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RADAR DEFENDED LAND TARGETS(U ) NAVAL POSTGRADUATESCHOOL MONTEREY CA D B NCICINNEY SEP 83
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:1' NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMonterey, California
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THESIS c*i-7 HMASK:
A TACTICAL AID FOR PLANNING AIR STRIKESAGAINST RADAR DEFENDED LAND TARGETS
by
LI Dana Bruce McKinney-,J
," September 1983
Thesis Advisor: A. F. Andrus
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
84 01 i 8S.13 08
UnclassifiedSCCUYFAT CLASIFICATION OP 'THIS P0469 Mko Darn 3M,, ________________
REM IT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE__COMPLETINGFORM
1. RIEV@RT UMBIRM 2. GOVT ACCESSIONNo. 3. RECIPIENT'$ CATALOG NUMBER
4. TILE (411" &A"0~) 5. TYPE OF REPORT 6 PERIOD COVERED
-MASK: A Tactical Aid for Planning Air Strikes Master's ThesisAgainst Radar Defended Land Targets September 1983
6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7 . hA)NO Ao) 6. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMIER(a)
Dana Bruce McKinney
9 . PERPORMSNG@ORANIZATION N4AME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASKCAREA A *ORK UNIT NUMBERS
Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93943
11. CONTROLLING OFFICE MNZ AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
Naval Postgraduate School September 1983Monterey, California 93943 13. NUMBER OF PAGES
18114L MONITORING LOENCY MNZ A050RESS(If 40foieat harn Contrefifii Ofice.) tS. SECURITY CL.ASS. (at this repofl)
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10. SUuP1PIEMIENYAR NOTES B
'I Gab i I t Y Codes
*III. gay WORDS (0.11sm on reumwe side it Mweew Md identify by bleak timber)
DTED Radar CoverageTerrain MaskingStrike WarfareMission Planning
* Digital Terrain Data BaseM0. AIMIYRAC1 (CnfiWsO M aoew. side it fts"0aaus a" idenify by Wleek miff)
-i-This thesis presents an interactive computer program called MASK which generatesAradar and optical line-of-sight coverage envelopes based on terrain masking and*refractive propagation effects. MASK is designed primarily as an aid in
planning air strikes against radar defended land targets and has additional* applications to air defense network planning. A large digital terrain dataI,. base provides extensive coverage of potential areas of interest to the tactical
planner.
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" : Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
~MASK:
A Tactical Aid for Planning Air StrikesAgainst Radar Defended Land Targets
by
Dana Bruce McKinneyCommander, United States Navy
~B.A., University of California, Berkeley, 1969
,' i Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
F]" requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OPERATIONS RESEARCH
from the
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
September 1983
Auhr -'.4
Appoverfovpuli relase di tbutio unlmied
Thesis Advisor
Aant dSecornd Reader
airman, Department of erations Research
DeL P GA and Polic Sciences
, 2
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ABSTRACT
This thesis presents an interactive computer program called MASK
which generates radar and optical line-of-sight coverage envelopes
based on terrain masking and refractive propagation effects. MASK is
designed primarily as an aid in planning air strikes against radar
defended land targets and has additional applications to air defense
.4 network planning. A large digital terrain data base provides extensive
coverage of potential areas of interest to the tactical planner.
'3
'.4
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979
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------- 9
A. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ---------------------------- 9
B. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ------------------------------ 10
C. THESIS OBJECTIVE -------------------------------- 12
D. APPLICATIONS ----------------------------------- 12
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT ---------------------------------- 14
A. GENERAL --------------------------------------- 14
B. OBSERVER POSITION ------------------------------- 14
C. PLANE EARTH LINE-OF-SIGHT ------------------------- 15
D. OBSTRUCTIONS ----------------------------------- 15
E. EXTENSION TO SPHERICAL MODEL ---------------------- 18
1. Refractive Effects --------------------------- 18
2. Earth Curvature ------------------------------ 21
3. Spherical to Planar Transformation -------------- 24
4. Reflection ---------------------------------- 27
III. PROBLEM SOLUTION ----------------------------------- 29
A. OVERVIEW -------------------------------------- 29
B. INPUT PHASE ------------------------------------ 30
1. Terrain Data -------------------------------- 30
2. Transformations ------------------------------ 34
3. Radar Parameters ----------------------------- 40
4. Refractive Effects ------------------------- 4
5. Strike Altitudes ----------------------------- 47
4
.'' ,*. -,' ,, . . ,_...,' . • .'. -'... '. ,' .. -" -'. -,-..- W-, .- .*- . -.- : -. . •-
6. Topographic Display Selection -------------------- 47
7. Input Errors ---------------------------------- 48
C. MATHEMATIC MODEL ---------------------------------- 48
1. General -------------------------------------- 48
2. MASK ---------------------------------------- 49
3. LOOK ---------------------------------------- 56
4. LOCATE -------------------------------------- 58
5. LONSCN -------------------------------------- 58
6. LATSCN ------------------------------------------- 61
7. COMPAR -------------------------------------- 66
O. FUNCTIONS --------------------------------------- 67
E. OUTPUT ------------------------------------------ 70
1. Topographic Display ---------------------------- 70
2. AGL Display ---------------------------------- 70
3. MSL Display ---------------------------------- 74
IV. MODEL VERIFICATION ----------------------------------- 75
A. GENERAL ----------------------------------------- 75
B. TEST DATA BASE --------------------------------------- 75
C. RADAR HORIZON TEST -------------------------------- 77
D. TERRAIN MASKING TEST ------------------------------ 79
V. EXAMPLE PROGRAM PROCEDURES ----------------------------- 85
A. GENERAL ----------------------------------------- 85
B. SCENARIO ---------------------------------------- 85
C. TAPE DATA TRANSFER -------------------------------- 87
1. PROFILE Exec ---------------------------------- 87
2. GETTAPE -------------------------------------- 87
5
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D. DATA TRANSFORMATION -------------------------------- 89
1. TRANS ----------------------------- 89
2. COMBIN --------------------------------------- 91
E. EXECUTING MASK ------------------------------------ 94
1. Input Data ------------------------------------ 94
2. Output Analysis -------------------------------- 96
F. ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES ------------------------------- 15
1. General -------------------------------------- 115
2. Antenna Height Variation ------------------------ 115
3. PRF Variation --------------------------------- 117
4. Refractive Effects -------------------------------- 117
5. Strike Altitudes ------------------------------ 121
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ------------------------- 129
APPENDIX A: SOURCE CODE LISTING ----------------------------- 132
LIST OF REFERENCES ---------------------------------------- 180
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST ---------------------------------- 181
6
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Determination of Horizontal Slope ------------------------ 16
2.2 Vertical Slope Determination ---------------------------- 17
2.3 Masking Height Determination ---------------------------- 19
2.4 Refractive Propagation Paths ---------------------------- 22
2.5 Actual and Equivalent Earth Comparison -------------------- 23
2.6 Calculation of Vertical Slope at (X,Y) -------------------- 25
2.7 Calculation of Masking Height at (M,N) -------------------- 26
2.8 Flow Chart of Masking Calculation Process ----------------- 28
3.1 Internal Structure of a DTED Data File -------------------- 32
3.2 Variation of Longitudinal Distance ----------------------- 33
3.3 Geographic Areas by Tape and File Number ------------------ 36
3.4 Radar Site Location Method ------------------ 42
3.5a Flowchart for MASK ------------------------------------ 50
3.5b Flowchart for MASK ------------------------------------ 51
3.5c Flowchart for MASK ------------------------------------ 52
3.6 Sampling Technique for Various Quadrants ------------------ 57
3.7 Flowchart for LOOK ------------------------------------ 59
3.8 Flowchart for LOCATE ---------------------------------- 60
3.9a Flowchart for LONSCN ---------------------------------- 62
3.9b Flowchart for LONSCN ---------------------------------- 63
3.10a Flowchart for LATSCN ---------------------------------- 64
3.lOb Flowchart for LATSCN ---------------------------------- 65
3.11a Flowchart for COMPAR ---------------------------------- 68
3.11b Flowchart for COMPAR ---------------------------------- 69
7
I 5" '- ''''-*- "" -.- " -, " • • ' -• • , . . .. -
3.12 Topographic Display Example ---------------------------- 71
3.13 Aeronautical Chart Corresponding to Topo Display ---------- 72
4.1 Test Data Base Configuration --------------------------- 76
4.2 Radar Horizon Test Results ----------------------------- 80
4.3 Terrain Masking Test Scenario -------------------------- 81
4.4 Terrain Masking Test Result ---------------------------- 83
5.1 Topographic Display Legend ----------------------------- 97
5.2 20 Minute Square Topographic Display --------------------- 99
5.3 40 Minute Square Topographic Display -------------------- 100
5.4 60 Minute Square Topographic Display -------------------- 102
5.5 Two Degree Square Topographic Display ------------------- 103
5.6 Typical AGL Descriptive Output Page --------------------- 1055.7 20 Minute Square AGL Display -------------------------- 106
5.8 40 Minute Square AGL Display -------------------------- 108
5.9 AGL Masking Envelope for EW Site Only ------------------- 109
5'10 60 Minute Square AGL Display -------------------------- 110
5.11 Two Degree Square AGL Display -------------------------- 112
5.12 Two Degree Square MSL Display -------------------------- 114
5.13 Low Antenna Height Example ---------------------------- 116
5.14 Medium Antenna Height Example -------------------------- 118
5.15 Airborne Antenna Height Example ------------------------ 119
5.16 PRF Limitation Example ------------------------------- 120
5.17 Optical Refraction Example ---------------------------- 122
5.18 Superrefractive Gradient Example ----------------------- 123
5.19 600 Foot AGL Strike Example --------------------------- 124
5.20 5000 Foot MSL Strike Example -------------------------- 126
5.21 2000 Foot MSL Example -------------------------------- 127
8
I. INTRODUCTION
A. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
In the last decade, tactical planners have witnessed a revolution in
the development and deployment of air defense systems. The increasing
number and effectiveness of the weapons introduced into the inventories
of potential adversaries have greatly complicated the task of today's
tactical strike planner. The primary objective of timely delivery of
ordnance on target has been increasingly challenged by the ability of an
adversary to impose an unacceptably high attrition rate on the attacking
forces. The deployment of modern air defense systems in some areas of the
third world has contributed to instability by calling into question the
ability of the Carrier Battle Group to project power ashore.
Due to the risk involved in directly engaging a modern air defense net-
work, additional emphasis has been placed on methods of reducing the amount
of time that attacking aircraft must spend in the threat weapon envelope.
These methods generally include the use of stand-off weapons, electronic
countermeasures and low altitude penetration tactics. The success of low
altitude penetration tactics rests on the ability of the attacking force
to use terrain masking to delay initial detection and thereby reduce the
time for the defense to effectively react. Effective employment of ter-
rain masking is a concept which is likely to play an important role in
future strike planning regardless of the air defense threat.
The increasing threat to our strike forces has spurred the development
of more effective methods of neutralizing enemy defenses. Attacking aircraft
9
have more capable weapon systems, electronic warfare support has increased
and real-time intelligence and surveillance capabilities have improved.
However, our ability to accurately and rapidly assess the effect of terrain
on the strength of enemy defenses has not progressed. This shortcoming
-. limits the ability of the planner to employ his assets to the maximum ad-
vantage. This is especially true in situations requiring a quick reaction
to a present threat. In such a situation, the tactical planner is forced to
make extremely important decisions based on a gross estimation of the effects
of terrain masking. The current state of the art is limited to the use of
aeronautical or topographic charts to get an estimation of the threat system
coverage envelope. Lines of sight, if plotted, are manually computed and
* based on the most rudimentary calculations. In short, the process is tedious,
time consuming and inadequate. The importance of an accurate estimation of
the enemy defensive coverage cannot be overstated. This information will
ultimately determine the mission profile of the entire strike including cruis-
ing altitudes, routes of flight, low altitude penetration descent points,
electronic countermeasures employment, fuel requirements and carrier aircraft
launch position. In the absence of better information, the planner often
assumes "worst case" conditions and limits the aggressive employment of his
assets. Overly optimistic assumptions have more serious consequences.
B. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
The need to upgrade tactical planning capabilities has been recognized by
the fleet. The introduction of the Integrated Refractive Effects Prediction
System (IREPS) into the fleet was a major step in improving the tactical plan-
ning process, especially in the War-at-Sea scenario. IREPS provided a real-
time onboard capability to predict radar coverage and propagation anomalies
10
caused by the atmosphere. In particular, identification of the effect of
surface based ducting on low altitude radar effectiveness was of great
tactical importance. In many situations it became apparent that the selec-
tion of extremely low altitude attack profiles increased, rather than de-
creased, detection ranges against attack aircraft over water. The potential
of IREPS and the nearly simultaneous development of a program by the De-
fense Mapping Agency Aerospace Center (DMAAC) to produce a world-wide
Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) base led logically to an idea called
the Radar Detection Analysis System (RDAS). RDAS was put forth as an oper-
ational requirement from the fleet in June 1981 and envisioned a system
incorporating the capabilities of IREPS, the data resources of the DTED and
radar order-of-battle information supplied by already existing intelligence
sources. Although several candidate systems have been developed to date,
the fleet is still without the capabilities described in RDAS. At present,
the most promising system is the Computer Aided Mission Planning System
(CAMPS). Current information is that some CAMPS units are included in POM
85, but it is not possible to forecast the point at which this crucial
capability will become operational throughout the fleet.
One final development should be mentioned. This is the impressive
growth in computing power afforded by the introduction of the modern "desk
top" computer. Units scheduled for near term fleet introduction, such as
the Hewlett-Packard HP 9000, have a vastly greater capability for execut-
ing complex programs than did their immediate predecessors. In light of
this imminent leap in shipboard computing power, it is now feasible to
develop sophisiticated computer programs for future fleet use.
M&II 1.
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C. THESIS OBJECTIVE
The objective of this thesis is to develop a computer program to pro-
vide a shipboard terrain masking prediction capability pending the intro-
duction of systems such as CAMPS. The program, MASK, incorporates terrain
masking calculations based on DTED and includes anomalous propagation
effects based on data derived from IREPS outputs. The design of MASK will
allow it to be easily modified to run on systems such as the HP 9000 which
have a baseline 500 KBYTE core memory and the ability to run a FORTRAN pro-
gram using the UNIX operating system. MASK is currently running on the IBM
3033 using FORTRAN IV and the CMS operating system.
It is worth pointing out at this time that MASK is not a radar range pre-
diction device. Radar detection range determination is dependent on many
variables, some of which are time and route dependent (radar cross section as
a function of relative aspect angle) or are dependent on operator fatigue or
alertment. MASK is a deterministic model which calculates the ability of a
given threat to have a clear line-of-sight in the direction of a target at a
given altitude and range under specified atmospheric conditions. A pre-
determined flight path is neither required nor desired for MASK to carry out
its calculations. The output from MASK graphically shows the vulnerable
areas in the enemy defense network. Identification of these areas forms the
basis upon which the rest of the planning evolution must ultimately rest.
D. APPLICATIONS
The primary application of MASK is in air strike planning. A brief
examination of the MASK output will reveal any areas of inadequate enemy
radar coverage. By choosing routes of flight which take advantage of
these areas, the planner will increase the survivability and effectiveness
12
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. . . . . .- - o .-
of his attacking aircraft. MASK will allow attacking forces to choose
descent points so as to take advantage of efficient cruising altitudes for
as long as possible, descending only when required to remain "unseen".
Preflight coordination of jamming and anti-radiation missile assets will
also be enhanced by having a more realistic idea of the radar envelope,
rather than just a circle of coverage centered on the victim radar.
A change of viewpoint leads to MASK's application to improving the
air defense posture of friendly forces. MASK will allow the air defense
network planner to easily assess his area coverage and to relocate or add
assets to fill any voids. In the amphibious assault scenario, MASK will
permit the planner to survey potential defensive missile battery locations
prior to landing and allow rapid deployment of an air defense perimeter
"tailor-made" for the local terrain. The time saved in setting up an
organic land-based air defense system will mean that supporting missile
ships can leave the landing area sooner, decreasing their vulnerability
to attack and increasing overall tactical flexibility.
60.
13
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
A. GENERAL
The central problem in the terrain masking calculation is to define
the position of an observer (the radar) and a candidate point and then
to ask the question, "Is there any part of the earth's surface which
interrupts the line of sight between the two?". Once this question is
answered, an adjacent candidate point is chosen and the question is re-
peated and so on. Eventually, all candidate points are investigated and
all those points for which the answer is "yes" form the set of masked
points. All other points are unmasked and the boundary between the two
sets defines the terrain masking envelope.
It should be understood that this model is not designed to include
propagation loss factors or radar maximum detection range limits. The
only range limit imposed which is not related to terrain masking is the
V: maximum unambiguous range as a function of pulse repetition frequency
(PRF).
B. OBSERVER POSITION
The first consideration is to define the position of the observer.
In this case the observer is a radar site with a known geographic loca-
tion in terms of latitude, longitude and elevation. The observer's lati-
tude and longitude are defined in terms of position (I,J) in a square
matrix and the observer's elevation is the value of that matrix element.
The observer will then be located at or above the matrix element (I,J)
depending on the local terrain elevation value. For simplicity in this
14
discussion it is assumed that when locating an observer in the matrix,
all observers are well behaved and only exist in the real world at the
exact location where a matrix element exists in the model. In practice,
allowances must be made for perverse observers who violate this assump-
..2 tion.
C. PLANE EARTH LINE-OF-SIGHT
Given an observer location and the location of a candidate point (CP)
above matrix element (M,N), the line-of-sight can be defined. In a
simple world, line-of-sight would be a straight line between the observer
and the CP. The real world is not so simple, but for now it is assumed
that the earth's surface is a plane and that it exists in a vacuum. This
allows the curvature of the earth and the effects of atmospheric refrac-
tion on the propagation of radar and light waves to be ignored. In this
initial model the line-of-sight between the observer and the CP can be de-
fined by two values. The first value, which is called horizontal slope
(SH), is the geometric slope of the line from (I,J) to (M,N). Determina-
tion of the horizontal slope is shown in Figure 2.1. The second value,
which is called vertical slope (SV), is the angular (radian) measure of
the "look up" or "look down" when the observer points at the CP. For ex-
ample, if the observer were located in a valley and the CP were on a hill
SV would be positive. If the observer and CP exchanged places SV would
be negative, and if they were at the same elevation SV would equal zero.
Determination of the vertical slope is shown in Figure 2.2.
D. OBSTRUCTIONS
Having defined line-of-sight, the location of any obstructions between
the observer and the CP must be determined. One method of accomplishing
15
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.117
this is to travel along the line from (M,N) to (I,J), sampling matrix
elevation values to determine the SV at each sampling point (X,Y). As
sampling progresses, only the largest (i.e., most positive) angle is
saved. The largest value of SV for all sample points along the line is
called the maximum vertical slope angle (MAXV) and is the elevation angle
from the observer to the top of the (apparently) tallest object on theline from (I,J) to (M,N). This is illustrated in Figure 2.3. If a line
is extended outward from the observer with elevation angle MAXV it will
pass over (M,N) at some height above the plane of the matrix. This "mask-
'ing height" is then compared with the specified height of a given target
above (M,N). If the target height is below the masking height the target
is masked by terrain. Otherwise, the target is visible to the observer.
