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NATURE AND TYPES OF PLANNING

Angelica N. Francisco, EnP

January 7, 2017

Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro

Short Course on Environmental Planning

DCERP & HUMEIN Phils. Inc. 1


DCERP & HUMEIN Phils. Inc.

PLANNING

JOHN FRIEDMANN

Planning is primarily a way of thinking about socio-

economic problems, oriented predominantly toward the

future, is deeply concerned with the relation of goals to

collective decisions and strives for comprehensiveness

in policy and program

2



PLANNING

PETER HALL

The making of an orderly sequence of action that

will lead to the achievement of stated goals or goals

DIANA CONYERS AND PETER HILLS

A continuous process which involves decisions,

or choices, about alternative ways of using available

resources, with the aim of achieving particular goals at

some time in the future.

3



PLANNING

JOHN RATCLIFFE

(a) Allocation of resources, particularly land, in such a

manner as to obtain maximum efficiency, while paying heed

to the nature of the built environment and the welfare of the

community;

(b) Act of anticipating change, and arbitrating between the

economic, social, physical and environmental forces that

determine the location, form, and effect of urban

development;

(c) Concerned with providing the right site, at the right time,

in the right place, for the right people

4



Concept of Planning

Fundamentals

- Planning as a universal skill involves outcomes before

choices among alternatives (risk and uncertainty).

- Central element of planning is the desire to direct change

to produce beneficial consequence at some point in the

future (as a “vision”)

- Planning take place along a time continuum (future-

oriented activity)

5



Need for Planning

• The justification for the need for planning may be

provided on both scientific and normative grounds.

- Self-direction is the objective of planning which is …

“an activity by which man in society endeavors to gain

mastery over himself and to shape his collective future

consciously by his power of reason.”

6



Distinction between Policy Planning and Comprehensive Planning

SCOPE:

Policy planning is directed to a particular issue, while

comprehensive planning considers all aspects of a

system simultaneously, whether or not any specific

problem or opportunity relating to that aspect has been

identified.

7



Distinction between Policy Planning and Comprehensive Planning

PRODUCT:

Comprehensive planners usually develop a plan. The

product of policy planning include memoranda,

position papers, draft legislations, and even letters or

phone calls.

8



Typologies of Planning

Instrumental classification

– As a means or premise for decision-making,

planning is a method for arriving at decisions.

Prescriptive classification

– Based on the prescription on how planning

ought to be conducted.

9

1

2



Instrumental Classification

Rationale-Comprehensive Planning – Has a

scientific basis. It proceeds from the enunciation of a

goal, and techniques are used to achieve goal.

10



• Uses Reason more intensively - „rational‟ or scientific

tools

• Adjusts or „Adapts‟ to Local Demands, Limitations &

Peculiarities; “adaptive” element was influenced by the

tenet of Systems Theory that “the only thing permanent is

change”

• Has roots in Geddes „Survey-Analysis-Plan‟ (SAP) -

theoretically benefits the whole of society and the larger

natural environment

Rational-Adaptive-Comprehensive

or Synoptic Planning

Sir Patrick Geddes and

Lewis Mumford

11



• „Comprehensive‟ because it tends to „cover all bases‟,

all aspects, all sectors, hence – overwhelming in terms

of information quantity

• Data overload – massive, extensive, voluminous -

neophytes can get lost in the maze. Challenge is not to

miss the trees as you walk through the forest

• Process is long and tedious, realistically not less than

four months– it can not make quick decisions




Lewis Mumford

12



• Has a window for participation, allows many people

from all walks of life to contribute.

• Tends to be “static” within its own time-frame; needs to

be constantly updated after each planning period (e.g.

every three years)




Lewis Mumford

13




Remedial Planning – The salient characteristic is that

it is initiated in response to a dissatisfaction or a painful

situation. The aim is to move away from the

dissatisfaction or pain rather than toward some goal or

end state.

14



Strategic planning – a form of planning that rejects

the principle of comprehensiveness but accepts the

premise of planning as a rational process. It begins

with the procedure of identifying issues in planning,

after which strategies are designed to solve a problem

or take advantage and promote opportunities.

15




• Strategic Planning is interwoven into Management. It is

not separate and distinct from the process of Strategic

Management

• It is an aggressive pursuit of “change” through a potent

strategy that can bring optimal results

• Ensures that all options are explored and that most

appropriate option is selected

Strategic Planning Dr. Henry

Mintzberg

16



• Does not need comprehensive or voluminous data but

only manageable data relevant to strategic issues

• Can be used in conjunction with broader forms of

planning

• Tends to focus more on economic, physical,

infrastructural, institutional solutions that often benefit the

enthusiastic lead actors and lead sectors who carry it

out;

Strategic Planning Dr. Henry

Mintzberg

17

18 Short Course on Environmental Planning


Strategic Planning Model

19



Allocative planning – distribution of resources among

a number of competing users.

Issue-focused planning – used primarily to achieve

acceptance and implementation of goals and

objectives. Emphasis is on designing strategies that

will overcome resistance to a plan or issue.

20




Incremental Planning - Policy-makers come to a

decision by weighing the marginal disadvantages of a

limited number of alternatives.

Rather than working on long-term objectives, they

move ahead through successive approximations. The

mechanism of „partisan mutual adjustment‟- working

out of different claims through compromise, adherence

to procedural rules.

21




• Charles Lindbloom - "the science of muddling through."

also called "disjointed incrementalism” or “partisan

mutual adjustment”

• Unified public interest can not be defined; instead it is

determined through negotiation and political

compromises. „push and tug‟ of decentralized bargaining

processes best suited to a free market.

