nature's secret for success: how the coss gives gosford the advantage

Nature’s Secretfor

Success

How the COSS gives Gosford the Advantage

Contents

Executive Summary 1

Introduction 2

Background Information 4 Gosford Local Government Area and the nature of business 4

The Coastal Open Space System 6

The Benefits of Nature for Business Productivity 7

Mental Health Benefits of Natural Open Spaces 8 Well-being and Natural Open Spaces 8

Stress 9

Depression 10

Cognitive Functioning 11

Physical Health Benefits of Natural Open Spaces 12 Illness and Healing 12

Obesity and physical activity 14

Stress 14

Walking Meetings 15

Social Health Benefits of Natural Open Spaces 16

Employee Engagement 16

Work-life balance 17

The Benefits of Natural Open Spaces for Tourism 18 Nature of Tourism 18

Role of the COSS 18

Future Directions for Council 19

References 20

Executive Summary

The main purpose of this report is to assess and describe the well-being benefits of living and working in Gosford City to current business in the area. The report highlights the health and tourism benefits of operating a business in Gosford Local Government Area (LGA) based on the Coastal Open Space System (COSS). The report also provides insights into how local business benefits from the COSS.

The report is based on a literature review of the benefits of natural open spaces, with a particular focus on how these benefits can impact businesses. The results of the research were then applied to the COSS and businesses in Gosford City.

The major findings of the research highlight the importance of natural open spaces to improving and maintaining the health of employees, which is important for a successful business. The literature also emphasises the benefits of natural open spaces on the tourism industry and the positive effect this can have on businesses in the area.

Future directions include communicating the benefits of natural open spaces to businesses through various media and discussing how these can be achieved in each workplace. It is recommended that the council encourage the COSS Family Nature Club, lunchtime walking groups and walking meetings in office environments.

It is also recommended that the council endorse the work-life balance that is created by the natural open spaces in Gosford City to the community in order to encourage the growth of a local workforce and reduce the number of commuters.

Nature’s Secret for Success

Cockrone Lagoon by Belinda Campbell

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Introduction

The central purpose of this report is to assess and describe the well-being benefits of living and working in Gosford City. In recent decades, there has been a substantial increase in the literature surrounding the benefits of natural open spaces. This is due to the due to the profound mental, physical and social benefits attributed to these areas.

The objectives of the report are to:

1. Describe how nature contributes to well-being and business productivity.

2. Provide insights into how businesses can use this knowledge to increase productivity and workforce well-being.

3. Recommendations on how Gosford City Council can engage with the community to communicate these advantages.

perspective, humans’ innate connection to the natural world appears to be logical. Human existence has always involved an inextricable relationship to the environment and it is only recently that this bond has been broken (Frumkin, 2001). Humans experience positive benefits from natural open spaces as they still possess an internal connection with nature (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008).

The majority of literature on the health benefits of natural open spaces focuses on the benefits of these areas on specific population groups such as children, the elderly and individuals suffering from illness. More recently, attention has been shifted to the potential benefits of natural open spaces on business success and productivity. Studies show the importance of having a healthy workforce for financial gain, productivity and job satisfaction (WHA Financial Solutions Inc, 2006). Natural open spaces are able to contribute to achieving a healthy workforce by enhancing mental, physical and social health of employees. Natural open spaces also contribute to attracting tourism. Tourism is an important industry that has a significant influence on the surrounding economy and business activity (Tourism Research Australia, 2013).

Gosford Local Government Area (LGA) is located on the Central Coast of New South Wales (NSW). Gosford City Council manages the Coastal Open Space System (COSS) which comprises over 2,730 hectares of natural open space in and around Gosford City (Gosford City Council, 2013a). Businesses located in Gosford LGA are able to experience major health and tourism benefits from the COSS. However these benefits have not been formally assessed, and as a result many prospective and existing businesses are unaware of the extent to which the COSS is a valuable resource for businesses in Gosford.

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The majority of the literature on natural open spaces focuses on the health benefits of these areas and how they impact individuals and communities. In this report natural open spaces are defined as natural environmental areas that provide community space, habitat for plants and animals and opportunities for recreational activities (Smart Growth Principles, 2014).

Wilson (1984) proposed the biophilia hypothesis to explain the health benefits of natural open spaces. The hypothesis suggests that humans are instinctively drawn to other living organisms (Wilson 1984; Frumkin, 2001). From an evolutionary

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For example, it is well documented that natural open spaces affect the mental health and well-being of employees (Kaplan, 1993). However, many employers are only able to see the community benefits of these spaces. In an interview with Dawn Allen, executive secretary for the Chamber of Commerce, the perception of the natural environment for businesses was highlighted.

Allen suggests that natural open spaces are not directly important for businesses. However these benefits are important for the community in terms of outside work activity (D. Allen personal communication, April 16, 2014). It is important for businesses to understand how natural open spaces can have a direct impact on their employees,

productivity and success.

There is a perception in the Gosford community that natural open spaces have no direct benefit of business, or day-to-day living, but rather are there for recreation (D. Allen personal communication, April 16, 2014). This view of the utility of nature will be challenged by this report. The value of nature extends far beyond its conservation and recreation values. Nature and natural open spaces act as physical life support systems and significantly contribute to our happiness and well-being.

It is important for the business community to understand how nature can have a direct impact on their employees’ productivity and success.

Gosford City from West Gosford


(5.6%) (ABS, 2011). There were an estimated 13,226 businesses in Gosford City. The largest industry was health care and social assistance, accounting for 19.6% of business in Gosford LGA. This was followed by retail trade (15.7%) and construction (10.2%) (.id, 2013). Currently, 30% of Gosford City’s population commute to other areas such as Newcastle and Sydney CBD to work (Gosford City Council, 2013a). This results in a reduction of the local labour force.