Once the condition of a target above (M,N) is determined, an adjacent ele-
ment is chosen as the next CP. This process is duplicated for each matrix
element.
E. EXTENSION TO SPHERICAL MODEL44
Now that the problem has been defined in the simple case, two major
complications must be introduced to provide a realistic model.
1. Refractive Effects
The first complication is the phenomenon of the refraction of
radar (and to a lesser extent, light) waves by the atmosphere. The result
of refraction is that waves in the atmosphere tend to follow propagation
paths which are curved rather than straight lines. The magnitude and direc-
tion of path curvature is determined by the rate of change with respect to
height of the refractive index of the atmosphere (dn/dh). The index of re-
fraction, n, is a function of pressure, temperature and humidity and, in
18
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,.. . . ~
C.7
U E.NE
UNMASKED TARGET -
I
SV~
MASKED TARGET-
(,N19
II
-:"_ HEIGHTAT M,N)
(xY)
Figure 2.3 Masking Height Determination
II- - - -. : .. , ,. . , , . . - ., . , , . , ., . , ., . ., . . . . .. , - ,..
most cases, is a decreasing function with respect to height. By using
Snell's Law it can be shown that the radius of curvature, R, of the re-
fracted wave path is given by equation 2.1.
R=-1/(dn/dh) (eqn. 2.1)
The derivation may be found in (Ref. 1: p 48]. For standard values of
dn/dh (approximately -0.0000392 per kilometer), R has a value of 25510
kilometers or about four times the radius of the earth. This results in
radar waves propagating along paths which usually curve in the same direc-
tion as the curvature of the earth's surface, but which do not intersect it.
Certain atmospheric conditions generate values of dn/dh which can
produce anomalous propagation paths. In extreme cases, R takes on values
which are less than the earth's radius, causing the waves to curve back and
intersect the surface. The wave is then partially reflected back into the
atmosphere and continues in this way to "skip" along the surface of the
earth for long distances. This effect is called ducting and can result in
greatly extended radar ranges, especially over water. In less extreme
cases, the ray paths may have greater than normal curvature but fail to re-
turn to earth. This condition, called superrefraction, can still produce
over-the-horizon radar ranges. A value of dn/dh equal to zero equates to
a radius of curvature which is infinite, producing straight line propaga-
tion and positive values of dn/dh actually yield ray paths which curve
away from the earth. This latter condition is called subrefraction and
is very rare.
For convenience the term, N, has been used to equal (n-i) x
1,000,000. For example, the use of this transformation gives a value for
dN/dh of -39.2 'N' units' per kilometer of altitude on a standard day.
20
U . . . . ..
- - - -. - - p.. . ..4 ,
Figure 2.4 shows a graphic representation of the types of refractive
effects discussed and a table relating dN/dh to the refractive types.
It should be obvious from this discussion that refractive effects
must be accounted for in terrain masking calculations due to their in-
fluence on the curvature of the line-of-sight.
2. Earth Curvature
.4 The second complication is that the earth's surface is not a
plane. It has a complex elliptical shape which can be approximated in
this application by a sphere with a radius equal to roughly 6370 kilometers.
The resulting curvature causes the apparent line-of-sight (as viewed from
a "plane earth" perspective) to bend away from the surface. As a result,
the use of a spherical earth model profoundly affects the determination of
the elevation angle, MAXV.
The introduction of refraction and earth's curvature naturally
complicates the problem at hand. While the simpler model involved straight
line ray propagation over a plane, the more complex one deals with curvi-
linear propagation over a spherical surface. Fortunately, there is a
method of combining these two problems and obtaining a simplified equiva-
lent one. The derivation of this method is not presented here, but the end
result will be used (for the complete derivation, see [Ref. 1: pp 45-48]).
The method allows plotting the line-of-sight as a straight line provided a
larger "equivalent radius" is used in place of the actual earth radius.
This is illustrated in Figure 2.5. This method also assumes that the atmos-
phere is homogeneous with a constant value of dn/dh. The equivalent radius,
RE, is given by equation 2.2,
RE = a/(l+(a x (dn/dh))), (eqn. 2.2)
where a is the actual earth radius. This equation allows the use of dn/dh
to arrive at an equivalent earth radius which accounts for both refractive
21
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-d . . S , . .
' - ' ' % ,' . " ' w " "•".' "•" " ". ." . . .. . 4.. . . '. . .. . . .- •.
/000
NORMAL REFRACTION
I-0-
IiIlk
4~
dN/dh TYPE REFRACTION RANGES
> 0 SUBREFRACTION SHORT
Ai
0 - -79 NORMAL NORMAL
-79- -157 SUPERREFRACTION LONG
< -157 DUCTING EXTREME
Figure 2.4 Refractive Propagation Paths
22
S . .S. o " '...
(a)ACTUAL EARTH RADIUS
aa
(b) EQIVALEN EARTHRADIU
La 4/3 x a
Figure 2.5 Actual and Equivalent Earth Comparison
23
and earth curvature effects and which leads to a convenient way of modi-
fying the flat earth model.
3. Spherical to Planar Transformation
The use of equivalent earth radius provides a means of accounting
for the effects of refraction and earth curvature at the same time. How-
ever, it introduces the problem of dealing with a spherical earth's sur-
face. As a result, determination of the angle, SV, is made more difficult
than in the flat earth model. One way to retain the benefits of the equiva-
lent earth radius model and still deal in planar coordinates is to transform
the spherical surface into an equivalent plane while preserving the angular
relationships. During the following discussion, it will be helpful to refer
to Figure 2.6.
The transformation to planar coordinates essentially involves a
-i reduction in the height of the radar antenna (hl) and the sample terrain
height (h2) above (X,Y), as well as increasing the distance between (I,J)
and (X,Y). The cosine of ALPHA yields the reduced heights, hl' and h2',
while the sine of ALPHA leads to the calculation of the increased distance,
Di, between (I,J)' and (X,Y)'. The signed difference between h2' and hi'
is then divided by D' and the arctangent of the result is the angle SV.
The angle SV' is obtained by adding pi/2 to SV and subtracting ALPHA. SV'
is the radian measure of the elevation of the line of sight between the
radar antenna, A, and the obscuring terrain, 0, relative to the vertical
line from (I,J) to the earth's center, C. The determination of MAXV is
performed just as in the flat earth model except that the maximum value
of SV' is retained as the sampling proceeds from (M,N) to (I,J).
At this point all of the information requried to determine the
masking height, MHM, above (M,N) is available. Figure 2.7 shows the per-
tinent relationships. MAXV has already been found, and BETA is calculated
24
..I C. ' 'tq..t.--.- *t..- --. - .. 4..-*.-.- .. ... ... . .. .. .
0
-IW~- --IA~~ ~ _- - - SV I '7-7-
oKJ
RE. RE
RELATIONSHIPS: i /
(a) at= D-RE.
(b) hl' = hl x COS (a)
(c) h2' = h2 x COS (a)(d) DI = (2RE+hl+h2)sina(e) SV- tan-l((h2'-hl'/D')M SV = LS2 + SV -
Figure 2.6 Calculation of Vertical Slope at (X,Y)
25
,, , ,.,,,:',. .: ,,,:-.; .. ,. . ..., . -. , . . ,,\ . .- .. ., .. .-. , ,,.- . .. .. .-, ., -. . . . .;.-: ;
B
40
RELATIONSHIPS
(a) B =D/RE(b) y = n(MAXV + )(c) MASKING HEIGHT
-. 0(h + RE)(sir, MAXV)-R
Figure 2.7 Calculation of Masking Height at (M,N)
'p1
26
by dividing D, the ground distance from (I,J) to (M,N), by the equivalent
radius, RE. GAMMA is obtained by inspection and the Law of Sines is
applied to the side AC to obtain the length of BC. The comparison of MHM
is performed as in the flat earth model and the masking indicator variable
is saved for later display.
The process described above is systematically applied to the entire
matrix, producing the masking envelope for the first observer. The se-
quence is then repeated for each additional observer located in the matrix.
Figure 2.8 shows a simplified flow chart of the required steps in the mask-
ing calculation process.
4. Reflection
A final point should be mentioned in passing. In radar propagation
models for shipboard systems one of the primary concerns is the modifica-
tion of the received signal energy due to reflection from the sea surface.
This effect is primarily caused by constructive and destructive inter-
ference resulting from phase differences in the received signal at'the
antenna. This 'nterference causes the formation of lobes of increased and
decreased detection ranges and can significantly affect the performance of
shipboard weapon systems. However, since this model is primarily con-
cerned with landbased systems, reflective effects have been ignored.
Overwater propagation effects, including reflection, have been treated
extensively in the IREPS model which is already widely deployed.
27
"-"-- - "". - """ " -. ": .,"" " ' -. -- •. . .-.... .. ."" " " - , - -.. . °. .
4.7
loae0.. nptdt
abov (li
pi( )
*V y
Figure 28 Flow Cart o askn aluain rcs
28nghlst
W, W. F. F - i---~---;- r. .. - - w
-p:
III. PROBLEM SOLUTION
A. OVERVIEW
This chapter will present an overview of the steps used in MASK to derive
terrain masking envelopes. The steps involved are best examined by separating
them into the three general areas of input, mathematic calculations and output.
Input starts with the standard DTED description, follows through data base
transformations and concludes with determination of the relative positions of
the radar sites and targets. In addition, inputs related to radar system
characteristics, strike variables and atmospheric conditions are included.
The mathematic model phase begins with all initial conditions established.
The math model takes the input data and performs the calculations required to
determine whether or not a given point in space is in an unobstructed line of
sight from the radar site. The end result is a binary indicator variable
which is used in the output phase to display a masked or unmasked condition.
The output phase is concerned primarily with three map displays. The
first is a topographic picture of the area in question and is alphabetically
coded by elevation. This display is the link between the planner's view of
the world and the masking envelopes which follow. It provides the geographic
landmarks and scale indicators which make the masking envelopes useable as
planning tools. The final two displays are the actual masking envelopes.
There is one display based on a selected strike cruising altitude referenced
to mean sea level (MSL) and one for the strike in the terrain following mode
whose altitudes are referenced to height above ground level (AGL).
29
F '' " - " -, " ' - _ -. ' )" - ,-. " - ' -. ' ' " -.-. ' -
B. INPUT PHASE
1. Terrain Data
The data base for all terrain elevation values used by MASK is
the DTED produced by DMAAC. The objective of the DTED program is to
digitally map the entire terrain surface of the earth. The current
status of completed mapping is available in [Ref. 2].N' The elevation reference for the DTED is Mean Sea Level (MSL) and
the horizontal location of terrain is referenced to the World Geodetic
System. All terrain elevation values are signed magnitude, sixteen-bit
(two word) binary integers representing elevation in meters above MSL.
The DTED is distributed on a subscription basis to a number of DOD users
and is unclassified. Standard tapes are nine track, 1600 FPI/phase
encoded and use ASCII code for tape labels. Complete tape specifications
are contained in [Ref. 3].
The basic unit of DTED is the data file. Each data file con-
tains the elevation data for a one aegree square of the earth's surface.
The reference for all data in the file is the latitude and longitude of
the southwest corner of the degree square. Within the file, data is
divided into records of constant longitude. Each record contains a
record location identifier and the terrain elevation values which span
the degree square from south to north at the given longitude. The
interval between elevation values for the standard DTED is three arc-
seconds. In order to provide overlap between adjacent data files an
extra elevation value is added to the top of each record. Accordingly,
each record contains 1201 individual values (3600 arcseconds per degree
divided by three arcseconds per value, plus the overlap). The records
30V.h
are arranged within the file in a similar manner from west to east so
that there are 1201 records spanning the width of the data file includ-
ing one for overlap. The file is thus arranged so that elevation values
are read from south to north within each record and records are read from
west to east within the file. Figure 3.1 illustrates the internal struc-
ture of a typical data file.
For any location on the earth the standard three arcsecond inter-
val is equivalent to approximately 300 feet (93 meters) of ground distance
between elevation values when measured along a meridian (i.e., north to
south). At the equator, the longitudinal (east to west) measurement is
identical. However, as latitude increases, the distance between eleva-
tion points decreases when measured longitudinally. At the poles, of
course, this distance shrinks to zero. The effect of this shrinkage is
to increase the longitudinal density of the terrain elevation points as
they depart from the equator. The relationship between the width (in dis-
tance) of a degree square"at the equator and one at some other latitude
is given by equation 3.1,
DL = 60 x cos(L), (eqn. 3.1)
where DL is the width in nautical miles at a given latitude and L is
the specified latitude in degrees. This relationship is illustrated in
Figure 3.2. Because of this decreasing longitudinal distance at the
higher latitudes, the DTED changes the longitudinal interval between
values. The first change occurs at 50 degrees north and south where
the interval is doubled to six arcseconds. A second change takes place
at 75 degrees as the interval again doubles to twelve arcseconds.
These changes reduce the number of records in each data file to 601
31
PARITY CHECKSUMDATA E N 1
DATA ELEMENT 1201
DATA ELEMENT 1200
,N
R- RECORD 1
"DATA ERECORD 2
R ECORD 3
F 3 n RECORD 19 D F
RECORD 1200 -
RECORD 1201 -
J...
DATA ELEMENT 2
DATA ELEMENT 1
.A
RECORD LABELS
Figure 3.1 Internal Structure of a DTED Data File
32
e .
* - .*-
7~ 7:17.
.4r2
{r
REATONHIS
dl - r =6
d2 - 6r
r2- l bsl
d2d 2rl r o9,/l csl
d2 =dl cs~l
d= 60 cos60
Figure 3.2 Variation of Longitudinal Distance
33
r " "rrrr~r'"'" - - -...............'... " .....- 0.-'..-
above 50 degrees and 301 above 75 degrees. No change is made to the
number of elevation values per record, since the meridian distance re-
mains constant for all locations.
In addition to terrain elevation data, each file contains a
label identifying its location within the DTED and other administrative
information including the accuracy of the data. Accuracy is in terms of
a 90 percent probability that elevation errors will not exceed a given
value in meters. For a complete explanation of DTED data file struc-
, ~ture, see [Ref. 3].
2. Transformations
a. General
An artificial limit was set on the core memory requirements
of MASK during its development. This limit is 500 kbytes and was chosen
to represent the anticipated capability of desk-top computers projected
to be available in the fleet in the near term. The design of MASK re-
quires that a large elevation data matrix and two smaller display
matrices be accessible during processing. In order to remain below the
core limit the data matrix size was fixed at 400 by 400 elements. Since
each element is two bytes long, the data matrix alone requires 320
kbytes of core storage. The storage requirement for a complete DTED
data file at the three arcsecond resolution is about 2900 kbytes. It is
therefore impossible to access anything more than a fraction of a DTED
file at full resolution using MASK.
Obviously, a data transformation of some kind is required
for MASK to use the DTED. This transformation is normally accomplished
in two steps. First, the DTED file is located and loaded from tape via
34
" q ?.'4-,4.4.; ,.4
MVS to the user's diskfile. This is accomplished using the GETTAPE pro-
gram which retrieves a specified DTED file and sends it to an MVS file
under the name of TAPE DATA. The MVS file is then accessed and TAPE DATA
is loaded onto the user's disk. Due to the size of the file a temporary
disk must be defined prior to the transfer of TAPE DATA. The second step
is to process TAPE DATA through a transformation program called TRANS
which produces an output file called MASK DATA. MASK DATA is the 400 by
400 element square data base required by MASK. A third step, which is
required if an area larger than one degree is needed, uses a program
called COMBIN.
b. Transferring DTED From Tape
The GETTAPE program is a short batch program which retrieves
a specified DTED file from tape and transfers it to MVS under the name
TAPE DATA. The user must identify the desired file by tape label and
*file number prior to submitting the GETTAPE program. Each tape contains
several miscellaneous administrative files interspersed with the eleva-% I.
tion data files. Desired data files may be more easily located by using
a program called TSCN, which scans the tape and prints out the contents
by file number.
The tapes used in developing MASK cover an area from 46 to
• 51 degrees north latitude and from 118 to 124 degrees west longitude.
This includes most of Washington State and part of southern British
Columbia. The tapes are arranged primarily in latitude bands with each
tape containing six adjacent one-degree squares. The elevation data files
on each tape are numbered, from west to east, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.
Figure 3.3 shows the areas covered by tape label and file number.
35
I"
-; - . Z .. . . - . b . . . . -. . ,-. . ... . - , .. . , , , ... . _ ' " . .. .. . ... -.. ... - • . . = -
* Iq
FILE 211 14 17'NUMBER
TAPE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE OF SOUTHWEST CORNER
50 N 50 N 50 N 50N 50N 50N124 W 123 W 122 W 121W 120W 119W
S87 49N ----49N
S87 124W 119W
48N 48NS76 124W --- 119W
.1''
47N 47NS-8 124W g119W
ii
S 46N 46N 46N 46N 46N 46N124W 123W 122W 121W 120W 119W
Figure 3.3 Geographic Areas by Tape and File Number
36
- .i
S~ . '4*4
'4 4
c. TRANS
TRANS is the workhorse of the transformation process. It
accepts user defined inputs and the TAPE DATA file and produces a 400
by 400 square matrix called MASK DATA which is used by MASK. TRANS
prompts the user to input certain required values. These include the
latitude and longitude of the southwest corner of TAPE DATA, the south-
west corner of the area within TAPE DATA to be transformed and the de-
sired transformation interval.
Since MASK DATA can only hold a 400 square matrix the user
must make a tradeoff between resolution and area coverage. If high reso-
lution is required then MASK DATA will use the same three arcsecond
interval as TAPE DATA. This necessarily limits the geographic coverage
of MASK DATA to twenty minutes on each side. The next larger area
covered is 40 minutes square and is obtained by selecting a transforma-
tion interval of six arcseconds. During this transformation TRANS de-
letes half of the elevation values in each record and half the records in
the data file. This is equivalent to increasing the distance between
elevation data points to about 600 feet. If the entire data file is to
be transformed a similar process takes place, except that the interval is
increased to nine and more points are deleted.
As previously mentioned, the user must enter the location of
the southwest corner of the area to be transformed. If an entire degree
is to be transformed this location must necessarily be the same as the
southwest corner of the TAPE DATA file. When smaller areas are desired,
the user has some flexibility in the selection of the corner point as
long as it is not chosen so that TRANS runs out of data before the MASK
37
DATA file is filled. For example, when transforming a 20 minute square
the user may locate the corner point anywhere in TAPE DATA as long as 20
minutes of data remain to the north and to the east of the location.
This feature allows the user to position the MASK DATA file to best ad-
vantage in relation to terrain features or radar site locations.
In addition to transferring data based on a specified inter-
val and origin, TRANS deletes all nonelevation information from TAPE DATA
including labels, parity checks and the overlap values discussed before.
