nature of desire

5
ORIGINAL PAPERS THE NATURE OF DESIRE. BY ERNEST JONES, LONDON. T o judge from t h e history o f science i n general, i t i s highly probable that criticism emanating from other departments o f knowledge will appreciably modify-and perhaps extensively so-the avowedly tentative formulations o f psycho-analytic doctrine. T o this state- ment a proviso must b e added which is s o self-evident that it should b e unnecessary t o mention i t ; experience, however, unfortunately shows that this is n o t s o . T h e proviso i s , o f course, that t he criticism must b e both informed a n d U p t o t h e present, i t must b e admitted b y a n y impartial onlooker that t h e amount o f criti- cism o f psycho-analysis with which this proviso i s fulfilled i s quite negligible i n comparison with t h e volumes o f t h e other sort. N o one has regretted this state of affairs more than psycho-analysts themselves, who a r e keenly aware o f t h e extent t o which they need both criticism a n d assistance from workers in allied fields. I t was, therefore, with a feeling o f hopeful expectation, tempered perhaps b y t h e memory o f repeated disappointments i n t he past, that o n e read t h e opening passages in a recent editorial in t h e JOURNAL O F NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY,1 where a distinction w a s drawn between criticisms o f psycho-analysis that a r e trivial a nd often based o n prejudice, a n d those that a r e important. T w o criticisms based on M r . Bertrand Russell's writings ar e mentioned. The first of these i s n o t easy t o answer, because i t i s expressed i n such general an d n o t explicit terms; t h e second one, which is clearer, will be dealt with presently. T h e summary given o f th e first is that " i t i s considered that (the n e w facts which have been discovered) should be capable o f being understood without assuming t h e existence o f a mythical entity endowed with anthropo- morphic qualities". I t i s n o t specified what 'entity' i s here referred to ; b ut I take i t t o refer t o Freud's conception o f an intrapsychic censorship, for t h e simple reason that t h e identical phrase i s used b y Dr. Rivers i n t h e dislike h e expressed f o r this conception. I have no t y e t discovered a n y objection t o i t beyond a dislike o f t he word itself, a matter o f t h e utmost unimportance. Freud found it t o b e A convenient term-one, however, which c an a t a n y moment b e replaced b y a more suitable one-to denote t h e s u m o f t h e various inhibitions that may tend t o prevent t h e free passage o f mental 3888

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8/3/2019 Nature of Desire

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8/3/2019 Nature of Desire

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THE NATURE OF DESIRE

p r o c e s s e s f r o m o n e p a r t o f t h e mind t o t h e o t h e r , n o t a b l y f r o m t h e

u n c o n s c i o u s t o t h e c o n s c i o u s . I f i n d i t h a r d t o i m a g i n e a c o n c e p t i o n

m o r e t h o r o u g h l y i n a c c o r d w i t h a l l modern n e u r o l o g i c a l p h y s i o l o g y ,a p r o v i n c e i n w h i c h s i m i l a r c o n c e p t i o n s a r e c o m p l e t e l y c u r r e n t , n o r

o n e t o w h i c h o n e c o u l d l e s s a p p r o p r i a t e l y a p p l y t h e t e r m s o f

' m y t h i c a l ' a n d ' a n t h r o p o m o r p h i c ' . * T h e v e r y n e x t s e n t e n c e , h o w e v e r ,

m a d e m e d o u b t w h e t h e r I h a d c o r r e c t l y u n d e r s t o o d t h e r e f e r e n c e o f

t h e p r e c e d i n g o n e , f o r t h e e d i t o r i a l g o e s o n t o s a y , " I t i s o b v i o u s l y

u n d e s i r a b l e t o p e r s o n i f y s o i n t a n g i b l e a c o n c e p t a s t h e ' w i s h ' o r

d e s i r e i f i t c a n b e a v o i d e d " . H e r e I must c o n f e s s m y s e l f t o b e q u i t e

a t s e a , f o r , f a m i l i a r a s I a m w i t h F r e u d ' s w r i t i n g s , I c a n r e c a l l n o

s i n g l e i n s t a n c e o f h i s e v e r p e r s o n i f y i n g a w i s h o r d e s i r e . I n c o n s e -q u e n c e I r e m a i n u n c e r t a i n a b o u t what t h e c r i t i c i s m r e a l l y i s .

