400
Japan11001100120011001315100058045024002400465400
3. Plant efficiency
PCC low-envPCC high-envCFBIGCC
2001LT2001LT2001LT2001LT
Efficiency (HHV)38%45%38%45%34%38%45%55%
Resulting heatrate897975828979758210035897975826204
4. Tax and returns
Corporate taxReturn on debtReturn on equity
US38%7%12%
Europe35%7%12%
China30%7%12%
Japan42%7%12%
5. O&M cost variants
NuclearPCC lo envPCC hi envCFBIGCC
TotalFixedVariableFixedVariableFixedVariableFixedVariableFixedVariable
US12.956.290.41233.33293.7320.72.99732.130.79
Europe14.261.960.45
China12.956.290.41
Japan1565.450.48
Anders Hove:Based on $70 capital cost for SCR. Drop to $1150 LT is guesswork.
Anders Hove:Based on Richard gas plant model spreadsheet data inputs
Anders Hove:A guess. CFB plants are simpler since they have no FGD and no pulverizer, but they're newer
Anders Hove:Based on EIA, Richard UK model for Europe, and CNFR for Japan. Asia assumes US O&M costs since they won't need the reprocessing.
Fixed and variable cost obtained using U.S. ratio.
Anders Hove:EIA data for 'scrubbed coal new'
Anders Hove:EIA data with changes for EPA cost of SCR. Variable cost figure takes high point of EPA range.
fuelprices
We obtained some information on fuel prices for this report. Sources include:
1. DB Thermal Coal report, by Indy Sarkar
2. DB Commodities Report, mainly covering coal trading prices but also including the U.S.
3. Estimates from DB coal analyst (verbal, on LT U.S. prices)
4. Henry Hub gas price in U.S., for July, 2001
5. EIA projections, U.S. gas
6. Oil & Gas Abacus for NYMEX LT U.S. gas
7. DB Wholesale energy price report, Feb 2001, "new entrant model" data
8. DB Asian Utilities report, Nov. 1999
9. OECD/IEA World Energy Outlook 2000
Not all the information was used in the worksheets shown here.
Wholesale Energy Prices new entrant model data:Asian Utilities data:Pipeline.com (1999 report)
UK2.62.1
Germany2.7
Italy2.7
Spain3.05
Portugal3.05
Belgium2.7
Czech Rep2.5
Poland2.4
Russia0.25
China3
HK3.2
Australia2.35
Indonesia2.5
Korea4.5
Malaysia1.7
Phil4
Sing2.6
Taiwan3
Thai2.6
Japan2.13.053.54.6
All figures represent then current (1999 or Feb 2001) prices
Europe WAG based on 2001 numbers2.80
Asia WAG based on 1999 numbers2.90
Europe LT based on WEO price increase*WAG4.11
Japan LT based on WEO price increase*LT5.17
Japan LT based on 40% price increase for LNG from 994.27
These assumptions are not realistic, in my view
Anders Hove:Price fixed by gov't at $1.64/MMBtu, to come off in 2000. New contracts for offshore fields run $2.6/MMBtu.
Anders Hove:Based on 2001 AK NG Pipeline study stating "representative of current Japan LNG price"
Anders Hove:CIBC 2000 price
model
VariableUnitsSource or calculation
Plant sizeMWModel input
Capital cost$/kWModel input
Lead timeyearsModel input
Fixed O&M cost$/kWModel input
Variable O&M cost$/MWhModel input
Fuel price$/MMBtuModel input
Fuel cost$/MWh( price * heatrate ) / 1,000
Allowance price$/lbModel input
Emissions ratelb/MMBtuModel input
Allowance cost$/MWh( allowance price * emissions rate ) / 1,000
HeatrateBtu/kWhModel input
Thermal efficiency (HHV)%conversion factor / heatrate
Conversion factorBtu/kWhModel input
Capacity factor%Model input
Hours of use per yearhours24 * 365 * capacity factor
Cost of debt%Model input
Cost of equity (post-tax)%Model input
Cost of equity (pre-tax)%( post-tax cost of equity) / (1 - corporate tax )
Debt as percentage of financing%Model input
Depreciation termyearsModel input
Property tax (if used in calc)%Model input
Corporate tax%Model input
WACC%( cost of debt * percent debt financed ) + (pre-tax cost of equity * percent equity financed )
Total variable cost (fuel & O&M)$/MWhfuel cost + allowance cost + variable O&M cost
Total O&M costs$/MWhvariable cost + ( ( fixed O&M cost * 1,000 ) / ( plant size * hours of use ) )
Annual capital costs$/MWhdepreciation costs / depreciation term
Overnight capital cost$plant size * capital cost * 1,000
FV of capital cost on project completion$( overnight capital cost / lead-time ) * ( ( 1 + WACC ) ^ lead-time ) - 1 ) / WACC
Depreciation costs$/year( future value / ( 1 - ( 1 + WACC ) ^ depreciation term ) / WACC ) - interest - equity return
Annual interest$/yearcost of debt * percentage debt finance * size of plant * capital cost * 1,000
Total operating cost (annual)$/yearhours of use * total variable cost
All pretax costs (annual)$/yearannual operating cost + annual interest + depreciation cost
All pretax costs (levelized)$/MWhannual pretax costs / ( plant size * hours of use )
Equity return, including taxes (annual)$/yearFV of capital cost * pre-tax cost of equity * ( 1 - percentage debt financed )
Total costs (incl. Tax and return)$/yearequity return + annual pretax cost
Total levelized costs$/MWhtotal costs / ( plant size * hours of use )
Calcs1
Data for country comparison chartsData for country comparison chartsData for country comparison chartsData for country comparison chartsData for country comparison charts
Basic inputsU.S.Basic inputsU.S. (continued)W. EuropeBasic inputsW. Europe (continued)Basic inputsChinaBasic inputsChina (continued)JapanBasic inputsJapan (continued)
VariableUnitsPCC baseloadPCC mid-meritPCC (LT) baseloadPCC (LT) mid-meritCFB 2001 baseloadCFB 2001 mid-meritCFB LT baseloadCFB LT mid-meritIGCC (2001) baseloadIGCC (2001) mid-meritIGCC (LT) baseloadIGCC (LT) mid-meritVariableUnitsNuclear baseloadNuclear (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT mid-meritCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) mid-meritPCC baseloadPCC mid-meritPCC (LT) baseloadPCC (LT) mid-meritCFB 2001 baseloadCFB 2001 mid-meritVariableUnitsCFB LT baseloadCFB LT mid-meritIGCC (2001) baseloadIGCC (2001) mid-meritIGCC (LT) baseloadIGCC (LT) mid-meritNuclear baseloadNuclear (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT mid-meritCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) mid-meritVariableUnitsPCC baseloadPCC mid-meritPCC (LT) baseloadPCC (LT) mid-meritCFB 2001 baseloadCFB 2001 mid-meritCFB LT baseloadCFB LT mid-meritIGCC (2001) baseloadIGCC (2001) mid-meritIGCC (LT) baseloadIGCC (LT) mid-meritVariableUnitsNuclear baseloadNuclear (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT mid-meritCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) mid-meritPCC baseloadPCC mid-meritPCC (LT) baseloadPCC (LT) mid-meritCFB 2001 baseloadCFB 2001 mid-meritVariableUnitsCFB LT baseloadCFB LT mid-meritIGCC (2001) baseloadIGCC (2001) mid-meritIGCC (LT) baseloadIGCC (LT) mid-meritNuclear baseloadNuclear (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT mid-meritCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) mid-merit
Plant sizeMW300300300300300300300300400400400400Plant sizeMW10001000300300300300300300300300300300Plant sizeMW30030040040040040010001000300300300300Plant sizeMW300300300300300300300300400400400400Plant sizeMW10001000300300300300300300300300300300Plant sizeMW30030040040040040010001000300300300300
Capital cost$/kW110011001100110012001200110011001315131510001000Capital cost$/kW24002400580465450400110011001100110012001200Capital cost$/kW11001100131513151000100024002400580465450400Capital cost$/kW75075075075012001200110011001315131510001000Capital cost$/kW20002000750750750750110011001100110012001200Capital cost$/kW11001100131513151000100024002400580580450450
Lead timeyears444444444444Lead timeyears773333444444Lead timeyears444444773333Lead timeyears444444444444Lead timeyears773333444444Lead timeyears444444773333