The format of the data is also rearranged so that MASK can read MASK DATA
as a FORTRAN matrix from right to left and top to bottom, equating this
with west to east and north to south. A header is added in the first
five data blocks of MASK DATA identifying the southwest corner of the
file in degrees, minutes and seconds and listing the data interval speci-
fied during the transformation.
Transformation of data at latitudes greater than 50 degrees is
handled within TRANS by a special algorithm. When a southwest corner
latitude is greater than, or equal to, 50 degrees north or 51 degrees
south a temporary file is created. TRANS then reads the TAPE DATA file
and duplicates the records required to "pad" the data and make the file
1200 records wide. During this process, the padded information is stored
in the temporary file. The file is then treated identically to a file
from lower latitudes.
d. COMBIN
Thus far, MASK DATA has been limited to the size of one DTED
file. While useful for fire control radars, the area of a single degree
square is inadequate for evaluating the envelopes of longer range
38
I ... ., .•. .. .. ..
-. acquisition and early warning radars. A program called COMBIN was written
to increase the area coverage of the MASK DATA file. As previously stated,
increasing the area of MASK DATA results in a commensurate degradation in
resolution due to deletion of data points. In practice, this degradation
has been slight but noticeable and is likely to be dependent on local
terrain roughness and radar location as well as decreased resolution.
The concept of COMBIN is to create a mosaic of several files
previously transformed by TRANS. Of neccessity, the output from COMBIN
will still be limited to the size of the MASK DATA file and the caveat
regarding resolution applies. To form the "tiles" of the mosaic, indi-
vidual DTED files are transformed using intervals greater than nine and
are stored in separate numbered files. When all of the required files are
transformed and properly assigned by file definition (FILEDEF) to their
positions in the mosaic, COMBIN systematically accesses the files by
number and combines the data into the standard MASK DATA format. For
example, if an area two degrees by two degrees were required, four
separate DTED files would have to be processed by TRANS at an interval
of 18. They would then be assigned by the user to FILEDEFs 11-14 accord-
ing to their relative geographic positions with the northwest file assigned
to 11, the northeast to 12, the southwest to 13 and the southeast to 14.
COMBIN would then be run and would access each file in turn, placing the
appropriate data in the mosaic. The product of COMBIN would be a MASK
DATA file which would be identical to one produced directly by TRANS,
except that it would cover four times the area at a reduced resolution.
The same general procedure applies to larger areas.
3g
* , -. *.. .*, -~*~* . . . . . . . . . . . - - . .. .- .-l m m m N 'i*M ~ *H W
m m m mC
mC .
m*
mm - n m*. ". . -.. " " " " : ', -
At present, the largest area which COMBIN will process is a
square mosaic of twenty-five individual DTED files. This equates to an
area of about 200 by 300 nautical miles at 48 degrees of latitude. The
I five by five degree square was chosen as a limit for two reasons. First,
the interval at this resolution is 45 arcseconds (three-fourths of a
nautical mile) and that is a significant distance betwen elevation data
points, especially in rough terrain. The second reason is that the pro-
cess is largely manual, since the user must load and transform twenty-five
DTED files and then assign each to a specific location in the mosaic. The
next larger square would contain 36 files and that is considered excessively
time consuming. An example using COMBIN will be presented in Chapter V.
3. Radar Parameters
a. Location
In addition to the data provided by the DTED, MASK prompts the
user to provide specific information about the radar site or sites to be
used. At a minimum, the latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes and
seconds is required for each site. If no information about the radar site
elevation is provided, MASK will determine elevation based on the location
entered by the user. A separate entry must be made giving the antenna
height above the ground. If this information is not known, a default
entry will assign a value of five meters to the mast height. It is, of
course, preferable to use the actual antenna elevation but MASK will per-
form the calculations using only the latitude and longitude if necessary.
Since site location is a critical variable in computing the
masking envelope, an effort has been made to provide as accurate a site
location as possible within the MASK DATA matrix. Some mention was made
40
¢/ , '-' ".b" " ' .- ''. .'- -. . .i . . .. . ..*-... . .. ..
-~~7 S7 -V - .-j
.4 in Chapter II of the requirement to cope with observers who fail to exist
7 exactly at matrix element locations. This requirement is not as critical
with a high resolution matrix as with one which has a large interval be-
tween data points. Positional errors in the large area data bases could
,. be on the order of half a mile if site locations within the matrix were
restricted solely to matrix element locations.
In general, geographic location in MASK is represented by the
*position of a subscripted element in the MASK DATA matrix. The point (l,l)
defines the northwest corner of the matrix and (400,400) is the southeast
corner. When MASK DATA is read by MASK the latitude and longitude of the
southwest corner is used as the geographic reference point for the rest of
the points in the matrix. By reading the transformation interval on the
MASK DATA file header, MASK has all of the information necessary to com-
pute the latitude and longitude of any element in the matrix. The actual
location of any element in MASK DATA is completely determined by the data
point location originally used in preparing the DTED file. These loca-
tions are used for the positions of the candidate points (CP) discussed in
Chapter II. Location of the radar site is a more complex problem, since
these sites will most likely be placed in locations which do not correspond
exactly to the location of any DTED elevation data point. Note that in
the following discussion (I,J) refers to the actual site locations, while
(II,JJ) describes the closest MASK DATA element to the northwest of (I,J).
A method was devised for MASK which allows for representing the exact
-. site location in terms of a matrix element (II,JJ) and an incremental dis-
placement (DI,DJ) from that element. This relationship is illustrated in
• !Figure 3.4. Whenever MASK performs a measurement in relation to a site,
41
mS, " "% " -":, -"""'-"--"-"-% 4 -- - -. . . . - . - . .
7T 7 .6. 17 17 t 77
" N.%- -
IF
. - ""IMJ A -
vI
-- -- -
a..- O .. .
.
Figure 3.4 Radar Site Location Method
42-.1-
................................... 2.
B.."
the distance is in terms of the distance to (II,JJ) and then an additional
incremental distance is either added or subtracted to compensate for the
offset location of the site.
b. Elevation
One of the applications of the method just described is in de-
termining a given site elevation in the absence of specific user informa-
tion. If the site were located exactly at a position corresponding to
(II,JJ) it would only be necessary to dereference the value of (II,JJ) to
obtain the site elevation. In most cases, however, an interpolation must
be performed to derive an approximate elevation value. Since MASK keeps
track of the exact position of the site within a four element square, a
weighted interpolation is performed based on the relative proximity of the
site to each of the four surrounding elevation data points. Consequently,
the interpolated elevation value derived by MASK is more accurate than a
simple average of the elevations of the surrounding points.
It should be noted that although the internal manipulation of
data in MASK is in terms of meters, the input values are specified in
terms of feet to comply with common usage in the Navy.
c. Pulse Repetition Frequency
The final site parameter is the pulse repetition frequency
(PRF) of the radar. MASK accepts a value up to 9999 pulses per second.
This is used to compute the radar's maximum unambiguous range (MUR)
according to equation 3.2,
MUR = C/(2 x PRF), (eqn. 3.2)
where C is the speed of light in a vacuum. If there is a range of PRF
the user should enter the lowest value which is operationally employed.
43
K:
" . " " " ° -:-" - *.. . . . .
Some radars use two simultaneous PRFs to extend the MUR. In this case,
the user should enter the difference between the two. The MUR is used in
MASK to reduce run time by limiting masking calculations to those points
in the matrix whose slant range from the radar is less than the MUR.
Points outside the MUR are automatically classified as masked. If the
user does not desire the MUR limit imposed, a default value of -999 will
set the PRF value so low that the MUR is beyond the display capabilities
of MASK. In particular, deletion of the MUR limit would be applicable to
all non-pulsed radars.
d. Multiple Sites
MASK is capable of processing and displaying the combined
envelopes of up to nine different radar sites on any given run. After
completing all required entries for sites one through eight, MASK will
prompt the user to input additional sites as desired. If more sites are
required, the user so indicates and then supplies inputs for the next site
as previously discussed. After the ninth site has been entered MASK will
not accept further site information.
4. Refractive Effects
One of the features of MASK is the modelling of the effects of
refraction on radar and optical propagation paths. The concept outlined
in Chapter II requires that an equivalent earth radius be calculated as
a function of the refractive gradient, dn/dh. MASK uses the scaled-up
gradient, dN/dh for this purpose. The value of dN/dh must be computed
and input by the user if non-standard propagation is to be modelled.
In the standard case, the user enters a value of -039 which results in
the conventional four-thirds earth radius model. Land based systems
44
i v.. .. ", % %* " . . .,.. ... . . . . . . .. . ...
will not normally be subject to effects such as superrefraction or duct-
ing, since these phenomena are caused primarily by the formation of evapora-
tion layers over large bodies of water. If, however, a land based system
is located in an essentially marine atmospheric environment significant
anomalous propagation can result. An example of such a situation is the
use of radar for coastal defense and surveillance. If the radar is placed
sufficiently close to the coast it will be immersed in a marine air mass
and is likely to be subject to the refractive anomalies normally associ-
ated with shipboard radar propagation. In these cases a non-standard value
of dN/dh should be used to determine the equivalent earth radius.
The best available source of information on the value of dN/dh is
the IREPS computer program, which is installed on all CVs. One of the
outputs of IREPS is a table of N values for various heights in kilometers-4
above MSL. In addition, IREPS predicts a radar ducting height if condi-
tions would produce one. To compute dN/dh, the user chooses an altitude
above MSL and subtracts the value of N at the radar antenna height from
the value of N at the specified altitude (the result will normally be nega-
tive). This number is then divided by the difference between the two
altitudes in kilometers. The altitude should be chosen to include the
proposed strike altitude. For example, if the strike altitude were 5000
feet MSL the user would choose an N value at an altitude of about 1525
meters, interpolating as necessary from the available altitude readings.
The value of dN/dh obtained in this manner would be the average gradient
from the surface to 5000 feet MSL. If ducting is predicted by IREPS,
this indicates that an average value is probably not appropriate, since
there will be a significant difference in dN/dh values at various altitudes.
45
p" • a . ,¢ .°c -i .oo oi1 ' .. q - .. -... . . .. • . •.-. .. .. ° .- 4. . . - °. - . • .- t . . o
In these cases, the predicted ducting height should be used to calculate
dN/dh. If the radar and the aircraft are both below the ducting height,
MASK will use the non-standard value of dN/dh. Otherwise, standard four-
thirds earth radius will be used. It is recommended that the value of
dN/dh be computed whenever the information is available, since even normal
refractive conditions cover a wide range of values for dN/dh.MASK does not model atmospheric effects at the same level of
sophistication as the IREPS program. Consequently, there is one case in
which MASK will not produce accurate results. This occurs when ducting is
present and the radar is located inside the duct but the aircraft is
located above the duct. MASK contains no algorithm to predict the radar's
ability to "see through" the top of the duct. In this case, MASK uses the
four-thirds earth radius model and produces coverage envelopes which are
likely to extend well beyond the radar's actual coverage. The terminal
prompt message for entering ducting height contains a specific warning to
this effect. In such situations the user should consult the IREPS verti-
cal coverage diagram for the radar in question to determine the severity
of predicted radar coverage loss.
One special use of the refractive effects inputs is to model the
coverage of optical systems. Under standard conditions the distance to
the optical horizon is approximately seven percent greater than the
geometric horizon and seven percent less than the radar horizon (Ref. 4:
p 48]. The reason that the optical horizon is less than the radar hori-
zon is that light refraction depends only on temperature and pressure and
not on humidity as in the case of radar. The result is that the values
of dN/dh obtained from IREPS cannot be used to account for optical
46
refraction. It is possible, however, to model standard day optical re-
fraction in MASK by entering a dN/dh of -020, which equates to the correct
equivalent earth radius for optics. This value has no relation to the
actual optical refractivity but is merely a means of tricking MASK into
producing standard day optical conditions. The appropriate ducting height
value in this special case is 99999.
5. Strike Altitudes
MASK is able to process two types of strike profiles simultaneously.
The first type is a cruising profile in which the aircraft maintain a given
altitude above MSL. This profile is applicable to transiting to and from a
low altitude descent point or for strike elements whose mission requires
* that they remain at higher altitudes. The second type is a terrain follow-
ing profile which is applicable to strike aircraft attempting to remain
below the terrain masking altitude during the terminal portion of the
attack. MASK requires that the user enter a value in terms of feet above
ground level (AGL) and one in terms of feet above MSL. There is no re-
quirement for any dependence between the two values, thus allowing for
simultaneous processing of coverage envelopes for widely separated strike
elements. A special value is required by MASK if the user does not want
one or the other of the coverage displays to be output.
6. Topographic Display Selection
The user must choose whether or not to display a topographic map
of the area covered by MASK DATA. It is necessary to have a copy of the
topographic display in order to interpret the masking envelope displays.
However, the topographic display will not change unless MASK DATA is
changed, so one initial copy will suffice for any number of envelope
displays as long as the same MASK DATA file is used.
47
":~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-:......... .. :.... .. :,.:..- .-... :....,.....,....*.., . *.-.- ...-....-..-... , ,-. -.. '*...,.-...-
7. Input Errors
If, at any time during the input phase, an entry is made in error
it cannot be changed. The only corrective action is to press the ENTER
key twice which causes the program to abort. All previous inputs are
automatically erased and the program must be run again from the beginning.
Since the inputs for MASK are all integers, it is vital that the
user enter them in the correct format using right justification. Each
prompt message specifies the exact format of the required response, in-
cluding sign if negative values are appropriate. The only exception is a
value of zero, in which case the format is irrelevant. Failure to comply
with the specified input format will produce results ranging from in-
accuracy to program abort.
C. MATHEMATIC MODEL
1. General
This section discusses the mathematic model which manipulates the
input data and creates the output displays. The model is composed of the
main program, MASK, five subroutines and three short functions. All pro-
gram elements are written in FORTRAN IV and use the IBM 3033 FORTHX com-
piler. Calculations are primarily done in single precision with the
exception of some of the angle computations which use double precision.
In addition to the MASK program elements, there is an executive program
called FLY EXEC which defines certain files and compiles, loads and runs
either MASK, TRANS or COMBIN. Other functions related to acquiring
temporary disk space and moving files from MVS to disk are performed by
a profile executive program during the log-on procedure. In the sections
which follow, each of the program elements is discussed, emphasizing the
48
-4.,
., .. ,...-.. .. . ., . ... .. . ... . .. . ... . . , ..
the concepts used to solve the masking calculation problem. Detailed
discussion of the program code is only used when required to explain the
method used by a particular routine.
The main program is presented first from start to finish, followed
by each subroutine in order and then the functions. Flow charts are
interspersed in the text to provide a graphic display of the program
structure. It will be helpful for the reader to briefly review the flow-
charts prior to reading the explanations in the text. The flowchart for
the main program, MASK, is shown in Figure 3.5.
2. MASK
The first portion of MASK is devoted to reading the input data
discussed in the previous section. At the end of this phase MASK knows
the position and elevation of each element in MASK DATA, the southwest
corner of MASK DATA, the transformation interval, the latitude, longitude,
elevation, mast height and PRF of each site, the number of total sites,
strike altitudes in AGL and/or MSL terms, dN/dh, ducting height andtopographic display selection.
The next operation is initialization of variables. These include
actual earth radius, resolution of the output displays, the value of pi,
the relation between meters and feet and the dimensions of the output dis-
plays. At this time the AGL and MSL output displays are intialized to the
masked condition.
If the user has requested a topographic display, the LOOK sub-
routine is called and generates the display which is stored in the output
file. This operation is essentially "off line" and does not require any
core storage in MASK.
49
2. "
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Figure 3.5a lowChrtfo MS
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Figure 3.5b Flow Chart for MASK
%4 51
calculat
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The next operation is to initiate the loop which calls up each
radar site in sequence. The description which follows applies to all
sites as they are processed.
The first step is to compute the radar maximum unambiguous range
which is stored for later comparison with the slant range from the site
to each CP. Next, the LOCATE subroutine is called and returns the posi-
tion (I,J) of the site and the antenna mast height if the default value
is used. MASK then takes the integer value (II,JJ) of the site and sub-
tracts (IIJJ) from (I,J) to obtain DI and DJ. These two variables
describe the site offset from (II,JJ) to the south and east, respectively.
If site elevation has not been explicitly input, MASK then performs the
previously described interpolation of site elevation. Mast height is
* then added to the elevation to obtain the antenna height above MSL.
The calculations performed so far have all been in terms of matrix
position or elevation. In order to measure horizontal distances along the
ground a relationship must be established between the matrix dimensions
and real world. As previously mentioned, the distance between elevation
data points decreases as latitude increases according to the cosine of
the latitude of the positions in ,ise. In this case the latitude value
used is that of the radar site. The number of meters between points in
latitude (MPPLAT) is computed based on the number of meters per arcsecond
of latitude (approximately 30.87) and the number of arcseconds of inter-
val used between points. For example, if an interval of three were used
MPPLAT would be approximately 92.6. The number of meters per point in
longitude (MPPLON) is obtaint by multiplying MPPLAT by the cosine of the
radar site latitude. MPPLAT and MPPLON define the north-south and
53
-7J. '. -. .. . .- : .. ...- .- .L : , - . > ,. L - . ... .. . .. .... . .
east-west dimensions, respectively, of an imaginary rectangle formed by
any four adjacent elements of MASK DATA. Another way to visualize this
relationship is to think of MPPLAT as the ground distance between any two
matrix elements (M,N) and (M+I,N) and MPPLON as the distance between (M,N)
and (M,N+l). All horizontal distance measurements in MASK are in terms of
these two basic values.
The next event is the initiation of the nested loops which scan
MASK DATA from west to east and north to south. The outer loop is the
north to south one and uses the index variable, M, while the inner loop
uses N as an index variable and scans from west to east. These two loops
scan the entire MASK DATA matrix, but only a fraction of the elements
(M,N) are actually processed as CPs. The reason is that although MASK
DATA is a 400 by 400 matrix, the output matrices are only 80 characters
square and will therefore only display one element in five horizontally
and one in five vertically. There is no sense in processing elements
2.. which will not be displayed, so only one in twenty-five elements (M,N) is
chosen as a CP. The twenty-five to one ratio is solely a function of the
output display size relative to the size of MASK DATA; use of larger out-
put displays would increase the number of CPs processed. It should be
emphasized that although only a fraction of the MASK DATA elements are
--.. used as CPs, none of the matrix elements are excluded from the terrain
4."-"- masking calculations since the computations performed at each CP use
every MASK DATA element between the CP and the site.
The first event within the (M,N) loops is to establish the five
to one ratio of M and N to the display matrix indices, DM and DN. In
contrast to the elements (M,N), every element (DM,DN) will be used as a
CP and will be displayed during output.
A, 54
.4;
.5.4. J . .', .. . -< , "-.,.-.. , ... . .-. -. . .. ..
n l lli lN ~ i "a - - " " t ... . . ' ' '. ', '.. 't , '-'- ."-. ,
At this point the display matrices are accessed and a grid network
I is superimposed so that the matrices have horizontal and vertical lines
printed on all four borders and at the points corresponding to DM or DN
equal to 20, 40, and 60. This grid is identical on all output matrices
and is used as an aid in correlating the information contained in the
various displays.