• Plan is determined through politics; Planner acts as

mediator to determine common interest.

Incremental Planning – also called “Disjointed Incrementalism”

22



• At times, planning becomes a practice of what is

feasible politically instead of what is technically

efficient and effective. (Campbell & Fainstein 1997:1)

• Hence, Decision-making is a succession of

approximations.


23



• CRITIQUE: When there is no overall theory or

general principle that guide inquiry, actions tend to

become…

– Disjointed, segmented, incoherent, and un-integrated

– Actions are Causistic – “case-to-case” basis –

– Over time, decisions will tend to negate or nullify

each other amidst changing circumstances and

evolving conditions of the landscape.


24



Indicative planning -Relies on power of:

• the persuasion of solid information and analysis of well-

based projections of trends and projections of future

conditions;

• of appealing future scenarios and alternative strategies;

and

• evaluation criteria with which the people who review the

plan, and who are called upon to adopt its proposals, can

identify.

25




Advocacy planning – The means to carrying out the

process including an informed citizenry. Working on

behalf of community groups, advocate planners act as

proponents of specific substantive planning solutions.

Saul Alinsky - The proponent of the theory/concept where planners should work for the redistribution of power and resources to the powerless and the disadvantaged.

Prescriptive Classification

26



Radical planning – Begins with the assertion that

modern planning – the rational-comprehensive

model and modified variation of that model – are

elitist, centralizing and change resistant. It is a

concept of planning based on system change

and a decentralized means for making

decisions, facilitation of human development,

and consideration of ecology.

27




Normative/Functional

– Concentrates on means. Goals or ends are assumed

given. The function of planning is to devise methods

and procedures for achieving goals, irrespective of how

goals are defined. Better information leads to better

policy decisions.

28




Participatory planning

– Planning results will tend to reflect more accurately

the needs of a community or constituency than if the

planner tried to determine the needs. Another

orientation is that citizen should participate in

planning regardless of any practical results.

29




The Master Plan Approach or Imperative Planning - a grand one-shot attempt, its end-product is long range (20–40 years) affecting one whole generation, but can be massively disastrous when in error

Tends to be „top-down‟ or implementing only the dominant vision of an authoritative leader or clique;

Traditional Planning Approach

Daniel Burnham

30



Strong on physical planning; comprehensive in terms of physical design (architecture, engineering, etc) but inadequate in terms of social & other forms of analysis

Seems to be more applicable in planning tabula rasa – planning from scratch, where there is empty land and no people occupying it, but not when cities are already settled; wherein public consent has to be solicited.

Traditional Planning Approach

Daniel Burnham

31



Concept of a system

- A set of objects together with relationships between

the objects and their attributes (Lein, 1997)

- A set of interrelated elements together with relations

between the elements and among their states that

functions in a complementary manner (Hall and Fagen, 1959)

Systems View of Planning

32



Systems Theory to Planning

Norbert Wiener

“Cybernetics” (Norbert Wiener,1948;Ashby,1956) –

interdisciplinary science dealing with communication and control

systems in living organisms, machines, and organizations

“System is a set or group of interconnected components

interacting to form a unity or integrated whole.” “Relationships”

tie the system together

33

Systems Approach to Planning systems view of planning represents a systematic attempt to use reason and logic to

reduce confusion and increase man‟s control over his social, economic and physical

environment. 34

Systems Planning Approach by

George Chadwick

Goal Formulation

Projection of goals

Evaluation of projection

Evaluation of alternatives

Evaluation of

performance

System Description

System Modelling

System projection

System Synthesis

System Control

Problem Finding

FE

ED

BA

CK

FE

ED

BA

CK



THE CUBE DIAGRAM OF PLANNING

36

Spatial Dimensions

of Comprehensive Planning

Spatial

Levels Scope of Planning Activities

NA

TIO

NA

L P

LA

NN

ING

• Establishes the context within which all lesser order plans

can be formulated.

• Resolution of conflicts among long- and short- objectives

and establishment of priorities among action programs.

• Overall development of natural resources as national

wealth or total resource base.

• Brings together, at the more practical level , policies

covering economic and resource development with

national urbanization plans.

• Confront the problems of improving the standards of living

and environmental conditions.



RE

GIO

NA

L P

LA

NN

ING

• Sets out the necessary framework for the practical solution

of regional problems within the context of national policies.

• Links broad government policies through vertical policy

action system within the spatial and territorial dimensions.

• Optimal balance between the natural environment and the

allocation of development resources.

• Most suitable implementation of policies and programs and

for coordination of activities.

• Resolves interrelationships among settlements including

roles and functions within the network of settlement system

within the region.

38

Spatial Dimensions




LO

CA

L P

LA

NN

ING

Designs staged program of spatially distributed investments

which specify nature of activities to be performed and kind of

structure to house them.

Transcends the functional allocation of activities in space in

planning of settlements, including proposals covering the

various social mechanisms, laws, regulation, policies and

forms of governmental organizations.

Establishes harmonious relationships among the many

different components of the settlements so as not to produce

undesirable effects on the other.



Spatial Dimensions


40

18 regions



Levels of Planning by Planning Area

• National-covers the geographic boundaries of the entire

Philippine territory

• Regional- a planning area that is sub-national and

supra-urban

– Super region

– Administrative region

– Autonomous region (i.e. ARMM)

– Economic region

– Metropolitan area (e.g. MMDA, Metro Cebu, Metro Naga)

– Natural resource-based (Bicol river basin, Laguna Lake,

Pasig River)

41



PLANNING AREA

• Local Government Unit - a planning area that is

within political subdivisions of the country

• Region - A sub-national administrative unit

comprising of several provinces having more or less

homogenous characteristics, such as ethnic origin of

inhabitants, dialect spoken, agricultural produce, etc.