Fixed O&M cost$/kW23.023.023.023.020.720.720.720.732.132.132.132.1Fixed O&M cost$/kW56.356.314.09.014.09.023.023.023.023.020.720.7Fixed O&M cost$/kW20.720.732.132.132.132.162.062.014.09.014.09.0Fixed O&M cost$/kW23.023.023.023.020.720.720.720.732.132.132.132.1Fixed O&M cost$/kW56.356.314.09.014.09.023.023.023.023.020.720.7Fixed O&M cost$/kW20.720.732.132.132.132.165.565.514.09.014.09.0
Variable O&M cost$/MWh3.33.33.33.33.03.03.03.00.80.80.80.8Variable O&M cost$/MWh0.40.40.50.10.50.13.33.33.33.33.03.0Variable O&M cost$/MWh3.03.00.80.80.80.80.50.50.50.10.50.1Variable O&M cost$/MWh3.33.33.33.33.03.03.03.00.80.80.80.8Variable O&M cost$/MWh0.40.40.50.10.50.13.33.33.33.33.03.0Variable O&M cost$/MWh3.03.00.80.80.80.80.50.50.50.10.50.1
Fuel prices$/MMBtu1.671.671.201.201.671.671.201.201.671.671.201.2Fuel prices$/MMBtu3.453.453.153.151.721.721.511.511.721.72Fuel prices$/MMBtu1.511.511.721.721.511.513.053.053.003.00Fuel prices$/MMBtu1.831.831.831.831.831.831.831.831.831.831.831.83Fuel prices$/MMBtu3.503.503.503.502.092.092.092.092.092.09Fuel prices$/MMBtu2.092.092.092.092.092.093.503.503.003.00
Fuel cost$/MWh14.9914.999.109.1016.7516.7510.7710.7712.6612.667.447.44Fuel cost$/MWh4.004.0021.7427.6019.8525.2015.4615.4611.4211.4217.2817.28Fuel cost$/MWh13.5313.5313.0513.059.359.358.108.1019.2224.4018.9024.00Fuel cost$/MWh16.4016.4013.8513.8518.3318.3316.4016.4013.8513.8511.3311.33Fuel cost$/MWh4.004.0022.0528.0022.0528.0018.7418.7415.8215.8220.9420.94Fuel cost$/MWh18.7418.7417.7417.7415.6515.6513.2013.2022.0528.0018.9024.00
Allowance prices$/lb1.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.00Allowance prices$/lb1.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.00Allowance prices$/lb1.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.00Allowance prices$/lbAllowance prices$/lbAllowance prices$/lb
Emissionslb/MMBtu0.200.200.200.200.080.080.080.080.140.140.140.14Emissionslb/MMBtu0.080.080.080.08Emissionslb/MMBtuEmissionslb/MMBtuEmissionslb/MMBtuEmissionslb/MMBtu
Allowance cost$/MWh1.801.801.521.520.830.830.740.741.051.050.860.86Allowance cost$/MWh0.490.630.490.63Allowance cost$/MWhAllowance cost$/MWhAllowance cost$/MWhAllowance cost$/MWh
HeatrateBtu/kWh897989797582758210035100358979897975827,58262046,204HeatrateBtu/kWh630080006300800089798979758275821003510035HeatrateBtu/kWh8979897975827,58262046,2046300800063008000HeatrateBtu/kWh897989797582758210035100358979897975827,58262046,204HeatrateBtu/kWh630080006300800089798979758275821003510035HeatrateBtu/kWh8979897985008,50075007,5006300800063008000
Thermal efficiency (if used in calc)%38%38%45%45%34%34%38%38%45%45%55%55%Thermal efficiency (if used in calc)%54%43%54%43%38%38%45%45%34%34%Thermal efficiency (if used in calc)%38%38%45%0.4555%0.5554%43%54%43%Thermal efficiency (if used in calc)%38%38%45%45%34%34%38%38%45%0.4555%0.55Thermal efficiency (if used in calc)%54%43%54%43%38%38%45%45%34%34%Thermal efficiency%38%38%40%40%45%45%54%43%54%43%
Conversion factorBtu/kWh341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412Conversion factorBtu/kWh3412341234123412341234123412341234123412Conversion factorBtu/kWh3412341234123412341234123412341234123412Conversion factorBtu/kWh341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412Conversion factorBtu/kWh3412341234123412341234123412341234123412Conversion factorBtu/kWh3412341234123412341234123412341234123412
Capacity factor%85%55%85%55%85%55%85%55%85%55%85%55%Capacity factor%88%88%90%55%90%55%85%55%85%55%85%55%Capacity factor%85%55%85%55%85%55%88%88%90%55%90%55%Capacity factor%85%55%85%55%85%55%85%55%85%55%85%55%Capacity factor%88%88%90%55%90%55%85%55%85%55%85%55%Capacity factor%85%55%85%55%85%55%88%88%90%55%90%55%
Hours of use per yearhours744648187446481874464818744648187446481874464818Hours of use per yearhours7708.87708.87884481878844818744648187446481874464818Hours of use per yearhours7446481874464818744648187708.87708.87884481878844818Hours of use per yearhours744648187446481874464818744648187446481874464818Hours of use per yearhours7708.87708.87884481878844818744648187446481874464818Hours of use per yearhours7446481874464818744648187708.87708.87884481878844818
Cost of debt%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%Cost of debt%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%Cost of debt%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%Cost of debt%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%Cost of debt%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%Cost of debt%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%
Cost of equity (post-tax)%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%Cost of equity (post-tax)%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%Cost of equity (post-tax)%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%Cost of equity (post-tax)%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%Cost of equity (post-tax)%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%Cost of equity (post-tax)%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%
Cost of equity (pre-tax)%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%Cost of equity (pre-tax)%19%19%19%19%19%19%18%18%18%18%18%18%Cost of equity (pre-tax)%18%18%18%18%18%18%18%18%18%18%18%18%Cost of equity (pre-tax)%17%17%17%17%17%17%17%17%17%17%17%17%Cost of equity (pre-tax)%17%17%17%17%17%17%21%21%21%21%21%21%Cost of equity (pre-tax)%21%21%21%21%21%21%21%21%21%21%21%21%
Debt as percentage of financing%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%Debt as percentage of financing%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%Debt as percentage of financing%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%Debt as percentage of financing%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%Debt as percentage of financing%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%Debt as percentage of financing%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%
Depreciation termyears252525252525252525252525Depreciation termyears252525252525252525252525Depreciation termyears252525252525252525252525Depreciation termyears252525252525252525252525Depreciation termyears252525252525252525252525Depreciation termyears252525252525252525252525
Property tax (if used in calc)%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%Property tax (if used in calc)%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%Property tax (if used in calc)%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%Property tax (if used in calc)%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%Property tax (if used in calc)%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%Property tax (if used in calc)%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%
Corporate tax%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%Corporate tax%38%38%38%38%38%38%35%35%35%35%35%35%Corporate tax%35%35%35%35%35%35%35%35%35%35%35%35%Corporate tax%30%30%30%30%30%30%30%30%30%30%30%30%Corporate tax%30%30%30%30%30%30%42%42%42%42%42%42%Corporate tax%42%42%42%42%42%42%42%42%42%42%42%42%
WACC%11.3%11.3%11.3%11.3%11.3%11.3%11.3%11.3%11.3%11.3%11.3%11.3%WACC%11.3%11.3%11.3%11.3%11.3%11.3%11.0%11.0%11.0%11.0%11.0%11.0%WACC%11.0%11.0%11.0%11.0%11.0%11.0%11.0%11.0%11.0%11.0%11.0%11.0%WACC%10.6%10.6%10.6%10.6%10.6%10.6%10.6%10.6%10.6%10.6%10.6%10.6%WACC%10.6%10.6%10.6%10.6%10.6%10.6%11.8%11.8%11.8%11.8%11.8%11.8%WACC%11.8%11.8%11.8%11.8%11.8%11.8%11.8%11.8%11.8%11.8%11.8%11.8%