The first displayable element (MrN) is now dereferenced and its
value becomes the height above MSL of the first CP. The value of MAXV is
initialized at its minimum value of -pi/2 to begin the loop. The maximum
unambiguous range (MUR) is compared with the slant range between the site
and the CP. If the slant range is greater than the MUR the CP is con-
sidered masked. If not, the horizontal slope (SH) is computed according
- to equation 3.3.
SH = (M-I)/(J-N) (eqn. 3.3)
If J is exactly equal to N (both have the same longitude) SH is set to
an arbitrarily large positive value.
The next section of MASK is devoted to sampling all intermediate
points (X,Y) between (I,J) and (M,N) as described in Chapter II. The
sampling value used depends on the value of SH. Logically speaking,
MASK can be divided into four quadrants defined by two perpendicular
lines intersecting at (I,J) with slopes of one and negative one. All
those CPs which fall into the upper and lower quadrants have an SH whose
absolute value is greater than one. The CPs in the left and right
quadrants have slopes whose absolute value is less than or equal to one.
If the MASK DATA matrix is envisioned as a network of horizontal and
55kelp
• V , , . -".. . -- '."."."." " .. .-. ' ".. ..-- . . . .
vertical lines whose intersections define the individual element loca-
tions, the horizontal lines can be thought of as lines of equal latitude
and the veritcal ones as lines of equal longitude. If a CP is in an
upper or lower quadrant, a line connecting it to the site will intersect
more latitude lines than longitude lines. The opposite holds if the CP
is in a left or right quadrant. All sampling for the CPs in the upper
and lower quadrants is done at the points (X,Y) where the line from (I,J)
to (M,N) intersects one of the horizontal lines. Conversely, the (X,Y)
points for CPs in the left and right quadrants are located at the inter-
sections of the vertical lines and the line from (I,J) to (M,N). This
method is illustrated in Figure 3.6.
Two separate subroutines handle the sampling in MASK. The LATSCN
subroutine is used for CPs in the upper or lower quadrants and LONSCN is
used if the CP is in the left or right. Both routines perform the neces-
sary calculations outlined in Chapter II in order to determine a value for
MAXV at each CP and return the value to MASK.
The last subroutine called by MASK is COMPAR. It is given MAXV
and other inputs which it uses to compute the masking altitude, MHM, above
(M,N). The output from COMPAR is a variable for each CP, indicating
whether or not a target is masked at the specified strike altitude above
the CP. As each CP is processed the indicator variables are stored in the
output matrices for later display as discussed in section E.
3. LOOK
The LOOK subroutine provides a topographic display of the contents
of MASK DATA. This display is the key to interpreting the AGL and MSL
displays. An alphabetic code is used to denote the elevation of each
56
r.•
UPPER 0
QUADRANT
\A
LEFT______QUADRANT
H(Y)
'4w' -
BRACKET EL, MENTS
Is RIGHTQUADRANT
*'ILI (X' ' )
LOWER M',N')
QUADRANT
Figure 3.6 Sampling Technique for Various Quadrants
57
' 4, . 4.* . . . . . . . . - ... , ... . , . , . - . . . . . . , . . .. . , . , . . . , -.. . . .-~ . . . . . .
element. By comparing adjacent codes, LOOK "blanks out" all codes which
-6 are not part of a boundary between one elevation value and the next
higher value. The result is that only boundary elements are displayed
and these form contour lines of equal elevation. Grid lines identical-°Ul
to those on the AGL and MSL displays are superimposed on the LOOK output
matrix to aid in display correlation. The output is annotated with the
latitude and longitude of the southwest corner of MASK DATA and with a
legend providing the relation between the alphabetic codes and the corres-
ponding elevation bands. The flowchart for LOOK is shown in Figure 3.7.
4. LOCATE
LOCATE determines the location of a given radar site in terms of
a matrix position (I,J) within MASK DATA. It modifies its calculations to
account for latitudes above or below the equator and west or east of 0
degrees longitude. Site position is based on the latitude and longitude
relative to the southwest corner of MASK DATA and is transformed into
matrix position by use of the transformation interval value. In addition,
it assigns a default mast height value of five meters if no specific value
is provided by the user. The flowchart for LOCATE is shown in Figure 3.8.
5. LONSCNLONSCN performs the task of sampling intermediate points (X,Y)
between (M,N) and (I,J) when the CP is in the left or right quadrant rela-
tive to (I,J). At each (X,Y) point LONSCN locates the two elements of
MASK DATA which bracket (X,Y) directly to the north and south. The loca-
tion of these elements is determined by the slope of the line, SH, and the
distance from Y to J. The elevation values of the bracketing elements are
used to interpolate the elevation value of (X,Y). The interpolation is
58
U. >-:..K-..K -. < :c-
red.~x
Det*mm
Is1aye
NAti
Figure 3.7 Flow Chart for LOOK
' 59
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F~gure 38 Flo Cat fo OCT
60
done using a weighted value for each elevation based on the distance of
(X,Y) from each element. If (X,Y) chances to fall exactly on a MASK DATA
a element the elevation of that element is simply assigned to (X,Y).
LONSCN also performs the spherical to planar transformation dis-
cussed in Chapter II. The first step in this process is to find the
ground distance from (I,J) to (X,Y). This is done by first computing the
length of the hypotenuse of a triangle whose base is equal to MPPLON and
whose height is equal to SH times MPPLAT. This distance corresponds to
the length of a segment of the line from (I,J) to (M,N) as it passes be-
tween two vertical lines separted by one N-unit. This length is then
multiplied by the difference between Y and J to give the desired ground
distance. The ground distance is divided by twice the equivalent earth
radius to give the value for the angle, ALPHA. ALPHA is then used to com-
pute the equivalent heights, hl' and h2', and the increased distance D'.
SV' is computed as discussed in Chapter II and is compared with the cur-
rent value of MAXV. If SV' is larger than MAXV, MAXV takes on the value
of SV' for the next comparison. The next adjacent (X,Y) point is then
investigated using the same process. Once all (X,Y) points along the line
have been investigated the existing value of MAXV is returned to MASK for
use in COMPAR. The flowchart for LONSCN is shown in Figure 3.9.
6. LATSCN
LATSCN performs the same operations as LONSCN for all CPs in the
upper or lower quadrants. The code is, of course, written to handle the
problem with a 90 degree rotation of axes, but the concepts are identical.The flowchart for LATSCN is shown in Figure 3.10.
61
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Figure 3.10b Flow Chart for LATSCN
" 65
""4..,' , , ... .,. . .-. ., .. . - .',' -. .'% . ' .. -.- - ..
7. COMPAR
COMPAR performs several functions. The first is the calculation
of the masking height in meters above MSL at the CP. The problem is set
up as a triangle having one apex at the radar antenna (A), one at the
center of the equivalent earth (C) and one at an unknown height (B) above
(M,N). The distance from (I,J) to (M,N) is the arclength separating AC
and BC at the equivalent earth radius from C. The angle (BETA) subtended
by this arclength is obtained by dividing the arclength by the radius.
The angle between AB and BC is pi minus the sum of MAXV and BETA and is
the angle opposite to AC. The length of the side AC is known to be the
equivalent radius plus antenna height above MSL. By using the above in-
formation and the Law of Sines, COMPAR obtains the length of the side BC.
The value of the masking height above MSL (MHM) is obtained by subtract-
ing the equivalent earth radius from the length of BC. A corresponding
value for the masking height above ground level (MHA) is obtained by sub-
tracting the elevation value at (M,N) from MHM.
The determination of the state of the indicator variable at (M,N)
is made by comparing MHM to the input MSL strike altitude and MHA to the
AGL altitude. If MHM is greater than the MSL strike altitude, the indi-
cator variable takes on a value equivalent to a masked condition. If MHM
is less than the MSL altitude, the indicator variable shows that the air-
craft is unmasked and within the radar maximum unambiguous range at the
specified altitude. The MHA comparison performs the same function in re-
lation to the AGL strike altitude. The MHM comparison may also result in
a third state for the indicator variable. This occurs if the specified
input value of the MSL strike altitude is less than or equal to the terrain
66
elevation at the CP, regardless of the masking calculation. This state is
displayed to alert the user to the fact that the assigned MSL altitude is
infeasible at that particular point. The indicator variables generated by
the calculations for the point (M,N) are stored in the AGL and MSL dis-
plays at the location (DM,DN), which is identical in both displays.
As the MASK DATA matrix is sequentially investigated, the indicator
variables in the AGL and MSL matrices eventually form sets of masked points,
unmasked points and, in the MSL matrix, points where terrain elevation ex-
ceeds strike altitude. A procedure is employed, similar to that used in
LOOK, which blanks out all masked and unmasked indicator variables except
those which define the boundary between the two sets. The result is an
envelope extending out from the radar site within which an aircraft at the
specified altitude is in the direct line of sight and inside maximum un-
ambiguous range. COMPAR also generates up to nine numbered site locations
for display in the AGL and MSL outputs. If more than one site is placed
at the same display element only the number of the last site input will be
displayed on output. If envelopes from multiple sites overlap, the indi-
vidual boundaries within the overlap area are deleted and the envelopes
are merged into a single continuous area of coverage. This results in a
much more easily interpreted output display. If individual envelopes are
desired, the user must run the sites separately. The flowchart for COMPAR
is shown in Figure 3.11.
D. FUNCTIONS
MASK uses three short functions. The IASEC function converts degrees,
minutes and seconds of arc into units of seconds only. The RAD function
667
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~j. 69
converts degree angular measurements into equivalent radian values. IRND
converts real numbers to integers by performing a round-off (instead of
the normal truncation used by the library function).
E. OUTPUT
1. Topographic Display
The topographic display is selected by the user during the input
phase. The purpose of the display is to provide a reference to aid in
relating the AGL and MSL masking displays to actual geographic features
such as mountain ranges, river valleys and coastlines. The topographic
display has much the same appearance as a typical topographic chart. Con-
tour lines are spaced closely in areas of steep terrain and are more
widely spaced in areas of moderate terrain variation. Coastlines are
easily recognized due to the use of the special symbol (.) for sea level
elevation. The grid system which overlays the elevation code provides
additional cues for locating geographic features and relating them to the
same features on standard aeronautical charts. In effect, the topographic
display acts as the interface between the AGL and MSL masking displays,
which contain almost no geographic references, and the detailed charts
used in planning strike routes. Figure 3.12 shows a typical topographic
display while Figure 3.13 shows the same geographic area on an aeronauti-
cal chart.
2. AGL Display
The AGL display shows numbered site loca uils and the masking
envelope for the specified AGL strike altitude. The area depicted in
the display is identical to the area covered by the topographic display.
.70"--' 70
o 'W. ' *.', . . . . . . . . . ..- *' -,, ,". • " . . .
*.* ............. K 0 LMNI'.NLLL L j Oif MM Pu iIRT:K LL LLLLL L141 N w uPP3 'sK
*......... KKK 14MM NOOuPPO 1SA~*4 **0.. .. ,..K~oKLMIUNUO VPN PPWj.'4OU~JJP
...... LM P Pu NU.4 US..KLNUPR42 PU 'JNO3i
S....4(I LLL MOPJ 4 P 0 eJuik0PJ.. % L LL LL. LLNUP'..FjUJO NNVwki4A
'*.........KK L L L L L OPIIP OUL NUUI' w, r sKKL MLL LI.I L L MOP P PON OPWRW~.RRk RT~~: ..... . LL LLL LI L MNO0PPPUJ4M N#.,?4-tSrS S
KI LL LL I IUUINM M4 Nvj K.$rST.. .. KL L MMNMMM M N UWAS rs
so o.s*...KK L L .MNN.JOON M441 14 Uk STTRQj K..KK L L MU. LMMNMM 0'iPPOJN' MNN Ui OSSSPLIJ
............. **......K Ko....KK I LLMM UON UP.J PUC, ,O0PP.Njj r'3 PWS..................................... K V....... KK L MNr '4 0 ,'JQPO, r MNPPU OPQP
*.*.*.***..*. .LK.4.K......LLINN N U i-PUiN M OUPU OwiRSKA~I.LF........... I LL~' Ou NhM i4VPQIP M 14N NOP JIJIMb ST...KKLK.o ...... I ..!..V............. KKL M N 0 00 4M--i'4 4,PO M4 M4 04~i 0.4 RSP S
:*LLLKK'4CNK.... L M..L.".....41 N Gi PPCj#3'4 3PWQi PC1 M A'POP3QQRt R* .N .. 4..COK IN ..... I NiO N 3PQJ 3 NOIPPUM M N.DO LIP P )1 R
L114 M...LCPOO(.....N..... . 1( 00414N N0Q4JNMMf M4ICUR M NO ?4QRI3RNO0OLLL...4NCPOCN:*-IL.o.....AON4........-.&4IOOCN NP N'INNOO NM COON~ Ui JAS SRLPIM LLK..LF Mt.N,%LX(........ N NN MON N3PQ?4 N3PQ NO' RRSTi.KL LNK..CMM;'L.................. .... 400 CPPNM NN OOPR(UP-4 Cs)QkPLI 4uP Q RR
- * .*.KM N .4o.KLL .. . K.. ...... LI4OPPO M .1 NUP U.4MOPRS.4PN N3PQ~atRRKoK.M41 MI..LI ... K ... a.ZONN M4 .4N00PPC4 MC RSA PC NOPPPP
* *..KLULNL.... K.. ... I(MMJ-4N MNNNM N4 OPPRQP ONLKKK.K ........ K NIK............K LA L I OP RSk RPog OPPQ.KLLKKNL..*....IMW4L LN N.K..........K L L L I M CP~ikRSRKRPCI 43PPKKK..........: M NI :;NOL..S. IA....... *K....K L LLL L. MI MNh)PWFPQQ~j~i 3.206.9K.KK 1..P4. NK'KL..o4X I4..so: KK ILL LNMMI4N 14140 00J'4N
* K.....K KKlI. I::: KIKK.K.....l. LLLeLIL. Ri4NMLLLLK.....KLKKL:I LLLL.LL.
L..,I MKooK. ......... LI.LK...I L L t I LLLLLLLL N
L..I L L..V.o.. .**K...L4M,4M.(K. I .K ILNNMNMMMVINN;2POMNPKKK.W.K LIKo....... MKV...NN NK K.. I..K IL ff4JPPPPPPP;)RQQ 0
*.......K.KKKL..... .. LLM14 LI-iL L .. R400 kiSSRM P0e........KKK..KK .... ..... KLMt LKK...L LI LILL NUPRA R -k QQP
t4 ............ .. o....KL......jKL Li LNMMIL Mu PiQR R Rk Q.... .. ....i 4L.#(~L L MM M4L L. MNOP RRRSR RR
.................................... ...... K LLMLK..*..L K IN ML LM H4 0 PQR.1AJ RRJ. Q... K L N.4.....LIK MNONNL LM OP u..0PPWPPIPP
::::::A LLLL.....K.I.K 114000MM 4.M NOPPP...... Ko. sK..:. o ..KKK MNQG00 NM N NCXOO
S....4 . ....IKLLN.L.KK L. M NOON MN NN N 0
:::::::K L LM. KKKKKL.1 ........ V L. A ONM NGOPJO3 PILL L INN IMIK K L M NO N N NOPQP PQPL KK ... KK. I ..........K M NNN14M MN 0 NI4O3POO'4NN
KILL K..K............ ......... K L j M MNN MI..........V.4U.....K LL Nf M *MMM'INN1 N
#---- --- LL-LL------N4L -KK---L -- M-LL---M--4.I1--NO*...........KL K* ........ ..... I. LV.KKKKK IL I L. L L L IL NOP
S....KK....4....... ...LM 4 LA:... LLLLL L L LI. L W400*.......... .. KLLIK.LLI .. (.s( MI ::LK...!K LL L L M.
.LK' LL L......L3IN.K........KLLI. L L. 1 1141
...K LLK... ..IM..... .KL-4M LLLI LLL A4% .. K KKK LLK...AINI..........44. MNN LI L.MV MN
.... ...... 4I. II(.....I N 14M45 L 14 43MN 140.:.:.:::.:.:::LK....KI LK.......L 14 MI L NM MN
* *..........KK AN....... L....N LL4....VLI N 111 41 14 14....L.....iiNLLLLL.......KI.. M 1.I(..I 4 1141L I. M 14
LLMMLL...L-4 La::~ .... IK.LLI...K...L LNLN IN SM14:N11..KI'4k LK. IK*....KL*L K.LK.....4.K.....LLI 11.1 41414N
NIMLI: %4V.IIL444. K4.K...~44..K Mt........ 11-4 114414 NM
* .I MNK...K . I!K.Kf.*....4M L.*KL LK...........*KILLLIKKK L 144 4 NKIMWN!N;-*II.. KLL L.K.K......I Lik....L KJ I...... ....K.. ...K L. NM M
4. W4OOPC'%I'K..I ML ILg.K.KK.....4LLI..KMI. LLI.'......... .... K L M444 N4OPJ3PGNMMK. LM4LKL(LL. ..K......... K KKLIL LLLLLLLK .I..I.4K 1 M
Figure 3.12 Topographic Display Example
J.
71
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There is, in fact, a one to one relationship between each position on
the topographic display and the corresponding position on both the AGL
and MSL displays. This allows the user to physically overlay one dis-
play on top of another during the correlation process. The recommended
procedure is to highlight the masking envelope with a dark pen, place
the topographic display on top of the AGL display and simply trace the
envelope onto the topographic display. If desired, transparencies may
be made of the AGL display and then used as overlays on top of the
topographic display.
In addition to the graphic portion of the AGL display there is
a separate printed page containing amplifying information. The infor-
mation includes the latitude and longitude of the southwest corner of
the display, the grid spacing in minutes, the physical dimensions repre-
sented by each display symbol, dN/dh, ducting height, the input para-meters of each radar site and a legend describing the meaning of the
display symbols.
One common effect shown in the AGL displays warrants some explan-
ation. Instead of a single envelope being displayed, it is not unusual
for the AGL display to contain several disjoint masking enveolopes. The
explanation for this is that the aircraft altitude is varying with ground
elevation in order to maintain a constant AGL height. As a result, the
specified AGL altitude will occasionally rise above the masking height
and then fall below it closer to the site. This would occur, for example,
if the aircraft had to climb over a ridge at some distance from the site.
Just prior to cresting the ridge the aircraft would enter the unmasked
envelope and then as the aircraft descended into the valley below it
73
.icy
would become masked again until it came sufficiently close to the site'.4
to be seen continuously. In this manner, several disjoint areas of
clear line-of-sight are normally generated in mountainous areas, while
fewer are generated in less variable terrain. This situation does not
occur at all over water, nor does this effect appear in the MSL dis-
plays, since the aircraft are maintaining a constant MSL altitude.
3. MSL Display
The MSL display contains the same information as the AGL display
except that the indicator variables are generated by comparing the mask-
ing height with the specified MSL strike altitude at each CP. The
symbology, grid markings and explanatory pages are identical to those
used in the AGL display with one addition. The symbol "0" is used to
denote areas in which the terrain exceeds the specified MSL altitude.
