natural polymer - origin and applications
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NATURAL POLYMER : ORIGIN AND APPLICATIONS
PRESENTED BY- MISS.VRUSHALI BENDALE.GUIDED BY-MRS.VIJAYA BHOGALE.DR.L.H.HIRANANDANI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,ULHASNAGAR
2CONTENT1. INTRODUCTION2. CLASSIFICATION3. NATURAL POLYMERIC MATERIAL4. MECHANISM OF POLYMERIZATION5. NEW NATURAL POLYMER AND MODELING6. ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL POLYMER7. DISADVATAGES OF NATURAL POLYMER8. APPLICATIONS9. MARKETED PRODUCTS10.CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
INTRODUCTION From the Greek word “POLYMERS”
“Poly” “Meros” means Many mean Parts
Many parts=POLYMER
Natural polymer synthetic polymer Polymers that occurs in nature produced from living organisms
• The polymers are defined as macromolecules composed of one or more chemical units (monomers).
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4 WHAT IS NATURAL POLYMER ?
• A natural polymer is a polymer that is found in nature and is not man made all natural or organic polymers come from living organisms.
GUAR GUM POWDER
Why great attention for natural polymer ?
Biodegradable, BiocompatibleNon-toxic
5CLASSIFICATION
NATURAL POLYMER
PLANTS
POLYSACCHARIDESE.G.CELLULOSE,STARCH
ANIMALS
PROTEINSE.G.GELATINE,ALBUMIN
POLYSACCHARIDESE.G.CHITIN,CHITOSAN
MICROBES
POLYESTERE.G.POLY-HYDROXYALKONATE
POLYSACCHARIDESE.G.HYALURONATE,
6NATURAL POLYMERIC MATERIALPolysaccharides from plant originCELLULOSE• Major sources of cellulose are
plant fibers like cotton (genus-Gossypium, Family-Malvaceae)
• Linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4) linked D glucose units having the formula (C6H10O5)n.
• cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin.
• MCC-Diluent/binder in tablet• Cellulose acetate Fibers-wound
dressing.• Carboxylated MCC-Film coating
agent. Structure of cellulose
AGAR• Dired Gelatinous substance.• Gelidium amansii (Gelidaceae)• Mixture-agarose and agaropectin.• Suspending agent, emulsifying
agent, gelling agent in suppositories, surgical lubricant, tablet disintegrants, medium for bacterial culture, laxative.
• jellies, confectionary items,
Agar agar seaweed
STARCH• maize (Zea mays),rice (Oryza sativa), wheat
(Triticum aestivum) (Graminae) , and potato (Solanum tuberosum) (Solanaceae)
• Carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds.
• Mixture-amylose and amylopectin• Use-Packaging,container,films,textile sizing.
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9Polysaccharides from animal originCHITINSource- mollusks, annelids, arthropods.• constituent of the
mycelia and spores of many fungi.
Application- • Nanoparticles &
microparticles [controlled drug delivery]
• Mucosal, nasal, peroral drug delivery.
Structure of chitin
Structure of Chitosan
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XANTHAN GUMSource- Product of gram negative bacteria Xanthomonas CampestrisComposition-Cellulose derivative contains a cellulose backbone ( -D-glucose residues) and a trisaccharide side chain of -D-mannose- D gluronic acid – -D-mannose attached with the main chain of alternate glucose residues.Application-• Oral and topical formulations,
cosmetics, food industry as a suspending and stabilizing agent.
• Sustained release matrix tablet.
Structure of xanthan Gum
11ALGINATESource-Alginate is a water-soluble linear polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed. ( Phaeophyceae include Laminaria hyperborea)Composition-1–4 linked -L-glucuronic and –D mannuronic.
Sodium Alginate powder
Structure of alginates
Applications:
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PSYLLIUM (PSYLLIUM MUCILAGE SEED)Source-Plantago ovata ( Plantaginaceae)Applications- • Tablet binder• Psyllium husk hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose prepare a novel sustained release, swellable and bioadhesive gastro retentive drug delivery systems for ofloxacin.
PSYLLIUM PLANTAGO
Psyllium Husk
Powder
13 Proteins from Animal Sources
COLLAGENSource-• Primary protein component of
animal connective tissues.• pig skin, bovine hide, and pork and
cattle bones.Composition-• 27 types of collagen exist & is
composed of different polypeptide , (glycine, proline, hydroxyproline and lysine)
Applications-• Collagen films-ophthalmology DDS
for slow release of drug.• Tissue engineering-skin
replacement, bone substitutes, and artificial blood vessels and valves.
Structure of collagen
GELATIN
Properties and composition• Translucent, colorless• A high molecular weight polypeptide• It consist of 19 amino acid.• Water soluble• Proteins from animal source -Elastin,
albumin and fibrin.
