natural law and the liberal (libertarian) society

7/30/2019 Natural Law and the Liberal (Libertarian) Society

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Te Journal Of

Peace, Prosperity & Freedom

Ben ONeill

N Lw h Lb(Lb) S

[A bg v h w v h h A MS Nvb S]

Introduction

M b h hv g h h gv wh h h h . I, Rhb b wh h vw h gv gg hv w g. C, v z h hgv g g , h h gh b . I v z x h, h w b g h.I h k g hb, h b xg gv bkg h , h w vv bb. I h

F x, Rhb, M.N. () For a New Liberty: Te Libertarian Maniesto. T Lwg vM I: Ab, . 55-; Rhb, M.N. () Te Ethics o Liberty. Nw Yk Uv P:Nw Yk, . -4; H, H.H. ()A Teory o Socialism and Capitalism. T Lwg v MI: Ab, . -44; R, A. () Capitalism: Te Unknown Ideal. Sg: Nw Yk. Ig, h Rhb bh wg,hgh h b h. C h v h wk. T h b Rhb () wh h bv h... h bk h b w reallyv h g h S, w v h h S hg h b gg w g, h h S w k bh x h h M gg. I , h vw h h gg hv

b Rhb h wg h h h h vw. T w h b h Fk B h wk h w( B, F. (5/) T Lw. T Lwg v M I: Ab.)
http://www.wise-pdf-tools.com/?product-split-demo


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Journal of Peace, Prosperity and Freedom Summer 2012

h h , hw, h w bg kg v. I h k bg b, h w vv g .

I h vw h h v , b qv gv , hv g x gv g h w g v z. Lb hv j h vw, h h , g gv g, bj h j g h . I h, jg b h h hv, h h h h kg h ,gv whh g h h b g b, b , h h h h malum in se (.., h wg v hv). T vw wh h vw h malum prohibitum, (.., h g b

w b h hb b gv ).4 T xgv g b , b g h gv wh bh h g (W w k b h hw h . A w w h h w kg b hg h w b g b wh gv g).

T ghw g, h bw b h b, wh g w bg hg h b h gv, h, b bg , x vvg gv g vg h gv-b h.Tgh w, hg w w h w. Lg h Sh K h v, w w hgh b vb jg, whv h g . Nw, hwv, g hb h bq w kg w h h v h h w gh b wh g bh w .5 A, gh , b.

I gh h w , h Rhb h gv

gh b g b bg hb. I, h w h g, whh

4 O h N () T bw hb w. Columbia Law Review (), . 4-. T bw h w State v Horton (5) NC 5; 5 SE 45. I h , Hk J h 4 h [] b bk w w g g malum in se malum prohibitum. T bw malum in se malum prohibitum b hz w: malum in se v jg b h vz , wh malum prohibitum wg b k .

5 L, B. () Freedom and the Law (Expanded 3rd

Edition). Lb F: I, . ( ). K, S.N. (5) Lg h v w . Journal o Libertarian Studies(), . .


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Ben ONeill Natural La and te Lieral (Liertarian) Society

v h , h h b b . Y h h gv g , h, b g vw w h h h w .

I. The Goal Of This Paper

I h , wh , h xh bj jurisprudence, whh h h hh h w. T j h w g wh w wh w h w, h h - bh w (.g., bh ). T b h, h h gv b bk b j h w . (Ih, b w k h , h h h g h .) Sh v h g hh h h gv h h gv b g g .

O h w. O x h w h whh g h w h b h x x h gv g. Ah whh h v b .

A w h: S h g wh h g h w w , h x b, w b h : Wh, j ! W, , , b h h gg g g h . I b h gv h h h b ( gv h h vw ).

I , h v b ,

h g . O j h h v b h vg gv b . Wh k g h gv h h g b g b (.g., b v -k v v ). A b wh w g h hh ghg v h b h wh w g wg b . B , gv g, h , h h b g h h.

Wh b h h , h hv j


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g, w x h h vw. Mv,h bg -h- b wh h v. I gv gg hv b , h h hv gh b b , , h, b . T

h b w v jg h h malum in se, h g h gh gv g g h . B g h h b g h vw h w, b wg h h v h: h wh h w gv g .