The service industry in Gosford includes private and public hospitals, many social support agencies including Centrelink, a Headspace Centre and over 50 Leisure and learning centres, and various tourist based businesses (Gosford City Council, 2014a).

In 2011, Gosford LGA had an unemployment rate of 6.1%. This was slightly higher than the total unemployment rate in NSW (5.9%) and Australia


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Background Information

Gosford Local Government Area and the nature of business

Gosford City is located on the Central Coast of NSW, approximately half way between Sydney’s CBD and Newcastle. The city covers approximately 1,030 square kilometres and is the third largest urban region in NSW (.id, 2010).

In 2011, Gosford City’s population was 167,693 persons. This is expected to grow by 8.37 percent by 2031. The largest increase is predicted to occur between 2012 and 2016. The largest percentage of the population is aged 45 to 49 years (.id, 2010), suggesting an aging population. The number of households without children is also expected to increase (.id, 2010).

Business and industry in Gosford LGA includes manufacturing such as the Sara Lee factory and Scholastic distribution centre in Niagara Park, the new Bunnings and Masters in West Gosford, industrial estates at Somersby and West Gosford, the Work Cover office in Gosford and the refurbished Kibbleplex building in Gosford which will contain Newcastle University, a business hub and telework centre (L. Ford, personal communication, March 18, 2014).

Figure 1. A snapshot of Gosford City (Sources: .i.d., 2013; ABS, 2011)

The current nature of local government in Gosford is under scrutiny. In April 2013, Gosford City Council announced a new strategy aimed at changing the way it does business (Gosford City Council, 2013b). The campaign aims to make the area a more attractive region for investment and business growth through promoting economic sustainability, accountability and efficiency amongst businesses and the local community (Gosford City Council, 2013b). This need for change was driven by the large proportion of the

workforce commuting outside the area, the growing population and underemployment issues (Gosford City Council, 2011a).

The new ‘Open for Business’ strategy aims to address these issues by promoting the development and growth of new and existing businesses in Gosford LGA (Gosford City Council, 2011a). This will reduce the number of individuals commuting to work and create more employment opportunities in the area.

Figure 3. Percentage of Total Employed Persons (ABS, 2011)


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The Coastal Open Space System

The COSS was created in 1984 following recommendations made by the 1975 Rural Lands Study that included a long-term focus on the conservation of such areas (Gosford City Council, 2010). The COSS refers to a series of bushland reserves that are managed by Gosford City Council. There are 264 natural open spaces in Gosford City, and 70 of these are COSS reserves (L. Ford, personal communication, March 18, 2014). There are six primary reserves located on the eastern side of Gosford LGA that are home to a variety of native flora and fauna. The central aim of the COSS is to “maintain native vegetation and habitat for native animals” in the reserves (Gosford City Council, 2010, p. 1). As well as ensuring the sustainability of native vegetation, the COSS exposes urban areas of Gosford City to natural open spaces.The Coastal Open Space System (COSS) Management Strategy recognised five key components that contribute to the value of the COSS (Cited in Gosford City Council, 2010, p. 5).

These factors are:

Scenic Quality: backdrop to the city and the contribution to the sense of place of Gosford;

Natural Setting: the substantially unaltered natural ecosystem that provides a range of wildlife habitats and includes a diversity of vegetation species and associations

Human Interaction: the area’s proximity to human activities and the opportunities it offers for recreation, education and scientific endeavours;

Cultural Significance: the aboriginal and other cultural significance within Gosford LGA is considerable although not well understood;

The System: the size, proximity and linkages of COSS enhance the overall value of individual reserves and other parcels of land

It is the role of Gosford City Council to manage the COSS in accordance to these five values.

The COSS has the potential to enhance the health of the Gosford Council community. The reserves provide opportunities for individuals and groups to improve their physical health through the various bushwalking tracks available.

Natural spaces have also been shown to enhance mental health, and the COSS provides a tranquil natural setting that encourages relaxation and reflection.

The COSS reserves also provide opportunities for family and community engagement through programs such as Gosford City Council Bushcare program and COSS Family Nature Club.

St John’s Lookout, Katandra Reserve

The Benefits of Nature for Business Productivity

The potential of natural open spaces to enhance business outcomes is evident in the benefits these areas have on employees and business activity.

Employees are primarily affected by the various health benefits of natural environments. Health outcomes provided by natural open spaces include enhanced mental health and well-being, physical health and social health (Townsend & Weerasurya, 2010). These benefits for employees have a positive effect on productivity and economic gain for businesses (Tov & Chan, 2012). In 2005, Medibank-commissioned research found that healthy staff members are three times more productive in the workplace than unhealthy staff members. Unhealthy employees also take an average of nine times more sick leave compared to healthy employees (Medibank Private, 2008). Another study conducted by WHA Financial Solutions Incorporated (2006) found that on average, an employee loses 115 productive hours annually due to poor health. Overall it can be said that an unhealthy workforce is hindering to business productivity. Therefore it is in the best interest of both the employee and the employer to ensure that the workplace environment promotes health and well-being.

The benefits of natural open spaces highlight the value of the COSS in relation to business in Gosford City. The COSS has the natural environment, level of accessibility and sense of tranquillity required for employers and their employees to experience the mental, physical and social health benefits of natural spaces. The COSS is also an attractive point of focus when encouraging the growth of the tourism industry in Gosford LGA.