42



• Province - The largest unit in the political structure

of the Philippines. It consists, in varying numbers, of

municipalities and, in some cases, of component

cities. Its functions and duties in relation to its

component cities and municipalities are generally

coordinative and supervisory.

43

PLANNING AREA



• City - There are three classes of cities in the

Philippines: the highly urbanized, the independent

component cities which are independent of the

province, and the component cities which are part

of the provinces where they are located and subject

to their administrative supervision.

44

PLANNING AREA



• Municipality - Is a political corporate body which is

endowed with the facilities of a municipal

corporation, exercised by and through the municipal

government in conformity with law. It is a subsidiary

of the province which consists of a number of

barangays within its territorial boundaries, one of

which is the seat of government found at the town

proper (poblacion).

45

PLANNING AREA



• Barangay - The smallest political unit into which

cities and municipalities in the Philippines are

divided. It is the basic unit of the Philippine political

system. It consists of less than 1,000 inhabitants

residing within the territorial limit of a city or

municipality and administered by a set of elective

officials, headed by a barangay chairman (punong

barangay).

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

46

PLANNING AREA



Levels of Planning

• TIMEFRAME/DURATION OF PLAN

Short Term 1-3 years e.g. expenditure plan

Medium Term 5-6 years e.g. development plan

Long Range minimum of 9 years for CLUP

20-50 years e.g. Masterplan

• Time-horizon of the envisaged future varies

according to the type and level of planning

47



National Level Plans

National Framework for Physical Plan

- A long-term (2001-2030) physical framework plan

specifying land use policy guidelines on settlements

development, production and protection land uses,

and infrastructure development; based on sustainable

development and growth with social equity principles.

48



National Level Plans

Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan

(MTPDP)

– Development blue print that is co-terminus with the 6-

year term of the office of the president

– Provides the overall strategy to spur economic growth

and development

Medium-Term Philippine Investment Plan (MTPIP)

– Addresses the investment requirements of MTPDP

49



Provincial Plans

• Provincial Physical Framework Plan (PPFP)

• Provincial Development Plan (PDP)

• Provincial Development and Physical Framework

Plan (PDPFP)

• Provincial Development Investment Program

(PDIP)

50



Provincial Development and

Physical Framework Plan (PDPFP)

Provincial Physical Framework Plan and Provincial

Development Plan to address the disconnect between spatial

and sectoral factors and between medium and long term

concerns. It contains the long-term vision of the province, and

identifies development goals, Strategies, objectives/targets and

corresponding PPAs which serve as primary inputs to provincial

investment programming and subsequent budgeting and plan

implementation.

51

Provincial Plans



Municipal Plans

• Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP)

– Represented by the sectoral development plans (social, economic, infrastructure, environmental management, institutional)

• Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP)

– Land use policies

– Land allocation for general and urban land uses (residential, commercial, industrial, institutional)

• Local Development Investment Program (LDIP)

– Prioritized list of Programs, Projects, and Activities (PPAs) in the medium-term that could be funded by the local government and other possible sources of funds

52



Municipal Plans

Comprehensive Land Use Plan

• Refers to a document embodying specific proposals

for guiding and regulating growth and development

of a city or municipality. It is comprehensive

because it considers all sectors significant in the

development process, i.e., demography, socio-

economic, infrastructure and utilities, land use and

local administration, within the territorial jurisdiction.

53

LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM

SPACE FOR LIVING

SPACE FOR MAKING A

LIVING

PROTECTED AREAS

NIPAS

Non- NIPAS

Protected Agricultural

Environmentally constrained

SETTLEMENT AREAS

Urban (Town Centers)

Rural (Upland, coastal, lowland)

IP settlements

INFRASTRUCTURE AREAS

Transport Network

Social Infrastructure

Economic infrastructure

Administrative support

PRODUCTION AREAS

Agricultural (Croplands, fishery,

livestock, poultry)

Industrial

Commercial

Tourism

EXCHANGE

SPACE

C

L

U

P

THE FOUR (4) POLICY AREAS

Source: DILG 54

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Municipal Plans

Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP)

• The document that pertains to the multi-sectoral plan

formulated at the city/municipal level, which

embodies the vision, sectoral goals, objectives,

development strategies and policies within the term

of LGU officials and the medium-term.

55



Comprehensive Development Plan The Five Development Sectors

56

Economic Sector

Institutional Sector

Infrastructure Sector

Environment Sector

Social Sector


DCERP & HUMEIN Phils. Inc. Source: RPS

Implementation Instruments

LDIP/ AIP

REGULATORY

MEASURES NON-PROJECTS /

SERVICES

• Zoning

• Other Local

Ordinances

• Adm. Issuances

• National Laws

• Inter-

Jurisdictional

Agreements

• LGU Funded

• NGA Funded

• Joint Funding

• Private Sector

Investments

• LGU Dept. /

Offices

• NGA Field Offices

• Special Bodies

PROGRAMS /

PROJECTS

Comprehensive Plans CDP CLUP

Detailed/ Master Plans

Area / System/ Thematic

LGU Family of Plans Source: DILG 59



Examples of Thematic Plans

• Local Poverty Reduction Action Plan

• Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan and

Local Climate Change Action Plan

• Gender and Development Plan

• Local Entrepreneurship Development Plan

• Local Tourism Development Plan

60



Examples of Area Plans

• Forest Management Plan

• Heritage Conservation Plan

• Coastal Resource Management Plan

• Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and

Protection Plan

• Watershed Management Plan

61



Examples of System Plans

• Solid Waste Management Plan

• Rapid Transit System Plan

• Sewerage Master Plan

• Integrated Communication Technology Plan

• Open Space Network Plan

62



LOCAL DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT PLAN

• LDIP is the principal instrument for implementing the CDP

• LDIP links the plan to the budget (RA 7160 sec. 305)