I n t h e same c o n n e c t i o n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a s s a g e f r o m M r . R u s s e l l i s

q u o t e d o n t h e g e n e r a l q u e s t i o n o f ' d e s i r e ' : " F r e u d a n d h i s f o l l o w e r s ,t h o u g h t h e y h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d b e y o n d d i s p u t e t h e i m m e n s e

i m p o r t a n c e o f u n c o n s c i o u s d e s i r e s i n d e t e r m i n i n g o u r a c t i o n s a n d

b e l i e f s , h a v e n o t a t t e m p t e d t f i e t a s k o f t e l l i n g u s w h a t a n u n c o n s c i o u s

d e s i r e a c t u a l l y i s , a n d h a v e t h u s i n v e s t e d t h e i r d o c t r i n e s w i t h a n a i ro f m y s t e r y a n d m y t h o l o g y " . Do we n o t s e e h e r e t h e d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n a p h i l o s o p h e r a n dam a n o f s c i e n c e ? However much d e f i n i t ek n o w l e d g e t h e l a t t e r m a y c o n t r i b u t e o n a s u b j e c t , i t i s a l w a y s o p e n

t o t h e f o r m e r t o c o m p l a i n t h a t t h e r e s e a r c h h a s n o t r e v e a l e d t h e

' i n n e r n a t u r e ' o f t h e p h e n o m e n a s t u d i e d . A p h i l o s o p h e r c o u l d t h u s

s w e e p away t h e w h o l e o f n e u r o l o g y b y s a y i n g , " But y o u h a v e n o t

t o l d u s w h a t i s t h e n e r v o u s s y s t e m " . One m i g h t h a v e t h o u g h t t h a t

i f p s y c h o - a n a l y s t s " h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d b e y o n d d i s p u t e t h e i m m e n s e

i m p o r t a n c e " o f s o m e t h i n g , t h e y s u r e l y must h a v e t o l d u s s o m e t h i n g

a b o u t t h i s t h i n g , e v e n t h o u g h t h e y m a y h u m b l y a d m i t t h a t t h e y h a v e

v e r y m u c h more t o l e a r n a b o u t i t . I n a n e w b r a n c h o f s c i e n c e e x a c t

d e f i n i t i o n s a r e p o s t p o n e d a s l o n g a s p o s s i b l e u n t i l a c o n s i d e r a b l e b o d y

o f k n o w l e d g e h a s b e e n a c c u m u l a t e d , t h e r e a s o n b e i n g t h a t o b s e r v a t i o n

a n d i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e f o u n d t o b e more p r o f i t a b l e o c c u p a t i o n s t h a n

t h e a r i d q u i b b l i n g s i n t o w h i c h a r g u m e n t s a b o u t d e f i n i t i o n s s o o f t e n

d e g e n e r a t e .

I n s p i t e o f t h i s g e n e r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n , h o w e v e r , a n a t t e m p t m a yb e m a d e t o meet t h e w i s h e s o f t h o s e wh o f e e l t h e n e e d o f a d e f i n i t i o no f d e s i r e . I t a k e i t t h a t t h e word h a s t wo d i s t i n c t c o n n o t a t i o n s ,

w h i c h I s h a l l v e n t u r e t o d e s i g n a t e a s t h e ' s u p e r n a t u r a l ' and t h e

' n a t u r a l i s t i c ' r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n t h e f o r m e r s e n s e t h e word r e f e r s t o a

c o n c e p t i o n o f some n e w i d e a , t h e e l e m e n t s o f w h i c h h a v e n o t

p r e v i o u s l y e x i s t e d , w h i c h i s u s u a l l y o f an e t h i c a l o r ' l o f t y ' o r d e r ; i t

i s t h e n t h o u g h t t h a t a n o r g a n i s m i s moved t o a c t i n a c er t a i n d i r e c t i o n

b y t h e a t t r a c t i n g f o r c e o f t h i s i d e a . I n i t s s e c o n d m e a n i n g a d e s i r e