Operating a business in Gosford allows employers and employees to experience the benefits of the COSS, a unique element only accessible to businesses in Gosford City. Businesses are able to incorporate elements of biophilic design in order to achieve the health outcomes offered by natural environments like the COSS. For example, implementing windows with a view of the reserves will improve the cognitive functioning and mental well-being of employees. The nature of the COSS also allows the region’s workforce to achieve the highly desirable work-life balance through the integration of work, health, family life and the environment. The COSS is essential for creating the optimum office environment and community.

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Physical Mental

SocialTourism

• Prevents illness and promotes healing. • Encourages physical activity and reduces obesity.

• Improves well-being.• Reduces stress.• Improves cognitive functioning.• Reduces the risk of depression.

• Encourages tourism• Enhances business opportunities

• Improve employee engagement.• Creates family-friendly atmoshpere.

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Mental Health Benefits of Natural Open Spaces

In 2007, almost half of all Australians aged 16 to 85 years had experienced at least one mental disorder in their lifetime (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2009).

The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines mental health as “a state of well-being in which every individual realises his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community” (WHO, 2010).

Psychological issues are the most significant factor in influencing employee productivity in the workplace. Mental illness may negatively affect a person’s social engagement, self-esteem, income and the way in which they interact with co-workers and clients (Townsend & Weerasurya, 2010; ABS, 2009). These individual impacts of mental health result in larger economic consequences. Mental illness costs the Australian economy approximately $20 billion annually, due to factors such a loss of productivity and absenteeism (ABS, 2009). In order to avoid the economic impacts of mental illness, employers must create a workplace that is supportive of employee well-being. However, only half of Australians feel that their employer supports their mental health (Australian Psychological Association, 2013). This suggests that there is room for improvement in regards to supporting mental health and well-being in Australian workplaces.

The mental health and well-being benefits of natural open spaces have been widely researched. Elements of nature such as natural light and ventilation in the workplace have been found to improve well-being, reduce stress levels and increase the motivation and performance levels of employees (Kellert et al., 2008; Townsend, 2002). Research also shows that contact with nature can improve cognitive functioning and reduce the risk of depression (Kellert et al., 2008; Louv, 2011; Townsend & Weerasurya, 2010). These mental health benefits for employees are linked with an increase in business productivity, success and employee satisfaction (Kaplan, 1993).

The COSS is a valuable resource for the mental health and well-being benefits of open spaces for employees. The tranquil nature and accessibility of the COSS reserves allow employees to experience nature in and outside their workplace on a daily basis. This contact with nature impacts well-being, reduces stress, and improves cognitive functioning, which ultimately enhances business productivity and financial gain.

Well-being and Natural Open Spaces

Individual well-being is essential to mental and overall health. Well-being refers not only to the benefits of good mental and physical health, but also includes other aspects such as positive thoughts and feelings, life satisfaction, self-efficacy and an overall positive assessment of life in general (Townsend & Weeasurya, 2010). In reference to the workplace, well-being also includes job satisfaction.

Employee well-being is a high priority for businesses (Stroud District Council, 2003). Employees with a positive well-being are more likely to be punctual, take less sick days, be more cooperative, and work with the company for a longer time period (Harter et al., 2002). They are also more likely to trust their employer, abide by company rules and policies, actively contribute ideas to the company and work effectively in a team to achieve business goals (Tov & Chan, 2012). Employee well-being is also related to greater client satisfaction. In contrast, employees with poor well-being are more likely to be absent from work, disengage from tasks, be less productive and less cooperative (Tov & Chan, 2012).

A healthy workforce is essential in the current political and economic climate. By encouraging employee well-being, businesses are able to increase productivity and efficiency and engage in positive development (Baptiste, 2007). However, many workplaces fail to acknowledge the effective and low-cost methods of enhancing employee well-being (Kaplan, 1993). As a result these workplaces do not gain the maximum economic benefits of positive employee well-being.

It is well documented that access and proximity to natural open spaces have a significant impact on the well-being of employees and their job satisfaction (Kaplan, 1993). A study conducted by Kaplan (1993) surveyed 615 participants in sedentary job. The results showed that employees, who could see the natural environment from their workplace, had lower levels of frustration, were more enthusiastic about their job and reported a higher overall level of health and life satisfaction.

Leather et al. (1998) also looked at the benefit of a view of natural open space. The authors found that participants who were given a view of the natural environment had a reduced intent to quit their job and reported higher levels of job satisfaction (cited in Townsend & Weerasurya, 2010, p. 22).

From the evidence, it is clear that natural open spaces have a positive effect on employee well-being which in turn enhances mental health. Businesses that choose to operate in Gosford LGA are advantaged by the natural open spaces surrounding the area. The size and distribution of the COSS reserves mean that they are visible and accessible to most of the population in Gosford LGA, including those in offices.

Due to the high visibility and accessibility of the COSS, creating views of the natural environment is a relatively simple and cost-effective strategy from improving well-being (Kaplan, 1993). A view of the COSS is not only likely to increase the well-being, job satisfaction and overall quality of life for employees in Gosford City. The mental health benefits of the COSS are also likely to result in positive business outcomes such as an increase in productivity and economic gain.

It may be argued that employees can receive these health benefits from man-made or urban green spaces such as lawns and parks in other urban cities. However a study conducted by Kaplan (2007) found that natural vegetation and spaces are more preferable compared to other green spaces and produce more health benefits.

This finding is further emphasised by Kellert et al. (2008). The author’s note that urban settings fail to produce the physiological responses involved in reducing stress and restoring well-being that natural open spaces generate. Furthermore, Kellert et al. (2008) highlight that in some situations urban spaces further increase stress levels.