• LDIP has a time frame of 3 years

Simplified LDIP Process

1. Producing a ranked list of programs and project with costs

2. Available future fund for investment

3. Matching fund requirements with projected funds available

and consider financing options

Important Note: Development Fund= 20% of IRA + non-office

MOOE + Capital Outlay

63



LOCAL DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT PLAN

a document that serves as the link between the

plan and the budget, thus putting into effect the

directive of the Local Government Code that says:

“local budgets shall operationalize approved local

development plans” (Sec. 305i, RA 7160).

64

PLAN TO BUDGET

FLOW

COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

(CDP)

Practical Vision / Strategic Directions

(5-10 years)

LOCAL DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT

PROGRAM (LDIP)

Programs / Projects/ Activities (PPAs)

(3 Years)

ANNUAL INVESTMENT PROGRAM (AIP)

Priority PPAs; Major Final Output;

Performance Indicators / Targets (1 year)

ANNUAL / SUPPLEMENTAL BUDGET

One (1) year



REMEMBER

• CLUP/Physical Framework – Policies

• CDP – Programs

• ELA – Political agreement

• LDIP – Projects (specific)

• AIP – Pesos



Hierarchy and Linkages of Plans



Hierarchy of Planning Institutions

Level Preparing

Body

Adopting Body Reviewing

Agency

Approving

Agency

National NLUC

Technical.

Comm

National Land

Use Committee

NEDA Board President

Regional RLUC and

NEDA Staff

Regional Dev‟t.

Council

NLUC NEDA Board

Provincial PLUC and

Staff

Sangguniang

Panlalawigan

RLUC HLURB

Metro

HCC / ICC

City Devt

Council and

Staff

Sangguniang

Panglungsod

RLUC or

MMDA

HLURB

City/

Municipal

Devt Council Sanggunian PLUC Sangguniang

Panlalawigan



IMPLEMENTATION

INSTRUMENTS

TERM – BASED AGENDA

MULTI-YEAR (6 YRS.) MULTI-

SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT

PLAN

LONG – TERM

FRAMEWORK PLAN

IMPLEMENTATION

INSTRUMENTS

COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN (CLUP)(w/DRR/CCA)

SETTLEMENT

POLICIES

PROTECTION LAND

POLICIES

PRODUCTION LAND

POLICIES

INFRASTRUCTURE

POLICIES

ZONING ORDINANCE

COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (CDP)

SOCIAL ECONOMIC INFRA ENVI. MGT. INSTITUTIONAL

CDP/EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE AGENDA (ELA)

ANNUAL

INVESTMENT

PROGRAM

ANNUAL BUDGET

OTHER REGULATORY MEASURES

LEGISLATIVE

REQUIREMENTS

LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

INVESTMENT PROGRAM

CAPACITY

DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAM

IMPLEMENTATION

INSTRUMENTS 3-YEAR CAPACITY

DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAM

3-YEAR LEGISLATIVE

AGENDA

The Planning Model

(w/DRR/CCA)

Source: DILG 69

Philippine Agenda 21

Philippine Agenda 21 is part of the country's response to

fulfill its commitments in the historic Earth Summit in 1992

where government and key sectors of society agreed to

implement an action agenda for sustainable development,

known as the Agenda 21.

Philippine Agenda 21 is the nation's blueprint for

sustainable development.

PA 21 provides the policy framework of the country‟s

strategy for sustainable development



Philippine Agenda 21

PA 21 has five goal elements, as follows:

–Poverty Reduction

–Social Equity

–Empowerment and Good Governance

–Peace and Solidarity

–Ecological Integrity





Overview of Transport Planning

• Is the process of understanding, assessing and

designing transport systems to provide for the safe and

efficient movement of people, goods, and services in an

environmentally responsible manner.

• Is a field involved with the evaluation, assessment,

design and siting of transportation facilities (generally

streets, highways, footpaths, bike lanes and public

transport lines).

• Transportation is not only a way to move people but also

a way to guide land-use and control growth patterns

72



• Conventional definition of transport planning

encompasses not only the benefits to society from a

well-designed transportation system, but the key

dimensions as well:

– safety, reduction of fatalities, injuries, and property

damage due to accidents;

– efficiency, optimal allocation of resources in moving

people and goods;

73




– access, provision of enabling technologies and

services to people that need to reach and use

opportunities;

– comfort, travel in environments without causing

unnecessary stress and strain due to noise or other

factors;

– and reduction of environmental pollution, elimination

of contaminants in the air, water, or soil that are at

higher levels than naturally found and that cause

harm to animals, plants, and humans.

74




Brief History of Transport Planning

• Spurred by US Federal Highway Act of 1916 and

Interstate Highway Act of 1956

• Transport Planning easily dovetailed with Regional

Planning (Penn-Jersey Transport Study, 1954;

Chicago-Detroit Transport Plan, 1954)

75




• Rapkin (1954) - developed transport and land use study.

“Traffic is a function of land use”

• Wesley Mitchell (1954) - advocated that plans should be

dynamic not static. He was a leading figure in setting up

Penn-Jersey, a regional growth model which could

predict incremental changes in future land use and

movement.