T b h b b, b h h h. Tgh jh k k h v h hh h b b, h h

v g b h g .

II. A Motivating Example For Our Analysis

L b g x whh j.S wkg gh , k wg w k . Y b gg wh g, wh w h vb. Y w hv b g h h , h h .

B w! S h h gg h h bg wh w-, bg wh g w-. S h w- h b, h h b b b . I ? Wh ! A , j g! Y h h k w, bh h h , , b g b h?

Wh hk h h? I h g?

O h h whwh bv ? Wh h v k ?

Pbb hv h , h h h , , h h h b vg h

T h h gg w h g gh w gbb h . H w bb h gh w wh h h h , w bb v bg bb h. A A Sh

, [] h g bb , h , g h bv, b bbg g h. ( Sh, A. [5] () Te Teory oMoral Sentiments. Lb F: I, II.II..)


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. Y w h h h gg gg g w w h gg b h hw wh g h. (A , h h .)Y w h h gg b v h h kg w

g h h h already j hg h v h g h h . Y g v h v h h b , hv j . B vh, h h w g h hb w h vw h g. T g g b bw h v, b h, bbw wh vw b . T gg h g vh w , whh h h whwhg h w wh h.

A h k j vw b wh w, wh . Wh jg h h wh w- , h h , h b bv h h bb g h w. Y hv h w whh h jg (v ) vw wh h w b h vv.

III. Jurisprudence: Why Is Armed Robbery A Crime?

R h h whh b g gv (.g., gg hv).I h, w w bg wh x j h w h vg x h gg . Why bh gg ? Wh k ? Wh w h h ?Wh b ? Wh b h ? Wh b ,, b, ? Wh h ? T gh k q , b h h h g h j, whh h w.

H b gh gv wh h gg : hbb b gh h h . P h g hghh g h w, h bbgh h, k: h w. S h gg h bh h h h wh v w , h

j wh v h w h h.

Ev b h w , wh h, jg jg g h h w b v w, g wh .


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I w , h x wh w wh hgg x h b jg. Y w bk w , h w b k b w. I w wh h x, gh g b h h.

Y gh : bb b h bk w , whhhb , v x h w h , hgh h h - v. S h gg h b h w h b h w h .

IV. The Positivist Theory Of Law

T x w hv j gv, h wh h , wh g h hh. I h j . T h h w social construct h h w bjv , b b h v. T x bv k h w b v h , wh h k h w b v hgh h ggg w h b whh h (g h h ggg x).Tgh h x h h , bh x h vw h h w h h g hv v g h bj hw. I h, bh x vw w .

T g h Jh A gv h v vw, whhk x x whh g h w wh. H x h h g v vw w b h h vg. T h vg , g h h , b w h wh hb b b h whh v. I h b x , h A g h this h w.

A g h, wh h vg h

b v (g h h b , .), h h w. I bg w,

Lg h Rg C h A vg-b h b b vg, h h b wh gv ( C, R.B.M. () Te Politics o Jurisprudence: A Critical Introduction to LegalPhilosophy (second edition). LxNx: L, . ). T A h v bh w h v w , h b hbb. I h , C g h h institution h vg hb b, v

h w xg h w h h j k . A, J. () Te Province o Jurisprudence Determined and Te Uses o the Studies o Jurisprudence.Hk Pbhg C: I.


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v h w, A bg b h h . I v , h gv w b wh hb b, h w vg h v vw, wh bg b w.

T v w h b v h b h j, b bHb H, wh k wh h A , gh v . H h g vg bhv g . hv g , b hb b, g vg g whh hwh hv b b h , b h x, bg h w g h vg, g h h. H vw h g w gh bw h vg b h hv g , h hv

g .

I v , h g q hvg hgh gv j b h

v w. F x, w hgh h b v, b q b g b h H S. T wh wk h vg b w g b hb b hh hgh h h. (C x, bh b h g vg.) C hg h hgh b v, h v bw v x w b on behal o the sovereign institution, v w whh bh h vg .H, h g v k h h vg institution, h agents.

