naturalistc decision making under life threatening conditions
DESCRIPTION
A presentation that I gave at the International Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making at London, UK. based on my paper that was published as part of NDM9.TRANSCRIPT
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Understanding Naturalistic Decision Making under
Life Threatening Conditions
Moin RahmanMotorola, Inc.
Plantation, FL 33322USA
E-mail: [email protected]
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“Emergency or crisis conditions occur suddenly and often unexpectedly, operators must make critical decisions under extreme stress, and the consequences of poor performance are immediate and catastrophic.”(Salas, Driskell & Hughes, 1996).
Decision-Maker under Stress
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Haditha Killings
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Shooting in the Bronx
Amadou Diallo
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High Velocity of information processingEmotionally modulated cognitionEvent perception- volatile- uncertain- complex- ambiguousNaturalistic decision making
High velocity of eventsNon-linear dynamicsComplex & chaotic- ill structured- ill defined- high stakes- incomplete information
Perceptions & Behaviors(Human Factors)
Non-Equilibrium(Event structure)
High Velocity Human Factors (HVHF) [Rahman, 2007]
Auto Vigilance
Response Competition
Regressive Behavior
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Emotion disrupts cognition
Reason facilitates cognition
Cartesian Dualism
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Classical, “Affect-free,” Human Information Processing Model (Wickens, 1992)
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OODA Loop
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“Snake in the Grass Effect” (LeDoux, 1996)
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High Road vs. Low Road (LeDoux, 1996)
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Triune Brain (MacLean, 1993)
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Lessons from Ethology: Predator-Prey (PP) Dyad
Dynamics: • Sudden, Volatile, Uncertain, High Stakes• Imminent threat to life and limb• Aversive emotions, defensive behavior
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1) Orientation (Or)
Behavior under Life Threatening Conditions (OrAM)
2) Alarm Response (A)
3) Mobilization (M)
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- Fear Bradycardia (brief drop in heart rate)
Orientation
- Attentional TunnelingLoss of peripheral visionAuditory exclusion
“non-consciously size up the threat”(PNS dominates)
- Increased SCR
- Startle inhibition
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1) Orientation (Or)
Behavior under Life Threatening Conditions (OrAM)
2) Alarm Response (A)
3) Mobilization (M)
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Changes in the brain-body landscape(SNS dominates)
Alarm Response
- PhysiologicalTachycardia (heart rate increases)Peaked muscle tension Increased respiration rate
-Psychological: Fear potentiated startle response
- Neural: Primitive brain takes over
-Chemical: Body & brain flooded with hormones and neurotransmitters
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The Three Stages of Emotion (Damasio, 1999)
CONSCIOUS
Complex, flexible and customized plans of response are formulated in conscious images and maybe executed as behavior
High Reason
simple, stereotyped patterns of response: metabolic regulation, reflexes -- the biological machinery behind what will become pain and pleasure, drives and motivations
Basic Life Regulation
complex, stereotyped patterns of response: secondary emotions, primary emotions, and background emotions
Sensory patterns signaling pain, pleasure, and emotions become imagesFeelings
Emotions
NON-CONSCIOUS
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Emotional Arousal: Marine in Combat
Ficks (2005):I heard my feet tapping involuntarily on the Humvee floor. My knees stitched upand down like a sewing machine. My mouth felt dry and gummy. Everything seemed to pass in a blur. I thought of war stories that talked about hyperclarity in combat, seeing every blade of grass and feeling colors more intensely than ever before. But for me, whole city blocks faded into gray fuzz. I feared I was processing information too slowly, seeing only one of every ten things I should. I felt short changed. I wanted hyperclarity, too.
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Somatic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio, et al., 2005)
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1) Orientation (Or)
Behavior under Life Threatening Conditions (OrAM)
2) Alarm Response (A)
3) Mobilization (M)
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Mobilization Behaviors
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signature display
challenge display
Mobilization Defensive Behaviors (Prey)
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Mobilization Defensive Behaviors (Prey)
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PP Dyad Socio-Technical Systems (STS)
Posture: Exhibit signature and challenge displays (Rahman, 2007b).
Outnumbered by violent rioters.
Law enforcement officers
Freeze: Stays still and blends (camouflage) with the terrain\vegetation to remain unseen.
Unexpectedly comes across enemy.
Reconnaissance marine
Fight: Take cover; fire back to neutralize adversary and call for help.
Adversary opens fire.SWAT team member
Flee: Pilot performs appropriate air combat maneuvers to avoid the adversary’s weapon systems.
Outmaneuvered in aerial combat by adversary.
Fighter pilot
Flee: Issue mayday call; figure out a way to exit the building.
Lost bearings inside a structure fire.
Fire fighter
E.g., Sample BehaviorNature of ThreatType of Human Agent
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Model: “emotion-primed”NDM under Life Threatening Conditions
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Constructive & Destructive Modulation
Constructive Modulation of Emotion:1) Mann Gulch Wild Land Fire2) United Flight 232
Destructive Modulation of Emotion:1) Haditha killings2) Shooting in the Bronx
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Automatic vs. Deliberate: OrAM vs. OODA
ControlledEffortfulDeductiveSlowSelf-aware
UncontrolledEffortlessAssociativeFast Unconscious
DeliberateAutomatic
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• TrainingSimulate the somatic markers (emotional arousal: degree & kind) experienced in the field.
• Individual differencesalexithymia, PTSD, psychopathic tendencies
Conclusions (Training & Personnel Issues)
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Triune Brain (MacLean, 1993)
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Conclusions (Design for Reptilian Brain)
S D
Gibsonian approach: Direct perception/affordances
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Semantic vs. Direct Approach (example)
5
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Affordances (action & function)
Action Affordance
Hand Operated Emergency Brake
Function Affordance
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Overthrowing the Tyranny
Embodied Interactions
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• PP Dyad to model NDM under life threatening conditions
• Orientation-Alarm response-Mobilization (OrAM) supplants OODA
• Empirical research required for a deeper understanding of OrAM in STS.
Conclusions (Research Findings)
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