76




• Lowdon Wingo and Harvey S. Perloff (1961)-Urban

transportation can be viewed as a basic spatial organizer

of the metropolitan region; they showed interdependence

of economics, transport, land use and accessibility

• C. Britton Harris (1960) - a systems framework

• Robert A. Garin and Ira Lowry (1964) - A Model of

Metropolis published by Rand Corporation. Garin-Lowry

Spatial Allocation Model. Gravity Model.

77



Scope of Transport Planning

Time Frame:

• Short-term

• Medium-term

• Long term

Geographic Coverage:

• Urban level

• District level

• Regional level

Transportation Mode:

• Land transport

• Water transport

• Air transport

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

Traffic Engineering Traffic Management

Traffic Law Enforcement

78



Transport Planning

Travel demand analysis:

• One of the most important elements of the

transportation planning process

• Travel Demand refers to person-trips and goods

movement generated by and attracted to a site

depending on type of development

79



Transport Planning

Basic concepts:

• Urban travel demand is considered as a derived

demand

• Expressed as either person trips or commodity trips

or vehicle trips

80



Transport Planning

• Person Trip Attributes:

– Trip Purpose

– Time of the day of the Trip

– Trip Origin

• Trip Destination:

– Travel Mode

– Travel Route

– Trip Frequency

81

• Commodity Trips

Attributes:

–Handling

–Volume

–Packaging

–Storage

–Weight

–Shell-life

Classical Four Step Model of Transport Planning

integrated with Land Use

Database

TRIP GENERATION

TRIP DISTRIBUTION

MODAL SPLIT

TRIP ASSIGNMENT

Evaluation

Zone

Networks

Base-Year

Data

Future Planning

Data

How many person trips?

Where are they going?

What route will they take?

4 I

terati

on

s

Ou

tpu

t

Employment location

Economic

forecast

Friction of

distance

Household location

DRAM

EMPAL What mode are they using?

Feed

back

82 Source: A. Cadavos

Trip is a one way movement from a point of origin to a point of destination.

Work Shop

Production Attraction

Attraction Production

Home

Work

Shop CLASSIFICATION OF TRIPS:

By Purpose (work, school, shop, others)

By Time of Day (a.m., p.m., peak, off-peak)

By Person Type (income, car ownership,

family size, accessibility, etc.)

Trip Generation


DCERP & HUMEIN Phils. Inc. Source: A. Cadavos

A

B

C

10,000 person trips

5,000 person trips

2,000 person trips

2,000 person trips

ORIGIN DESTINATION

50%

20%

20% 10%

1,000 person trips

Internal trips

• Prediction of origin-destination (O-D) flows • Predicts where trips go from each origin

Trip Distribution

Source: A. Cadavos

OD A B C D E F Total

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total

Origin –Destination Matrix

a b

c

d

e

f

• Nodes representing zonal centroids are being paired by a link to represent an Origin-Destination (O-D) pair.

• Links of varying thickness and colors represent values of person trips coming from one zone going to another.


Drive Alone Share Ride

• The step in transport modeling that can be considered as behavioral

• Use of Stated Preference surveys

• Utility function (travel time, fare, etc)

Modal Split

86

Car

Bus

LRT

Going to A

5,000 person trips

2,000 persons = 910 cars @ 2.2 persons/car

2,000 person = 50 buses @ 40 persons/bus 1,000 person trips

40 %

40 %

20 %

Modal Split

Predict the percentages of flow which will use each of the models (LRT, bus, jeepney, car, walk, etc.) that are available for travel between each origin-destination pair.


Trip Generation

Trip Distribution

Transit Estimation & Mode Split

Time-of-Day & Directional Factoring

Transit Person Trip Table

(O&D)

Vehicle Trip Table

(O&D)

Trip Assignment

Loaded Transit

Network

Loaded

Highway

Network

Trip Assignment

• The modeling stage in transport planning that places the O-D flows for each mode on the specific routes of travel through the respective model networks

• Person-trips or goods movement become occupancy or usage of transport modes

• Usage becomes traffic

loaded on to the transportation network

Source: A. Cadavos 88

• „Capacity‟ refers to maximum hourly number of

persons or vehicles that may traverse a point or a

uniform section of a facility

• Not absolute, but specific to a given time period

under particular facility, traffic and control conditions

• Based on reasonable expectancy

Capacity Determination



• Rate quality of operation of roads and intersections

• Describing the interaction between traffic volume (V)

and capacity (C) shown by ratio, V/C

• Higher V/C ratio mean higher delays and lower

operating speeds

• The lower the V/C ratio, the better is the

performance, the higher the Level of Service

Level of Service (LOS)



Level of

Service

Traffic Volume/Road

Capacity Ratio

Description

A

Less than 0.20

Free flow

B

0.21-0.50

stable flow

C

0.51-0.70

Moderate traffic

D

0.71-0.85

Heavy traffic; unstable flow

with long delays

E

0.86-1.00

Heavy Traffic; this link is

nearing its capacity

F

>1.00

Forced flow, stop and go,

this link is over its capacity

(Source: Dept. of Public Works and Highways, Highway Planning Manual, 1982)

LOS for Philippine Highways

91

• Traffic impact assessment (TIA) is the process of

assessing and analyzing traffic impacts of urban and

regional developments.

• There is need to assess proposed developments in

terms of their traffic impacts on the area and the

environment in general.

Traffic Impact Assessment



• Development projects, such as malls, housing,

schools and commercial establishments, are sure to

have significant traffic impacts on the area where

they are located or constructed.

• Because significant traffic generated by proposed

developments can be identified in advance, future

impacts can be planned for.