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4ORIGINALAPERS

i s a n a p p r e c i a t i o n b y a n o r g a n i s m , e i t h e r a s a w h o l e o r i n p a r t , o f a

s e n s e o f u n r e s t o r u n e a s i n e s s d u e t o p s y c h i c a l , a n d p r o b a b l y a l s o

n e u r a l , t e n s i o n ; t h i s m a y o r m a y n o t b e a c c o m p a n i e d b y a n a p p r e -c i a t i o n o f t h e k i n d o f e x p e r i e n c e w h i c h w o u l d a l l a y t h e u n r e s t , o r o f

t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e wa y t o a c h i e v e t h i s e x p e r i e n c e , b u t t h e a t t e m p t s

mad e t o a l l a y t h e u n r e s t , i . e . , t o - g r a t i f y t h e d e s i r e , a r e d i c t a t e d b y

t h e d i s c o m f o r t o f t h e t e n s i o n . I t n e e d h a r d l y b e s a i d t h a t i t i s t o

t h i s s e c o n d m e a n i n g o f t h e t e r m t h a t p s y c h o - a n a l y s i s , l i k e t h e r e s to f p s y c h o l o g y a n d n e u r o l o g y , s u b s c r i b e s . We w o u l d f u l l y a g r e e w i t h

t h e s t a t e m e n t c i t e d f r o m M r . R u s s e l l a c c o r d i n g t o w h i c h " t h e t h i n g

w h i c h w i l l b r i n g a r e s t l e s s c o n d i t i o n t o a n e n d i s s a i d t o b e w h a t i s

d e s i r e d " .

S o f a r I h a v e n o t d i s c o v e r e d i n t h e e d i t o r i a l a r t i c l e a n y v e r y

d e f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e w i t h p s y c h o - a n a l y s i s . The s e c o n d l i n e o f c r i t i c i s m

p r o v e s t o b e e q u a l l y u n f r u i t f u l , b e c a u s e i t i s e a s i l y s h o w n t o b e b a s e d

o n n o t h i n g b u t m i s a p p r e h e n s i o n . To q u o t e f r o m t h e a r t i c l e : " A

c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f d e s i r e a s e x h i b i t e d i n a n i m a l s m a k e s i t c l e a r ( a n d

t h i s i s t h e e s s e n c e o f M r . R u s s e l l ' s t h e o r y ) t h a t u n c o n s c i o u s d e s i r e i s

t h e n a t u r a l a n d p r i m i t i v e f o r m o f d e s i r e . S u c h a v i e w w o u l d seem t o

d i f f e r f u n d a m e n t a l l y f r o m t h o s e o f F r e u d " . P e r m i t m e t o s a y q u i t e

s i m p l y t h a t i t d o e s n o t ; i t i s q u i t e i d e n t i c a l w i t h F r e u d ' s ow n v i e w s .

M r . R u s s e l l h i m s e l f s e e m s t o b e u n d e r a s i m i l a r m i s a p p r e h e n s i o n ,

f o r h e i s q u o t e d a s s a y i n g , " I t i s n o t n e c e s s a r y t o s u p p o s e , a s F r e u d

s e e m s t o d o , t h a t e v e r y u n c o n s c i o u s w i s h w a s o n c e c o n s c i o u s . " I a m

b o u n d t o s a y t h a t i t n e e d s b u t a v e r y c u r s o r y a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h