Intermediate calculationsPCC baseloadPCC mid-meritPCC (LT) baseloadPCC (LT) mid-meritCFB 2001 baseloadCFB 2001 mid-meritCFB LT baseloadCFB LT mid-meritIGCC (2001) baseloadIGCC (2001) mid-meritIGCC (LT) baseloadIGCC (LT) mid-meritIntermediate calculationsNuclear baseloadNuclear (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT mid-meritCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) mid-meritPCC baseloadPCC mid-meritPCC (LT) baseloadPCC (LT) mid-meritCFB 2001 baseloadCFB 2001 mid-meritIntermediate calculationsCFB LT baseloadCFB LT mid-meritIGCC (2001) baseloadIGCC (2001) mid-meritIGCC (LT) baseloadIGCC (LT) mid-meritNuclear baseloadNuclear (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT mid-meritCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) mid-meritIntermediate calculationsPCC baseloadPCC mid-meritPCC (LT) baseloadPCC (LT) mid-meritCFB 2001 baseloadCFB 2001 mid-meritCFB LT baseloadCFB LT mid-meritIGCC (2001) baseloadIGCC (2001) mid-meritIGCC (LT) baseloadIGCC (LT) mid-meritIntermediate calculationsNuclear baseloadNuclear (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT mid-meritCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) mid-meritPCC baseloadPCC mid-meritPCC (LT) baseloadPCC (LT) mid-meritCFB 2001 baseloadCFB 2001 mid-meritIntermediate calculationsCFB LT baseloadCFB LT mid-meritIGCC (2001) baseloadIGCC (2001) mid-meritIGCC (LT) baseloadIGCC (LT) mid-meritNuclear baseloadNuclear (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT mid-meritCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) mid-merit
Total variable cost (fuel & O&M)$/MWh20.1220.1213.9513.9520.5820.5814.5114.5114.4914.499.099.09Total variable cost (fuel & O&M)$/MWh4.414.4122.7328.3320.8425.9318.7918.7914.7514.7520.2820.28Total variable cost (fuel & O&M)$/MWh16.5216.5213.8413.8410.1410.148.558.5519.7224.5019.4024.10Total variable cost (fuel & O&M)$/MWh19.7319.7317.1817.1821.3221.3219.3919.3914.6414.6412.1212.12Total variable cost (fuel & O&M)$/MWh4.414.4122.5528.1022.5528.1022.0722.0719.1519.1523.9423.94Total variable cost (fuel & O&M)$/MWh21.7421.7418.5318.5316.4416.4413.6813.6822.5528.1019.4024.10
Variable cost and fixed O&M costs$/MWh23.2124.8917.0318.7223.3624.8817.2918.8118.8121.1613.4115.76Variable cost and fixed O&M costs$/MWh11.7111.7124.5030.1922.6127.7921.8823.5617.8419.5323.0624.57Variable cost and fixed O&M costs$/MWh19.3020.8218.1620.5114.4516.8016.5916.5921.4926.3721.1825.97Variable cost and fixed O&M costs$/MWh22.8224.5020.2621.9524.1025.6222.1723.6918.9521.3016.4318.79Variable cost and fixed O&M costs$/MWh11.7111.7124.3329.9724.3329.9725.1626.8422.2423.9326.7228.24Variable cost and fixed O&M costs$/MWh24.5226.0322.8425.2020.7623.1122.1722.1724.3329.9721.1825.97
Total O&M costs$/MWh6.428.106.428.105.787.295.787.295.117.465.117.46Total O&M costs$/MWh7.717.712.281.972.281.976.428.106.428.105.787.29Total O&M costs$/MWh5.787.295.117.465.117.468.498.492.281.972.281.97Total O&M costs$/MWh6.428.106.428.105.787.295.787.295.117.465.117.46Total O&M costs$/MWh7.717.712.281.972.281.976.428.106.428.105.787.29Total O&M costs$/MWh5.787.295.117.465.117.468.978.972.281.972.281.97
Total annual capital costs$/MWh21.2532.8321.2532.8323.1835.8221.2532.8325.4039.2519.3129.85Total annual capital costs$/MWh53.4253.429.9913.117.7511.2820.6731.9520.6731.9522.5534.86Total annual capital costs$/MWh20.6731.9524.7238.2018.8029.0551.7351.739.7412.787.5610.99Total annual capital costs$/MWh13.5320.9113.5320.9121.6533.4619.8530.6723.7336.6718.0427.88Total annual capital costs$/MWh41.0841.0812.1219.8312.1219.8322.1134.1722.1134.1724.1237.28Total annual capital costs$/MWh22.1134.1726.4340.8520.1031.0756.0256.0210.3816.988.0513.17
Overnight capital cost$330,000,000330,000,000330,000,000330,000,000360,000,000360,000,000330,000,000330,000,000526,000,000526,000,000400,000,000400,000,000Overnight capital cost$2,400,000,0002,400,000,000174,000,000139,500,000135,000,000120,000,000330,000,000330,000,000330,000,000330,000,000360,000,000360,000,000Overnight capital cost$330,000,000330,000,000526,000,000526,000,000400,000,000400,000,0002,400,000,0002,400,000,000174,000,000139,500,000135,000,000120,000,000Overnight capital cost$225,000,000225,000,000225,000,000225,000,000360,000,000360,000,000330,000,000330,000,000526,000,000526,000,000400,000,000400,000,000Overnight capital cost$2,000,000,0002,000,000,000225,000,000225,000,000225,000,000225,000,000330,000,000330,000,000330,000,000330,000,000360,000,000360,000,000Overnight capital cost$330,000,000330,000,000526,000,000526,000,000400,000,000400,000,0002,400,000,0002,400,000,000174,000,000174,000,000135,000,000135,000,000
FV of capital cost on project completion$390,406,396390,406,396390,406,396390,406,396425,897,887425,897,887390,406,396390,406,396622,284,134622,284,134473,219,874473,219,874FV of capital cost on project completion$3,387,882,4273,387,882,427194,447,873155,893,554150,864,729134,101,982388,618,650388,618,650388,618,650388,618,650423,947,618423,947,618FV of capital cost on project completion$388,618,650388,618,650619,434,576619,434,576471,052,909471,052,9093,355,455,9073,355,455,907193,863,350155,424,927150,411,220133,698,862FV of capital cost on project completion$263,176,607263,176,607263,176,607263,176,607421,082,572421,082,572385,992,357385,992,357615,248,424615,248,424467,869,524467,869,524FV of capital cost on project completion$2,756,814,7422,756,814,742249,572,269249,572,269249,572,269249,572,269393,090,790393,090,790393,090,790393,090,790428,826,316428,826,316FV of capital cost on project completion$393,090,790393,090,790626,562,895626,562,895476,473,684476,473,6843,436,943,9373,436,943,937195,323,412195,323,412151,544,027151,544,027
Depreciation/annuity costs$/year5,996,153.135,996,153.135,996,153.135,996,1536,541,2586,541,2585,996,1535,996,1539,557,5059,557,5057,268,0647,268,064Depreciation/annuity costs$/year73,131,32773,131,3272,547,9262,042,7341,976,8391,757,1906,057,8096,057,8096,057,8096,057,8096,608,5196,608,519Depreciation/annuity costs$/year6,057,8096,057,8099,655,7809,655,7807,342,7997,342,79972,749,27572,749,2752,595,2222,080,6522,013,5341,789,808Depreciation/annuity costs$/year4,199,9014,199,9014,199,9014,199,9016,719,8426,719,8426,159,8556,159,8559,818,4369,818,4367,466,4917,466,491Depreciation/annuity costs$/year60,233,96060,233,9603,453,5913,453,5913,453,5913,453,5915,914,8475,914,8475,914,8475,914,8476,452,5616,452,561Depreciation/annuity costs$/year5,914,8475,914,8479,427,9089,427,9087,169,5127,169,51273,797,70273,797,7022,482,8602,482,8601,926,3571,926,357
Annual interest$/year15,015,00015,015,00015,015,00015,015,00016,380,00016,380,00015,015,00015,015,00023,933,00023,933,00018,200,00018,200,000Annual interest$/year109,200,000109,200,0007,917,0006,347,2506,142,5005,460,00015,015,00015,015,00015,015,00015,015,00016,380,00016,380,000Annual interest$/year15,015,00015,015,00023,933,00023,933,00018,200,00018,200,000109,200,000109,200,0007,917,0006,347,2506,142,5005,460,000Annual interest$/year10,237,50010,237,50010,237,50010,237,50016,380,00016,380,00015,015,00015,015,00023,933,00023,933,00018,200,00018,200,000Annual interest$/year91,000,00091,000,00010,237,50010,237,50010,237,50010,237,50015,015,00015,015,00015,015,00015,015,00016,380,00016,380,000Annual interest$/year15,015,00015,015,00023,933,00023,933,00018,200,00018,200,000109,200,000109,200,0007,917,0007,917,0006,142,5006,142,500