• The objectives of TIA are:

– Identify the traffic impacts of a particular

development project

– Assess and analyze these impacts and eventually,

– Identify mitigating measures to address these

traffic impacts.




Phase Activity Component

1 Determining if

TIA is warranted

-Assessment of existing transport and traffic systems

-Determining existing trip generation

-Assessment of thresholds

2 Traffic Impact

Analysis

-Travel Demand Forecasting

- Analysis of Impacts

-Assessment of the Transportation System and Traffic Flow

3 Identifying

menu of

mitigating

measures

-Identifying TDM Measures

-Identifying improvements on the transport system

4 Establishing

Institutional

Mechanism

-Costing of mitigating schemes

-Institutional measures

-Implementation of mechanisms

5 Preparation of

TIA report

- Standardization of the TIA report preparation

Standardized Format of TIA Report

95



Tourism Planning

Process of coordinating land use

planning, economic development and

community participation to develop or

improve tourism in a nation, region and /or

a destination.

96



Levels of Tourism Planning

International:

- international transportation services

- flow and tour programming of tourists among

different countries

- complementary development of major attraction

features and facilities in nearby countries

- multi-country marketing strategies and promotion

program

97



National:

- tourism policy and physical structure

- accommodation and other facilities and services

required

- major routes in the country and regional connections

- tourism organizational structures, legislation, and

investment policies

98




National:

- tourism marketing strategies and promotion

programs

-socio-cultural, environmental, and economic

considerations and impact analyses and

- national level implementation techniques, including

staging of development and short-term development

strategy and project planning

99




Regional:

- regional policy

- access and internal transport network

- type of location and tourism attraction

- location of tourism development

- tourist accommodation and other tourist facilities

100




Regional:

- regional level education

- marketing strategies

- organizational structures, legislation, regulations,

and investment policies, and implementation

techniques including staging of development,

project programming, and regional zoning

regulations

101




Sub-regional:

- components of the plan depends on the situation

of the sub-region, but typically would include tourist

attraction features, general location of

accommodation and other tourist facilities and

services, access to the sub-region, its internal

transportation network and other infrastructure

considerations, and relevant institutional factors.

102




Facility or site level involves planning, design and

development of individual attractions, services or

facilities .

There is a series of decisions that has to be taken

when developing and planning tourism within a

destination; for example:

• the type and scale of tourism to be developed:

• the role for tourism amongst other activities

• the concrete location of tourism development

103




Tourism Development Plan: A plan that outlines how

a location will serve visitors, adapt to their growing

numbers, and protect local cultures and environments

in a sustainable manner

Tourism Master Plan: A long-range plan for the

promotion and development of tourism in the

Philippines where priority tourism development areas

are indicated. The plan identifies broad goals,

objectives, tourism targets, and strategies

104

Tourism Planning



Basic Elements of a Tourism Plan

Tourist Attraction

(Natural, Cultural, Historical)

Market/Visitor

(Visitor Profile)

Facilities

(Tourist Service Facilities, AE and Infrastructure)

Product Development

105



Cultural Tourism

and Heritage Conservation

Cultural Tourism is that form of tourism whose object is,

among other aims, the discovery of monuments and sites.

It exerts on these last a very positive effect in so far as it

contributes - to satisfy its own ends - to their maintenance

and protection. This form of tourism justifies in fact the

efforts which said maintenance and protection demand of

the human community because of the socio-cultural and

economic benefits which they bestow on all the

populations concerned. - (1976 ICOMOS Charter on

Cultural Tourism)

106



Cultural Tourism

and Heritage Conservation

Cultural Heritage Sites:

– Man-made e.g. Rice Terraces, Intramuros, Fort

Santiago, houses and buildings of historic significance

often a marker is placed by the National Historical

Commission

– Natural sites: (a) Scenic beauty or unusual formations-

chocolate hills of Bohol, Mayon Volcano; (b) part of

folklore and mythology- Mt. Makiling, Mt. Banahaw, may

include some trees; (c) Historic significance- Tirad Pass,

North shore of Mactan Island

107

Supreme Court of the Philippines

on Heritage Conservation

• RA 4846 – An Act to Repeal RA 3874 and to Provide

for the Protection and Preservation of Cultural

Properties June 18, 1966 and amended by PD 374,

January 10, 1974

• R.A. 4846 Section 2, provided that the cultural

properties of the nation which shall be under the

protection of the state are classified as the "important

cultural properties" and the "national cultural

treasures.





• “Important cultural properties" are cultural

properties which have been singled out from among

the innumerable cultural properties as having

exceptional historical and cultural significance to the

Philippines but are not sufficiently outstanding to

merit the classification of national cultural treasures.

109



• On the other hand, a "national cultural treasure" is

a unique object found locally, possessing outstanding

historical, cultural, artistic and/or scientific value

which is highly significant and important to this

country and nation.

In JOYA, et. al. v. PCGG, et. Al. GR. No. 96541. August 24,1993





RA 4368 created the

National Historical Commission

• RA 4368- Established the National Historical

Commission, defines its powers and functions,

authorizes funds therefor and for other purposes,

June 19, 1965

111



RA 4368 created the


• Sec 4 (e) National Historical Commission to identify,

designate and appropriately mark historic places in

the Philippines and cause the construction or

reconstruction and to maintain and care for national

monuments, shrines, historic markers that have

been or may hereafter be erected in pursuance of

this Act: provided, however, that the Commission

shall enlist the assistance of the public

112



RA 4368 created the


• Sec 13. All restorations, reconstructions, and

preservations of government historical buildings,

shrines, landmarks, monuments and sites, which

have been designated as “National Cultural

Treasures” and “important cultural properties” shall

only be undertaken with the written permission of

the Director of the National Museum who shall

designate the supervision of the same.