Flight in such regions is infeasible for obvious reasons.
74
Ni
IV. MODEL VERIFICATION
A. GENERAL
This chapter will briefly describe methods of verifying the accuracy
of the output from MASK.
The most realistic and most costly method of verifying the results of
MASK's calculations is flight testing using actual radars and aircraft.
There are, however, other methods which may be used to ascertain whether
or not MASK is performing properly. Two such tests are presented below.
Prior to describing the tests, however, some explanation should be given
regarding the data base used in the tests.
B. TEST DATA BASE
In order to have a simple data base of known characteristics a test
data base was developed for MASK. The data base is a 400 by 400 element
matrix containing three pyramids which are placed on a sea level plain.
Figure 4.1 is a topographic display showing the arrangement of the pyramids.
The pyramids are of varying heights with the one in the southeast area of
the plain being the shortest. The northwestern pyramid is twice the height
of the short one and the northeastern one is four times the height of the
short one. The two to one ratio of heights between successively taller
pyramids facilitates certain comparisons which are used in testing.
Some characteristics of the test data base are designed to be adjust-
able by changing the appropriate parameters in the program, TERR, which
creates the data base. The transformation interval may be varied from 3
to 45 arcseconds, effectively changing the area coverage of the data base
75
'aw
* . . a .. . .. .. .... .* * **. . .. .............. *. *.. . . ... a..a::: :-::., ::.. * . .:* ::...... *:::::*:..:*:.* ...*aae~a*......... .. .a.. .a a ...* * **..a....... .............. a................. ............ .... ......................... .......
LL*...a.... L.... ..aLLa t: K. **AMa,4AM*aALLIa. A ...... ao...
........... .......... .. ...... ... " :'aa.." .""..""".a .. "."" ... a....a".." ."..... *.. ...iii. .a...... .a .O....a..... a....iiii~i!: *..........*aaS-'-;---a.a*.*....**t. aa..a............ ... a.....
P ............... a....aa.. :*:::::::::.::..::: " ................... *"
... N N..P........... PA.............
KEN N...LLUUU K. QN K LUNIP9I.IMP'iIIL *.a .. a .. a
................... :....K .N N .LK L4N .P . . P .IL......................
.. a............ KU. M N 0NN ML K.V L4V N & 00 P N IL ........
*0000 .Ioooooe... KLM I N 00 N LK LINO PPoP 0 Nm ooo. oo . .o
*aa***~*.**....ALM - 300 N M U.K L4 N 0 P p P ONi 14L ........
e........o....e.. eKLN 04 NeN MILK L.4 N0 P iQ0P o.i N.............. ......Ko.................. .L M14 0 0 N L K LM N 0 00 N LK *a...a.....
a'~1 La~.a..... 'U. MI 0 ON LK KLM N0O.OP N LK . . ............
ooeoo oe eoe oooeK LL fMf4MNM4 LL KL AM NNdNN F,. LKI. • e............ a..... . MN 0.. N K I K L ,P I 4 , P .......* eee..o.... o.. ..A P 0 00 N LK, LfKNO PL P 0 N L.L,,KKK. .... ......o..o.ooooeoooe.oo..e.. %.LI F4 20 N N' LK( LIN 0 P P O I.a. K.
>.... .............. . 94, FINo N 94LK LIN0 PP 0 1 1K .. ... .... .... ..... ,
aaa•a.. K IN IU." K K NK L 03 N ILK .L.......... .....
ooo~oooeo~oooo~oeK L(I M4 NN M LM L 0 PP 0; I
"a.a................ K II N U K , KL 1030 N ILK .o... ......................* :.a.............. K LU 114,11 LU K KU 11 Fa'4NNN I, U. .............a............ , .K ULL..LLL,-L K. K, ULLII4. V4114U.U.l/L . .a......ooaa.*aaa..aa.ba.. .KIKKKK KKKIKKKo.o *(KKJKL~.U.....KKK.I a...a.oo.....oe....
j a..... ~ ...... ......... .... . 1::::..:1.:.:'"." "a. .KKK 'KKKI ....*.....a. .. a .. a .... "..*.* * ":::"'::. '1... .KKK...**... *.....a*.........*. ... .... .......... LU U. K.o.aeo ...., ... ......... .. *.a............a.o K . 1111 . K
****...****... *a~t...9.*a** a.a.....a.....K U. " tI L.o..... ... o..... ....... K L M I L
************** .......... a *a* a a K U. M4 N 4 U.
****a*****a.** *aa~a~a.a.... a...a.........K L. MH M LK*.a1....... ...... --....-.-....... ..... ..... L....... K U L
*.........a.o.. .. **....a*. , oa.....a.a...... K. L MM 1N U. K*o**ao*o*aa**a...ao eeooa.o..a.oeoo.ooo o..o*......o......ooo..K, . 94941 U. K.
.. oa.o..o..o...oo... .. a**............o* *eaoa.o.o.eeeo e K L LLLL. K.............a *......a~a~a. .a....a..... *KK KKK.*
•. . .. ..... ................ .: ... :........: ............... a.::. . ...... .....-- I a e -- ra N - ---------- p
.... ..... .......... ..... ...... :........... .. ............ .... ....... a......
.................... 1::.1 .... ... ::::1:1:: .1::: .........................
:::::::::::::.... ...... a.........................::::::::.... ".......... .'::..... ... .... ..... .. .. ......... .iiii
Figure 4.1 Test Data Base Configuration
00A 76
oo
.......... ::::::::::a.~~ii~ii?:i!iiiii..goa.o eo e e o ooo e
ii!'!'.'i!!~i!!i!! ~iii::::::: ::::::::::::::::
II
S.i
and increasing distances between elevation data points. The latitude and
longitude may be changed to represent changing ratios of MPPLON and MPPLAT
in different latitudes. The heights of the three pyramids may be varied
from zero to an arbitrarily large value as long as the ratio of heights
remains as previously described. This last change is accomplished by
changing the value of a height multiplier which is applied to all elements
in the matrix. As originally designed, the pyramids had heights of 25, 50
and 100 meters. By using a multiplier value of ten the heights were in-
creased to 250, 500 and 1000 meters while the sea level plane, of course,
remained constant. In this manner it is possible to alter the data base
to represent a level plain or ocean surface, an area of moderate terrain
variation or one in which there are radical elevation changes. The obvi-
ous advantage of using this type of data base for verification is that it
is a test pattern which may be easily modified by the user to suit a partic-
ular scenario.
The FLY EXEC is used to define the necessary files and execute TERR. It
should be noted that FLY defines output files on a temporary "D" disk, so
the user should acquire temporary storage prior to executing TERR. Once the
D disk has been defined, the user need only type "FLY TERR" and press the ENTER
key to execute the program. The resulting output file is a MASK DATA file
identical in format to one produced by TRANS or COMBIN.
C. RADAR HORIZON TEST
The radar horizon test checks the ability of MASK to accurately predict
the radar horizon on a smooth earth surface. This test was chosen because
there is an established method, independent of any calculations used in
77
~.- L _' ._% _w_: '. .. ~ -.-- -. .- o.- .. * o 4-.-.- . .. . -- -.- . -. L.. . . - . . - . , -' - .
MASK, of determining the radar horizon for a smooth earth. Use of the
smooth earth removes terrain features from the process, but does not
diminish the validity of the test, since the curvature of the earth's
surface serves as a replacement for terrain features. In fact, the angu-
lar and height measurements required to predict the radar horizon on a
smooth earth involve the discrimination of values which are very close to
one another and pose an added challenge to the model.
The independent method of predicting the radar horizon, HR, uses equa-
tion 4.1,
HR = SQRT (2 x KA x h), (eqn. 4.1)
where KA is the equivalent earth radius and h is the height of the antenna.For the test, KA will be assumed to be four-thirds earth radius. The test
data base is set at an interval of 6 arcseconds at latitude 46 and the
height multiplier is set to zero, producing a sea level plain 40 nautical
miles by approximately 27.8 nautical miles.
For the test, MASK uses three sites with varying antenna heights. To
facilitate measurement of the distances to each MASK horizon, the sites
are located in the corners of the data base. The southeast site has a
200 foot antenna, the northeast has a 100 foot antenna and the southwest
has a 50 foot antenna. The gradient is set to -039 and zero ducting
height to simulate the four-thirds earth radius used in equation 4.1.
Since the target is a point on the ground, the strike altitude used by
MASK is zero feet AGL and the MSL output is blanked.
If MASK performs correctly, the results should conform to those obtained
by using equation 4.1. For antenna heights of 200, 100 and 50 feet and KA
78
4..
equal to four-thirds earth radius the resulting radar horizons are,
respectively, 17.4, 12.3 and 8.7 nautical miles from the sites. As an
aid in distance measurement it should be noted that the grid marks on the
MASK output in this case are spaced ten nautical miles apart in latitude
and approximately seven miles apart in longitude, with each display ele-
ment occupying an area approximately .5 by .35 nautical miles. A brief
inspection of Figure 4.2 shows clearly that the output conforms to the
predictions obtained using equation 4.1.
D. TERRAIN MASKING TEST
The second verification procedure makes use of the fact that the tallest
pyramid is exactly twice the height of the next shorter one. In order to
perform this test the data base must be made to behave like a flat earth.
This allows the use of some simple geometric relations to test MASK's cal-
culations. Creation of this situation only requires that a value of -156
be used for the value of dN/dh. This produces a terrain model whose radius
of curvature is about 160 times that of the earth, effectively flattening
the data base.
The test data base has a transformation interval of 9 arcseconds and a
southwest corner location of 46 degrees north and 123 degrees west. This
produces a data base 60 by approximately 42 nautical miles with grid mark-
ings spaced every 15 minutes of arc. The pyramid height multiplier is
equal to ten, giving the northwest pyramid a height of 500 meters (1640
feet) and the northeast a height of 1000 meters (3280 feet).
The test scenario is depicted in Figure 4.3. The site is located to
the north of the two tallest pyramids. The distance from the site to a
point on the plane directly beneath each-peak is defined as B and is the
79
,-.
0i a ;4104J,
0O
* 0
18 0
800
-. ,
'4
MSL STRIKE ALTITUDE
EASTERN ./PYRAmrD
2H
%.4
WESTERN/ PYRAMID
/0
B
2B
Figure 4.3 Terrain Masking Test Scenario
48', 81
1 # . . . . . . . . . . 5.5.. . . . .4' ' ' .; ' Y ; . -..,< .. .. ,,..- .- ,.- .-... . - .-. ,-, . . . .. . ,
same for both pyramids. The height of the shorter pyramid is H, and the
height of the taller one is 2H. The altitude of the target aircraft is
also 2H, so that there is no separation between the target and the taller
peak when the aircraft passes over it. Each pyramid is illuminated by the
site and casts a V-shaped radar shadow at the given MSL altitude of 2H.
In the case of the taller pyramid, the apex of the shadow is located ex-
actly at the peak and the ground distance from site to apex equals B. In
the case of the shorter pyramid, the apex of its shadow meets the MSL alti-
tude at a greater distance south of the peak. By using similar triangles
it can be seen that since the height of the shorter pyramid is H, the dis-
tance required for the shadow to reach a height of 2H is exactly 2B, or
twice the distance encountered in the case of the tallest pyramid. If
MASK performs correctly, this relationship should be duplicated on the
MSL display.
For this test MASK uses a site location of 46 degrees, 55 minutes
north and 122 degrees, 30 minutes west, which equates to midway between
the two northern peaks and 17.5 minutes north of a line connecting the two.
The site elevation is set to zero, dN/dh is -156, ducting height is 99999
and the strike altitude is set at 3280 feet MSL (2H). The AGL display is
not needed. The output from this run is shown in Figure 4.4. The MSLI display is annotated to show the locations of the two northern peaks and
the lines from the radar site to the apex of each shadow. Note that the
apexes do, in fact, lie on the lines extending from *he site through the
peaks of the pyramids. In addition, the apex of the eastern shadow islocated at the position of the eastern peak, as desired. The apex of the
western shadow is located at a distance away from the site equal to twice
82
0 a oe0wo 6So00*o af a .a S 600 a 0 1100900 000000 00000* .ein. . 0 0
4*.*** *o** o -4 4 4 o 4
4~44. .* .~ .* ... ..
04 44 0 *1, 000.4 00.0....
.0e.. . .. . ..
.............. *KKKKK K KKK KKl.. KAAAA. LLLLI LLKNA . .S.K LL. L LL K. K LLI.- 9MAI4M '441LL A . ..........
... K L. tMtPI LL Z AL M" I:4'N" , M LA .............................. K L .44 M4 L K KLN NN WU~t N MLA.............4
............... A L 14 NNNN .14 L K L-4 N 0 N MLA .............SAL M N :4 P LA L4 NO PPP N MK ..........
............... KLN 30 N FO LK L'4N 0 p ON 4L.............................. KLM2$ 0I OJN MLLA LNo P QQ p UN b.L............................. LN'P N ML K LA4NG P Q 0 ' j.*iML ...........
K.... LA N 0 ON MLK L4NO P Qj ON ...................
....... L N 0 0 N MLA L4.40 P W P CA4L.............SA~L -4 0 00 N MLA LIMO P P 0 N4L..............SA~L N 0 N M LA L'4N 0 P O 14~ IL . ..........
........*oo4 *4 K H N N M LA L4 N 0 P PS ii kIK ...... ..4.,.**.***. K L t4 NNN N L K KLM N 0 G! MiLK... .
............... L I. 4' AN1 I K KLA1 NNG0 0 ,% MLA............4fS LI. MMM4M LL. K KLAM.P N'. NjN LA 440444
A LL&LLa.,L K. K LLLPINN'i :1'44.4L4 &............0.. .KKK KKKKAKKK.. .(.KAALLL L-LLKUI...................
440044444 . . . . 04444 444404 *~**~o L.LL&LLI A.
4**4***4~0 4 ~ 04*404*44 44440 4**~* LL M14414 L. A
444440o4. . .... . . . ............... o- - aeo- eK L* 4 L.
...... *So. o. . ..................... K L. 14 N 4 ML
444*44 4 444 .... o......40.zo ......... 4..... A I. N o A N4 L
4~44~0. .. . .4440440.0 4. 44*4 A I M SS..................................... L NANSM L K.-'C ..... *..*** ........... *.......................A LI m " L
4444444444 a 0 aa4 00.00 00 00 g 04 K4. .A ULLL K:A
*444~~ . .44444 00.. . -04... .- 0-0....
...4404.4.4.4.40000.0..o..*.0 ........ .0... ....
... 404o4 So 444 ... 4 444... . . . . . . . . . .
444444oo~..oo 44044......o~.... ................ ..
4..~~~~ ....4. . 4*~4
4444 . .. 4 444 . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . .. . . .N
Sao444 4404440444444.6oa
Figure 4.4 Terrain Masking Test Result
83
the distance from the site to the eastern apex. Clearly, the situation
predicted by the test scenario is duplicated by the MASK output.
Other verification methods are, no doubt, possible. However, these
two tests are sufficient to show that MASK does accurately perform its
- calculations using the test pattern as a data base.
.11'p.
484
'-p.
',.
;'p"
-del
84
* . . . .*..**. - ** 'ZI m l w ,d - ,m, ,,I , . . . ,
V. EXAMPLE PROGRAM PROCEDURES
A. GENERAL
This chapter presents examples of the procedures required to execute
a MASK program. The sequence runs from accessing the DTED tape, through
the transformation and combining steps and finally to the execution of
MASK. In addition, a section is devoted to interpreting the MASK output.
Following the procedural review, several examples of MASK output are
shown to illustrate the effects of varying MASK input parameters. All
computer programs referred to in this section are contained in Appendix
A. All procedures refer to executing the various programs using the IBM
3033 system at the Naval Postgraduate School. Single quotation marks are
used to denote that the text within the quotes is to be entered as an
input value or used as a name.
B. SCENARIO
This example of MASK supports a hypothetical air strike against the
Deception Pass highway bridge which links Whidbey Island in Puqet Sound
to the mainland. The bridge is located at latitude 0482400 north, longi-
tude 1223900 west. The bridge is defended by a surface-to-air missile
system located at latitude 0482000 north, longitude 1223900 west. The
radar has two PRF's which do not operate simultaneously, but are used
for different ranges to targets. The long range PRF is 1250 pulses per
second. The exact site elevaticA is unknown and the mast height is esti-
mated to be 20 feet. In addition to the SAM radar, there is an early
warning (EW) radar near Bellingham, at latitude 0484800 north, longitude
85
-z. ' ar. - . ,', , * . *-, .. ,,, .-... * . .... ... " .- <-.''. -, . '.-" , " ' ' , '
1223200 west. It has a 100 foot mast height and a PRF of 400. The IREPS
computer predicts a value of dN/dh equal to -050, indicating no ducting
but slightly greater than normal refraction.
The strike leader has proposed that the attacking aircraft take off
from their base at Tumwater, rendezvous at 7000 feet with chaff, jamming
and anti-radiation strike elements and proceed north to bomb the bridge.
Prior to reaching the immediate target area the bombers are to descend to
200 feet above ground level while the other strike elements maintain 7000
feet MSL, in order to decoy the defenses and launch anti-radiation missiles.
The route of flight must allow the low altitude bombers to get as close to
the bridge as possible while avoiding radar detection. The strike leader
needs to know how soon his bombers must descend, how close they can get to
the bridge without being detected and where the other elements must be
positioned to be most effective.
The planning procedure for MASK is to examine the target area at high
resolution and then expand the area coverage as required to encompass the
early warning radar to the north and the rendezvous point located near
Tumwater at latitude 0470500 north, longitude 1225500 west. This requires%I,.4
the sequential use of a 20 by 20 minute square data base centered on the
SAM site, a 40 by 40 minute data base covering both radar sites, a one
degree square data base with a southwest corner point at 48 north, 123
west and a two by two degree data base running from 47 to 49 north and
122 to 124 west. In practice, all of these data bases would probably not
be required, but this example accounts for most of the operations that a
user is likely to perform.
86
h ,, " ( '£ ;- ..-- .W .- . .6 .;. .*..'-.., , -. " .-. ;"'.) , ", -- -'-"- .-
C. TAPE DATA TRANSFER
By refering to Figure 3.3, the user finds that the tapes required are
S-798 and S-796, which cover the latitude bands from 47 to 49 degrees
north. The data files required are file numbers 2 and 5 on each tape.
The file containing the data at the target is in S-796, number 5 and is
the first file to be transferred. The other three files will only be
needed for the largest of the data bases.
1. PROFILE Exec
The PROFILE exec performs three operations which are required in
preparation for the transfer of tape data. It defines a file called DSN
S1086 DATA which is used to transfer the tape data into MVS on a temporary
C disk and another file called TAPE DATA Dl which stores the data on the
user's temporary D disk as it is transferred from MVS to the user. Afinal operation is the definition of the temporary D disk which has 20
cylinders of capacity and can hold three full DTED data files. Two finaloperations are required to be performed by the user. The first is to
link to MVS by entering 'LINK MVS IE3 291 RR' and the second is to access
291 as the C disk by entering 'ACC 291 C'. After the tape transfer is
complete the user should release the C disk by entering 'REL 291 (DET'.