Biophilic design is a term introduced by Kellert et al. (2008), and refers to the importance of integrating the natural environment with the built environment. Individuals’ physical and mental well-being relies on vital contact with nature and by employing the principles of biophilic design when developing workspaces, the health and well-being of employees is likely to be enhanced (Kellert et al., 2008). Creating views of natural spaces and access to the environment are examples of biophilic design that can be implemented in workplace settings.

Gosford LGA is an optimal location for enhancing employee well-being due to its proximity to the COSS.


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The size and location of the COSS reserves allows businesses to incorporate elements of biophilic design in the workplace. This is likely to result in an increase in employee well-being, job satisfaction and health. To further understand the benefits of employee mental health and wellbeing for business outcomes, an examination of the research on specific factors that contribute to good mental health and well-being are required. These factors include stress levels, depression and cognitive functioning.

Stress

Pressure is an unavoidable element of contemporary workplaces. However when this pressure is prolonged or uncontrollable it can lead to stress. Workplace stress is an increasing concern for the future of Australia’s labour force due to the adverse effects on employee health and productivity (Medibank Private, 2008; WHO, 2014).

The WHO (2014) defines workplace stress as “the response people may have when presented with work demands and pressures that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities and which challenge their ability to cope”. Almost 25 percent of Australians attribute their mental health to stress (Australian Psychological Society, 2013).

Workplace stress costs the Australian economy approximately $14.81 billion annually and attributes to 3.2 days lost per employee per year (Medibank Private, 2008). Between 1996 and 2004, the number of compensation claims related to stress doubled. Workplace stress is also related to an increase in employee presenteeism and absenteeism (Medibank Private, 2008). This reduces business productivity which leads to a decrease in GDP, investment, industry production, exports and imports.

Stress is both a physical and mental health inhibitor

It is well documented that access and proximity to natural open spaces have a significant impact on the well-being of employees and their job satisfaction.

(Kaplan, 1993)

and can be reduced in a variety of ways. The impacts of natural spaces on reducing stress levels are widely supported.

Kellert et al. (2008) found that just by looking at nature, a person is able to physiologically restore themselves following a stressful event by reducing heart rate and anxiety. This restoration process takes an average of three to five minutes (Ulrich, 1983).

Direct contact with nature has also been found to reduce physiological responses to stress. Low impact walks through forest areas reduce cortisol levels by 12.4 percent and decrease sympathetic nerve activity by 7 percent (Williams, 2012). Natural spaces have also been shown to reduce the negative emotions associated with stress such as anger (Kellert et al., 2008). In contrast, urban settings fail to reduce the physiological and emotional responses to stress, and in some cases responses become worse (Kellert et al., 2008).

Evolutionary theory is the dominant explanation behind why natural spaces reduce stress levels. The modern human is genetically predisposed to a positive response in regards to nature (Kellert et al., 2008).

For example, Japanese health initiative known as Shinrin-Yoku or Forest Bathing, involves low impact walks through the forest to prevent or reduce the physiological responses associated with stress. The concept of forest bathing is based on the evolutionary perspective and human’s intrinsic connection to nature (Williams, 2012). The Japanese government invests significantly in this preventative health measure.

Research shows that the first five minutes of contact with nature have the greatest health benefits. This implies that the stress reducing components of natural spaces can be achieved in a short period of time, such as a lunch break.

Businesses within proximity to the COSS have immediate access to the stress-reducing agents offered by the natural environment. Stress reduction can be achieved simply through allowing natural light into the office or ensuring views of the natural surroundings are accessible (Kellert et al., 2008).

Employees suffering from stress are able to visit the COSS during lunch breaks or outside office hours including on the drive to work. This provides these individuals with an opportunity to recover from stress and return to the workplace feeling more relaxed and focused on required tasks (Williams, 2012).

Depression

Depression is a major indicator of mental health and well-being. Research shows that high levels of job stress increase the risk of employees developing depression (Ganster & Rosen, 2013).

In a study conducted by WHA Financial Solutions Incorporated (2006), depression was listed as one of five of the most common workplace health issues, further emphasising significance of the illness in the workplace. In Australia, depression costs the economy an estimated $3.3 billion in productivity annually (Maller, Townsend, Pryor, Brown & St Leger, 2006). Depression is also a main contributor to

workplace absentee and disability. In Australia, those working in health care and personal care are twice as likely to develop depression compared to those working in science-based occupations, engineering, surveying and architecture.

Since health care is the largest industry in Gosford LGA it is imperative that workplaces in the area promote the mental health and well-being of employees in order to minimise the risk of depression and reduce the risk of absenteeism and economic loss.

In 2006, Townsend and Ebden used a framework based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (cited in Townsend & Weerasurya, 2010, p.2). The authors conducted an intervention in which people experiencing depression and/or anxiety were given a chance to interact with nature. The results of the study suggested that direct contact with nature enables individuals to fulfil higher needs, reducing depressive symptoms. Duncan (2005) further emphasises natural spaces as mechanisms for the relief of depressive symptoms. The natural environment has been labelled as “nature’s own Prozac” or Vitamin N (Duncan, 2005, p.13; Louv,

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The Bank of America Tower in New York retro-fitted elements of biophilic design. The $1 million investment returned $10 million in productivity increases.

(Kellert et al., 2008)

2011). A study conducted by Mind (2007) found that persons who engaged in outdoor walks experienced a 90 percent increase in self-esteem and depression improved by 71 percent. For many people with depression, contact with nature provides a non-threatening environment that allows the person to escape depressive thoughts.