113



Ecotourism

• An environmentally sound tourism activity in a given

ecosystem yielding socioeconomic benefits and

enhancing natural and cultural diversity conservation

• Tourism that contributes to conservation of the world‟s

natural resources and cultural heritage through

minimum environmental stress sustainable

development. In its purest sense, ecotourism denotes

tourism that is environmentally, culturally, and socially

aware that is responsible and sustainable.

114



Tourism Carrying Capacity

Defined by the World Tourism Organization as

“The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction”.

115

RA 9593 Tourism Act of 2009

Section 25. Reorganization of Offices

- The Philippine Tourism Authority is reorganized as

the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone

Authority (TIEZA). The Philippine Convention and

Visitors Corporation is reorganized as the Tourism

Promotions Board (TPB).




Section 28. Attached Agencies and Corporations

- TPB

- TIEZA

- Duty Free Philippines Corporation

- Intramuros Administration

- National Parks Development Committee

- Nayong Pilipino Foundation

- Philippine Retirement authority

- Philippine Commission on Sports Scuba Diving



Section 33. NIPAS and the National Ecotourism Policy

- The Department, in coordination with the DENR,

shall identify areas covered by the NIPAS with

ecotourism potentials and cultural heritage value,

and prepare policies, plans and programs for their

development, preservation, operation and

conversion into Tourism Enterprise Zones.

118




Section 34. Tourism Infrastructure Program

- DOT shall coordinate with the DPWH and the

DOTC in the establishment of a tourism

infrastructure program identifying vital access

roads, airports, seaports and other infrastructure

requirements in identified tourism areas.

119




Section 35. Coordination between National and

Local Governments

- DOT, DILG and LGUs shall integrate and

coordinate local and national plans for tourism

development.

120




Section 37. Local Tourism Development Planning

- LGUs, in consultation with stakeholders, are

encouraged to utilize their powers to ensure the

preparation and implementation of a tourism

development plan (that integrate zoning, land use,

infrastructure development, etc).

121




Section 42. Tourism Officers

- Every province, city or municipality in which

tourism is a significant industry shall have a

permanent position for a tourism officer. He or she

shall be responsible for preparing, implementing,

and updating local tourism development plans and

for enforcing laws, rules and regulations.

122




Section 59. Tourism Enterprise Zones

- Any geographic area with the following

characteristics may be designated as TEZs:

a) The area is capable of being defined into one

contiguous territory

b) It has historical and cultural significance, environmental

beauty, or existing or potential integrated leisure

facilities within its bounds or within reasonable

distances from it. 123




c) It has or it may have strategic access through

transportation infrastructure, and reasonable connection

with utilities infrastructure systems

d) It is sufficient in size, such that it may be further

utilized for bringing in new investments in tourism

establishments and services; and

e)It is in a strategic location such as to catalyze the

socio-economic development of neighboring

communities.

124




Section 60. Designation of TEZs

- The TIEZA shall designate TEZs, upon the

recommendation of any LGU or private entity, or

through joint ventures between the public and

the private sectors.

125




Section 61. Development Planning

- Each application for designation as a TEZ shall

be accompanied by a development plan (which

shall be consistent with the principles of

economic, cultural and environmentally

sustainable tourism development. No TEZ shall

be designated without a development plan duly

approved by the TIEZA, and without the approval,

by resolution of the LGU concerned.

126




Section 61. Development Planning (cont.)

- Lands identified as part of a TEZ shall qualify for

exemption from the coverage of RA 7279 (UDHA)

and RA 6657 (CARL), subject to rules and

regulations to be crafted by the TIEZA, HUDCC

and DAR.

127




Section 62. Operation of TEZs

- The TEZ proponent shall establish a corporate

entity, to be known as the TEZ Operator, which

shall administer the TEZ and supervise its

activities.

128




Section 63. TIEZA

- Under the supervision of the Secretary and

attached to the DOT for purposes of program and

policy coordination shall be a body corporate

known as the Tourism Infrastructure and

Enterprise Zone Authority

129




Section 64. Mandate

- The TIEZA shall be a body corporate which shall

designate, regulate and supervise the TEZs

established under this Act, as well as develop,

manage and supervise tourism infrastructure

projects in the country.

130




Section 86. Fiscal Incentives Available to TEZ

Operators and Tourism Enterprises

- Income Tax Holiday – 6 years

- Gross Income Taxation – 5%

- Exemption from taxes and customs duties for

capital investment and equipment, transportation

and spare parts and other goods.

131




Section 88. Incentives available to tourism

enterprises outside of TEZs

- Omnibus Investments Code

- Foreign Investments Act

- Special Economic Zone Act

- Bases Conversion and Development Act

132






ADSDPP

Ancestral Domains Sustainable Development and

Protection Plan (ADSPP)

– refers to the consolidation of the plans of ICCs/IPs

within an ancestral domain for the sustainable

management and development of their land and natural

resources as well as the development of human and

cultural resources based on their indigenous knowledge,

systems and practices. Such plan shall be the basis of the

Five Year Master Plan for ICCs/IPs.