Total operating cost (annual)$/year51,836,74635,976,71838,050,58927,056,26452,186,26235,959,34638,633,21027,189,72456,023,42640,786,45239,925,76830,370,320Total operating cost (annual)$/year90,285,80890,285,80857,954,87943,641,37053,484,65140,172,41048,871,77334,058,20639,854,76628,223,67251,500,64935,515,714Total operating cost (annual)$/year43,121,26530,093,76054,086,78339,533,33043,040,80332,385,932127,883,035127,883,03550,829,91838,112,30050,084,88037,534,140Total operating cost (annual)$/year50,964,69535,412,45045,267,29631,725,89753,839,79837,029,28149,530,84034,241,13256,443,25841,058,10848,945,38136,206,541Total operating cost (annual)$/year90,285,80890,285,80857,535,26043,315,74057,535,26043,315,74056,197,00138,798,06049,685,68734,584,85659,687,66940,813,198Total operating cost (annual)$/year54,763,14637,626,74168,039,16248,561,34061,823,37144,539,358170,884,774170,884,77457,535,26043,315,74050,084,88037,534,140
All pretax costs (annual)$/year72,847,89956,987,87159,061,74248,067,41775,107,52058,880,60459,644,36348,200,87789,513,93174,276,95765,393,83255,838,385All pretax costs (annual)$/year272,617,135272,617,13568,419,80552,031,35461,603,99047,389,60169,944,58255,131,01560,927,57549,296,48174,489,16858,504,233All pretax costs (annual)$/year64,194,07451,166,56987,675,56373,122,11068,583,60257,928,730309,832,309309,832,30961,342,14046,540,20258,240,91444,783,948All pretax costs (annual)$/year65,402,09749,849,85159,704,69746,163,29876,939,64060,129,12370,705,69555,415,98790,194,69474,809,54474,611,87261,873,032All pretax costs (annual)$/year241,519,768241,519,76871,226,35157,006,83171,226,35157,006,83177,126,84859,727,90770,615,53455,514,70482,520,23063,645,758All pretax costs (annual)$/year75,692,99358,556,589101,400,07081,922,24887,192,88269,908,869353,882,476353,882,47667,935,12053,715,60058,153,73745,602,997
All pretax costs (levelized)$/MWh32.6139.4326.4433.2633.6240.7426.7033.3530.0538.5421.9628.97All pretax costs (levelized)$/MWh35.3635.3628.9336.0026.0532.7931.3138.1427.2834.1133.3540.48All pretax costs (levelized)$/MWh28.7435.4029.4437.9423.0330.0640.1940.1925.9432.2024.6230.98All pretax costs (levelized)$/MWh29.2834.4926.7331.9434.4441.6031.6538.3430.2838.8225.0532.11All pretax costs (levelized)$/MWh31.3331.3330.1139.4430.1139.4434.5341.3231.6138.4136.9444.03All pretax costs (levelized)$/MWh33.8940.5134.0542.5129.2836.2745.9145.9128.7237.1624.5931.55
Equity return, including taxes (annual)$/year26,446,88526,446,88526,446,88526,446,88528,851,14728,851,14726,446,88526,446,88542,154,73242,154,73232,056,83032,056,830Equity return, including taxes (annual)$/year229,501,713229,501,71313,172,27510,560,53110,219,8699,084,32825,110,74425,110,74425,110,74425,110,74427,393,53827,393,538Equity return, including taxes (annual)$/year25,110,74425,110,74440,025,00340,025,00330,437,26530,437,265216,814,074216,814,07412,526,55510,042,8419,718,8798,639,003Equity return, including taxes (annual)$/year15,790,59615,790,59615,790,59615,790,59625,264,95425,264,95423,159,54123,159,54136,914,90536,914,90528,072,17128,072,171Equity return, including taxes (annual)$/year165,408,885165,408,88514,974,33614,974,33614,974,33614,974,33628,465,19528,465,19528,465,19528,465,19531,052,94031,052,940Equity return, including taxes (annual)$/year28,465,19528,465,19545,371,79645,371,79634,503,26734,503,267248,882,147248,882,14714,144,10914,144,10910,973,87810,973,878
Total costs (incl. Tax and return)$/year99,294,78483,434,75685,508,62774,514,302103,958,66787,731,75186,091,24874,647,762131,668,663116,431,68997,450,66387,895,215Total costs (incl. Tax and return)$/year502,118,848502,118,84881,592,08062,591,88571,823,85956,473,92895,055,32680,241,75986,038,31874,407,225101,882,70785,897,772Total costs (incl. Tax and return)$/year89,304,81876,277,312127,700,566113,147,11499,020,86788,365,995526,646,383526,646,38373,868,69456,583,04367,959,79353,422,951Total costs (incl. Tax and return)$/year81,192,69365,640,44875,495,29361,953,895102,204,59485,394,07793,865,23678,575,528127,109,599111,724,449102,684,04489,945,203Total costs (incl. Tax and return)$/year406,928,652406,928,65286,200,68771,981,16786,200,68771,981,167105,592,04388,193,10299,080,72983,979,899113,573,17094,698,698Total costs (incl. Tax and return)$/year104,158,18887,021,784146,771,866127,294,044121,696,149104,412,136602,764,623602,764,62382,079,22967,859,70969,127,61556,576,875
Total levelized costs$/MWh44.4557.7238.2851.5546.5460.7038.5451.6544.2160.4132.7245.61Total levelized costs$/MWh65.1465.1434.5043.3030.3739.0742.5555.5238.5251.4845.6159.43Total levelized costs$/MWh39.9852.7742.8858.7133.2545.8568.3268.3231.2339.1528.7336.96Total levelized costs$/MWh36.3545.4133.8042.8645.7559.0842.0254.3642.6857.9734.4846.67Total levelized costs$/MWh52.7952.7936.4549.8036.4549.8047.2761.0244.3658.1050.8465.52Total levelized costs$/MWh46.6360.2149.2866.0540.8654.1878.1978.1934.7046.9529.2339.14
Other worksheets contain sensitivity cases and extracted data used in chartsOther worksheets contain sensitivity cases and extracted data used in chartsOther worksheets contain sensitivity cases and extracted data used in chartsOther worksheets contain sensitivity cases and extracted data used in chartsOther worksheets contain sensitivity cases and extracted data used in charts
Anders Hove:Using pre-tax return on equity and omitting the earlier-included tax benefit of debt
Anders Hove:Using pre-tax return on equity and omitting the earlier-included tax benefit of debt
Anders Hove:Using pre-tax return on equity and omitting the earlier-included tax benefit of debt
Anders Hove:Using pre-tax return on equity and omitting the earlier-included tax benefit of debt
Anders Hove:Using pre-tax return on equity and omitting the earlier-included tax benefit of debt
Anders Hove:Using pre-tax return on equity and omitting the earlier-included tax benefit of debt
Calcs2
Chart input for PCC, IGCC, NGCC and nuclear chartsChart input for cost comparison
Basic inputsU.S.Basic inputsBasic inputs
VariableUnitsPCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001PCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001IGCC baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001CCGT baseload 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001Nuclear 2001VariableUnitsPCC low-env 2001PCC low-env LTPCC high-env 2001PCC high-env LTCFB 2001CFB LTIGCC 2001IGCC LTCCGTCCGT (LT)SCGTNuclearVariableUnitsPCC new-SCR high-coalPCC w/SCR high-coalPCC new-SCR low-coalPCC w/SCR low-coalCCGT low-gas costSCGT low gas costCCGT high gas costSCGT high gas costNuclear casePCC new-SCR high-coalPCC w/SCR high-coalPCC new-SCR low-coalPCC w/SCR low-coalCCGT low-gas costSCGT low gas costCCGT high gas costSCGT high gas cost
Plant sizeMW300300300300300300300300300300300300300300300300300300400400400400400400400400400400400400400400400400400400300300300300300300300300300300300300300300300300300300100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000200200200200200200Plant sizeMW3003003003003003004004003003003001000Plant sizeMW3003003003003003003003001000300300300300300300300300
Capital cost$/kW110011001100110011001100100010001000100010001000900900900900900900131513151315131513151315110011001100110011001100100010001000100010001000580580580580580580580580580580580580580580580580580580100014001800220026003000100014001800220026003000100014001800220026003000Capital cost$/kW110011001170115012001100131510005805804652400Capital cost$/kW700700000007007000000
Lead timeyears444444444444444444444444444444444444333333333333333333101010101010777777444444Lead timeyears444444443337Lead timeyears11111111311111111
Fixed O&M cost$/kW23232323232323232323232323232323232332.1332.1332.1332.1332.1332.1332.1332.1332.1332.1332.1332.1332.1332.1332.1332.1332.1332.13141414141414141414141414141414141414565656565656565656565656565656565656Fixed O&M cost$/kW2323292920.720.732.1332.1314.2314.23956Fixed O&M cost$/kW292929.0029.0014.23914.239752929292914.23914.239