Businesses are able to increase productivity and financial gain by prioritising the mental health and well-being of their employees and reducing the risk of depression in their workforce. Businesses that operate in Gosford LGA provide their employees with access to natural open spaces such as the COSS reserves. These areas act as a preventative measure for depression, therefore reducing the economic burden of mental illness in the workplace.

Cognitive Functioning

Businesses can also benefit from the impact open spaces have on cognitive processes.

A study conducted in 1997, observed the effect of natural light versus artificial light on night-shift workers (Kellert et al., 2008). The results suggested that exposure to natural light improved short-term memory and performance on grammatical tasks however artificial light did not. Research also shows that an hour of interaction with nature results in a 20 percent increase in attention span and memory (Louv, 2011). A further study in 2003 conducted at the Sacramento Municipal Utility District Call Center found that employees who had a view of the natural environment increased their average call time by six to seven percent (Kellert et al., 2008). From the research it can be concluded that access to the natural environment is important for employee performance.

The cognitive benefits of natural open spaces can be explained by attention restoration theory (Townsend & Weerasurya, 2010; Louv, 2011). Attention restoration theory refers to the ability of soft fascination to restore directed attention. Humans have two types of attention (Townsend & Weerasurya, 2010). The first is voluntary which refers to directed attention where intentional and continuous focus is required. The second type of attention is involuntary attention, or soft fascination, which does not require conscious effort. Directed attention is required during majority of workplace tasks (Kaplan, 1995). However prolonged directed attention can cause fatigue (Louv, 2011). Kaplan and Kaplan (1989) found that soft fascination is an effective solution the fatigue caused

by voluntary attention. The authors suggest that fascination derives from an environment that allows individuals to escape the norms and stressors of everyday life so long as the environment is somewhat compatible with their individual expectations of that particular environment (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989).

Soft fascination is often affiliated with the natural environment. According to Kaplan and Kaplan (1989), the natural environment contributes to the restoration of directed attention in four ways:

1. Nature allows people to step away from their daily routines and stressors and disengage from any tasks that require voluntary attention.

2. The involuntary attention placed on elements of nature such as moving clouds, captures peoples’ soft fascination and allows them to focus on other thoughts and simultaneously. This allows the person to relax their focus.

3. The natural environment allows individuals to become immersed in its depth, engaging the mind and allowing it to recover from periods of directed attention.

4. Humans are able to rest their attention due to their instinctive affiliation with nature. Natural spaces provide humans with an environment that they are compatible with and therefore voluntary attention is not required.

Attention restoration is important for maintaining quality workplace performance. The nature of Gosford LGA and the surrounding COSS reserves provide the ideal setting for these mental benefits to occur. As previously discussed in relation to mental health and well-being, the nature of the COSS allows employers to create views of the reserves from the workplace. By doing this, natural light is also able to enter the workplace, further encouraging the cognitive benefits associated with biophilic design and natural open spaces. The proximity of the COSS to the urban centres in Gosford City allows employees to visit the COSS reserves during lunch breaks and meeting times. This will facilitate attention restoration, reduce fatigue and enhance memory functioning. This will in turn enhance business productivity and success as the employees’ workplace performance and level of motivation will also increase as a result of the exposure to natural open spaces. By operating a business in the COSS, employees are able to experience the cognitive benefits of nature which may not be obtainable in an urban setting that lacks natural open spaces.

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Illness and Healing

Research shows that natural open spaces increase recovery from illness and injury and act as a preventative measure for sickness (Kellert et al., 2008).

Ulrich (1984) conducted a study on the responses to outdoor visual environments. The participants were hospitalised patients recovering from surgery. The results found that patients what had a view of natural elements, such as trees, spent less time in hospital, took less analgesic doses, had fewer negative comments regarding the nurses and less postsurgical complications compared to participants with a few of a brick wall (Ulrich, 1983). The results of this study convey the therapeutic powers of the natural environment. Kellert et al. (2008) further emphasise the healing abilities of natural spaces. The authors found that studies on the impact of trees on individuals suggest that by looking at nature, individuals are less likely to develop an illness and recover more rapidly from an illness or injury.

The ability of the natural environment prevent illness and promote healing can be beneficial to the workforce. Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is defined by the National Health Service (NHS) as a range of symptoms that are associated with a particular building, usually a workplace. Symptoms include headaches, nausea, aches and pains and fatigue. There is often no specific cause of these symptoms however employees at modern workplaces with artificial ventilation are more at risk (NHS, 2012).

According to the NHS, the symptoms of SBS generally disappear when the person suffering from these symptoms, leaves the building (NHS, 2012). SBS contributes to absenteeism and presenteeism in the workplace (NHS, 2012; Medibank private, 2008). Medibank Private defines presenteeism as “the loss of productivity that occurs when employees come to work but, as a result of illness or other conditions, are not fully functioning” (Medibank Private, 2008). Presenteeism costs the Australian economy an estimated $25.7 billion annually and is responsible for the loss of approximately six working

Physical Health Benefits of Natural Open Spaces Physically healthy employees reduce health care costs for the employer (WHA Financial Solutions Inc, 2006). Unhealthy employees can cause exponential increases in premiums, resulting in either a change of carriers or a decrease in benefits for employees. This suggests that catering for the health of employees has long-term economic benefits.

Natural open spaces have a direct impact of the physical health of employees. Research shows that these environments contribute to illness prevention, healing and the prevention and reduction of overweight and obesity amongst employees (Kaplan, 1993). Physical activity has also been shown to result in higher success in business meetings (Bratskeir, 2013).