O h g v, kw h g 4 k gh vw,

H, H.L.A. (4) Te Concept o Law (second edition). Ox Uv P: Ox, . 4. H g h hb b, b w

h h w h vg v q h.C h h g k b hg bb h . T w x h b h Fh j B.( B, E. () Te Politics o Obedience: Te Discourse o Voluntary Servitude. Lwg v MI: Ab. Avb h://.g/hb/b.). T q h g x w h vg h w g h , h b h g w. T h , h h g.4 O h h g g v, L, B. () Lg g v . Ethics (), . -. Tgh g

g g v, v h h h A-Hh. C h g h x w vh, b h h .


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gg h h h g wh h h vg h v wh w, h h hb h . Lg h h g b h hgh-v h vg, h

g. T bv h h h, ,h b post hoc h , g, b xg h h j jg h .5T h g h h h h w g v , h w b b theactions o the enorcers h vg,h h h hv. U h vw, w whv jg h .

Oh g v hv gv b x h -bh, g wh h q vg, g h

h b. Nvh, h vg h g vh h : h w b w g wh h w. I , h v vw h h lawsare the commands o the powerul , h h bg bg bh h w hb b .

A h h h w j h vw q h gv g wh h v w. W w whh h v w h g , h h w w h g h w.

I , w k v vw w , h w wh x wh h gg x . W h h h gv hb b b h j h g bb ( , g bb b

5 S gh H, J. (5) T h h w. Wisconsin Law Review 4,. (A bh Sgh, E.P. (.) () Anarchy and the Law. Pbh: NwBwk, . -.) H J g bw w , g h []h w h w x . I h h h h v h . Wh Ihz h bw w I wh g , h g g h w ( H () T h w. Harvard Law Review , . 45). L (b) g h g b g v h h j,h h h w. U h vw, g h w, b h, h h v h h k b h j h w. T

vw h w b g (.g., Cz), wh hv

h wh w. A, bv b j b h q gh, wh g v h w k whh.


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h). Mv, w h h gv vgh . T hv b hgh gv g wh g h hb b b h hgv, g b g. T h gg

h , h h g h v . H b h v h gv .I h, h h h h w. (A g ghk hg b h, h h gg b h jg h h h , g h w v. I h , h gg g b g h g h vg.)

U h v vw, jg b v bg hb bh vg. I h vw w h gv , h b gv h b

h gv gg hv b . Ag gv g v w h h b h gv-b h, b h institution gv b g h v w .

V. The Interpretive Theory Of Law

A g v h v h w w b h g hR Dwk, wh g h h g w b v

h h g ; , h w h h b x j wh h h g hv h . Dwk b h h vw w g, g hh h w g b h h h g .

Ahgh Dwk h v h v , v h , w bg . T g h v h, , h h g w h xg g , whh

h h v x w. S bg wh h g g h v h,h h wh h k bg v h g w. T h whh h g w; k wh h g, kh b w. (Tgh w w wh h ,

S Dwk, R. () Laws Empire. H Pbhg: Ox.

Tgh Dwk w bjv h b x j h g , h v w h h . H, w whh v .


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h h h v h k b h j h g q. I bh hw h .)

Dwk b h wh h k h g h w g hg h vg .., h gv g

j. I b b h v vw wh h v hvg, b g v h h, h , h w h h h v h h w h the best ex post actorationalisation o the historical actions o the powerul , h whhb h h w hb b .

Nw, h b h. I h h h bh g b x j

h . W h h v g hj h , h v h k h . Hwv, hv h h legality h g , h q. I b b legal h .Ag, h h b g h h v g h whg h j h b b g b v h h h wh -v bg g .

I w w k v vw w, h w wh x

wh h gg x . W w b g h h gv g, w h b h , w w g h bg h w. S h w b wh ( h xx b) h gv h v gg h , wh , h w h hh h gg g hg h g h w. (I h wb hw b wh h gg, h hw b g h b x h.) I

h, h gg b h g h b w hk h h gv , wh hv v gg.


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VI. Summary Of The Positivist Theories Of Law

W w wh w , h b b , hh g v w. I w h w hvg b h v (.., h b wh hbb) h h h g h j xg b w:

Positivist Theories of LawLegal positivism (Austin-Hart): Laws are the commands of the powerful.

Legal realism (Cardozo): Laws are the enforcement actions of the powerful.

Interpretive positivism (Dworkin): Laws are the principles that are thebest ex post facto rationalisations for the past actions of the powerful.