2. GETTAPE
The actual tape transfer to MVS is accomplished using the GETTAPE
program. The user must edit the job control language (JCL) in three areas
of the program. The first change is in the fifth line where 'VOL=SER=xxxx'
appears. The 'xxxx' must be changed to the tape volume number desired. In
this case it is changed to S796. The next change is in line six where
'LABEL-(xx,BLP)' appears. The file number is inserted here, so in this4
87
case '05' is used. The last change depends on whether or not this is the
user's first tape transfer operation of the day. In line eight 'DISP=(xxx,
KEEP)' appears. If this is the first transfer of the day, the user must
enter 'NEW', but for all subsequent transfers for that day 'OLD' must be
entered. If this change is not made for the later transfers, a duplicate
label JCL error will cause the transfer to abort. Once these changes are
made GETTAPE is submitted and the transfer takes place. Progress of the
job in the batch system may be monitored by entering 'INQ GETTAPE' to which
the computer responds with a coded message indicating the current state of
the job. The user is notified of the completion of transfer when two bold
messages appear on the screen indicating that two files have been spooled
to his reader. To read the files, 'RDR' is entered after which the com-
puter asks for a filename and filetype for each file. These names are not
important since the files will be erased shortly, so 'X X' and 'Y Y' may
be used. The files will be transferred to the user's A disk and can be
browsed using the FLIST commands. A successful transfer results in a file
which reads 'IDATA SET UTILITY-GENERATE-PROCESSING ENDED AT EOD'. The
second file is a summary of the transfer operation, the only important
line of which is the sixth line below the GETTAPE JCL code. A successful
transfer is indicated if this line reads 'STEP WAS EXECUTED-COND CODE 0000'.
Once the transfer occurs, the command 'MOVEFILE' is entered to transfer the
data from MVS to the D disk. At this time the C disk may be released
unless further transfers are planned. The DTED file containing the degree
square of data now resides on the D disk and is accessible to the trans-
formation program.
88
V **Vq*~Av \.*\'
F- 4 -_1
0. DATA TRANSFORMATION
1. TRANS
All transformations are done using the TRANS program which is exe-
cuted by the FLY EXEC. FLY compiles, loads and runs the program in addi-
tion to defining the MASK DATA Dl file into which TRANS loads the transformed
data base.
The first MASK DATA file required is the high resolution data
centered on 0482000 north, 1223900 west. This data base will span 20 minutes
of latitude and longitude, so the appropriate southwest corner is ten minutes
south and west of the center or 0481000 north, 1224900 west. The desired
transformation interval is three arcseconds.
TRANS is executed by entering 'FLY TRANS'. The FLY exec then dis-
plays the compilation messages and FILEDEFs currently in effect. The first
input prompt message asks for the desired transformation interval to be
entered in columns 1-2. A brief explanation is provided to remind the user
of the permissable interval values and the resulting data base dimensions.
The user enters '03'.
The next message requests the latitude and longitude of the parent
DTED file's southwest corner. The first entry specifies the hemisphere of
latitude and the input required is either 'NN' for north of the equator or
'S' for south. The user enters 'NN'. The next prompt requests the lati-
tude value of the corner in degrees, minutes and seconds (DDDMMSS). The
user enters '0480000'. The next two messages ask for the hemisphere and
value of the longitude of the corner. The user enters 'V' and then
'1230000'.
89
S .. . . ..',;- ':' - ,-- / :,.-.-'.-,..-',-.-.-.- '.-. ... . -.- -. - -. " '.,.. - ....- - .,
The last two entries requested are the latitude and longitude of
the southwest corner of the area to be transformed. In all cases, the
hemisphere specification is the same as that of the parent data base, so
only the values are requested. The user enters '0481000' and then '1224900'.
TRANS executes and produces the desired MASK DATA file which is
stored on the user's D disk. At this time, MASK may be executed. For the
sake of organization, however, the user may desire to perform the transfor-
mations for all of the required data bases prior to running MASK. If another
transformation is to be made prior to executing MASK it is imperative that
the existing MASK DATA Dl file be renamed. Otherwise, it will be overwritten
by successive transformations. In this example the three arcsecond data
base is renamed 'M03 DATA Dl' and the next transformation is begun.
The next MASK DATA file to be created uses a six arcsecond interval
with a southwest corner chosen so that both the SAM and EW radars fall
inside the resulting 40 minute square of data.
As mentioned earlier, some of the transformations in this example
may, in practice, be omitted. For example, the user may opt to forego the
six arcsecond transformation and go to the nine arcsecond one for the
next data base. The terrain characteristics and the tactical situation will
determine which data bases are required for any given strike. It is
16 recommended, however, that the three arcsecond data base be used first for
each planning evolution since it provides the highest resolution and gives
the most accurate value for the site elevation.
The six and nine arcsecond transformations are performed in
exactly the same manner as the first one. In order to ensure that both
radars are included in the six arcsecond data base a southeast corner is
90
-j
chosen at 0481000 north, 1225200 west. This data base is renamed 'M06
DATA Dl'. The nine arcsecond data base uses 0480000 north, 1230000 westV
as its corner location and is renamed 'M09 DATA Dl'. This last data base
covers the largest area which can be produced by TRANS alone. The remain-
ing two by two degree data base requires the use of COMBIN.
2. COMBIN
a. Overview
The procedure for using COMBIN consists of four separate opera-
tion. The first is the transfer of the desired DTED data from tape to the
D disk. Since one DTED file has already been transferred, three more
remain. Next, the data is transformed at an interval greater than nine.
Following this, the individual files are assigned to specific FILEDEFs
based on their relative geographic positions. Lastly, COMBIN is executed
and produces a MASK DATA Dl file incorporating the data from all of the
component files.
b. Tape Transfer
Tape transfer is accomplished exactly as before, except that
the GETTAPE JCL must be updated to conform to the desired tape volume and
file numbers and the disposition must be amended to 'OLD,KEEP'. In this
example, the user need not change the volume number right away since the
S-796 tape is used again, but the file label number must be changed from
'05' to '02'. To transfer the remaining two files on tape S-798, the
volume identifier must, of course, be changed.
As a practical matter the tape transfer of the second DTED
file should be postponed momentarily. The reason is that the first TAPE
DATA D1 file is still on the D disk and will be overwritten if a subsequent
%N 91
-. ~. A. - -. -- , . g
* .... .. . ... - ---.
tape file is transferred. The most efficient procedure is to transfer the
first file as previously described, then amend the GETTAPE JCL for the
next file and submit GETTAPE. During the time required for GETTAPE to
transfer the tape file to MVS the user performs the appropriate transforma-
tion of the existing TAPE DATA Dl file and renames the resulting MASK DATA
Dl file. By this time, the prompt message should arrive indicating that
the second file is ready to be moved from MVS to the D disk. If the file
is sent to MVS before the user is ready for it, the file will remain in
MVS until the user has completed the last transformation. In any event,
the new file will not be transferred onto the D disk until the user com-
mands 'MOVEFILE', at which time the new file will overwrite any previous
data on the TAPE DATA Dl file. Following the 'MOVEFILE' command the user
again amends the GETTAPE JCL and renews the cycle which continues until
all required files have been processed.
c. Transformation
The second operation in the combining procedure is the trans-
formation of the TAPE DATA Dl file. This is accomplished using TRANS as
before, except that the transformation interval is increased. For this
example an interval of 18 is used during the combining process. Upon com-
manding 'FLY TRANS' a message will appear asking for the interval. The
user enters '18'. The latitude and longitude of the corners of both the
parent DTED file and the desired area of transformed data are entered,
keeping in mind that when transforming data for use by COMBIN the corner
position of the transformed data base will always be the same as the parent
file. The MASK DATA file produced by TRANS is, in this case, one quarter
the size of a normal MASK DATA file.
92
I .,, w - ' :.: , , : . -.'- , ; .-;;; ; ;.L..... .;. .' '." .--. -'
d. FILEDEF Assignment
The next operation is FILEDEF assignment. The user must
assign each transformed file to an appropriate FILEDEF based on the geo-
graphic position of the file relative to its neighbors. In the combining
process FILEDEFs are assigned sequentially from west to east starting with
the northern squares and moving southward. In the current two by two de-
gree example, the data from S-796 number 2 is assigned to FILEDEF 11,
S-796 number 5 to FILEDEF 12, S-798 number 2 to FILEDEF 13 and S-798
number 5 to FILEDEF 14. Combinations of more squares follow the same
pattern with the northwestern file assigned the lowest FILEDEF number and
the southeastern one the highest. The FILEDEFs for all permissable data
bases up through a five by five degree square are contained in the FLY
EXEC. FILEDEFs 11-14 are reserved for the two by two square, 15-30 for
the four by four and 31-55 for the five by five. Each component file is
identified according to the pattern 'Kxxyyyzz DATA Dl', where 'xx' is the
southwest corner latitude in degrees, 'yyy' is the longitude and 'zz' is
the interval of transformation used. In this example, FILEDEF 11 reads
'M4812418 DATA Dl', FILEDEF 12 reads 'M4812318 DATA Dl' and so on. There-
fore,.the first 18 arcsecond data file transformed in this example is
renamed 'M4812318 DATA Dl' prior to transferring the next file from MVS.
After this operation the first TAPE DATA Dl file is no longer needed and
may be averwrittert or erased as desired.
e. Combining Files
At this point in the example all four DTED files have been
sequentially transferred from tape, transformed and assigned to appropriate
FILEDEFs. The user now enters 'FLY COMBIN'. The first prompt message is
93
/_ . ., .. . ". .- ... .. .-.. -... ... ,,. ..** . " - . -.. - - . . ,- . . . ... . . . . ... .. . . . .
a summary of the required transformation and FILEDEF assignments just
described. The next message requests the transformation interval used on
the component files. The user enters '18' in this case. The next four
messages ask for the hemispheres and values of the latitude and longitude
of the southwest corner of the desired combined data base. In this example
the user enters the four responses 'NN', '0470000', 'W' and '1240000'.
COMBIN then combines the previously transformed component files and pro-
duces a MASK DATA file on the D disk. In order to differentiate this data
base from the others the nomenclature 'Cxxyyyzz DATA Dl' is used where 'xx'
and 'yyy' are the latitude and longitude of the data base southwest corner
and 'zz' is the number of degree squares contained in the file. In this
case, the user renames the file 'C4712404 DATA Dl'. There are now four data
bases of varying resolution stored on the D disk ranging from the 20 by 20
minute square to the two by two degree combined data base.
E. EXECUTING MASK
1. Input Data
The user is now prepared to execute MASK. The high resolution M03
DATA Dl file is selected for processing first and is renamed 'MASK DATA Dl'.
The user commands 'FLY MASK' and the input promot messages begin. The first
four messages request the hemispheres and values of the latitude and longi-
tude of the first radar site. The user inputs thp four separate responses
'NN', '0482000', 'W' and '1223900'. The next message asks for the elevation
of the first site in feet MSL. If the elevation is riot known, the user
enters '-9999'. In this example '-9999' is the correct response. The next
message asks for the first site antenna mast height above the ground. If
this value is unknown a response of '-99' sets the height to a value of
94
.' ' '' - m . - .. .. . . .. ..- . " - - , "o . -. . -. -- - r r-r- . " , .- - . " . . ,. . .
five meters. In this example, '020' is entered. The last radar site
parameter requested is the first site radar PRF. If the user does not
desire a maximum unambiguous range limit imposed, the proper response is
'-999'. In this example the correct entry is '1250' since this PRF pro-
vides the longest range capability. The next message asks whether or not
the user wants to enter additional radar sites. If so, the response is
'1'; otherwise a '0' is entered. The user enters '1', since the EW radar
remains to be input and the radar input parameter sequence is repeated.
-- The correct entries for the second site are 'NN', '0484800', 'W', '1223200',
'-9999', '100' and '0400'. Since a third radar site is not desired, the
user enters '0' in response to the additional site message.
The strike altitudes are input next. The first message in this
phase asks for the AGL strike altitude in columns 1-4. If no AGL display
is desired '-999' is entered. Since the AGL display is needed the user
enters the proposed strike altitude of '0200'. The next message requests
the MSL altitude desired. If no MSL display is desired '-9999' is entered.
The MSL display is needed in this example so '07000' is entered.
The refractive inputs are entered at this point. The prompt
message requests the value of dN/dh in N-units per kilometer including the
sign and lists -156 as the minimum permissable value. A value of -039 is
used for the standard radar refractive gradient and -020 is the value used
to obtain standard day optical refractive effects. Since the IREPS program
predicts a dN/dh of -050 through 7000 feet MSL, '-050' is entered. The
next message asks for the ducting height. This value is used as the upper
altitude bound for applying the input value of dN/dh. At altitudes above
this value, dN/dh automatically reverts to the standard value'of -039. If
IREPS had predicted ducting, the user would input the predicted height, but
95
* . . . ..
,Rb-A36 771 MASK: A TACTICAL AID FOR PLANNING AIR STRIKES AGAINST 212RADAR DEFENDED LAND TARGETS(U) NAVAL POSTGRADUATESCHOOL MONTEREY CA D B MCKINNEY SEP 83
UNCLSSIFIED F/G 15/3 N
llillllolllolmIImIEEEEEIIEhmhEmhEEEEEEEEEshEmhEEEmhEEmhEEEEEEEEEEEEl,mEElhhEEEElhEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
~ L.
11111 A1"2
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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHARTNATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-1963-A
IVA-
since this is not the case the user enters the upper altitude for which
dN/dh was calculated or '07000'.
The last input required is the selection of the topographic dis-
play. If the user desires the display, a '1' is entered. Otherwise, a
'0' is used. In this case the user enters '1'.
MASK now begins its calculations based on the inputs. For each
two seconds of CPU run time the word 'CRANKING' appears on the screen.
When the calculations for any given site are finished a message will
appear on the screen stating, 'CALCULATIONS COMPLETE FOR x OF y RADAR
SITES', where 'x' is the number of sites processed thus far and 'y' is
the total number requested. When 'x' equals 'y' the calculations for
all sites are complete and the results are stored in the MASK OUT Dl
file. To browse the output, the user enters 'FLIST ** D' and uses
standard FLIST commands. To print the output from FLIST, the command
'PRINT /(CC' is used. After running MASK using the high resolution data
base, MASK DATA Dl is renamed 'M03 DATA Dl' and M06 DATA Dl is renamed
'MASK DATA Dl'. MASK is again executed with the new data base and theoutput is spooled to the printer. This sequence is repeated for each of
the data bases in turn and then the output is analyzed. It is prudent in
most cases not to erase data bases after they have been used by MASK,
since it is likely that some additional runs will be required due to
strike altitude modifications based on the initial output or additional
intelligence on the threat.
2. Output Analysis
a. Topographic Displays
The topographic display consists of an 80 by 80 character
matrix displaying terrain features and a short legend explaining the
elevation code. Figure 5.1 shows the elevation code legend. All
96
*,, ,: --' t. .4.4 K/ : : .. . ". *"-.. * "- ' -; ---.* ". -Y,".* -.*'~' .' --
CODED TOPOGRAPHIC 4AP OF AREASOUTHWEST CCRNER iS W 1230000 NN 480000
GRID SPAC1NG=15 MINUTES*
LEGENDSYMBOL ELEVATLCN (METERS)
SEA LEVEL
L~ 10M 200N 300aa 500P 700
9001100
S 1300T 1500U 1800v 2100V, 2400X 2700Y 3000z 3000 PLUS
Figure 5.1 Topographic Display Legend
-9,
iqi
97-
~ 1
~ a ' a ~ ' ~ ~ % a* a~ a . a , . * ~ , ',. . - - -
a' * ~ C ~ ~ a . . . : . ~ *~a -
elevation values are in meters above sea level. The code symbol repre-
sents the upper limit of the elevation. For example, the '.' represents
all areas which are at or below sea level, while the 'K' represents all
areas which are above sea level but less than or equal to 50 meters. The
only exception to this rule is the symbol 'Z' which represents areas
greater than 3000 meters. Areas which are blank fall in the same elevation
bin as the lowest symbol which borders on them. Blank areas correspond to
areas where the terrain variation is very slight such as broad valleys or
plains.
In the runs of MASK four separate topographic displays were
created at various levels of resolution. The first of these was a high
resolution 20 by 20 minute display centered on the SAM radar site. This
display is shown in Figure 5.2. The display has been annotated to show
the radar site in the center of the display and the target bridge due
north of the site. This display shows the relatively flat terrain in the
immediate vicinity of the site. The ground elevation rises gradually to
the south, more steeply to the east and some substantial elevation changes
are indicated by the denser code on the northern side of the bridge. The
shoreline is easily discernable. Each symbol in the display is approxi-
mately one quarter of a nautical mile in height and each grid box is five
nautical miles long and approximately three and a third nautical miles
wide.
The next topographic display created was the 40 by 40 minute
area which included both radar sites and is shown in Figure 5.3. This
display covers four times the area of the previous one and gives a better
idea of the overall nature of the terrain surrounding the target. The
islands to the northwest of the bridge are seen to rise steeply to
98
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.............. .A LLAL.....KaMMML....... IKa. AMMAN9 a. KI
Figure 5.3 40 Minute Square Topographic Display
100
elevations as high as 700 meters (2300 feet) above the sea. The mainland
is essentially flat with a prominent mountainous area in the northeast
corner and a lower set of hills near the southeast corner. These are the
foothills of the Cascade Mountains.
The next topographic display is shown in Figure 5.4. It covers
an area nine times the size of the first and again shows the flat coastal
areas with mountainous terrain to the east. A major river valley separates
the two areas of high terrain and extends eastward from the coast halfway
up the display. Another area of steep terrain has appeared across a
straight from the radar site in the southwest corner of the display.
The final topographic display covers a two by two degree square
area and is shown in Figure 5.5. The mountainous area which first appeared
in the southwest corner of the previous display has emerged as a signifi-
cant mountain range rising steeply from the sea. This is the Olympic
Peninsula. The area of water to the west of the site extending to the
eastern edge of the display is the Strait of Juan de Fuca and is about 15
miles wide. The channel to the south of Whidbey Island is the southern
portion of Puget Sound. This channel passes by Seattle one quarter of the
way up from the bottom of the display and reaches nearly to the hypotheti-
cal rendezvous point in the middle of the bottom of the display. The
southeastern tip of Vancouver Island occupies the northwest corner of the
display.