The physical and mental health benefits of natural open spaces are also closely related and are able to maximise the health of employees to benefit the business (Stroud District Council, 2003). Natural open spaces can be used by businesses to maximise and maintain the health of employees. As previously discussed, the health of employees is essential for a successful business.

Businesses located in Gosford LGA are able to benefit from the physical health benefits of natural open spaces.

The COSS provides the necessary space for employees to be physically active and partake in walking meetings. In doing so, employees are able to reduce their risk of illness and injury, overweight and obesity and the development of related illnesses such as CVD. Businesses that use the COSS to enhance the physical health of their employees are also able to promote the mental health and well-being of their workforce through contact with nature. Locating a business in Gosford LGA enables employees to capitalise from the physical health benefits of open spaces that may not be achievable in high-density major cities.


The US Department of Energy found that employees who had a view of nature from their desk had 10 to 20 percent less sick building symptoms.

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days per employee each year (Medibank Private, 2008). Absenteeism due to illness further contributes to economic burden. According to the Health and Productivity Institute of Australia (2008) absenteeism as a result of sickness costs the Australian economy approximately $2,700 per employee each year.

The economic loss produced by SBS can be minimised by natural open spaces. A study conducted by the US Department of Energy in 1990 suggested that employees who had a view of nature from their desk had 10 to 20 percent less sick building symptoms compared to employees who were unable to see a view (Kellert, et al., 2008). Robertson et al. (1990) found that absences due to illness were reduced by 9 percent and self-reported sick building symptoms were reduced by 56 percent in offices with natural ventilation as opposed to air-conditioned offices (cited in Kellert et al., 2008).

The results of these studies suggest that through effective biophilic design, natural spaces are able to reduce illness in the work place. This is likely to reduce the rate of absenteeism and presenteeism, resulting in economic gain and improved employee productivity.

Businesses located in Gosford LGA are able reduce illness and injury related presenteeism and absenteeism in the workplace through exposure to the COSS reserves. This is a unique component of operating a business in the Gosford council area and is not likely to be achieved in major cities that are not within proximity to natural open spaces.

The health benefits of open spaces have also been shown to increase the rate of healing and reduce negative symptoms for hospitalised patients (Schweitzer, Gilpin & Frampton, 2004). Ulrich (1983) developed the phrase ‘supportive design’ to describe the way in which hospitals should be designed in order to achieve positive patient outcomes.

Access to environmental elements is an important component to supportive design due to the health benefits of natural open spaces, such as a view of the environment. According to Ulrich (2000), 80 percent of studies on the health benefits of open spaces show a positive link between the natural environment and patient outcomes.

One study found that patients with no windows experienced twice as many hallucinations following an operation compared to patients who had window views of the environment (Schweitzer et al., 2004). Furthermore, the patients without windows were more likely to exhibit symptoms of depression than


the patients with window views. Another study found that patients with a view of the natural environment were more likely to spend less time in hospital, recover from surgery faster, and require less doses of strong pain medication (Ulrich, 2000).

The positive effects of open spaces on patients are likely to result in cost savings for hospitals (Ulrich, 2000). The health and economic benefits of the natural environment is important to businesses and the community in Gosford City. Gosford City is home to two major hospitals, North Gosford Private Hospital and Gosford Public Hospital. Both hospitals have views of Rumbalara, one of the major COSS reserves.

The patients of these hospitals are able to experience the positive health outcomes of viewing open spaces, whilst the hospitals themselves are able to capitalise on these benefits. The positive outcomes of the COSS reserves on the patients and medical industry are unique to the hospitals located in Gosford City. This emphasises the value of being located in Gosford LGA, surrounded by the natural environment.

Rumbalara Reserve by Carol Emerton

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Obesity and physical activity

In Australia, the rates of overweight and obese persons are increasing (Safe work Australia, 2008). This is having negative impacts on the Australian labour force and economy.

Research shows that overweight individuals are at a higher risk of short-term disability, absenteeism and increased health care costs (Safe work Australia, 2008). Research also suggests that overweight and obese employees are more likely to be less productive in the workplace. Obesity costs the Australian economy approximately $21 billion each year, including the loss in productivity, and accounts for over 4 million days lost from the workforce (The Health and Productivity Institute of Australia [HAPIA], 2008).

Physical activity is a well-known preventative factor for overweight and obesity (Heart Foundation, 2005). According to Townsend and Weeasurya (2010) natural open spaces encourage physical activity. Research outlined by Enayati (2012) suggests that physically active employees are more motivated and engaged by their work and are more satisfied in the work environment. Workplaces are able to incorporate physical activity into the work week through the organisation of ‘lunch hour’ walking groups (WHA Financial Solutions Inc., 2006). This suggestion is a low-cost alternative to other forms of physical activity such as gym memberships, and contributes to the physical health of employees. Walking groups also provide an opportunity for employees to gain other mental and social benefits.

The COSS has numerous walking tracks that vary in length and difficulty. This provides businesses in Gosford LGA with the opportunity to form lunch time walking groups to enhance the health of their employees.

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Stress (Physical impacts)

Workplace stress results in negative physical health outcomes that impact the individual as well as the economy.

Nixon et al. (2011) identified seven workplace stressors, including work hours, interpersonal conflict, role conflict and work load (cited in Ganster & Rosen, 2013, p. 1095). These workplace stressors were associated with negative physical health outcomes such as headaches, fatigue and eye strain. Approximately 7 in 10 Australians reported that their stress levels were having a negative impact on their health (Australian Psychological Society, 2013).

The Allostatic Load Model of the stress process (Ganster & Rosen, 2013) suggests that stress can result in primary, secondary and tertiary processes.