Applications• Tablet coating• Suppositories• Gelatin emulsions• Microencapsulation• Gelatin as nanoparticle &
microparticles
Soft gelatin capsules
Hard gelatin capsules
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15 Proteins from vegetal sources
WHEAT GLUTEN
Source-Product of the starch fabrication.Composition- main groups: proteins, gliadin and glutenin.Advantages-• Fastest degradation
rates. • Biodegradable, non-
toxic• Available in high quality
& low costApplication-film forming agent
SOY PROTEIN
Source & composition-Soy protein isolate -form of soy protein +90% proteins. Applications-• Health benefits• Helps in heart
problems.
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POLYESTERS
CUTIN
SUBERIN
POLYHYDROXY-
ALKONATE
CUTIN• It is a complex combination of nonpolar
lipids which form part of the waxy layer that envelops the plant on the outermost layer, protecting it against water loss to the environment.
• outermost layer is referred to as cuticle ; it is the structure thought to be a major enabler of plant evolution from water to dry land due to the enhanced water retention capacity it provides.
• discovery of natural polyester from plant cuticle came later than that of polysaccharides and proteins.
SUBERIN –• similar role as cutin of protecting the root
tissue against water loss. It is commonly used industrially as the main constituent of cork.
Polyhydroxyalkanostes- Found in bacteria, synthesized in plant,particularly in leaves.
Cutin Pathway
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Polyesters used in pharmaceutical blister packaging
Polyester used in medicated cotton coil
Cleanroom Polyester Swab
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List of some polysaccharides from various sources
SOURCE POLYMER
Cell walls of plant PectinSeeds and Roots GalactomannansSeaweeds Carrageenan, Alginates, agarAnimal cell walls HyaluronanShells of aquatic animals ChitinSkins and bones of animal and scales of fish
Gelatin
Bacteria Xanthan , Hyaluronan , gellan
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• Linking together of a large molecule of small molecule termed as monomers with each other to form a macromolecule or polymer molecule through chemical reaction is termed as polymerization.
MECHANISM OF POLYMERIZATIO
N
• Chemical reaction in which polymer is formed.• Small molecule of by-product with a lower molecular weight is
released.• Reaction can take place between two similar or different
monomers, known as step-growth polymerization.
Condensation Polymerization or Step-growth Polymerization
• No elimination of any molecule.• It is obtained by linking together the monomer molecules by a
chain reaction to give a polymer whose molecular weight is exactly an integral multiple of that of the monomer.
Addition Polymerization
or Chain Polymerization
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New natural polymer and modeling
• Computer based techniques –Used to design and predict the properties of polymers
• The potential of emerging computer based methods to predict conformation, interactions and properties of natural polymers, their chemical derivatives and blends is immense.
• Computer modeling may well become the "screening method" of choice to identify new polymers without having to go through the long and tedious process of synthesizing or "growing" every possibility.
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22 Advantages And Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES
Biodegradable
Biocompatible and non-toxic
Low cost
Environmentall
Local availability (especially in developing countries.
DISADVANTAGES
Microbial contamination Batch to Batch variation The uncontrolled rate of hydrationSlow processHeavy Metal contamination
23Applications:
APPLICATION OF NATURAL
POLYMERS IN NANODRUG DELIVERY
APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL POLYMER IN
DRUG DELIVERY
APPLICATION OF NATURAL
POLYMERS BLENDING IN PACKAGING INDUSTRIES
APPLICATION OF NATURAL
POLYMER IN NATURAL
EXCIPIENTS.
Application of natural polymers in nanodrug deliveryPolysaccharides
STARCH
• use of starch in pharmaceutics is extensive.
• Use as co-polymer and excipient in controlled drug delivery.
• magnetised iron-oxide nano-particles coated with starch were used – targeting brain tumor.
Maize starch modified and un-modified – used as as polymeric material to formulate different types of nano-particles.
2 different types of nano-particles – cross linked with epichlorohydrin and phosphoryl chloride (POCl3 ) using both the gel and emulsion methods.
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25Chitosan• A nonvirus carrier, chitosan has excellent
biocompatibility and biodegradation, which has led to increasing application of chitosan nanoparticles in gene drug delivery.
Non-viral gene delivery vectors
• Chitosan itself has a certain antitumor activity.• chitosan nanoparticles can increase drug
concentration in the tumor site and improve therapeutic effects.
Carrier of anticancer chemical drugs
• Nano-particles fabricated with chitosan - to investigate the controlled release of anti-retroviral drug, lamivudine.
• chitosan and polyoxometalates (POM) were tested as anti-cancer preparation.