A whh h bh gv (.., , b x g wh j) h w b g h vg v w. T h h h g w hb b.T h w h v h gv hx wh h x.

A b v-w wh gv (.., v-wh) hg . I h h w b gv g vg v . Eh hg w bb hb b h w, b h h h h g g wb b. Nvh, h w q - g bw g g, h g w wh vw g b , k h h w v h gh h , bj

. O h k g h h b hh q g w h g v w, wh h b g bg g v vg h x. T b h h w g h h.

Ag w h g w h q whh gv b g . W h h h b b v w x, h h x. I, w h h h hg b b h

g w hb b, h h v w b . N w h h


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whh gh b h h g , x g hw . W g h h b x, hh , h h bg h.O whh h v h v gh h q

.

VII. Legal Positivism And Unjust Laws

S w hv x bb b v gg. T whh , g b h gvg w. T h gg h h vg, g h h vg w hb h. W hv h whh h v v w wh wh .I h x b wh h w , h bh w wh b wh . I h, h , v w wh .

W w h b unjust v w. Rh h x vvg g hb bb , w w h vg v wh v hb v v w, b h g vg h .W b h h w kg b;

h h hv b h wh h g vg wh h b k v, h g h w h gv wh v h. I h h vg b h w hb v g h w g hv h g v-w h g gv x h v.

S h, h v h h v-, h h vg b h b whh hb b, h g vg h v vw. Ih h , h v b h v-, x b

h, wg h v wh gh . I h w, hv- h k h v; hg whh w w w g w b v z h.

S wh h h? W, g h v vw, h v wh h h; h v- . I h v wh h v h h vg, whh g hvg h w h v .T kg h wh h g bh vg, h v- victim o crime h v

h hv b h b h h v, wh w , h v h v- h g .


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S, g h v v , w h h whh b h h g . I h , h wh v- k h v wh , wh h v h v wh h v. H, h h g

g h g v g h h v h , h v- h v .

Nw, v ( v), h not h h j kg v, h v . I h v h h v gh , b h h g h w , h w h j. H h h v- wg x h v, whgh h g . T v g v b hv h h v-.

T h v b h gv g bg w wh gg wh h . I h v gh j. Hwv, h v g gv g . T v h h gv gg hv, h k w b h v ; h gv w .

VIII. The Separation Of Morality And Law Under Legal Positivism

Tgh v h hb bg v-w gv v v , h h w h vg bw h g h w. H v wwh h h g v v wh h w h . I , v h h h h bw h v w, g h h hv bg w.

T b bw v w. I h

v vw w, Dwk w h wkg wh h g h b, h b h h . H, h h g , h g h

I , v h gv w , b gh w v w . W h hgh h, b h . Ib, H (4), . . T h h v w g. Nvh, h g

bw w v h v h, hh k g h h vg, h g b h b h g h vg.


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h v v . B v h,h bw w h v h x hghh b h h g ; x bjv h w, h h

w. S h w hgh h b wh h h g , h h g; h bw h h w.

Lg v g wh h h h h g w, h bv h gh b v w , bh h g h h validity w , b v, wh h . H,h g h gv g v wh g

k h w b g b v z.

T g v w h wh h v hb h w hvhgh h , k wh , themselves , v h w q j h g. Ih h vg v b w h v g . h h, h b h -v w kg hg, h w x h h v .

IX. Semantics: Why Are Positive Laws Called Laws At All?

W wh q: Wh h v h w g ? T v h , k h h ( g, h b k wh vw g , b b v b h ). S wh v v w h g h ? T w h b b v w

w hv h b vg wg g. S wh w v kg v w hgg?

I h v g wh h vg j, h v h h h ,

Ehg h wk Dwk, g h Dv C h g h v w , g ,

h h w wh g g ( C, D.G. () Te collapse o positivist jurisprudence into legal realism aferDworkin. Cz Lg S Rh P N. . h://./b=5554).


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, h w b h.4 I, b gg b h b v w , h w hg wgg h g h w h, g h h h g. T

h v h gg h hg b gg .Obv h w h g v k h whw w h x. I h x h h w hw h, h w h . I h x h w h w , h w , Gh w . Ih w g b v bjv .B g v w w h h w g g g h wh h x. I g , wv , h wh h v b.