133

RA 8371 Indigenous People‟s Rights Act of 1997

Section 3. Definition of Terms

- Ancestral Domains – all areas belonging to

Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous

Peoples (ICCs/IPs) comprising lands, inland

waters, coastal areas, and natural resources

therein, held under a claim of ownership, occupied

or possessed by ICCs/IPs, themselves or through

their ancestors, communally or individually since

time immemorial




Section 3. Definition of Terms

- Ancestral Lands – land occupied, possessed and

utilized by individuals, families and clans who are

members of the ICCs/IPs since time immemorial

- Time immemorial – a period of time when as far

back as memory can go



Section 4. Concept of Ancestral lands/domain

- Ancestral lands/domains shall include such

concepts of territories which cover not only the

physical environment but the total environment

including the spiritual and cultural bonds to the

area which the ICCs/IPs possess, occupy and

use and to which they have claims of ownership.

136




Section 5. Indigenous concept of ownership

- Indigenous concept of ownership sustains the

view that ancestral domains and all resources

found therein shall serve as the material bases of

their cultural integrity. The indigenous concept of

ownership generally holds that ancestral domains

are the ICCs/IP‟s private but community property

which belongs to all generations and therefore

cannot be sold, disposed or destroyed.

137




Section 7. Rights to ancestral domains

- Rights of ownership

- Right to develop lands and natural resources

- Right to stay in the territories

- Right in case of displacement

- Right to regulate entry of migrants

- Right to safe and clean air and water

- Right to claim parts of reservations

- Right to resolve conflict

138




Section 8. Rights to ancestral lands

- Right to transfer land/property

- Right to redemption

Section 9. Responsibilities of ICCs/IPs to their

ancestral domains

- Maintain ecological balance

- Restore denuded areas

- Observe laws

139




Section 11. Recognition of ancestral domain

rights

- The rights of ICCs/IPs to their ancestral domains by

virtue of Native Title shall be recognized and

respected. Formal recognition, when solicited by

ICCs/IPs concerned, shall be embodied in a

Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT), which

shall recognize the title of the concerned ICCs/IPs

over the territories identified and delineated .

140




Section 13. Self-governance

- The State recognizes the inherent right of ICCs/IPs to

self-governance and self-determination and respects

the integrity of their values, practices and institutions.

Consequently, the state shall guarantee the right of

ICCs/IPs to freely pursue their economic, social and

cultural development.

141




Section 16. Right to participate in decision-

making

- ICCs/IPs have the right to participate fully, if they so

choose, at all levels of decision-making in matters

which may affect their rights, lives and destinies

through procedures determined by them as well as to

maintain and develop their own indigenous political

structure.

142




Section 17. Right to determine and decide

priorities for development

- The ICCs/IPs shall have the right to determine and

decide their own priorities for development affecting

their lives, beliefs, institutions, spiritual well-being,

and the lands they own, occupy or use. They shall

participate in the formulation, implementation and

evaluation of policies, plans and programs for

national, regional and local development which may

directly affect them.

143




Section 18. Tribal barangays

- The ICCs/IPs living in contiguous areas or

communities where they form the predominant

population but which are located in municipalities,

provinces or cities where they do not constitute

the majority of the population, may form or

constitute a separate barangay in accordance

with the Local Government Code on the creation

of tribal barangays.

144




Section 38. National Commission on Indigenous

Cultural Communities/lndigenous Peoples (NCIP)

- To carry out the policies herein set forth, there shall

be created the National Commission on ICCs/ IPs

(NCIP), which shall be the primary government

agency responsible for the formulation and

implementation of policies, plans and programs to

promote and protect the rights and well-being of the

ICCs/IPs and the recognition of their ancestral

domains as well as their rights thereto.

145




Section 51. Delineation and Recognition of

ancestral domains.

- Self-delineation shall be the guiding principle in

the identification and delineation of ancestral

domains. The Sworn Statement of the Elders as

to the scope of the territories and agreements/

pacts made with neighboring ICCs/IPs, if any, will

be essential to the determination of these

traditional territories.

146




Section 57. Natural resources within ancestral

domains

- The ICCs/ IPs shall have priority rights in the

harvesting, extraction, development or exploitation of

any natural resources within the ancestral domains. A

non-member of the ICCs/IPs concerned may be

allowed to take part in the development and utilization

of the natural resources for a period of not exceeding

twenty-five (25) years renewable for not more than

twenty-five (25) years.

147




Section 58. Environmental consideration

- Ancestral domains or portions thereof, which are found

to be necessary for critical watersheds, mangroves,

wildlife sanctuaries, wilderness, protected areas, forest

cover, or reforestation as determined by appropriate

agencies with the full participation of the ICCs/IPs

concerned shall be maintained, managed and

developed for such purposes. The ICCs/IPs concerned

shall be given the responsibility to maintain, develop,

protect and conserve such areas with the full and

effective assistance of government agencies.

148




Section 60. Exemption from taxes

- All lands certified to be ancestral domains shall be

exempt from real property taxes, special levies, end

other forms of exaction except such portion of the

ancestral domains as are actually used for large-scale

agriculture, commercial forest plantation and

residential purposes or upon titling by private persons:

Provided, That all exactions shall be used to facilitate

the development and improvement of the ancestral

domains.

149




Section 65. Primary and customary laws and

practices

- When disputes involve ICCs/IPs, customary laws

and practices shall be used to resolve the dispute.

150




Section 66. Jurisdiction of the NCIP

- The NCIP, through its regional offices, shall have

jurisdiction over all claims and disputes involving rights

of ICCs/IPs: Provided, however, That no such dispute

shall be brought to the NCIP unless the parties have

exhausted all remedies provided under their customary

laws. For this purpose, a certification shall be issued by

the Council of Elders/Leaders who participated in the

attempt to settle the dispute that the same has not been

resolved, which certification shall be a condition

precedent to the filing of a petition with the NCIP.

151






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