• starch nano particles – used to chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) to coat lipid based carriers in order to enhance ocular drug delivery
Other applications
Applications of Natural polymer in drug delivery
GUMS BIOLOGICAL SOURCE APPLICATIONSXanthan Xanthomonas campestris Pellets,controlled drug deliveryTamarind Tamarindus indica Hydrogels, ocular mucoadhesive
drug deliverySodium alginate Macrocytis pyrifera Bioadhesive microspheres,
nanoparticlesPectin Citrus aurantium Beads, floating beads, colon drug
delivery, pelletizationOkra Genus-Hibiscus
Species-Abelmoschus esculentus
Hydrophilic matrix for controlled release
Locust bean Ceratania siliqua Controlled release agentKaraya Sterculia urens Mucoadhesive
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27Bhara gum Terminalia bellerica. Microincapsulation
Gum ghatti Anogeissus latifolia Binder, emulsifier, suspending agent.
Albizia Albizia zygia Tablet binder.
Gellan Pseudomonas elodea Ophthalmic drug delivery, sustaining release agent, beads, Hydrogel.
Ispagol Plantago psyllium,Plantago ovata
Colon drug delivery, gastro retentive.
CONTINUE…
Application of natural polymer in natural excipient
XANTHAN GUM• free flowing powder• soluble in both hot and cold
water to give viscous solutions at low concentrations.
• Thickener and stabilizer-creams, eye gels.
• In emulsions and suspesions for pharmaceutical use xanthan gum prevents the separation of insoluble ingedients, e.g., Barium sulphate in X-ray contrast media.
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CHITOSAN DERIVATIVES
• Biodegradable, biocompatible and less toxic.• used as a mucoadhesive, oral absorption enhancer and in protein
and gene delivery.• Chitosan, typically isolated from the shell of shrimp, has the ability
to react with DNA and compact it to produce a nanoparticle. Such nanoparticles are more readily taken up by cells.
PECTIN• soluble in pure water• binding agent in tablets.• Used to prepare beads by ionotropic gelation technique,
sustained release drug delivery using calcium pectinate gel bead.
• Pectin hydrogels can be used in controlled release matrix tablet formulations.
• Using a extruder/spheronizer, spherical pellets containing calcium pectate were prepared.
• These were then coated in pectin solution resulting in the formation of insoluble calcium pectinate gel around the pellets..
Structure and powder of pectin
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CARRAGEENAN• Chondrus crispus• Gelling agent• A good substitute for gelatin
(animal-based product) in hard and soft gel capsules.
• Thickening agent in hand lotions and shampoos
• Carrageenan has unique properties like viscosity, continuous phase gel formation and specific interactions with the abrasive.
• Combination of these properties helps in stabilizing the toothpaste preparations.
CELLULOSE ETHERS• Pure cellulose as such is
insoluble in hot or cold water
• Cellulose is converted to cellulose esters or cellulose ethers derivatives which are water soluble
• Modified cellulose derivatives enhance water retention capacity, pseudoplastic behavior,film forming properties and complexation.
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Application of natural polymers blending in packaging industries
Food packaging-NON-EDIBLE
EDIBLE
Starch+PE
Polysaccharides
Proteins Lipid
Polysaccharides
Chitin/Chitosan
Collagen/gelatinSoya proteins
Bees wax
Polylactic acid(PLC)
Starch Wheat glutenwhey
Carnauba wax
Polyvinyl alcohol
Pectin Corn Zein Free fatty acid
Pharmaceutical Industries-• To protect the
product for distribution, storage and until the process involved in finishing of material products.
• Quality and effectiveness.
Maintaining the quality of products.
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32Marketed products of natural polymer-
SR.NO.
DRUG CATEGORY METHOD POLYMER
1. Venlafexine Anti-depressent Wet Granulation Bees wax, Carnanuba wax
2. Ibuprofen Anti-inflammatory Wet Granulation EC
3. Miconazole Anti-fungal Direct compression/wet granulation
Pectin,HPMC
4. Verapmil Ca+2channel blocker Direct compression HPMC5. Diethyl
carbamazepine citrate
Anti-filarial Wet granulation Guar Gum,HPMC
6. Amlodipine Anti-arrythmatic Direct compression HPMC,EC
Conclusiono Polymers play a vital role in the drug delivery system. So, the selection of
polymer plays an important role in the manufacturing of drugs.o Natural biodegradable polymers have received much more attention in the
last decades due to their applications in the fields related to environmental protection and the maintenance of physical health.
o Natural polymers can be good substitute for the synthetic polymers and many of the side effects of the synthetic polymers can be overcome by using natural polymers.
Future scopeo The polymers have great future, because of its increased demand and
usage. Researches are being carried out to use polymers more effectively.
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2. Shradha Tomar, Lalit Singh, Vijaya Sharma, “Miraculous Adjuvants: The Pharmaceutical polymers,” Int. Res. J. Pharm, (8)2016
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4. Abitha M H, Flowerlet Mathew, “Natural polymer in pharmaceutical formulation”, a review Int.J. of institutional pharmacy and life science, 2015, 206
5. Krishna Sailaja, P.Amareshwar,P.Chakravarty, “Chitosan nanoparticles as a drug delivery system”Research journal,July-sept.2010,volume-1,P.g.481,ISSN:0975-8585
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THANK YOU
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