S g, wh h h ?

A h b x b h h g v , , w h vw. A h j wk v g j gv w . T g v gv, bg h w, b wh hhgh g g b h , b v . Pv k vg h h vw w bg whh h b wh h. T h wh g v. T w h v v gv wh g h h g h hg.

T j vg bw h g v w h gg h v h x whh . F , wh wx h w h w h h by nature h h h jb discoverh w, v h. W h h xbk x x h w;

h h w gh wh h w . W h hh x h w h b , h h h . W bv h h w h bh h h h bh wk, w h h h x h w h h g g . I h, h g h k x h xbk.

4 O gh g h h w h g h j, w

g w h q Wh w? Pv h h w wwhh , h h h whh h . Tw w h j q, b whh h .


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T v h v whh w w. Whhw kg h w h, h w , h w v , h w , w w hg h determined by nature discoveredby man. I h h w h ,

x, b .W hv h, h h v vw g h,h w h w h h w w vw. I, h j b h w, h g -b , w h h w h v b h h. Wg h -h , h v w Nw Yk, w J C h wg g g h :

A , wh b wh h hw [] w , h h whj h whh b b h w. T h h . T q h hgh

j. T h g h gg. T bg b h v, h jg, h , h , h wh . T h h h v h w h whh v . B wh h w b w w , h q wh h , kb b. T b words. T q wh gh wg, j j, v . T q wh h b w. Wh wh xhg h hv !5

S h , w h b g b , h v w h b h. T vg w h whh w xv h g, h h bhg h k x , h h g. T h bh

h k h w g w v.O h h w h jg w w, -, g h h, b h h h vg. T w , h g h vg.

T j k g h v w. T h kg , g v h h vg, b hg gg whh

5 C, J. (4) Proposed Codication o our Common Law ( h q h h b h Nw Yk). Evg P Pg O: Nw Yk, . 5-.


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h b , k h x. Lg v h h w w, h, h h g b h g k w. T w gv hb b h

w h q b vw w wh g whh h b h . N hw b,, jb h gv b, b h h whh hb b b h w h , hb b h g w ( h wh w g w). T w h h w , b g h w x h, wh h bg h h (A v, I w h h h v wh g wh v bw h vg .

F h , I k g, wh j v w hbv h gh?).

X. The Natural Theory Of Law

Ag h w h w b gg b h w. J h h whh x b h v , h g h . T gv

h w h h .

T h w h h h b g h h b w v, b h, x h v bjv h (h h ). S x, h b v v .

T h w q h vw h bjv h b bh h . I h v, wh

bjv b, h w b bh. Hwv, bjvh b j, h h h w h . I h vw, h h bv h b w, whh h h b b h (w w h ). H, w v w ,whh b h h h b g bjv

P, E.W. (5)Jurisprudence: Men and Ideas o the Law. F P: Bk, . . N

h w h h b h h v w b wh w. Wh w h h h w, w h h h h w b bh (h w h).


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v (.g. h ). N w h bjv h g h .

U h b w, h w v h v hg h -gg whh h b h. Rgh kg, h b vw h vw hv h gvg bw v z: hh k, , , h k v. Wh q b h h h all, g h wh g h gv. U h b vw, h g gv b h , h, h gv, h g h.

T j h b h g v g,

h whh v b h h . Tb h g h hg (g -wh) h -gg whh w h.M Rhb g v h h w h b - . H H g v h -gg hb x g vvg g, bhg h g h. A R g v h -gg hb vv h b h g. (R h g bjv wh h w, hgh wh h h wh w w.) Oh h hv g v h -gg h b h g.

(Q v h b h ; , hq whh h g q.T h h h g h g x b j h g h q ,b h q vv h j h . T h h v g,

q v q b h. H, bjv h w h h w q, v hgh h v x h q.)

T gv h v, v, h -kg (g vvg ). A h b bh b v b h, h b wh h b vw w. Rhb, M.N. () Te Ethics o Liberty. Nw Y Uv P: Nw Yk, . -. H, H.H. () A T S C. Kw A Pbh: B.