Primary processes refer to initial responses to stress such as an increased heart rate, anxiety and fatigue. Secondary and tertiary processes refer to adjustments within the body as a result of continuous stress and the related health outcomes (Ganster & Rosen, 2013). Prolonged stress can lead to chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and depression. Consistent evidence shows that there is a strong link between job strain amongst males and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Ganster & Rosen, 2013).

CVD is currently the leading cause of disease burden in Australia and costs the Australian economy $14.2 billion each year, including a loss of productivity (HAPIA, 2008). Employees with CVD are more likely to have days lost due to presenteeism and absenteeism, impacting their level of productivity in the workplace (Heart Foundation, 2005).

The nature of CVD also has adverse impacts on



the labour force. Individuals with CVD have a higher risk of unemployment compared to healthy individuals and are more likely to have higher levels of absenteeism.

The labour force related impacts of CVD extend beyond the individual sufferer. Family members caring for individuals with CVD that are unable to work due to their caring role, cost the economy approximately $2.5 billion in productivity loss, compensation and other financial related outcomes (Heart Foundation, 2005).

The economic outcomes of CVD provide incentive for employers to promote the physical and health of their employees. By creating access to natural open spaces and incorporating aspects of biophilic design, employers are able to reduce workplace stress and therefore reduce the risk of CVD.

Physical activity is a known preventative measure of CVD (Heart Foundation, 2005). Physical inactivity currently costs the Australian economy an estimated $9.3 billion in terms of productivity (Price Waterhouse, 2010). Natural open spaces encourage and increase in physical activity and therefore act as a preventative factor against CVD.

The COSS provides both mental and physical opportunities to reduce employees’ risk of developing CVD by engaging in physical activity. The COSS offers numerous walking and bike tracks. Businesses in Gosford LGA can use the COSS to achieve these benefits in their workplaces to maintain the health of their employees. This will result in more productive employees and financial gain for the business.

Walking Meetings

Recent studies have found that walking meet-ings have positive benefits for employees and the business (Bratskeir, 2013).

Holding a meeting whilst walking through the natural environment results in employees feelings more focused, creative and productive are they more likely to achieve the desired outcomes of the meeting (Victoria Walks, 2014). Walking meetings also reduce stress levels due to the benefits of physical activity combined with the health benefits of natural open spaces. Walking meetings also allow time for the restoration of directed attention and therefore participants return to the office feeling more energised, efficient and motivated (Victoria Walks, 2014).

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Businesses located in Gosford LGA can capitalise on the benefits of walking meetings through the use of the COSS reserves and other natural open spaces such as the Waterfronts. The COSS and other natural environments provide the perfect environment for walking meetings to take place. The number of walking tracks and the natural surroundings create a peaceful environment, where employees are able to engage in productive conversation without the stressful elements often associated with workplace meetings. The COSS reserves are within close proximity to Gosford LGA and are therefore accessible to businesses throughout the district.

Social Health Benefits of Natural Open Spaces

The link between the health benefits of natural open spaces and employee engagement is important for the success of a business.

According to Lister (2014) healthy employees display higher morale and interact better with co-workers as opposed to unhealthy employees. Increased workplace morale leads to a more effective team in the office. This positively benefits projects and assignments that require teamwork which in turn benefits the success of the business (Lister, 2014). Enayati (2012) states that having a close network of employees allows individuals to share information, gain support and vent with each other. This increases job satisfaction and employee well-being (Lister, 2014; Lam & Lau, 2012). Poor social relationships within the workplace have adverse effects on employee performance therefore it is important that businesses promote employee social engagement (Lam & Lau, 2012).

The COSS reserves provide opportunities for businesses to strengthen employee relationships and encourage teamwork. Gosford City Council has implemented a range of programs such as Gosford City Council Bushcare Program, the COSS Photography Competition and Family Nature Club that use the COSS to build a sense of community and

encourage a connection with nature. Businesses are able to capitalise on these opportunities in order to improve the functioning of their employees as a team and as individuals, increase employee job satisfaction and engagement.

Employee Engagement

According to Harter, Schmidt and Keyes (2002) friendships and other positive workplace relationships are a divider between successful workplaces and unsuccessful workplaces.

Positive and constructive employee communication is vital in maximising business outcomes. A study conducted by Harter et al. (2002) found that businesses with high levels of employee engagement have a 67 percent probability of success. For businesses with a high turnover, companies with high levels of employee engagement have a level of productivity that is approximately $80,000 to $393,000 more than businesses with poor employee engagement.

The COSS provides opportunities for businesses in Gosford LGA to increase employee engagement. One of the ways this can be achieved is through Bushcare programs. Gosford City Council Bushcare program enables community members to engage in bush regeneration by providing them with the knowledge, tools and supervision required to care for the natural surroundings (Gosford City Council, 2014b). Businesses in Gosford LGA are able to engage in Bushcare as a social volunteering project. Businesses are required to commit only one day every month for an extended time period in order to create a team.

Engaging in Bushcare provides employees with the opportunity to work as a team and socialise together to contribute to the care of the local environment. Based on previous research, this activity will increase employee engagement in the workplace, positively impact the productivity of the business (Harter et al., 2002). Not only will Bushcare improve the social health of the employees, but it will also enhance the physical and mental health of participants through physical labour and contact the natural environment.

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The Bushcare program is just one example of how the COSS can be used by businesses to improve employee engagement within their workplace. Lunchtime walks and walking meetings are other examples that have the potential to improve employee relationships as well as enhance employee well-being, productivity and physical health.

