natural laws rule the universe thus… natural laws rule humanity
DESCRIPTION
The 18 th Century Enlightenment. Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity. The Astronomer -- Vermeer. Power Point adapted from http://www.loyno.edu/~seduffy/enlightenment.htm. Medieval Sciences—Older Views. Aristotelian physics: four elements - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Natural Laws Rule the Universe
thus…
Natural Laws Rule Humanity
The Astronomer -- Vermeer
The 18th CenturyEnlightenment
Power Point adapted from http://www.loyno.edu/~seduffy/enlightenment.htm
![Page 2: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Medieval Sciences—Older Views
•Aristotelian physics: four elements
•Ptolemaic view of universe
•Medicine: four humours of the body
•Genetics: inherited learning
•Philosophy: deductive thinking
![Page 3: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ptolemaic System•Older system: Ptolemy’s (c. 90-168) Almagest (150 AD)•Earth center of universe•Crystalline Spheres•Gods, angels in outer spheres
![Page 4: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Astronomy
• Nicolas Copernicus, (1473-1543), On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543: heliocentric arrangement.
• Not accepted until work of– Tycho Brahe (1546-1601):
(observation tables)Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) (elliptical orbits), and
– Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
(telescope, 1609)
![Page 5: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
•Astronomia Nova “The New Astronomy,” 1609Looking at recorded sightings of MarsAll planets moving in elliptical orbits
![Page 6: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
• 1609 telescope• 1632 Dialogues on the
Two Chief Systems of the World (forced by Church to recant)
• Universe subject to mathematical laws
• Nature inherently logical
![Page 7: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
•Overhauled principles of physicsPrincipia Mathematica, 1687Three Laws of Motion, Principles of inertia, gravity
![Page 8: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
•English Astronomer Royal in 1719
•Admirer of Newton, got Principia printed
•Employed Newton’s rules for calculating the position of the moon and planets
Edmond Halley “Halley’s Comet”
![Page 9: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
John Locke (1632-1704)
• Father of modern psychology, sociology
• Essay Concerning Human Understanding
• All knowledge is derived by experience
• Two Treatises on Government (1689) — Natural rights
• Letter Concerning Toleration (1689)
![Page 10: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Enlightenment
18th Century
![Page 11: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Philosophy of the Enlightenment
• philosophes,”
• Stress on reason, optimism, civic reform
• Religious tolerance and political equality
• Faith in science and education
• Believed in improvement and experimentation
• Secular and cosmopolitan
![Page 12: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
18th Century Changes
• Stable food supply• Industrial Revolution
(ca. 1750s-1850s)• Commercial
revolution • Social mobility • New strains on
government
![Page 13: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Science v. Religion
• End to witch trials, ca. 1700
• Criticism of the French Monarchy and the French Church
• Deism• Toleration, hatred of
superstition
![Page 14: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Voltaire (1694-1778)
•Grandfather of the Enlightenment•Defender of religious toleration•Critic of French church and state•Favored enlightened monarchies
![Page 15: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
David Hume (1711-1776)
•Scottish Philosopher
•An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748An Enquiry Concerning the principles of morals 1751“Laws of nature,” no appeal to religion
![Page 16: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
• Spirit of the Laws, 1748
• Balance of Powers theory
• Admired British system, critic of French
• Inspired American Constitution
![Page 17: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Adam Smith
•Wealth of Nations, 1776•Challenge to Mercantilism•Laissez-faire economist
![Page 18: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
•Social Contract, 1762•The “Noble Savage”•Civilization corrupting influence•Theory of the “General Will”•Inspiration of French Revolution
![Page 19: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
“Enlightened Despots”
• Joseph II of Austria (1780-1790)
• Frederick II of Prussia (1740-1786)
• Catherine II of Russia (1762-1796)
• Reduced power of clergy, aristocrats
• Centralization, legal reform, education
![Page 20: Natural Laws Rule the Universe thus… Natural Laws Rule Humanity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813cca550346895da67343/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Consequences of the Enlightenment
• Urban Reforms• Educational reforms• Abolition Movement• Challenges to the
Church• Spur to Revolution:
– American, French, Haitian