These four displays will be used in conjunction with the AGL
and MSL masking displays. The masking displays contain no terrain infor-
mation by themselves and are designed to be traced directly onto the
topographic displays for interpretation. An alternate method is to make
101
• ° " " e " * . ° - - -o - . " .. . . . ., .. . - .. .'."., o - -.. . . .. . • . '. .'." .. - - . - ... . . .. . . - . - . . .. ' .. . - .. . .. •
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NP 00pI0PR A PPN0 N4I45A'%XNK.AA NNN LLMK .M K...m 54L LL
PPtm P 0 "P QQ DN1..54554544.KV..I.NT *LLMM~: A. LVILLL.W.A..W.N 544N 0.i0 P PORNV. LI LLLA.LV..4. LA.KAL AK LKooLL14 MR 4 M 4
54 00~ PM %YU ffQJN5MLL L ... .MA.A....1.QL4 M4.4 4N N O N alN MN 5454541 L 4*. MM..AL L*K.V..19 4.6 144
196 N MNS NTQ NM 14 4 ILA.. .. M. Mo.. ..I~...*.4LoMM4 54 IN 1N N T I IT TUJ~A. I L4.LV.A ....... fK A.V.% 4.54 4 M45 N
M~ NPE f4 4.R r TA. A.I 4 MKLL6.VL : A$L4t4.1 .54 54IN RA L V...4........L M L.MA LK 4.4. .
N N N NiNI N NRSUUjU NI RQ*KL K M...K. .X .K.LL K MN 45545 'L54sRAS P YI 543 4.130KK.K.V. K.L MAK. .. o..L .4 AL N NIN fP MMf 54PUT R954 AD 545944.54:Lf.' 'LV.a 1.. 144M
NPPmmAI 5454T R 99 ML ' LV O LLL4N54NL: L I4 M N N PiI. MR. 54R5 S.L5144 .QL4.54LLMN5 M KCP*OMRJNM MLKKLA LL K~ooA A..L 544444#4445 N N M iPPP
Figufre 5. wDgreSuaeToorphcDipaRW;.5 AP-.,- LK44 3-
0 , QW %Q. SNP. M^1 R IMM - 4.4IL*MM L 4
M Oc o NA.MNM4 .. L.LM 44M1
MP 0 O 0 I P 0 % M K M MLAo L M f L L o o . L
M% 0PN P 000 PP PC9PDON 1 03MjK.LMLMLL"KLoA.1
;,.FP7r j-.'P -A - .4 - ._ K
transparent overlays of the masking displays and place them over the
topographic displays. In the remaining examples the figures shown will
be combinations of the masking envelopes and the appropriate topographic
C.. displays since the envelopes by themselves are not very informative.
b. AGL Displays
aThe AGL display consists of an 80 by 80 element matrix and a
descriptive page. The descriptive page contains information describing the
parameters of the display, radar site parameters and a brief legend of the
display matrix symbols. Figure 5.6 is the descriptive page for the first
run of MASK in this example.
The AGL masking envelope for the first MASK run is shown in
Figure 5.7. The envelope is based on information only from the SAM radar
site. It can be clearly seen that the radar coverage extends primarily to
the northwest of the site, with the areas to the south and east being
masked by rising terrain. The target lies just on the border of the enve-
lope and appears to be approachable from the east. The small unmasked
area to the north of the target is formed by an isolated peak which rises
steeply from the surrounding terrain. This run of MASK will be the most
accurate of any in this example due to the relatively high density of data
points in any given area. It will become apparent later that the inter-
polated value of site elevation varies between the different resolution
data bases. For this reason, the user should note the elevation values
from the high resolution runs and use them as inputs in following runs as
required. In any event, the information from this display indicates that
a strike approaching at 200 feet AGL from the south or east will be
undetected until just prior to reaching the target.
104
........; -.. ,.. ;....-.......,.........C. - .-.- .. ..... .-
4
'4'RADAR COVERAGIE DISPLAY FOR STRIKE AT 0o PIET ABOVE GROUNG LEVEL
19 DISPLAY PARAMETERSSOUTHWEST CORNER Of OISPLAVgLATITUDEs 481030 MN
LOGITUOE=1225200 wGRID SPACINGwIO 14INUTES
CELL RESOLUTIONILATITUOE 0.5303 NMLONGITUOE- 0.3297 MN
NIFRACTIVE GRADIENT a -50EPRACTIVE CUCT NEIGHT (FTI a 7000
II. RADAR SITE PARAMETERS
SITE 0 LATITUDE N/S LONGITUDE E/M ELEVATIGN dFEET PUF
1 462000 NN 1223900 W 69021 1250
a 464100 MN .1223200 V 237.0 430
UK. LEGEND
leNU IERED RADAR SITE LOCATIONINELOPE WiITHIN M0I4CH AN AIRCRAFT FLYING AT
A% APIkWIOALTDEi WILL Or. UNNASKED,2|U T AR "A A MmAX/4M UNAM16IGUOkJS RANGfIE
Figure 5.6 Typical AGL Descriptive Output Page
105
* I+ , . , . .,, ,,.,.- . , , ,. . ,.; . . .. . . . . .. . ..- ,. .++,. _ .. , . . . .. . .
LKET~W ttl M4 04MM .. .A .
4t
. K...NK. K K.............5
*. ** ~ ~ ~ L M.*A I U LAA. .. . . K.....
oooo**o*..oo .. *.oo ..o A. ...oo.A.N MN i 949949 LK.,o No...o..oo fooo::
*****e.......'.Pt -ILa.AK.. .... '.. '4 L LKK
*................ *....~AoK. *... .So Iq 4 A. KKV.. ~ oooeooeoo
*****......... *....... .... LL. N V4 LL.A.J SLS.. K%..A
oooooooooooeeooooom LL L~o K 06Kooooooo
oooo , A. L .K. K .KL L
A. L . V..A. A
U.L L.K. .KS. LLoo.K A. .
S...KA.L 00. - 1M L A. KKK........ AL.. l................ ......... . ..* L L
ooo.K e..
, oo.. ... .. .. . .*: "* .... .* ... L L
oo..*.ooo.... ooooo oooeo... . ....... A. LA. I4M . oo .. ... .. A.
................... ............... A. N..IL.. ...... .. A. V...'..L L *:KL -
Ko............... .. .... .. L..K. VK L .. ... . ..... ......... :.......... .. . ::::: . ..... ......
K KKKKKK K A.*. ::A. IK..
• ......... A. K KKK ......................... K K .....
e ooo ooosseo o**o*o*eoo KLoo RoNee o .
.............. A.. ,V........KV. . A.A.A .KK...............& ....... A.....N ............... A. ..A.LA.. A. A. S......... •*..............oo..... . eoKA A. . LA.oG L . K K ...4LA* . N .. ,.
........... A. L
L LLo LL LA . .4.4L - KK.oooo:* I:.'....K L A K. N N
* * ~................... ....K .I K.. ....A ...N
L .............. L .. A A .....
-Z L................ ... A. & % ..... o. ..
, .,ooeo~ KL &L L : K K::::::::::::14LL Keee
::::::::::::::: ooK L L K .......... o o .. oe l ...................... ---- L K.... e .. KFigure 5.720Miue L D s
...... K..... o ......... . ...... KL(4 4I........... .. LLU 1.4"" '. " '..
: OOeOOOKO L LK ::::: oN"o o o•e,( L.
...... . Lu K......o.*.. ... . . ......... ...... Y -4.ooeeeo eKL L K;:. o
.....4 ,* . '.. . ' 4 '.. . .... ', '.. * . . o, ...-.-- *.. ..
...... . . ...... K ,U . K *@***'.**'::':'- ....... A Mgoge Oge o L L LL Joo LI.LL LL o oe gog eooo,*oeoeoo~eKK&. LLLKLLL L I LLI L Ke:::e:o ,oeoL N
L~OO Lo LL LLKoeo: : :o::::L LL LL
LKooL oooo.~~~~~~ L.... K;:::::::: ::::::L N.•x..... ...ooeeoooo .ooK LL. L Leoee ,o o. 1 4
ooooooeoo ooooe o. go ooo * J L .L Koeoo .oooo... ALeoeoo.. o .ee oooo:Koe L .6 K;:::: 'Meoo
' ooeoooooooo o o .-ee oK LL LK oo )o ooK LL 14, 4oooooo eoeeeoo ooooo... K L LKoooo eeeoe eoK L ,14 "4
' oooe oo oeo eeoe* ...o oo.• K LLLLLLLLKo.•* o....o .oKKL,4.~tq/q4L
Figure 5.7 20 Minute Square AGL Display
106
The AGL display from the second run is shown in Figure 5.8.
This display includes the masking envelopes formed by both of the radars.
The most critical change in this display is the addition of an area of
coverage to the east of the target provided by the EW radar. The posi-
tioning of the EW radar allows it an unimpeded field of view directly
south over the water. In addition, it has increased the coverage on that
part of Whidbey Island directly east of the site, making an undetected
approach virtually impossible. Still, the time that the aircraft must
spend in the SAM envelope is short. The area over the mainland is pre-
dominantly free of coverage due-to the masking of the EW radar by the high
terrain in the northwest corner. Other masked areas are caused primarily
by the vertical extent of the islands to the north of the target. In
particular a large, roughly diamond shaped area of masking is shown over
water in the upper left of the display. This area is masked by tne long
thin island which forms its northeastern side. Masking boundaries in the
upper half of the display are seen to extend radially from the location
of the EW site. This effect is even more pronounced in Figure 5.9 which
is an evelope of the coverage of the EW radar only, using the 60 by 60
minute data base. The other point of interest in Figure 5.9 is that the
additional area of coverage on Whidbey Island to the east of the SAM site
which first appeared in Figure 5.8 is due to the EW radar. The SAM
coverage is confined to that area depicted in Figure 5.7.
The next AGL display is from the third run and is shown in
Figure 5.10. There are no significant tactical points contained in this
display, other than to show that the AGL coverage does iot extend any
farther south than was shown in Figure 5.8. From the point of view of
107
S - *. ..
Lc**....~ .. 4 -----.n . 4) 1............ .% LAIU t. L 49 L L M4\. D
**.*.********* ....".LL4LLL4LL4. L14NN3Ji U'V94I *...***..**** .... K KKKKJVAK 194 NO U 4s'u
V.. K..... LLI4 14 N=00 6^ LA4LV 4 K ... KALK L. 44 49494Pr4
. . . & K o o * . * . 4.. L 9 M m m 'G6.w
*** * ..ft KK ........ ..... K L.4 N Pki 3 U *tj9 . AAx. :..& K. LLLLl4 mm We .
PPPON94.. *L -.
........ . V.A. *,,' .430 .,d 9 N ig
Q. ... ... N. ... 4 4 9 4Ou 34 44
.. w ~ 44. .- 't~. .... .... NN N. 4.49944 4 .
L K..* L O p 4.L 4 4
::::I L '14 MMM 4 41A~~oo.. : 94 m
K.. .4.. 4 ........ K.4. L LL L. L. L4.44 4 HKKKL L L 94 4 4.
MLKK44.94 9441 L L
LL 0304 L.MKN N9
K.4 0 0LL NL.IC LK ... .. .L9 309
Ln £aas.aa
::.!Ko... .. .. .. ..
4. ......... 4 990 1 0494 I
.. .. ....... ..KA I. . .... 44. A6...
:........4.4.V4 44~ LLV . .. X L 4 4.LL L.....4.........K4IL L . .K...... LKLLH LL
... K~ LLL. .. LNN* O*1 -. *L
.. .. . . -. -p : . . * *.. . . . . . . *
LM N PUJNUJOPLM UN44 J
L1. 14 P N 'PLJO J.P
LLII LL P MN
L L14C 0 I
tK KKKKAA LL14 -0 I
*** ***........ ..... K K....."M L14M 012 MOP~ 2pwK .... a.L MMN 3- ANPP
LK..F. K .......... L"144tP .. .j N UPU P.RSRikf1............... ~~P L).K...... *' 14~P~ MN ,40P .DjdR STJ
L...K MN .... *...... . . NI4Nwt A m ' (I U AS SRL1414 LLK..LP . ... .... u.N K ON N4 I4~ N~RT*M. LNNK..C.. . ......... . G R Ng M P1 00 '4 OP w R
...KN~~~ 4 hopK A. *..m.. 0.. . aM~NNMP 1N N N3PQRiR it I
....%LLMLL... :...11K.. :::... ... KNM'M MMNNN 14 p P OEK.KN ..... . NOV:4K AK... . KL4 N aNOP
4 I?~%P R NOp~j ppP
N 4 LN 144.m .... .... K LaL. a.9' OP ipliaKKRKL*e:M No..NOL. .1KAK.-... .S. I LLL L 14 No IQPUpPjW~ 3o.K :::4.o .KNKL. K K... 'KK LII LMN94M N NOO0003A14M1
K... IC..L... .... S K ... #.LLL..L L 1. 4MMMt4Ia.14LLL.I.54...' .. M.. * L LLL
.*AL NK*.K.. I ,ZL I NOL LLL
LK LK4NN:: NO Ro p pp. Q****.KK( a.CK : UM N VI NN" RR. R
%L K LI L NL LNo N4 0 P401
MNQO 14 .4 No R i 4A . 14 P Rni
* ~*LL KK***~L * *. . L N P4 NM144 0 NNO2POO 'IM QL....... *a. *I.. La. eNM o o 1* M N A OFwNMMINM
60.......... .V ......... 04 a :::AZ La. a. a.to a. a. aP 140
... K.. A L... AK....A. LL LINM INm .1 NNN&3
4 L .L......* . ... .. a....K. .... K L H N LM N NOPW MNO
*:[ LL... . *.. * ......... .. K.. .....L 6 4 N NM NN N14141L K.....KNA ...... LL.. A *...KLI m14 a. M 14 MrJPaV
*......LL LLL ... -... oL. L...L 14 A N N m* *......ICL LLK .... . a.......L...4 N MN mm a.M M 14H N
LMII....K. 1 . K....L... .. L. .. AL..L L. L4 L L MIIOpKN ILL....;NNL -o: KKK...L1LCA aL....N..S a. 14-L LM L L 4*
II 1.K....LLLL L K LL...C'4a.o L'.. a....K LL 1.1 L H
1.a.~aK...K K..... KK L e..K aK.....L LLK a. MmLN mm
-i .* 5L. .. 9LLLLL oo~V. ... K L .I....... N1 ML .. L MNe***o*&KXL LLK . o.........K L.... LLLLLLK...K. H .KK a.1
Figuree*L 5 ..9 AGL.KL.L Makn Enelp o4 EW Sit 1nLL4L..L o .K.. K .*K*s.LL A m
hNq AZ KK : .. .LL . .L LL- ... .. . -
OPIPJ usimLN N 0 Pb'j o~z
KN LX U N4;:44 ~ JLNA PU '
L .. LL Lm N;'
L 1 LA L s
ALL K.'. L. M?4 .~ U 0 ,j
*.......... LLI L..L. A.INh uU G
.......... & .. A.M N111 AI AO NM. 4 3 '~K..iC . KK*.**. ...L( N' MNOO R' 0 M0.114K...~~~ L. ..... *.KMN NNM N .P4 1
* ~ K:: .LM .vvV.... ....uCh A. P.. IN MN
.... ......... . .. V K ....... NMLM~h A. MOUP GlS. .
KKLN L91 A A.*.. .NNN N M o NO) PSP
M~~~4~ PQ .... Ki 14 NO (4 NQP ,OPk
me........ t . . .... M N N M M 14 NO 1% QJ M
K ...... ......n.. A.V ....% LI MN MN NMNNN
............ LA..K KMA3L..V .... 14I MMNINN PamN
**.~*~***e~*..........A. ....K .. L N L L N N MN4... A....KA.IL .. .......K l .. .. L L L H NAM A. N
.... KK LIK. K.......... K A.... LL A...K MMNM A 41410KLIL.L A... *.A .... IL..LK ... (.... .A.M M 4 IN NMZIL
T Kee*: ftNNK..I NI N.K.O KuK .. MML 4f..... .( KI . LL.ILK.II.....I A.P Q CA
::! L N P4
........ .*00 - Lm N Lm A 0 ..... .- o.o M . . . H.NLLN O
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .......... .oo.* Z C NO N O00
MASK performance it is significant to note that the shapes of the
envelopes have not changed appreciably even though the data base reso-
lution has decreased by a factor of nine from that in Figure 5.7. The
details of some of the envelopes have begun to fade due to the display
resolution, but on the macro scale the same basic planning information
shown in Figure 5.7 is also contained in Figure 5.10, which covers nine
times as much area. This trend is continued in Figure 5.11 which is the
final AGL display. Much of the detail shown in the earlier AGL displays
is gone, but the tactical picture has been preserved. It is obvious
from this last display that the bombers should approach generally from
the south and east.
A suggested strike route of flight is to proceed up Puget
Sound at 200 feet hugging the eastern shore until reaching a point 15
miles east-southeast of the bridge. The strike should then turn directly
towards the bridge accelerating in preparation for weapon delivery
maneuvers. After weapon release the aircraft should regain low altitude
and exit the target area with a right turn to the east-northeast until
passing the coastline. At this time they may turn south and return to
base.
c. MSL Displays
The MSL display contains the same general information des-
cribed in the AGL display discussion, except that the masking envelope is
determined by the MSL masking height and the MSL strike altitude is used.
The only difference in the display symbology is the addition of the
special symbol for areas of terrain which exceed the strike altitude.
In the example, the 7000 foot MSL strike altitude produced
MSL displays which were blank in all runs except the one which used the
~~~~~ 4,, -, .,,,-..-..q?,-.,, '.*.' .-., ,...*v.*'.-..--,,.v.- .- ,. ....-.
. .... . . . . . .
...... ILL
AO4m LM. ,;4 :..Ly. L... .o.o.....s.. .*f-K 00M
*V. L4 AGM 14411P-N .A. L.. ML14 ~.
..... L..... ..V. .I .. .I . . .