F r e u d ' s w r i t i n g s t o know t h a t h e h a s n e v e r s u p p o s e d a n y t h i n g o f

t h e s o r t . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , a l t h o u g h , i t i s t r u e , h e c o n s i d e r s t h a t

e x p u l s i o n o f a n i d e a f r o m t h e c o n s c i o u s i n t o t h e u n c o n s c i o u s m a y

o c c u r , h e a l s o c o n s i d e r s t h a t t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f t h e u n c o n s c i o u s

w i s h e s - i m p o r t a n t b o t h f o r n o r m a l c h a r a c t e r - f o r m a t i o n a n d f o r

m e n t a l d i s o r d e r - h a v e n e v e r b e e n c o n s c i o u s ; f u r t h e r m o r e , t h a t

when t h e e x p u l s i o n j u s t i n d i c a t e d d o e s o c c u r , i t i s p r o b a b l y a l w a y s

d e p e n d e n t on an a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e i d e a i s q u e s t i o n a n d o n e

b e l o n g i n g t o t h e l a t t e r g r o u p , t o w h a t h e t e r m s t h e ' p r i m a l r e p r e s s e d '

( U n v e r d r d i n a t e ) .I t m i g h t n o t b e o u t o f p l a c e t o e x p a n d t h i s p o i n t b y s h o w i n g

t h e r e s e m b l a n c e b e t w e e n F r e u d ' s v i e w o f t h e u n c o n s c i o u s a n d

M r . R u s s e l l ' s . B o t h a g r e e t h a t a l l w i s h e s a r e p r i m a r i l v u n c o n s c i o u s ;

F r e u d w o u l d g o e v e n f u r t h e r , a n d m a i n t a i n t h a t e v e r y s i n g l e m e n t a l

p r o c e s s i s p r i m a r i l y u n c o n s c i o u s . I d o n o t t h i n k M r . R u s s e l l e x p l a i n sc l e a r l y wh y s o m e o f t h e s e w i s h e s s u b s e q u e n t l y b e c o m e c o n s c i o u s

a n d wh y some d o n o t , b u t a p p a r e n t l y h e w o u l d n o t a g r e e w i t h t h e

e x p l a n a t i o n g i v e n b y F r e u d . A c c o r d i n g t o F r e u d , t h e r e i s a n i n h e r e n t ,

t h o u g h v e r y v a r i a b l e , t e n d e n c y o n t h e p a r t o f u n c o n s c i o u s w i s h e s t o

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THE NATURE OF DESIRE

s t r i v e f o r w a r d s t o w a r d s c o n s c i o u s n e s s , a f e a t u r e p r o b a b l y c o n n e c t e d

w i t h t h e much g r e a t e r c o n t r o l o f e m o t i v i t y , and e s p e c i a l l y o f m o t o r

a c t i v i t y , a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c o n s c i o u s n e s s . A n i m p o r t a n t g r o u p o f t h e s ew i s h e s i s p r e v e n t e d f r o m e n t e r i n g t h e c o n s c i o u s m i n d b y t h e i n h i b i t i n g

a c t i o n - w o r k i n g o n t h e p l e a s u r e - p a i n p r i n c i p l e - t h a t i s a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h t h e i r i n c o m p a t i b i l i t y , l a r g e l y . on m o r a l and e s t h e t i c g r o u n d s ,

w i t h c o n s c i o u s e l e m e n t s . F r e u d ' s c o n c e p t i o n o f t h e u n c o n s c i o u s i s

t h u s w i d e r t h a n h i s c o n c e p t i o n o f r e p r e s s e d m a t e r i a l ; i t i n c l u d e s t h e

l a t t e r , b u t i s n o t c o - e x t e n s i v e w i t h i t .

T h e r e a d e r s o f t h i s j o u r n a l m a y j u d g e o f t h e e x t e n t t o which t h e

c r i t i c i s m s h e r e c o n s i d e r e d b e l o n g t o t h e c a t e g o r y o f i n f o r m e d c r i t i c i s m .

REFERENCE.

' J o u r . N e u r o l . and P s y c h o p a t h o l . , 1 9 2 2 , N o v . , 2 7 4 .

