natural history, demography, and dispersal … · natural history, demography, and dispersal...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA BAKERI
Maryon, Daisy F*1,3, David C. Lee1, Stesha A. Pasachnik2, Tom Brown3, Holly Black3 and Steven Clayson3
¹ University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK; ² Fort Worth Zoo, Fort Worth, TX, USA; ³ Kanahau Utila Research and Conservation Facility, Utila, Honduras
![Page 2: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OBJECTIVES
• Estimate population size of Ctenosaurabakeri “Swamper”
• Investigate breeding migration routes and nesting ecology through radio telemetry
• Collect biometric data
• Enhance community engagement
• Collect DNA samples for preliminary study on hybridization with C. similis (Common Spiny-tailed Iguana) Fig 1. Male Ctenosaura bakeri with bead tag
![Page 3: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
STUDY SITE
• Utila, part of the Islas de Bahia, Honduras
• 11km long, 4km wide
• Influx of migrants from mainland
• Famed for dive sites and whale sharks
• Kanahau Utila Research and Conservation Facility (KURCF)
Fig 2. The island of Utila (Google Earth image)
![Page 4: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
THREATS
• Mangrove-dwelling species
• Habitat under threat from development
• Nesting habitat degraded by oceanic pollution
• Domestic predators and recently introduced racoons
• Recorded sex ratio bias within the population 1:1.7 females to males (Pasachnik et al. 2012)
• Hybridization with C. similis
• Hunting – gravid females prized
Fig 3. Mangrove habitat for sale on Utila
![Page 5: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
THREATS
• Mangrove-dwelling species
• Habitat under threat from development
• Nesting habitat degraded by oceanic pollution
• Domestic predators and recently introduced racoons
• Recorded sex ratio bias within the population 1:1.7 females to males (Pasachnik et al. 2012)
• Hybridization with C. similis
• Hunting – gravid females prized
Fig 4. Nesting beach of C. bakeri covered in oceanic pollution
![Page 6: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
POPULATION ESTIMATE
• First described by Stejneger (1901)
• Population size unknown
• Estimates ranging from:
• <5,000 mature individuals (Pasachnik et al. 2011)
• 57,823–93,826 (Gustche & Streich 2009)
• Previous estimates based on eastern sites
Fig 5. Map of study sites from Gustche & Streich (2009); stars indicating study sites
![Page 7: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
FIELDWORK• January-September 2016
• Population estimate
• Distance sampling and capture mark recapture
• Seven sites, 25 line transects (5x eastern, 1x central, 1x western); 187 repeats
• Range of habitats, including pristine mangroves
• C. similis recorded to start mapping/modelling habitat overlap and potential hybridization zones
Fig 6. Study areas for 2016 project across Utila
![Page 8: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
HABITATS
Fig 7. Red mangrove and Cactus habitat in Utila
![Page 9: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
HABITATS
Fig 8. Battling red mangrove habitat in Utila
![Page 10: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
HABITATS
Fig 10. Young/stunted black mangrove habitatFig 9. Undisturbed black mangrove habitat
![Page 11: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
HABITATS
Fig 11. Transect in dead mangrove habitat on Utila
![Page 12: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
HABITATS
![Page 13: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
HABITATS
Fig 12a, b. The challenges of accessing some transects on Utila!
![Page 14: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
DIFFICULT TO SPOT!
![Page 15: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
DIFFICULT TO SPOT!
![Page 16: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
DIFFICULT TO CATCH!
