natural resources land water vegetation land national bureau of soil survey and land use and...
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NATURAL RESOURCESLAND
WATER
VEGETATION
LANDNational Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use and
Planning(NBSS&LUP)
NBSS&LUP ,Nagpur of ICAR (2005)
Sl.No
Source India (Lakh Ha)
Andhra Pradesh(Lakh Ha)
1 Water Erosion 936.80 115.18
2 Wind Erosion 94.80 Nil
3 Water logging/flooding 143 18.96
4 Salinity/Alkalinity 59.4 5.17
5 Soil acidity 160.4 9.05
6 Complex problems 73.8 1.56
7 Geographical Area 3287 275.05
8 Degraded area (%) 44.66 54.5
PRODUCTIVITY OF CROPS(KGs/Ha)Sl.No
Country/State Paddy Wheat Maize Groundnut(In shell)
Sugarcane
1 World 4112 2804 4815 2149 68257
2 India 3124 2619 1938 859 66945
3 Pakistan 3164 2519 2906 ----- 49229
4 China 6265 4455 5365 3118 82528
6 Egypt 10598 6455 7887 ----- 120887
7 USA 7694 2825 3629 2964 73833
8 Andhra Pradesh 3345 ------ 5263 1449 82267
(Source : From Ministry of Agriculture,GoI & Commissionerate of Agrl.A.P.,Hyd 2007-08)
Sl.No Year Population(crores)
Gross Cropped area(million ha)
Total food grains production(million tonnes)
Per capita per day food grains requirement(grams)
Net availability of food grains per capita per day(grams)
1 1951 36.1 97.3 50.82
550
394.9
2 1961 43.92(21.66%)
152.77(57%)
82.02(61.39%)
468.7
3 1971 54.81(24.79%)
165.79(8.5%)
108.42(32.18%)
468.8
4 1981 68.43(24.84%)
172.63(4.12%)
129.29(19.24%)
454.8
6 1991 84.63(23.67%)
185.74(7.59%)
176.39(36.42%)
510.1
7 2001 102.7(21.35%)
189.74(2.15%)
195.92(11.07%)
416.2
8 2011 127(23.66%)
200.90(5.88%)
254.95( Required)(30.12%)
9 2021 133(4.72%)
209.79(4.42%)
266.99( Required)(4.7%)
Geographical area of India 3287 lakh ha
Net cultivated area : 1420 lakh ha
Irrigated area : 570 lakh ha
Rainfed area : 850 lakh ha
Low productivity and low input usage are two major issues confronting rainfed farming.
Productivity per unit of land
Productivity per unit of water are important for optimum production.
SPLASH EROSION
SHEET EROSION
Sl.No Soil Erosion Rate (t/ha/yr)
Soil erosion class
1 0-5 Slight
2 5-10 Moderate
3 10-20 High
4 20-40 Very high
5 40-80 Severe
6 > 80 Very severe
ACID SOILS
SALINE SOILS
ALKALINE SOILS
RECLAMATION OF SALINE SOILS1. Deep ploughing
2. Sanding
3. Adding gypsum
4. Adding sulfur
5. Adding organic matterCauses : Low rainfall, high evaporation rate, poor drainage, irrigation with saline water
RECLAMATION OF ALKALINE SOILSApplication of gypsum, leaching, green manuring, straw mulchingCauses : presence of carbonates of ca, mg and na
RECLAMATION OF ACID SOILS:Adding ground limestone (calcium carbonate) Causes : High rainfall
SHIFTING CULTIVATION
WATER
• Blue water is the source of supply. It is equivalent to the natural water resources (surface and groundwater runoff).
• Green water is the rainwater directly used and evaporated by non-irrigated agriculture, pastures and forests
Sl.No CROP IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT(MM)
1 RICE 300-950
2 MAIZE 400-750
3 SOYABEAM 500-860
4 SUGARCANE 1000-1500
5 COTTON 550-950
6 GROUNDNUT 500-550
7 SUNFLOWER 350-500
8 WHEAT 300-450
VIRTUAL WATEERAmount of water that is embedded in food or other products needed for its productionTrade in VW allows scarce countries to import high water consuming products while exporting low water consuming products
Sl.No PRODUCT VW Content(m3/ tonne )
1 Potato 160
2 Maize 900
3 Milk 900
4 Wheat 1350
5 Rice 3000
6 Soyabean 2300
1 cup of coffee needs 140 litres of water
1 litre of milk needs 1000 litres of water.
1 kg of wheat needs 1350 litres of water.