Work-life balance

The culture of an organisation is the most influential factor on work-life satisfaction (Marriner, 2014). The family values of a business significantly contribute to the culture of a workplace and have a strong influence on employee happiness.

Today, companies need to be flexible to account for the increasing number of families with two working parents to ensure employees feel they have a balance between work and their personal life (Marriner, 2014).

Family Nature Club was first outlined by Louv (2011) as a campaign to encourage families to develop a connection with the natural environment, break down barriers such as fear of the natural world and create a sense of place and community.

Family Nature Club involves a group of people who aim to teach their children problem solving, life skills, enhance their creativity and build their confidence through contact with nature (Gosford City Council, 2011b). This is achieved during ventures to the natural environment, which may include bushwalks, camping trips and bird watching.

The COSS Family Nature Club provides guidance and activities for Family Nature Clubs in Gosford LGA. The aim of the program is to enhance people’s relationship with the COSS and to encourage child development, family involvement and a healthier lifestyle (Gosford City Council, 2011b).

Family Nature Club emphasises the importance of educating children about nature and allowing them to experience the natural environment. Children with high levels of experience with nature are more likely to develop a pro-environmental attitude during adulthood (Planet Ark, 2012). Experience with nature also allows

children to develop a connection to the natural environment. This results in the development of empathy towards animals, an enjoyment of nature and a sense of responsibility and belonging (Planet Ark, 2012).

The COSS Family Nature Club provides the opportunity for employees of Gosford LGA business to create their own club.

Based on past research, it can be concluded that encouraging participation in the COSS Family Nature Club will promote a family-friendly workplace that will enhance employee satisfaction, positively effecting employee productivity (Marriner, 2014).

Family Nature Club is a perfect for businesses who wish to enhance and maintain employee engagement and satisfaction and promote a work-life balance. The program is easily organised, low cost and creates a sense of community amongst employees and their families, and therefore suitable for businesses of all sizes.


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The connection between businesses and tourism related to the COSS is indirect however significant. The COSS reserves are an important part of Gosford City’s charm. The bushland surrounding Gosford contributes to its peaceful, natural atmosphere that appeals to domestic and international tourists. The COSS also provides visitors with the opportunity to experience Australian bushland as well as engage in a variety of activities such as bushwalking, bike riding and family picnics. Visitors to Gosford city, who travel to directly experience the COSS or to be amongst the natural environment created by the reserves, contribute to business productivity by increasing consumer activity.

Nature of Tourism

The tourism industry is an important source of income for Gosford LGA and the entire Central Coast Region.

In 2011/12, International visitors expended a total of $21 million on the Central Coast. Almost half of all international visitor expenditure was on food, beverages and accommodation in the Central Coast Region (Tourism Research Australia, 2013).

In 2012/13, domestic overnight visitors had a total expenditure on of $558 million. Approximately $56 million was spent directly on business.

The benefits of tourism extend beyond industries that cater for food, beverages and accommodation (Business Breaks, n.d.). Construction and building, doctors and public services are examples of other industries that also economically benefit from the tourism industry.

Role of the COSS

According to Central Coast Tourism (2013), nature-based tourism is increasing in Australia.

In 2012, it was estimated that 61 percent of all international visitors travelled to experience Australia’s natural environment. In the past five years there has been a 3 percent increase in the number of nature-based visitors in the Central Coast region. The most popular activities for these nature-based tourists are visiting national parks (66%) and bushwalking (33%) (Central Coast Tourism, 2013). The COSS reserves have numerous bush tracks that allow nature-based tourists to experience and engage in the natural environment. The COSS has the ability to attract more nature-based tourists to the area. This is beneficial for businesses in Gosford City.

The Benefits of Natural Open Spaces for Tourism

Tourism is important for existing and prospective businesses in a particular area. The industry provides businesses with opportunities to increase sales by drawing people to the local area though various sites and attractions (Business Breaks, n.d.).

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Thinking Space by Mikaela Clews

Future Directions for Council

The major findings from the literature review highlight the importance of natural open spaces for businesses.

Research shows that the natural environment has the ability to significantly enhance employee health, well-being and engagement which has direct effects on productivity. Businesses are able to employ the principles of biophilic design in order to achieve these benefits.

Natural open spaces are also important for encouraging tourism. Tourism is important for businesses aimed at catering for visitors as well as other industries. Natural environments, such as the COSS, encourage a large number of tourists each year which positively affects businesses in Gosford City.

Future directions for Gosford City council would be to:

1. Communicate the benefits of natural open spaces to local businesses through the development of an Infographic and other simplified interpretation for use in local media.

This will allow these companies and the community to benefit from natural open spaces. Communication methods may include meeting with landlords and discussing how they can incorporate aspects of biophilic design such as window views of the COSS, natural ventilation and sunlight to enhance employee health.

2. Promote the COSS Family Nature Club and Bushcare.

By promoting the benefits of natural open spaces, the council will add value to the COSS, increase the productivity of local businesses and endorse a work-life balance in the community. This will encourage the growth of a local workforce and reduce the number of commuters.

3. Council can approach non-government organisations and the Premier’s Department for Healthy Living to promote lunchtime walking groups amongst local businesses to allow employers to maximise the benefits of the COSS.

The benefits of natural open spaces are significant and far reaching. It is vital to create awareness of these benefits in order to protect the natural environment and promote a healthy lifestyle for all Australians. Regions such as Gosford City, that are within close proximity to natural environments need to be acknowledged as optimal areas for people to live and work due to the health benefits of natural open spaces.

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Printed by Gosford City Council. 49 Mann Street, Gosford NSW 2250. October 2014.

nature's secret for success: how the coss gives gosford the advantage

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