Variable O&M cost$/MWh3.333.333.333.333.333.333.333.333.333.333.333.333.333.333.333.333.333.330.790.790.790.790.790.790.790.790.790.790.790.790.790.790.790.790.790.790.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.400.400.400.400.400.400.400.400.400.400.400.400.400.400.400.400.400.40Variable O&M cost$/MWh3.333.333.733.733.002.9970.790.790.500.500.100.40Variable O&M cost$/MWh3.733.733.733.730.500.100.500.103.603.733.733.733.730.500.100.500.10
Fuel prices$/MMBtu0.500.751.001.251.501.750.500.751.001.251.501.750.500.751.001.251.501.750.500.751.001.251.501.750.500.751.001.251.501.750.500.751.001.251.501.753.003.403.804.204.605.003.003.403.804.204.605.003.003.403.804.204.605.00Fuel cost$/MMBtu1.671.201.671.201.671.201.671.203.453.153.15Fuel cost$/MMBtu1.671.671.201.203.153.153.503.501.671.671.201.203.153.153.503.50
Fuel cost$/MWh4.506.759.0011.2513.5015.754.506.759.0011.2513.5015.754.506.759.0011.2513.5015.753.755.637.509.3811.2513.133.755.637.509.3811.2513.133.755.637.509.3811.2513.1320.4023.1225.8428.5631.2834.0018.6021.0823.5626.0428.5231.0017.1019.3821.6623.9426.2228.504.004.004.004.004.004.004.004.004.004.004.004.004.004.004.004.004.004.00Fuel cost$/MWh15.039.1015.039.1016.7510.8012.527.4421.7419.8525.204.00Fuel cost$/MWh15.0315.0310.8010.8019.8531.5022.0535.004.0015.0315.0310.8010.8019.8531.5022.0535.00
Allowance prices$/lbAllowance prices$/lb1.001.00Allowance prices$/lb1.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.00
Emissionslb/MMBtuEmissionslb/MMBtu0.200.20Emissionslb/MMBtu0.200.200.200.200.080.080.080.080.200.200.200.200.080.080.080.08
Allowance cost$/MWhAllowance cost$/MWh1.801.52Allowance cost$/MWh1.801.801.801.800.500.800.500.801.801.801.801.800.500.800.500.80
HeatrateBtu/kWh900090009000900090009000900090009000900090009000900090009000900090009000750075007500750075007500750075007500750075007500750075007500750075007500680068006800680068006800620062006200620062006200570057005700570057005700HeatrateBtu/kWh900075829000758210035900075006204630063008000HeatrateBtu/kWh90009000900090006300100006300100009000900090009000630010000630010000
Thermal efficiency (if used in calc)%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%45%45%45%45%45%45%45%45%45%45%45%45%45%45%45%45%45%45%50%50%50%50%50%50%55%55%55%55%55%55%60%60%60%60%60%60%Thermal efficiency (if used in calc)%38%45%38%45%34%38%45%55%54%54%43%Thermal efficiency (if used in calc)%38%38%38%38%54%34%54%34%38%38%38%38%54%34%54%34%
Conversion factorBtu/kWh341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412Conversion factorBtu/kWh34123412341234123412341234123412341234123412Conversion factorBtu/kWh3412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412
Capacity factor%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%90%90%90%90%90%90%90%90%90%90%90%90%90%90%90%90%90%90%88%88%88%88%88%88%88%88%88%88%88%88%88%88%88%88%88%88%Capacity factor%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%85%90%90%90%88%Capacity factor%85%85%85%85%90%90%90%90%88%55%55%55%55%55%55%55%55%
Hours of use per yearhours7446744674467446744674467446744674467446744674467446744674467446744674467446744674467446744674467446744674467446744674467446744674467446744674467884788478847884788478847884788478847884788478847884788478847884788478847708.87708.87708.87708.87708.87708.87708.87708.87708.87708.87708.87708.87708.87708.87708.87708.87708.87708.8Hours of use per yearhours744674467446744674467446744674467884788478847708.8Hours of use per yearhours744674467446744678847884788478847708.848184818481848184818481848184818
Cost of debt%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%Cost of debt%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%Cost of debt%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%
Cost of equity (post-tax)%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%Cost of equity (post-tax)%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%Cost of equity (post-tax)%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%
Cost of equity (pre-tax)%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%Cost of equity (pre-tax)%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%Cost of equity (pre-tax)%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%
Debt as percentage of financing%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%Debt as percentage of financing%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%Debt as percentage of financing%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%
Depreciation termyears252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525Depreciation termyears252525252525252525252525Depreciation termyears2525252525252525252525252525252525
Property tax (if used in calc)%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%Property tax (if used in calc)%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%Property tax (if used in calc)%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%
Corporate tax%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%Corporate tax%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%Corporate tax%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%
WACC%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%WACC%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%WACC%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%
Intermediate calculationsPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadPCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadIGCC baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadCCGT baseloadNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearIntermediate calculationsPCC low-env 2001PCC low-env LTPCC high-env 2001PCC high-env LTCFB 2001CFB LTIGCC 2001IGCC LTCCGTCCGTSCGTNuclearIntermediate calculationsPCC low-env 2001PCC low-env 2001PCC low-env 2001PCC low-env 2001CCGTSCGT baseloadCCGTSCGT baseloadNuclearPCC low-env 2001PCC low-env 2001PCC low-env 2001PCC low-env 2001CCGTSCGT mid-meritCCGTSCGT mid-merit
Total variable cost (fuel & O&M)$/MWh7.8310.0812.3314.5816.8319.087.8310.0812.3314.5816.8319.087.8310.0812.3314.5816.8319.084.546.428.2910.1712.0413.924.546.428.2910.1712.0413.924.546.428.2910.1712.0413.9220.9023.6226.3429.0631.7834.5019.1021.5824.0626.5429.0231.5017.6019.8822.1624.4426.7229.004.404.404.404.404.404.404.404.404.404.404.404.404.404.404.404.404.404.40Total variable cost (fuel & O&M)$/MWh18.3612.4318.7612.8319.7513.8013.318.2322.2420.3525.304.40Total variable cost (fuel & O&M)$/MWh20.5620.5616.3316.3320.8532.4023.0535.907.6020.5620.5616.3316.3320.8532.4023.0535.90
Variable cost and annual fixed costs$/MWh10.9213.1715.4217.6719.9222.1710.9213.1715.4217.6719.9222.1710.9213.1715.4217.6719.9222.178.8610.7312.6114.4816.3618.238.8610.7312.6114.4816.3618.238.8610.7312.6114.4816.3618.2322.6825.4028.1230.8433.5636.2820.8823.3625.8428.3230.8033.2819.3821.6623.9426.2228.5030.7811.6611.6611.6611.6611.6611.6611.6611.6611.6611.6611.6611.6611.6611.6611.6611.6611.6611.66Variable cost and annual fixed costs$/MWh21.4415.5222.6516.7222.5316.5817.6312.5524.0422.1526.4411.66Variable cost and annual fixed costs$/MWh24.4524.4520.2220.2222.6533.5424.8637.0417.3326.5826.5822.3522.3523.8034.2726.0137.77
Total O&M costs$/MWh6.426.426.426.426.426.426.426.426.426.426.426.426.426.426.426.426.426.425.115.115.115.115.115.115.115.115.115.115.115.115.115.115.115.115.115.112.282.282.282.282.282.282.282.282.282.282.282.282.282.282.282.282.282.287.667.667.667.667.667.667.667.667.667.667.667.667.667.667.667.667.667.66Total O&M costs$/MWh6.426.427.627.625.785.785.115.112.302.301.247.66O&M costs$/MWh7.627.627.627.622.301.242.301.2413.339.759.759.759.753.451.973.451.97