1 kg of rice needs 3000 litres of water.
1 kg maize needs 900 litres of water.
WATERSHED
A geohydrological unit draining to a common point by a system of drains.
It is topographically delineated area draining into a single channel.
It is considered as a biological, physical , economic and social system
It is environmental tool for taking up development initiatives
It is a logical unit for planning optimal development of its soil, water and biomass resources.
TYPES OF WATERSHEDS
1. MACRO WATERSHED > 50000 ha
2. SUB WATERSHED > 10000 to 50000 ha
3. MILLI WATERSHED > 1000 to 10000 ha
4. MICRO WATERSHED > 100 to 1000 ha
5. MINI WATERSHED > 1 to 100 ha
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE(Since inception to 2006-07)
Sl.No PROGRAMME AREA(Lakh ha)
AMOUNT(Rs crores)
1 NWDPRA(1990-91)
93.09 3025.56
2 RVP&FPR(1962&81)
64.86 2244.24
3 WDPSCA(1974-75) 3.93 295.58
4 RADAS(1985-86) 7.11 121.74
5 WDF(1999-00) 0.59 26.02
6 EAPs 18.15 3967.35
Total 187.73 9680.49
Ministry of Rural Development(Since inception upto 2006-07)
Sl.No PROGRAMME AREA(Lakh ha)
AMOUNT(Rs crores)
1 DPAP(1973-74)
137.27 4842.50
2 DDP(1977-78)
78.73 1949.88
3 IWDP(1988-89)
99.56 2438.15
4 EAPs 5.0 292.67
Total
320.56 9523.20
Ministry of Environment & Forests
Sl.No PROGRAMME AREA(Lakh ha)
AMOUNT(Rs crores)
1 NAEP(1989-90) 0.70 47.53
Total
0.70 47.53
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE (XI FYP)
Sl.No PROGRAMME AREA(Lakh ha)
AMOUNT(Rs crores)
1 NWDPRA 15.00 1500
2 RVP&FPR 12.50 1500
3 WDPSCA 2.00 240
4 RADAS 1.00 100
5 WDF 5.00 600
6 EAPs 5.00 750
7 RADP 30.00 3300
Total 70.50 7990
Ministry of Rural Development (XI FYP)
Sl.No PROGRAMME AREA(Lakh ha)
AMOUNT(Rs crores)
1 DPAPDDP
IWDP IWDP/IWMP
240.00 15358
2
3
Total
240.00 15358
PLANNING COMMISSIONSl.No PROGRAMME AREA
(Lakh ha)AMOUNT
(Rs crores)
1 Hill Area & Westren Ghat Development Programme
10 2500
INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
National Rainfed Area AuthorityMinistry of Agriculture, Government of IndiaNASC Complex, Dev Prakash Shastri MargPUSA, New Delhi - 110012
Sl.No BUDGET COMPONENT % OF THE BUDGET
1 ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS 10
2 MONITORING 1
3 EVALUATION 1
(I) PREPARATORY PHASE ( 1 -2 YEARS)
4 ENTRY POINT ACTIVITIES 4
5 INSTITUTION & CAPACITY BUILDING 5
6 DETAILED PROJECT REPORT(DPR) 1
(II) WATERSHED WORKS PHASE(2-3 YEARS)
7 WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT WORKS 50
8 LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES FOR THE ASSETLESS PERSONS 10
9 PRODUCTION SYSTEM & MICRO ENTERPRISES 13
(III)CONSOLIDATION PHASE(1-2 YEARS) 5
TOTAL 100
Sl.No
DISTRICT NUMBER OF MEGA WATERSHED
PROJECTS
AREA(Ha)
TOTAL PROJECT
COST(Crores)
1 Adilabad 9 36000 43.20
2 Anantapur 15 59205 71.05
3 Chittoor 9 38025 45.63
4 Kadapa 7 28000 33.60
5 Khammam 2 10000 12.00
6 Kurnool 13 63010 75.61
7 Mahabubnagar 16 64150 76.98
8 Medak 5 25300 30.36
IWMP PROJECTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No
DISTRICT NUMBER OF MEGA WATERSHED
PROJECTS
AREA(Ha)
TOTAL PROJECT
COST(Crores)
9 Nalgonda 9 34500 41.40
10 Prakasam 14 67600 81.12
11 Ranga Reddy 7 28143 33.77
12 Srikakulam 4 19508 23.41
“The nation behaves well if it treats the natural resources as assets which it must turn over to the next generation increased, and not impaired, in value”