Pk, L. () Objectivism: Te Philosophy o Ayn Rand. M: Nw Yk, . -4. F h g, Sh, . (5)Moral Rights and Political Freedom. Rw L Pbh I: L, . 5-.


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A h g v h b vw w k b h h , h bh g h , whh h bj w. T, h g b g bhg w. T

h b h , wg h g h g wh w . I hg super-, hgb h h . T h w hg h h h bjv g h x, h b v b h h . U, b wh h v w h h h v bg w h b wh b.

(I, bj h w b b bj h h h k G- w. I

h vw w - .A w w x h h , h,h h h h g g h w, . Oh bj wh . I h w g h v h v h concept w, h h b vw content. H, g g h h g w q .)

I w k h h w, b h b vw , hw wh x wh h gg x .C h h v w, h x w, h h h. bh h h ggw w b h bh bjv h wg b h h g h v. T wbh h gh , w w h h gg vg h gh. H b h g h w. H g whh h g bb h h . H g whh h gh h h g

h h g h vg.

F x, gg v h g h -gg, hh GM h ...h v v b b b, , h v w. ...h v h gz b v b h v h ggg v . B , h v h bh , bjv b, g

(h h gg g) is w. (S M, G.B. ()T Lg Lb. Gw P: Nw Yk, . . Ib, Rhb (), . -.


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XI. Semantics: Which Has A Better Claim To The Title Of Law?

T wh h h w h h h alsoh hg b b h g w hb b. N h h h whh gh b h h . T g h hb x, h h , h h bg h. I h h w-, hv v . Hwv, h g h w w b h ( v ) q gg b h v w. (O , w b b v wg h , b h .) T b b g wh v g h h.

Hwv, h w h, h hv xv bg w , h bg w wk h w. Pv w h b w ,wh w wh h h . J h h, b v w whh v bjv h , h w h h w h w h hw h hv h w. Sh w b h b .

h w h, h gg x , h w h , b h h gg whh bjv , v h gh h. H g whh h x g jg g h g h vw h vg g. H ; q h h bb bjvb ; bjv vw , v b h . S, h w h, h vg h v. T v-

v x h ; h k v h v , v hghh g h b h v w h .

B h j ? Wh h w h w h h h h h? F h, w H hkg:

P w g q wh h w g h g g. F wh k h v w[v] w [] w g , whh bg

g v . I w k hbw h , b b h h h w whh


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w h q, v b, bh.4

h q w h purpose kg bw. I h b h h gv, h h v h ,hgh b . I h x,h v h gv h wh w wwh v bg , wh w x h h vg b. I h w w w h, w w w wh kw b h w h gv, h h h g.

F h , h hb gg v w h xv b

h h b b w. I, h g v g h bjv h b w h w .5B g? L .

O h w h q whh h gv b b . T v h b v : b g h gv , wh g w , ipso acto b g w, g h h .

S whh v b h x? A h whhg w bjv v , j wh w v h v, h whh g w h h w? A h h q , hh w b h wh h w? Whh g? A h whh w h b h b , g h actions, h h h bh , b h identity w ? v k h q h g v not h h

x h v, b h, h.

XII. Conclusion

A h b h h jg h gg bjv wg h v gh. S h v bh , b g h w. T wh vh w , g wh h , wh h h .

4 Ib, H (4), . .5 Ib, H (4), . -.


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0


I b h , h w h gv .T g b gg , h b g , , gg .

A h h, b hv : h k h bh w (.., w). T k h k, , , , . Tghh b (g h -k , h-, -v, .) h h b b h .

Lb k h v w j w , h h g h v hg x. (Eh h bv h v w h bg h gv . Nvh, h

g h h h b b h .)Hwv, h b bjv g h hh h g w hvg h g h w. C h g v w gv whwhh h h b hb g h h v.

W bg wh x gg , h h hgh b h b g. Wh h, hv hgh: S - w v k h ! A I

w v b gh h !

W ? A hv ?

A, h h v b k b h -k x, h wh v h h k. I h , b h g h gg -k -v b . B wh h ? A h h b gv v whh vv h g .I h, h bb, h , h h h gv h h .

Wh g h k , wh hgh hgh v b hw h h w , b hv gv h g b g . T g b b . T g .

natural law and the liberal (libertarian) society

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