Total annual capital costs$/MWh21.2521.2521.2521.2521.2521.2519.3119.3119.3119.3119.3119.3117.3817.3817.3817.3817.3817.3825.4025.4025.4025.4025.4025.4021.2521.2521.2521.2521.2521.2519.3119.3119.3119.3119.3119.319.999.999.999.999.999.999.999.999.999.999.999.999.999.999.999.999.999.9926.7837.5048.2158.9369.6480.3522.2631.1640.0748.9757.8866.7818.6626.1233.5841.0448.5055.97Total annual capital costs$/MWh21.2521.2522.6022.2123.1821.2525.4019.319.999.998.0153.42Annual capital costs$/MWh1.140.01.140.00.00.00.00.00.01.770.01.770.00.00.00.00.0
Overnight capital cost$330,000,000330,000,000330,000,000330,000,000330,000,000330,000,000300,000,000300,000,000300,000,000300,000,000300,000,000300,000,000270,000,000270,000,000270,000,000270,000,000270,000,000270,000,000526,000,000526,000,000526,000,000526,000,000526,000,000526,000,000440,000,000440,000,000440,000,000440,000,000440,000,000440,000,000400,000,000400,000,000400,000,000400,000,000400,000,000400,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,000174,000,0001,000,000,0001,400,000,0001,800,000,0002,200,000,0002,600,000,0003,000,000,0001,000,000,0001,400,000,0001,800,000,0002,200,000,0002,600,000,0003,000,000,000200,000,000280,000,000360,000,000440,000,000520,000,000600,000,000Overnight capital cost$330,000,000330,000,000351,000,000345,000,000360,000,000330,000,000526,000,000400,000,000174,000,000174,000,000139,500,0002,400,000,000Overnight capital cost$21,000,0000.021,000,0000.00.00.00.00.00.021,000,0000.021,000,0000.00.00.00.00.0
FV of capital cost on project completion$390,406,396390,406,396390,406,396390,406,396390,406,396390,406,396354,914,906354,914,906354,914,906354,914,906354,914,906354,914,906319,423,415319,423,415319,423,415319,423,415319,423,415319,423,415622,284,134622,284,134622,284,134622,284,134622,284,134622,284,134520,541,862520,541,862520,541,862520,541,862520,541,862520,541,862473,219,874473,219,874473,219,874473,219,874473,219,874473,219,874194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,873194,447,8731,698,530,9932,377,943,3913,057,355,7883,736,768,1854,416,180,5835,095,592,9801,411,617,6781,976,264,7492,540,911,8203,105,558,8913,670,205,9634,234,853,034236,609,937331,253,912425,897,887520,541,862615,185,836709,829,811FV of capital cost on project completion$390,406,396390,406,396415,250,440408,152,141425,897,887390,406,396622,284,134473,219,874194,447,873194,447,873155,893,5543,387,882,427FV of capital cost on project completion$21,000,0000.021,000,0000.00.00.00.00.00.021,000,0000.021,000,0000.00.00.00.00.0
Annual depreciation$/year15,616,255.8515,616,255.8515,616,255.8515,616,255.8515,616,255.8515,616,255.8514,196,596.2214,196,596.2214,196,596.2214,196,596.2214,196,596.2214,196,596.2212,776,936.6012,776,936.6012,776,936.6012,776,936.6012,776,936.6012,776,936.6024,891,365.3824,891,365.3824,891,365.3824,891,365.3824,891,365.3824,891,365.3820,821,674.4620,821,674.4620,821,674.4620,821,674.4620,821,674.4620,821,674.4618,928,794.9718,928,794.9718,928,794.9718,928,794.9718,928,794.9718,928,794.977,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.947,777,914.9467,941,239.7395,117,735.62122,294,231.52149,470,727.41176,647,223.30203,823,719.1956,464,707.1279,050,589.96101,636,472.81124,222,355.66146,808,238.50169,394,121.359,464,397.4813,250,156.4817,035,915.4720,821,674.4624,607,433.4628,393,192.45Annual depreciation$/year15,616,255.8515,616,255.8516,610,017.5816,326,085.6617,035,915.4715,616,255.8524,891,365.3818,928,794.977,777,914.947,777,914.946,235,742.15135,515,297.08Annual depreciation$/year840,000.000.0840,000.000.00.00.00.00.00.0840,000.000.0840,000.000.00.00.00.00.0
Depreciation/annuity costs$/year5,996,1535,996,1535,996,1535,996,1535,996,1535,996,1535,451,0485,451,0485,451,0485,451,0485,451,0485,451,0484,905,9434,905,9434,905,9434,905,9434,905,9434,905,9439,557,5059,557,5059,557,5059,557,5059,557,5059,557,5057,994,8717,994,8717,994,8717,994,8717,994,8717,994,8717,268,0647,268,0647,268,0647,268,0647,268,0647,268,0642,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,9262,547,92645,912,68064,277,75182,642,823101,007,895119,372,967137,738,03930,471,38642,659,94154,848,49667,037,05079,225,60591,414,1593,634,0325,087,6456,541,2587,994,8719,448,48410,902,097Depreciation/annuity costs$/year5,996,1535,996,1536,377,7276,268,7066,541,2585,996,1539,557,5057,268,0642,547,9262,547,9262,042,73473,131,327Depreciation/annuity costs$/year174,6920.0174,6920.00.00.00.00.00.0174,6920.0174,6920.00.00.00.00.0
Annual interest$/year15,015,00015,015,00015,015,00015,015,00015,015,00015,015,00013,650,00013,650,00013,650,00013,650,00013,650,00013,650,00012,285,00012,285,00012,285,00012,285,00012,285,00012,285,00023,933,00023,933,00023,933,00023,933,00023,933,00023,933,00020,020,00020,020,00020,020,00020,020,00020,020,00020,020,00018,200,00018,200,00018,200,00018,200,00018,200,00018,200,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,0007,917,00045,500,00063,700,00081,900,000100,100,000118,300,000136,500,00045,500,00063,700,00081,900,000100,100,000118,300,000136,500,0009,100,00012,740,00016,380,00020,020,00023,660,00027,300,000Annual interest$/year15,015,00015,015,00015,970,50015,697,50016,380,00015,015,00023,933,00018,200,0007,917,0007,917,0006,347,250109,200,000Annual interest$/year955,5000.0955,5000.00.00.00.00.00.0955,5000.0955,5000.00.00.00.00.0
Total operating cost (annual)$/year24,390,65429,416,70434,442,75439,468,80444,494,85449,520,90424,390,65429,416,70434,442,75439,468,80444,494,85449,520,90424,390,65429,416,70434,442,75439,468,80444,494,85449,520,90426,373,93631,958,43637,542,93643,127,43648,711,93654,296,43626,373,93631,958,43637,542,93643,127,43648,711,93654,296,43626,373,93631,958,43637,542,93643,127,43648,711,93654,296,43653,632,68060,066,02466,499,36872,932,71279,366,05685,799,40049,375,32055,241,01661,106,71266,972,40872,838,10478,703,80045,827,52051,220,17656,612,83262,005,48867,398,14472,790,80089,918,72089,918,72089,918,72089,918,72089,918,72089,918,72089,918,72089,918,72089,918,72089,918,72089,918,72089,918,72017,983,74417,983,74417,983,74417,983,74417,983,74417,983,744Total operating cost (annual)$/year47,903,82734,663,15650,597,34737,356,67650,331,07537,029,73952,499,68437,377,22956,859,22252,388,99462,539,56089,918,720Total operating cost (annual)$/year54,618,18754,618,18745,177,95445,177,95453,581,05579,332,48058,796,32187,610,680133,586,88038,411,76838,411,76832,303,38232,303,38234,404,14549,530,96037,591,25254,589,860
All pretax costs (annual)$/year45,401,80750,427,85755,453,90760,479,95765,506,00770,532,05743,491,70248,517,75253,543,80258,569,85263,595,90268,621,95241,581,59746,607,64751,633,69756,659,74761,685,79766,711,84759,864,44165,448,94171,033,44176,617,94182,202,44187,786,94154,388,80759,973,30765,557,80771,142,30776,726,80782,311,30751,842,00057,426,50063,011,00068,595,50074,180,00079,764,50064,097,60670,530,95076,964,29483,397,63889,830,98296,264,32659,840,24665,705,94271,571,63877,437,33483,303,03089,168,72656,292,44661,685,10267,077,75872,470,41477,863,07083,255,726181,331,400217,896,471254,461,543291,026,615327,591,687364,156,759165,890,106196,278,661226,667,216257,055,770287,444,325317,832,87930,717,77635,811,38940,905,00245,998,61551,092,22856,185,841All pretax costs (annual)$/year68,914,98055,674,30972,945,57459,322,88173,252,33358,040,89285,990,18962,845,29367,324,14862,853,92070,929,544272,250,047All pretax costs (annual)$/year55,748,37954,618,18746,308,14645,177,95453,581,05579,332,48058,796,32187,610,680133,586,88039,541,96038,411,76833,433,57432,303,38234,404,14549,530,96037,591,25254,589,860