[ I n t h e c o u r s e o f h i s p a p e r D r . E r n e s t J o n e s s t a t e s t h a t h e i s u i n a b l e

t o d i s c o v e r i n o u r e d i t o r i a l a n y v e r y e v i d e n t d i f f e r e n c e w i t h p s y c h o -

a n a l v s i s . I f h e h a d d o n e s o . t h e a r t i c l e w o u l d h a v e i n c o r r e c t l y r e p r e s e n t e d

M r . R u s s e l l ' s v i e w s , a s t h e s e a r e , b r o a d l y , i n h a r m o n y w i t h t h o s e o f F r e u d .M l r . R u s s e l l t a k e s a s i m i l a r o b j e c t i v e a t t i t u d e t o t h e h u man b e i n g t o t h a t

o f F r e u d ; h e r e c o g n i z e s t h a t c o n s c i o u s n e s s i s n o t t h e e s s e n c e o f l i f e a n d

m i n d ; a n d h e m a k e s i t c l e a r t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s t e n d t o b e h a b i t u a l l y un aw are

o f t h e r e a l n a t u r e o f t h e i r d e s i r e s . T h e d i v e r g e n c e o f v i e w s c o n s i s t s m a i n l y

i n t h e l a n g u a g e i n w h i c h d e s i r e i s d e s c r i b e d ; M r . R u s s e l l e x h i b i t s i t a s

" a c a u s a l l a w o f o u r a c t i o n s " , a n d " n o t a s s o m e t h i n g e x i s t i n g i n o u r m i n d s "

a f t e r t h e m a n n e r o f F r e u d . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e l a n g u a g e i n w h i c h F r e u d

e x p r e s s e s h i s c o n c e p t i o n o f u n c o n s c i o u s d e s i r e i s o f s u c h a c h a r a c t e r t h a t

t h e ' u n c o n s c i o u s ' t e n d s t o b e s p o k e n o f a s i f i t w e r e a p e r s o n a l i t y w i t h

s i m i l a r a t t r i b u t e s t o t h e c o n s c i o u s p e r s o n a l i t y , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f

c o n s c i o u s n e s s . H e n c e o u r o b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n o f d e s i r et o w h i c h D r . J o n e s t a k e s e x c e p t i o n . A s r e g a r d s t h e m i s a p p r e h e n s i o n t o

w h i c h D r . J o n e s r e f e r s i n t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f h i s p a p e r , we a r e i n c l i n e d t o

t h i n k - t h a t t h i s i s s h a r e d b y a n u m b e r o f s t u d e n t s o f p s y c h o - a n a l y t i c a ll i t e r a t u r e . I t i s t r u e t h a t F r e u d m a k e s t h e s t a t e m e n t r e f e r r e d t o i n h i s

r e c e n t l e c t u r e s , a n d t h a t h e h a s a l w a y s h e l d t h a t s o m e u n c o n s c i o u s w i s h e s

m a y n e v e r h a v e b e e n c o n s c i o u s ; b u t t h e i m p r e s s i o n g a i n e d f r o m t h e p e r u s a lo f a u t h o r i t a t i v e w o r k s on p s y c h o - a n a l y s i s i s t h a t t h e p r i m i t i v e i m p u l s e si n c h i l d h o o d , t o w h i c h F r e u d a t t a c h e s s o much i m p o r t a n c e f o r c h a r a c t e r

f o r m a t i o n , a r e a t o n e t i m e c o n s c i o u s a n d b e c o m e r e p r e s s e d e a r l y i n l i f e .

We d r e w t h e a t t e n t i o n o f o u r r e a d e r s t o M r . R u s s e l l ' s w o r k b e c a u s e w e

r e g a r d e d i t o f g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e o r e t i c a l p s y c h o l o g y . T h o s e wh or e a d t h i s w o r k w i l l b e a b l e t o j u g d e f o r t h e m s e l v e s t h e v a l u e o r o t h e r w i s e

o f t h e v i e w s e x p r e s s e d t h e r e i n . - E D . ]

24O L . III.-NO. 1 2 .

8 4 1