![Page 17: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
TRANSECT DATA – PRELIMINARY DENSITY ESTIMATES
• Adult DEs (per km2)
• Models truncated at 17m
• High variability – sample sizes, intra-site habitat complexity, temporal changes
• WP DE > all other sites (Z > 2.326; p <0.01)
• PH ‘DE’ < OBL (Z > 3.090; p <0.001), WP (Z> 2.326; p <0.01), BB (Z > 1.645; p <0.05)
• OBL DE > BB (Z > 1.645; p <0.05)
Site DE ± CV 95% CI (n)
AC 303 ± 62.4 55 – 1,680 (25)
BB 274 ± 60.4 55 – 1,369 (17)
IB 830 ± 63.1 169 – 4,069 (45)
LB 856 ± 87.7 135 – 5,439 (31)
OBL 457 ± 29.3 200 – 1,042 (27)
PH - (0)
WP 2,180 ± 33.7 124 – 5,599 (47)
OVERALL 618 ± 25.2 363 – 1,052 (192)
![Page 18: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
TRANSECT DATA – PRELIMINARY POPULATION ESTIMATE
• If 10km2 area of occupancy:
• Population of mature individuals = 6,180 (3,630 – 10,520)
• Future work:
• Capture-mark-recapture analysis
• Increased sample sizes; island representation for Distance sampling
• Quantify habitat types (habitat basis to density estimation)
Site DE ± CV 95% CI (n)
AC 303 ± 62.4 55 – 1,680 (25)
BB 274 ± 60.4 55 – 1,369 (17)
IB 830 ± 63.1 169 – 4,069 (45)
LB 856 ± 87.7 135 – 5,439 (31)
OBL 457 ± 29.3 200 – 1,042 (27)
PH - (0)
WP 2,180 ± 33.7 124 – 5,599 (47)
OVERALL 618 ± 25.2 363 – 1,052 (192)
![Page 19: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
CAPTURE-MARK-RECAPTURE
• 146 iguanas captured
• Previous data set of >800
• 12 recaptures from between 2011 and 2014
• Gravid females found up until late August
• Previous information gave breeding season as January – March
![Page 20: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fig 13. Iguana #935 mistaking research assistant George for a tree
![Page 21: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
RADIO TELEMETRY
• January – June
• 44 animals radio-tagged
• Varying degrees of success
• 17 males, 26 females
• Behaviour and habitat recorded
• Track gravid females to nest sites
• Potential seven nest sites found
• One female thought to have double clutched
![Page 22: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
THE PERILS OF RADIO TELEMETRY
![Page 23: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SOME SURPRISES!
Fig 14. Boa constrictor predating on gravid female C. bakeri
![Page 24: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
BREEDING MIGRATION
Fig 15. Migration route of Female #798 from home tree to potential nesting site. Radio tag found in stone garden wall of expat’s garden
![Page 25: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
BREEDING MIGRATION
Fig 16. Migration route of Female #833 from home tree to potential nesting site. Radio tag found in stone garden wall of expat’s garden
![Page 26: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Fig 17. Habitat inside garden where radio tags were found
![Page 27: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Fig 18. Iguana #840 route to nesting site
![Page 28: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Fig 19. GPS points of sightings of hatchlings and nesting locations in and around Utila town development
![Page 29: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Fig 20. Gravid female C. bakeri near housing development near Utila town
![Page 30: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
NESTING HABITAT
![Page 31: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
NESTING HABITAT
Fig 21. Fossilized Coral cover entrance to nest
Fig 22. Polystyrene cover entrance to nest
![Page 32: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fig 23. C. bakeri nest in OBL study site 2m from road in sandy substrate
![Page 33: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
NEST SITES
Fig 24. Steven Clayson setting up nest enclosure
Fig 25. D. Maryon excavating nest under vegetation
![Page 34: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
BREEDING MIGRATION AND HATCHLINGS
• Recorded sex ratio bias of 1.7 males to every female
• Nine males, four females in excavated nests; however hatchlings escaped
• Eggs shells collected for future genetic analysis
• Proof of concept to determine whether it is possible to determine sex ratio from egg shells (non-invasive technique)
![Page 35: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
HUNTING
• Hunters with dogs seen in northern and eastern sites
• Anti poaching patrols by Navy during March – May (now ceased)
• Hunted for sustenance and for sale
Fig 26. Makeshift hunting Noose found in mangrove near Utila town
Fig 27. Gravid Female C. bakeri killed by hunters dogs in North Utila
![Page 36: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND OUTREACH
Fig 28. Utila Methodist school students and “Pancho” the Iguana on population survey with D. Maryon
• Education Programme facilitated by KURCF, Bay Islands Conservation Association (BICA) and Whale Shark Oceanic Research Centre (WSORC)
• Lectures on C. bakeri and other flora and fauna of Utila
• “Eyes of Utila” photography event for school children
• Iguana questionnaires given out on Utila to tourists, residents, expat community and school children
• 25% of children and 30% of adults answered that iguana was valuable for food
• 90% of all entries stated Iguanas were important for tourism
• (More information on KURCF poster)
![Page 37: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
NEXT STEPS
• More community awareness• Create “Iguana neighbourhood
watch”• Expansion of environmental
education programme• Land acquisition• Detailed surveys of the western
side of Utila• More detailed habitat data from
across island• Update to 2009 hybridization study • Investigate nesting ecology further,
and to include west side of Utila
![Page 38: NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL … · NATURAL HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY, AND DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ISLAND ENDEMIC, UTILA SPINY-TAILED IGUANA CTENOSAURA](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043006/5f8e23f2c5216d5e934376ab/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
THANK YOU!