All pretax costs (levelized)$/MWh20.3222.5724.8227.0729.3231.5719.4721.7223.9726.2228.4730.7218.6120.8623.1125.3627.6129.8620.1021.9723.8525.7227.6029.4718.2620.1422.0123.8925.7627.6417.4119.2821.1623.0324.9126.7827.1029.8232.5435.2637.9840.7025.3027.7830.2632.7435.2237.7023.8026.0828.3630.6432.9235.2023.5228.2733.0137.7542.5047.2421.5225.4629.4033.3537.2941.2319.9223.2326.5329.8433.1436.44All pretax costs (levelized)$/MWh30.8524.9232.6626.5632.7925.9828.8721.1028.4626.5729.9935.32All pretax costs (levelized)$/MWh24.9624.4520.7320.2222.6533.5424.8637.0417.3327.3626.5823.1322.3523.8034.2726.0137.77
Equity return, including taxes (annual)$/year26,446,884.9026,446,884.9026,446,884.9026,446,884.9026,446,884.9026,446,884.9024,042,622.6424,042,622.6424,042,622.6424,042,622.6424,042,622.6424,042,622.6421,638,360.3721,638,360.3721,638,360.3721,638,360.3721,638,360.3721,638,360.3742,154,731.6942,154,731.6942,154,731.6942,154,731.6942,154,731.6942,154,731.6935,262,513.2035,262,513.2035,262,513.2035,262,513.2035,262,513.2035,262,513.2032,056,830.1832,056,830.1832,056,830.1832,056,830.1832,056,830.1832,056,830.1813,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.3013,172,275.30115,061,776.96161,086,487.75207,111,198.53253,135,909.32299,160,620.10345,185,330.8995,625,713.67133,875,999.13172,126,284.60210,376,570.06248,626,855.53286,877,141.0016,028,415.0922,439,781.1328,851,147.1735,262,513.2041,673,879.2448,085,245.28Equity return, including taxes (annual)$/year26,446,884.9026,446,884.9028,129,868.4927,649,016.0328,851,147.1726,446,884.9042,154,731.6932,056,830.1813,172,275.3013,172,275.3010,560,531.06229,501,712.80Equity return, including taxes (annual)$/year1,422,580.650.01,422,580.650.00.00.00.00.00.01,422,580.650.01,422,580.650.00.00.00.00.0
Total costs (incl. Tax and return)$/year71,848,69276,874,74281,900,79286,926,84291,952,89296,978,94267,534,32572,560,37577,586,42582,612,47587,638,52592,664,57563,219,95868,246,00873,272,05878,298,10883,324,15888,350,208102,019,172107,603,672113,188,172118,772,672124,357,172129,941,67289,651,32095,235,820100,820,320106,404,820111,989,320117,573,82083,898,83189,483,33195,067,831100,652,331106,236,831111,821,33177,269,88183,703,22590,136,56996,569,913103,003,257109,436,60173,012,52178,878,21784,743,91390,609,60996,475,305102,341,00169,464,72174,857,37780,250,03385,642,68991,035,34596,428,001296,393,177378,982,959461,572,742544,162,524626,752,307709,342,090261,515,820330,154,660398,793,500467,432,340536,071,180604,710,02046,746,19158,251,17069,756,14981,261,12892,766,107104,271,086Total costs (incl. Tax and return)$/year95,361,86582,121,194101,075,44286,971,897102,103,48084,487,777128,144,92094,902,12380,496,42376,026,19581,490,075501,751,760Total costs (incl. Tax and return)$/year57,170,96054,618,18747,730,72745,177,95453,581,05579,332,48058,796,32187,610,680133,586,88040,964,54138,411,76834,856,15532,303,38234,404,14549,530,96037,591,25254,589,860
Total levelized costs$/MWh32.1634.4136.6638.9141.1643.4130.2332.4834.7336.9839.2341.4828.3030.5532.8035.0537.3039.5534.2536.1338.0039.8841.7543.6330.1031.9833.8535.7337.6039.4828.1730.0431.9233.7935.6737.5432.6735.3938.1140.8343.5546.2730.8733.3535.8338.3140.7943.2729.3731.6533.9336.2138.4940.7738.4549.1659.8870.5981.3092.0233.9242.8351.7360.6469.5478.4430.3237.7845.2452.7160.1767.63Total levelized costs$/MWh42.6936.7645.2538.9345.7137.8243.0231.8634.0332.1434.4565.09Total levelized costs$/MWh25.5924.4521.3720.2222.6533.5424.8637.0417.3328.3426.5824.1222.3523.8034.2726.0137.77
Other worksheets contain sensitivity cases and extracted data used in charts
Calcs3
Basic inputsU.S.EuropeChinaJapan
VariableUnitsPCC baseloadPCC mid-meritPCC (LT) baseloadPCC (LT) mid-meritNuclear baseloadNuclear (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT baseloadCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) baseloadPCC baseloadPCC mid-meritPCC (LT) baseloadPCC (LT) mid-meritNuclear baseloadNuclear (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadOCGT mid-meritCCGT (LT) baseloadOCGT (LT) mid-meritPCC baseloadPCC mid-meritPCC (LT) baseloadPCC (LT) mid-meritNuclear baseloadNuclear (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT baseloadCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) baseloadPCC baseloadPCC mid-meritPCC (LT) baseloadPCC (LT) mid-meritNuclear baseloadNuclear (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT baseloadCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) baseload
Plant sizeMW30030030030010001000300300300300300300300300100010003003003003003003003003001000100030030030030030030030030010001000300300300300
Capital cost$/kW70707070000000707070700000007070707000000070707070000000
Lead timeyears1111111111111111111111111111111111111111
Fixed O&M cost$/kW23.023.023.023.056.356.314.09.014.09.023.023.023.023.056.356.314.09.014.09.023.023.023.023.056.356.314.09.014.09.023.023.023.023.056.356.314.09.014.09.0
Variable O&M cost$/MWh3.33.33.33.30.40.40.50.10.50.13.33.33.33.30.40.40.50.10.50.13.33.33.33.30.40.40.50.10.50.13.33.33.33.30.40.40.50.10.50.1
Fuel cost$/MMBtu1.671.671.201.200.00.03.453.453.153.151.71.71.51.50.00.03.13.13.03.01.81.81.81.80.00.03.53.53.53.52.12.12.12.10.00.03.53.53.03.0
Fuel cost$/MWh14.9914.999.109.100.00.021.7434.5019.8531.5015.4615.4611.4211.420.00.019.2230.5018.9030.0016.4016.4013.8513.850.00.022.0535.0022.0535.0018.7418.7415.8215.820.00.022.0535.0018.9030.00
HeatrateBtu/kWh8979897975827582630010000630010000897989797582758263001000063001000089798979758275826300100006300100008979897975827582630010000630010000
Thermal efficiency (if used in calc)%38%38%45%45%54%34%54%34%38%38%45%45%54%34%54%34%38%38%45%45%54%34%54%34%38%38%45%45%54%34%54%34%
Conversion factorBtu/kWh34123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412
Capacity factor%85%55%85%55%88%88%90%90%90%90%85%55%85%55%88%88%90%90%90%90%85%55%85%55%88%88%90%90%90%90%85%55%85%55%88%88%90%90%90%90%
Hours of use per yearhours74464818744648187708.87708.8788448187884481874464818744648187708.87708.8788448187884481874464818744648187708.87708.8788448187884481874464818744648187708.87708.87884481878844818
Cost of debt%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%7%
Cost of equity (post-tax)%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%12%
Cost of equity (pre-tax)%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%19%18%18%18%18%18%18%18%18%18%18%17%17%17%17%17%17%17%17%17%17%21%21%21%21%21%21%21%21%21%21%
Debt as percentage of financing%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%65%
Depreciation termyears25252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525252525
Property tax (if used in calc)%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%2%
Corporate tax%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%38%35%35%35%35%35%35%35%35%35%35%30%30%30%30%30%30%30%30%30%30%42%42%42%42%42%42%42%42%42%42%
WACC%10.3%10.3%10.3%10.3%10.3%10.3%10.3%10.3%10.3%10.3%10.1%10.1%10.1%10.1%10.1%10.1%10.1%10.1%10.1%10.1%9.8%9.8%9.8%9.8%9.8%9.8%9.8%9.8%9.8%9.8%10.5%10.5%10.5%10.5%10.5%10.5%10.5%10.5%10.5%10.5%
Intermediate calculationsPCC baseloadPCC mid-meritPCC (LT) baseloadPCC (LT) mid-meritNuclear baseloadNuclear (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT baseloadCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT baseloadCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) baseloadCCGT baseloadSCGT baseloadCCGT (LT) baseloadSCGT (LT) baseload
Total variable cost (fuel & O&M)$/MWh18.3218.3212.4312.430.410.4122.2434.6020.3531.6018.7918.7914.7514.750.410.4119.7230.6019.4030.1019.7319.7317.1817.180.410.4122.5535.1022.5535.1022.0722.0719.1519.150.410.4122.5535.1019.4030.10