OPOGpN9O .4 0L K.K..L 8LX.... L4
RQ a. R~PV Pu NN 8K..L.u H..*L 4
..7.s Y~U ... Go:K L 8.8.8 *..L M4N 14 4J 41,)OR~~~I'I9IQRURR~~~~ ~ A AmTu~T PQL.N.N N. .NN 1444
RQSST PS TV. RSV US RAQP :0 N00.. LLL.LN..K K &..ML IML '4 4',P~Q T UTUUR RSQ LC~aL.. Lit*.KV. .. K U M L L 4Jf
...... UUS0 O*....... : M. L9..E * .8.L KILL L I# 4
ftO OP N O 4 Lt. PS.iTR A Q N.o a*4 N0ONM..."o ANML MLL%. &A 4 1pQFOnN V PT. 0 PTTUSV..8P0 K. Nf N LLL K. . .. L LAN.L4 4~i
PPO * MM - LLL K~Mad.J~.MmN M . . o. . A L
N 0 0 P P a0 P R P 4 p0 tM.k1414 P M.. MM 1N o.L K A.....M 14 14__PM 0 0 3 I S Pa Qs P P00 M14 14L**4MK .LKL LL: KV.L. L .8. A14 1A N0 A SM a44 .1 L LLLP4 K.L LLL..L:*o La OMA.. N LLL 4NR AW NUU~ S s P099ONN 4.P 4 LM. AM LM*.LK . M. N4L u
N N U N R 000 P U UQQ NNV.4 LI. LL.LL...V. L :::::C-4 AML A 4LMN awN N OO N s NM vu OOM4N NMLN LK.KK..LLLLL A.M A.G IN
N N :
RTVV XMU? T Ty yU N, R. K..8K..LW . L MN .LA N L 4 44PPR . NNN N N Q N U N MV AMA K..K.K.L .LL NM 141.L 4
no NM NK &NN QL P*K o.MML.K K.....L N M M1N 4
N MNQAfTU N , 5I 1T MNTUU 144 4188.4 L Lo: L:A& LM K:IN NM:K N020. 4I" N t N NN JRT 14Q 3 4N ..L ..LLLiL . L MN A N M 414P
8. ~ ~ ~ ~ T A.8 '4M 12NM4 TRILNNNCC AP8 '8.KLLLL LL.L MN .N94NMN1L.. ~ ~-S...tR ~ IA8L.KLM * ALL o*KL.t, 4
Figure 5.1 Tw De r e S u r AG Di p a
SO a *Q A P.*1T**. A. ... 5... N41.OK. L.....-L.Z N
NN _ !*j, 555 J TURP K LLL . o.,3 K554.-:4
2 by 2 degree data base. This means that the strike aircraft were inside
the masking envelopes at 7000 feet at any point on the MSL displays during
each of the first three runs. Figure 5.12 shows the MSL display from the
last run. This display clearly shows that the 7000 foot strike altitude
creates a masking envelope which covers all of the displayed area above
48 degrees. The area in the southwest corner of the display shows a
large area of masking due to the obstruction provided by the Olympic
* Mountains. An unmasked corridor extends southward from the radar sites
to the southern border of the display. This clear area results primarily
from the fact that much of the area due south of the sites is water or
low lying coastal tidal flats. It should be noted that the rendezvous
area near the middle of the southern border of the display is shown to be
masked at 7000 feet. This will permit the strike elements to rendezvous
outside the detection area of the EW radar and thus deny the defense any
early strike composition information.
d. Conclusions
Based strictly on the displays obtained thus far the following
conclusions may be made. First, the strike can rendezvous at 7000 MSL
outside of the defense's detection capability. Second, any movement to
east from the rendezvous area will take the aircraft into an unmasked area
at 7000 MSL. Third, the AGL display clearly shows that the aircraft can
penetrate nearly to the target at 200 feet AGL while avoiding detection of
any kind. Last, the SAM radar area coverage is restricted solely to the
northwest quadrant.
A suggested strike tactic based on MASK's output is to send
the bombers on the profile discussed in the AGL display discussion and
Nq
113
' ,'*,'4 ,'_K- 'L, -. :.t.-..-, ' ."•,v .: ..-;. ,-.-, .: ,- . .. . ..-. - . . . . . . - - - .. . . .
OP 013NMK ... e.K ... L. *.n............V I L NI 0 4 iI OP0.q.K....... ..o..**. ...... .... o. tNU
SQN44 .. M * LL............... LUJPPIP NN,tP" RPN L - L KKL.L1P QP 3 Jet; 6
PPPJOLLV..L L .MLV ...... .. K ... L L. LL LOP@,PJ OP-17iP a 13PO NNNK.'4 *Vt::~ I.oLK ..... ;;.....L.I ... I ::*.O
000 ONOPN PM. 0 .I.K... V.... ........... VA L M4 N i4 WSW43ft 1MN LM. L:'dM 4NM. o oLK o. oL L o o. o ..........VK K L. MNMC.PPU 4P i'~
[a P NeL. so, NLA. . ...L .L&M *.oNL... .V. . LMNO NRPM 3PN 0A*.ML...LL *V.NL M MIS11 ON C4S~~~~~~ Ki!h N o to~ : a: :::. :: LN.N.NV. NNGKI IWO 14. NjJfh
WOO A ~IL M.L PO 0IN.N O
NW. :K LLa. .V.......V.i. V... .... LL.o......oo. .IO ..4 4C jw A
Q+ 00 N8NL.'LLL KL .. .. L-L...LK ...L......L KAM 4M LN '4j2.1,N' LLNttI NINNI..,LL LLK. MLN..IIK..N. LNL NL N
P~ Pik PNN0ZT~Uv M M4 J 1 34 NM N.. ...... L4MF.NM4 LL .. SA .4 .T A. .A~ ogN N o N oN.. V L . . L L.
P0PPt aA GL- TuL UKoo~ K .o NLLL Koo .. L.N . N MN N' hM4 NI.VV~U fA NL NNMLN..K ::: NL I&.-
t MMM MMLLMMMMMM ...o.NV..o.oo .oo ... N N LLL .. .4 m" N. 03I
.. &o KMd 111-.N..NLNL. -oo-o.*- * M N N P NP.000000*ftM K oo..*oo.. ooo o ....... L.NV "COVI NL.I 0
N0: oo T oN...o.... ;4o.L V.MIA aLA. A NOUQ~~... 0 R y~ I .... i .IL ... K V..AX4V. lZ
o4oososooos.. .....T~ooo SUTOL A4 MM NM*N NGNLV...4M..I..I.'44 IDOPSuAT CL. I OONd..z L, .. K I LL L; NL L'1
9oooooo***oooooP0 .'W..oooosoo N N MooLALL L. -.....NL L L41n4~! - ' i1 .WauM KsL .4 -L A'A A S Af "oi. P .01L .1 NL LLK .. Ko oL..LN LM M
,@NOPO -3 ajP 0 NP NM. L M.4NML "::L N N L -o...LN LI N00 PIII -- A PP an Fa vi *K4 INK.N LM N00 LL.. L...LN 4 N I
R P5 T PP A0 TUS2 1, 1; P1P P . NIdA-4M---M. o eL. o L.A.M...K4 . M
R00S WP3-Sw ',Pr.gb kPP MN "M *AL ... L.... .. . KLL M LLNN ~ SSI N PQ NN NN NN1N4N0 I. . .LLL *o.V.MM M LL L
N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~MM N I. Woo-.V..I.N INMN N NN LT RK *V..KLV... N M AL I.N ~ ~ ~ ~ N N4 N .V.. 4. L NM N .
N~~tL N NAL LWPI .V .. LN~~~~ N0 N::M MNNN 'I .. L.16N M M N. NM4I L LL M. o.I NML.4 AI
I. N NN A MT N. K L 14MMNLL o' 4 Mt '4.I.I LI IN LUN LLMLLM.NM ..IL NLL .MI. M KNN..4LM 4.K '4 P
Figur 5.1 T Degreej4.LK* Sqar MS DisplayL1
Te 1WoSo: KKK L 4TV tU N.o'14L L::ALALA
*1*!!M~jL A "AjI jI .LMM LtKK ::114o.9it
N t4 :::LLCKL. -#
- ' .- - . - - . -- . . . . .. .. . .. . - .
,-a
send the chaff, jammers and anti-radiation assets to the northwest. The
*'- bombers should descend immediately in order to escape initial detection
as they head northeast. The other elements should proceed at 7000 feet
! •to arrive at the point on the MSL display where the area of masking in
the southwest corner is closest to the target. The sudden appearance of
this decoy force in concert with the use of chaff and jamming will attract
the attention of the defense to the southwest while the bombers achieve
surprise from the east. The speeds of the various elements should be
planned to place the decoy force so that it appears on the victim radar
displays shortly before the bombers make their final turn inbound to the
target.
Additional MASK runs may be desired in order to more precisely
define the point at which the bombers must be at low altitude. Examples
of such additional runs are presented in the following section and reveal
that the bombers may remain at a confortable altitude of 2000 MSL until
>2 very close to the target if they follow the previously described strike
profile.
F. ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
1. General
,.~ This section presents several examples which illustrate the
effects of changing certain parameters during the input phase of MASK.
For clarity and ease of comparison, all examples use only the EW site as
a basis for constructing the masking envelopes.4' 2. Antenna Height Variation
The first comparisons show the effect of varying the radar antenna
height. Figure 5.13 shows the masking envelope for a 200 foot AGL target
115
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LNL~o KLP K.... ....... . I MN. N 4 N3 0Ra.sieKI.NM L o .C ......1.. M42 0N N 00 4 P
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............. .........*A LN LVLLM.44 L. N. M. LN I.OPQP I*............ K...K......LM L N.. NL N. MN LI LPJQ J~
... K . L.. ...... K L.. ....... V LN LLL NM. 144GNQPO4'L..K.4L..L L%....V. MN L M N -3 MiNO
L.........K.... L.K......L RM NM LNMM4 NIs .. LL..LM KK Lt....L.L NL LL N00
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LLNL.L .... *K.... L LK..LM Lo.....KL.. LM N LN; IMMNNL...MM L.. K..K..KKK LL.-A L......L. ... £.V 14M LI LN N
... ... LLLL. .... K......L.. . L ........... NM M LN #4 N. 4N 1o.oLMoL.....KASK. KK.V........;4 ALIV 14 MLL LM 14K L N # 4 M M L .. . C oL V .v . o . .o o L L o o o * L . o . ... .. .. . V L. L M M N 14:: *o. NNOONK.LL ML L4KK....LLK... L L L(..... .. .. I. MLl NpM.oPONNK..MUL L...K....K... .A . LLLLLK...K.... *.414 M .L14
MMLFiur 5.13 X 1 L AntennaL Heigh ExampleR
KoooK9LK 116::::,M9 1 4 4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ........ ..... .... ... ...... .... ... ... ... ....... L MqOOP3PONM~o*LMMLK atd****oo. KK LLLLLLLo..atr t,.tKt L. m
against the EW site with the following parameters: display coverage is
60 by 60 minutes, PRF is 400, dN/dh is -050, duct height is 7000 MSL and
antenna height is 20 feet AGL. Figure 5.14 is an identical display, except
that the antenna has been raised to 100 feet AGL. The most pronounced
effect is to markedly increase the coverage to the west and south. How-
ever, the large masked areas remain to the southwest and southeast. Figure
5.15 shows a 2 by 2 degree display of the same situation in which the radar
antenna has been raised to an altitude of 5000 feet MSL to simulate an air-
borne surveillance capability. The coverage of the radar has vastly expanded
in this example. The entire area shown in Figure 5.14 is contained in the
four northeastern grid blocks of Figure 5.15 and indicates that the only
areas of significant masking are found in and behind the mountains of the
Olympic and Cascade ranges.
3. PRF Variation
The next example shows the effect of changing the radar PRF, thereby
changing the maximum unambiguous range of the radar. The baseline example
is Figure 5.14 in which a PRF of 400 is used. Figure 5.16 shows the same
display except that the PRF has been increased to 5000. Theoretically,
this value produces a maximum unambiguous range of approximately 16.2
nautical miles. Examination of Figures 5.14 and 5.16 show that the two
displays are identical except that Figure 5.16 is truncated at a displayed
range of 16.5 nautical miles, the difference from the theoretical value
being due to the resolution of the display.
4. Refractive Effects
Changes in the refractive gradient are illustrated in the next
examples. The baseline case used is Figure 5.13, in which -050 is used
1179'4' :."" : '-'-'.'- .;, - ,"..".- - . . . .----. . .' -. , , -. 4- ' - . '- -. .-- , - .
7*7 7-77 7.- 77
LL LLLU.JUJ v.4! §SK 0 w.pej F.
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................. ( LKK K L L14MM NN 14 4ftOO0 POP-*M,'4'4
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so... KL eo o... L N 1ML . N::::::::o .1,..1 o*L 4L L 4"K.Z: 4. ... .. *L4 14M11814 .
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PRur 5.15 Aibon Anen Hegh Example .V 'N.U ;Q TS 4LL..AAA1
CRPPOU-R4U~ T TP N 9A: 4- L A
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as a value for dN/dh. Figure 5.17 is an identical case except that dN/dh
has been changed to -020 which is the value used to simulate standard day
optical propagation. With a few minor exceptions the displays appear to
be identical and only careful examination shows that some of the masking
boundaries are closer to the site in the optical case. This is not a very
surprising result since both values of dN/dh fall in the 'normal' propaga-
tion range and the radar coverage is primarily limited to short ranges by
the low antenna height. In the next example, a noticeable change takes
place and serves to further explain the similarity of Figures 5.13 and 5.17.
This example is shown in Figure 5.18. All parameters are identical to
Figures 5.13 and 5.17 except that dN/dh has been changed to -150, thereby
*simulating extreme superrefraction approaching ducting. In this case it is
Sapparent that little change has taken place at short distances from the
site, while more significant changes occur at greater distances. This, of
course, is exactly what should be happening since the propagation of waves
at short ranges is well approximated by a flat earth model (dN/dh =-156).
It is only at somewhat greater distances that the effects of refraction
begin to alter the radar propagation significantly. This further rein-
forces the idea that terrain masking is in large part a function of the
characteristics of the terrain and is only modified by refraction.
5. Strike Altitudes
The last set of examples shows the effect of changing the AGL and
MSL strike altitudes. The baseline case for the AGL displays is Figure
5.13, in which an AGL strike altitude of 200 feet is used. Figure 5.19
shows the same situation except that the AGL altitude is set at 600 feet.
The first impression made by the comparison is that both masking envelopes
121
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Figure 5.18 Superrefractive Gradient Examnple
123
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have the same general shape and the major difference is that the 600 AGL
example envelope is larger. The same terrain features caused both enve-
* lopes so this development is not so unexpected. Perhaps the most signifi-
cant result of this comparison is that some areas of the masking envelopes
*have not changed appreciably. This is especially evident in the area to
• the southeast of the site. This particular finding is in agreement with
the earlier observation that the terrain to the southeast of the EW site
was a major obstruction to the radar's coverage.
The comparison of MSL altitudes is illustrated in Figures 5.20 and
5.21. These two examples use radar and refractive inputs identical to
those in Figure 5.14. The displayed area is 2 by 2 degrees which allows
an additional comparison with Figure 5.12 which is the MSL display from
the last run in the hypothetical strike example. Figure 5.20 uses an
altitude of 5000 feet MSL resulting in a noticeable reduction in the
coverage afforded in the 7000 MSL case. The appearance of a large number
of '0' symbols in the southeast of the display indicates the existence of
terrain in this area exceeding 5000 feet MSL. Figure 5.21 uses an altitude
of 2000 MSL. The trend indicated in Figure 5.20 continues as the conver-
age envelope shrinks toward the EW site and more '0' symbols are formed
where the terrain exceeds 2000 feet MSL. By using Figures 5.12, 5.20 and
5.21, it is possible to determine points along the route of flight of the
bomber element at which the aircraft must descend to remain masked. Figure
5.21 shows clearly that the aircraft need not descent below 2000 MSL during
most of the transit to and from the target area.
These examples have by no means covered all of the possible combi-
nations of effects which can be processed by MASK. However, they do
125
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'' the input values used in MASK.
im.'
*W
A.128
.AJ. ' " ' ' ' ', ,_i ' '_ r,,,-,,. ", ', ,," ."" " " " " '- . . ,, , .. . . """, - . -" ,.,.,- "" -..-. .-" "--..- .-.- " .- -. . ''.Z..;'i'.-.,.i..i..,. , , ._.
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
MASK was developed as a thesis project. As a result, the programming
expertise brought to bear on the subject was necessarily limited. The
author makes no apology for this but recognizes it as a fact. More effi-
cient programing methods are, no doubt, available for processing the data
used in the masking calculations. In particular, the tedious means of
combining several DTED files for large area coverage needs to be stream-
lined. This and other program refinements could easily occupy a student
in pursuit of a thesis topic.
Additional recommendations are dependent on the final selection of a
standard shipboard general purpose digital computer. Although the HP 9000
appears to-be the current favorite, this is by no means a certainty. De-
pending on which system is ultimately procured a number of steps must be
accomplished to implement MASK aboard ship. The source code must be trans-
lated if the shipboard computer cannot use FORTRAN. At a minimum in the0%
case of the HP 9000, the program must be slightly modified to conform to
the UNIX operating system. This can be done at the Naval Postgraduate
School using the VAX system already installed in Spanagel Hall.
Additional work needs to be done on the graphic displays. The dis-
plays created for MASK were designed to be printed using only a line
printer without any exotic graphics capability. The newer systems avail-
able have various graphics capabilities which would improve the clarity
of the MASK displays and eliminate manual operations such as tracing
envelopes onto the topographic displays. The output generating code will,
129
% % %*
of necessity, require extensive modification depending on the particular
system procured by the Navy. This is another area for consideration as a
thesis topic in computer science.
Finally, some systems must be developed to supply user organizations
*with the required data bases, either in an already transformed status or
as raw DTED tape files. The capability now exists at NPS to perform the
required data base transformations, but the same programs are not likely
to be compatible with smaller systems.
Given that the steps mentioned above are taken, MASK has the capability
to significantly upgrade the effectiveness of the Navy's tactical air
striking forces. Installed on each CV, MASK will allow the strike mission
planner to more easily devise routes of flight to reduce the susceptibility
of attacking forces to enemy air defenses. MASK will provide the capability
to respond to urgent tasking in a timely manner without sacrificing the
accuracy required to perform thorough preflight mission planning. The end
result will be a greater probability of survival for our attacking air-
craft and a consequent increase in the weight of ordnance delivered to the
target. On an equal cost basis, it is unlikely that any other single im-
provement can increase the effectiveness of sea based air power more than
the introduction of computer aided mission planning tools such as MASK.
Mention has already been made of the applicability of MASK to the air
defense planning problem. In particular, Marine Corps air defense network
planners could use MASK to compare alternative missile battery deployment
patterns prior to landing the assets ashore. This capability would speed
the establishment of organic area air defenses and could additionally be
used to plan for contingency redeployment of air defense assets in case
some of the systems were destroyed or rendered inoperative.
130
Additional applications of MASK in the areas of electronic warfare,
airborne early warning, remotely piloted drone control and communications
planning are numerous. The salient point is that MASK can fulfill an
outstanding operational requirement to upgrade shipboard mission planning
capabilities in order to meet an ever increasing air defense threat.
Ignoring this requirement serves only to limit the effectiveness of the
Navy's tactical air forces.
131
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LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Attwood, S.S. and others, The Propagation of Radio Waves Through the
-: Standard Atmosphere, Columbia University Press, 1946.
2. Defense Mapping Agency, Catalogue of Digital Data, 1982.
3. Defense Mapping Agency, Product Specifications for DMA Standard forDigital Terrain Elevation Data, 1977.
4. Long, M.W., Radar Reflectivity of Land and Sea, Heath, 1975.
,4
180
2e
o INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST
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1 . Defense Technical Information Center 2
Cameron Station' ' Alexandria, Virginia 22314*
.. 2. Library Code 0142
-. Naval Postgraduate School CMonterey, California 93943
3. Department Chairman, Code 55 CDepartment of Operations Research
',iliNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93943
4. Professor A.F. Andrus, Code 5As 2
Department of Operations ResearchNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93943
5. Drtm Modes, Code 72Mf 5Computer Science DepartmentNaval Postgraduate'SchoolMonterey, California 93943
4. Commanding Officer 2Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron
One Twenty Nine (VAQ-129)Attn: CDR Dana B. McKinney, USN
NAS Whidbey IslandOak Harbor, Washington 98277
7. CommanderNaval Air Systems CommandAttn: CDR Chuck Sammons (AIR-413)Washington, D.C. 20361
.-
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