Variable cost and annual fixed costs$/MWh21.4123.0915.5217.207.717.7124.0136.4722.1233.4721.8823.5617.8419.537.717.7121.4932.4721.1831.9722.8224.5020.2621.957.717.7124.3336.9724.3336.9725.1626.8422.2423.937.717.7124.3336.9721.1831.97
Total O&M costs$/MWh6.428.106.428.107.717.712.281.972.281.976.428.106.428.107.717.712.281.972.281.976.428.106.428.107.717.712.281.972.281.976.428.106.428.107.717.712.281.972.281.97
Total annual capital costs$/MWh1.061.631.061.630.00.00.00.00.00.01.041.611.041.610.00.00.00.00.00.01.021.581.021.580.00.00.00.00.00.01.081.671.081.670.00.00.00.00.00.0
Overnight capital cost$21,000,00021,000,00021,000,00021,000,0000.00.00.00.00.00.021,000,00021,000,00021,000,00021,000,0000.00.00.00.00.00.021,000,00021,000,00021,000,00021,000,0000.00.00.00.00.00.021,000,00021,000,00021,000,00021,000,0000.00.00.00.00.00.0
FV of capital cost on project completion$21,000,00021,000,00021,000,00021,000,0000.00.00.00.00.00.021,000,00021,000,00021,000,00021,000,0000.00.00.00.00.00.021,000,00021,000,00021,000,00021,000,0000.00.00.00.00.00.021,000,00021,000,00021,000,00021,000,0000.00.00.00.00.00.0
Annual depreciation$/year840,000.00840,000.00840,000.00840,000.000.00.00.00.00.00.0840,000.00840,000.00840,000.00840,000.000.00.00.00.00.00.0840,000.00840,000.00840,000.00840,000.000.00.00.00.00.00.0840,000.00840,000.00840,000.00840,000.000.00.00.00.00.00.0
Depreciation/annuity costs$/year(16,188.49)(16,188.49)(16,188.49)(16,188.49)0.00.00.00.00.00.017,545.7117,545.7117,545.7117,545.710.00.00.00.00.00.067,599.5567,599.5567,599.5567,599.550.00.00.00.00.00.0(66,342.01)(66,342.01)(66,342.01)(66,342.01)0.00.00.00.00.00.0
Annual interest$/year955,500955,500955,500955,5000.00.00.00.00.00.0955,500955,500955,500955,5000.00.00.00.00.00.0955,500955,500955,500955,5000.00.00.00.00.00.0955,500955,500955,500955,5000.00.00.00.00.00.0
Total operating cost (annual)$/year47,825,31233,381,08434,663,15624,864,39559,450,60859,450,60856,790,22252,710,84052,319,99448,374,64048,871,77334,058,20639,854,76628,223,67259,450,60859,450,60850,829,91846,929,24050,084,88046,206,54050,964,69535,412,45045,267,29631,725,89759,450,60859,450,60857,535,26053,433,54057,535,26053,433,54056,197,00138,798,06049,685,68734,584,85659,450,60859,450,60857,535,26053,433,54050,084,88046,206,540
All pretax costs (annual)$/year48,764,62334,320,39635,602,46725,803,70659,450,60859,450,60856,790,22252,710,84052,319,99448,374,64049,844,81935,031,25240,827,81129,196,71859,450,60859,450,60850,829,91846,929,24050,084,88046,206,54051,987,79536,435,54946,290,39532,748,99759,450,60859,450,60857,535,26053,433,54057,535,26053,433,54057,086,15939,687,21850,574,84535,474,01459,450,60859,450,60857,535,26053,433,54050,084,88046,206,540
All pretax costs (levelized)$/MWh21.8323.7415.9417.857.717.7124.0136.4722.1233.4722.3124.2418.2820.207.717.7121.4932.4721.1831.9723.2725.2120.7222.667.717.7124.3336.9724.3336.9725.5627.4622.6424.547.717.7124.3336.9721.1831.97
Equity return, including taxes (annual)$/year1,422,580.651,422,580.651,422,580.651,422,580.650.00.00.00.00.00.01,356,923.081,356,923.081,356,923.081,356,923.080.00.00.00.00.00.01,260,000.001,260,000.001,260,000.001,260,000.000.00.00.00.00.00.01,520,689.661,520,689.661,520,689.661,520,689.660.00.00.00.00.00.0
Total costs (incl. Tax and return)$/year50,187,20435,742,97637,025,04827,226,28759,450,60859,450,60856,790,22252,710,84052,319,99448,374,64051,201,74236,388,17542,184,73530,553,64159,450,60859,450,60850,829,91846,929,24050,084,88046,206,54053,247,79537,695,54947,550,39534,008,99759,450,60859,450,60857,535,26053,433,54057,535,26053,433,54058,606,84941,207,90752,095,53536,994,70459,450,60859,450,60857,535,26053,433,54050,084,88046,206,540
Total levelized costs$/MWh22.4724.7316.5718.847.717.7124.0136.4722.1233.4722.9225.1818.8821.147.717.7121.4932.4721.1831.9723.8426.0821.2923.537.717.7124.3336.9724.3336.9726.2428.5123.3225.597.717.7124.3336.9721.1831.97
Output
Data from item 2 available in chart form on worksheets labeled "US chart," "Europe chart," etc.
1. Plant preference from region to region
Baseload 2001Baseload LTMid-merit 2001Mid-merit LT
USNGCCNGCCNGCCNGCC
EuropeNGCCNGCCNGCCNGCC
AsiaPCCPCCPCCPCC
JapanNGCCNGCCNGCCNGCC
2.a. Cost of baseload generation over time (US)
2001LT
PCC$44.45$38.28
IGCC$44.21$32.72
Nuclear$65.14$65.14
CCGT$30.37$30.37
2.b. Cost of baseload generation over time (Europe)
2001LT
PCC$42.55$38.52
IGCC$42.88$33.25
Nuclear$68.32$68.32
CCGT$31.23$28.73
2.c. Cost of baseload generation over time (China)
2001LT
PCC$36.35$33.80
IGCC$42.68$34.48
Nuclear$52.79$52.79
CCGT$36.45$36.45
2.d. Cost of baseload generation over time (Japan)
2001LT
PCC$47.27$44.36
IGCC$49.28$40.86
Nuclear$78.19$78.19
CCGT$34.70$29.23
3.a. Cost of mid-merit generation over time (US)
2001LT
PCC$57.72$51.55
CCGT$43.30$39.07
3.b. Cost of mid-merit generation over time (Europe)
2001LT
PCC$55.52$51.48
CCGT$39.15$36.96
3.c. Cost of mid-merit generation over time (China)
2001LT
PCC$45.41$42.86
CCGT$49.80$49.80
3.d. Cost of mid-merit generation over time (Japan)
2001LT
PCC$61.02$58.10
CCGT$46.95$39.14
4.a. Cost of coal plants: other characteristicsTable not linked to assumptions or other sheets
PCCCFBIGCCCCGT
Capital cost$1100/kW$1200/kW$1350/kW$580/kW
O&M cost (per MWh)$6.42$5.78$5.11$2.30
Efficiency (HHV)38%34%45%54%
4.b. Cost contributions at new coal plants, 2001 and LTTable not linked to assumptions
PCC low-envPCC high-env
2001LT2001LT
Capital cost$1,100$1,100$1,170$1,150
Operating cost (per MWh)$6.42$6.42$7.62$7.62
Efficiency (HHV)38%45%38%45%
Fuel cost (per MWh)$15.03$9.10$15.03$9.10
CFBIGCC
2001LT2001LT
Capital cost$1,200$1,100$1,350$1,000
Operating cost (per MWh)$5.78$5.78$5.11$5.11
Efficiency (HHV)34%38%45%55%
Fuel cost (per MWh)$16.75$10.80$12.52$7.44
4.c. Cost of power from new coal plants, by region
U.S.EuropeAsiaJapan
2001 baseload2001 mid-merit(LT) baseload(LT) mid-merit2001 baseload2001 mid-merit(LT) baseload(LT) mid-merit2001 baseload2001 mid-merit(LT) baseload(LT) mid-merit2001 baseload2001 mid-merit(LT) baseload(LT) mid-merit
PCC44.4557.7238.2851.5542.5555.5238.5251.4836.3545.4133.8042.8647.2761.0244.3658.10
CFB46.5460.7038.5451.6545.6159.4339.9852.7745.7559.0842.0254.3650.8465.5246.6360.21
IGCC44.2160.4132.7245.6142.8858.7133.2545.8542.6857.9734.4846.6749.2866.0540.8654.18
5. Cost of real nuclear plants worldwide
China Daya BayKorea Yonggwang 5+6Czech Temelin (completion)Brazil Angra 3 (completion)U.S. Bellefonte (completion)
Completion$1,350$1,308$2,400
Total$2,167$2,000$2,308$5,983
5.b. Contribution of power cost to final nuclear cost
U.S.UKJapan
O&M$7.66$14.20$15.00
Fuel$4.00$8.10$13.20
Total$11.66$22.30$28.20
6. Gas Turbine costs
CCGTSCGT
Capital cost$580$465
Operating cost (per MWh)$2.30$1.24
Efficiency (HHV)54%43%
Fuel cost (per MWh)$21.74$25.20
7.a Cost of existing plant generation (US)
2001LT
PCC$22.47$16.57
CCGT$24.01$22.12
SCGT$36.47$33.47
Nuclear$7.71$7.71
7.b Cost of existing plant generation (Europe)
2001LT
PCC$22.92$18.88
CCGT$21.49$21.18
SCGT$32.47$31.97
Nuclear$7.71$7.71
7.c Cost of existing plant generation (China)
2001LT
PCC23.8421.29
CCGT24.3324.33
SCGT36.9736.97
Nuclear7.717.71
7.c Cost of existing plant generation (Japan)
2001LT
PCC26.2423.32
CCGT24.3321.18
SCGT36.9731.97
Nuclear7.717.71
8. Technology cost assumption overview
PCC high-envPCC low-envCFBIGCCCCGTNuclear
Capital cost ($/kW)11701100120013155802400
Fuel cost ($/MWh)15.0315.0316.7512.5221.744.00
O&M cost ($/MWh)7.626.425.785.112.307.66
Construction lead-time (yea