navi based user authentication

7/23/2019 Navi Based User Authentication

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Navi based User Authentication and Proposal of

Movie CAPTCHA Method Using Amodal Completion

A PROJECT REPORT

in the partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOG

in

!NFOR"AT!ON TECHNOLOG

"A #$%&

8



BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

9



ABSTRACT

Te't()a*ed pa**word*+ de*pite their well(,nown draw)a-,*+ remain the dominant u*er

authenti-ation *-heme implemented. Graphi-al pa**word */*tem*+ )a*ed on 0i*ual information

*u-h a* the re-ognition of photograph* and 1 or pi-ture*+ ha0e emerged a* a promi*ing alternati0e

to mitigate relian-e on te't pa**word*. Ne0erthele**+ de*pite the ad0antage* offered the/ ha0e

not )een widel/ u*ed in pra-ti-e in-e man/ open i**ue* need to )e re*ol0ed. !n thi* paper we

propo*e a no0el graphi-al pa**word *-heme+ NA2!+ where the -redential* of the u*er are hi*

u*ername and a pa**word formulated )/ drawing a route on a predefined map. 3e anal/4e the

*trength of the pa**word generated )/ thi* *-heme and pre*ent a protot/pe implementation in

order to illu*trate the fea*i)ilit/ of our propo*al. Finall/+ we di*-u** NA2!5* *e-urit/ feature* and

-ompare it with e'i*ting graphi-al pa**word *-heme* a* well a* te't()a*ed pa**word* in term* of

,e/ *e-urit/ feature*+ *u-h a* pa**word ,e/*pa-e+ di-tionar/ atta-,* and gue**ing atta-,*. The

propo*ed *-heme appear* to ha0e the *ame or )etter performan-e in the ma6orit/ of the *e-urit/

feature* e'amined.

Te't()a*ed pa**word*+ de*pite their well(,nown draw)a-,*+ remain the dominant u*er

authenti-ation *-heme implemented. Graphi-al pa**word */*tem*+ )a*ed on 0i*ual information

*u-h a* the re-ognition of photograph* and 1 or pi-ture*+ ha0e emerged a* a promi*ing alternati0e

to mitigate relian-e on te't pa**word*. Ne0erthele**+ de*pite the ad0antage* offered the/ ha0e

not )een widel/ u*ed in pra-ti-e *in-e man/ open i**ue* need to )e re*ol0ed. !n thi* paper we

propo*e a no0el graphi-al pa**word *-heme+ NA2!+ where the -redential* of the u*er are hi*

u*ername and a pa**word formulated )/ drawing a route on a predefined map. 3e anal/4e the

*trength of the pa**word generated )/ thi* *-heme and pre*ent a protot/pe implementation in

order to illu*trate the fea*i)ilit/ of our propo*al. Finall/+ we di*-u** NA2!5* *e-urit/ feature* and

-ompare it with e'i*ting graphi-al pa**word *-heme* a* well a* te't()a*ed pa**word* in term* of

,e/ *e-urit/ feature*+ *u-h a* pa**word ,e/*pa-e+ di-tionar/ atta-,* and gue**ing atta-,*. The propo*ed *-heme appear* to ha0e the *ame or )etter performan-e in the ma6orit/ of the *e-urit/

feature* e'amined.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

LIST OF FIGURES ii

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS iii

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 A)out the Pro6e-t $7

2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2.1 E'i*ting */*tem $8

2.2 Propo*ed */*tem $8

2.3 9/*tem :e*ign %$

3 REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

3.1 !ntrodu-tion %#

3.2 Hardware and 9oftware *pe-ifi-ation %#

3.3 Te-hnologie* ;*ed %&

3.4Te-hnologie* ;*ed %&

3.4.1 Ja0a %&

3.4.1.1 !ntrodu-tion to 6a0a %&

3.4.1.2 3or,ing of 6a0a %<

4 SYSTEM DESIGN

3.5 Blo-, :iagram

5 SYSTEM DESIGN – DETAILED

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5.1 "odule* #=

5.2 "odule e'planation #=

6 CODING AND TESTING

6.1 Coding &%

6.2 Coding *tandard* &%

6.3 Te*t pro-edure &>

6.4 Te*t data and output &<

REFERENCES !

SNAP SHOTS

12



LIST OF FIGURES

4 9/*tem :e*ign

5.2 Pattern* of the peer(peer edge*

5.2 Pattern* of the *er0i-e(pro0ider edge*

5.2 :i*-o0ering mi**ing lin,* in internet

13



LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

"D#

Ja0a :e0elopment Tool,it.

"MF Ja0a "edia Framewor, .

TCP Tran*mi**ion Control Proto-ol.

IP !nternet Proto-ol.

HTTP H/per Te't Tran*fer Proto-ol

14



CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Ai$%

The main aim of thi* pro6e-t i* to propo*e a na0igation )a*ed u*er authenti-ation */*tem+

failing whi-h di*pla/* a "o0ie CAPTCHA u*ing a fla*h file in whi-h onl/ human* -an pro0ide

-orre-t an*wer* )/ appl/ing amodal -ompletion.

S&'()*i*%

3e) *er0i-e* a--ount* ha0e re-entl/ )een automati-all/ a-?uired in large ?uantitie* )/ )ot(

program*+ whi-h are mali-iou*. Furthermore+ the a-?uired a--ount ha0e )een u*ed for *pamming+

whi-h i* a pro)lem for *er0i-e operator* or !nternet ;*er*.

NA2!+ where the -redential* of the u*er are hi* u*ername and a pa**word formulated )/

drawing a route on a predefined map. Completel/ Automated Pu)li- Turing Te*t* to Tell

Computer* and Human* Apart @CAPTCHA* ha0e generall/ )een adopted for 3e) 9er0i-e* a* a

method of pre0enting 3e) 9er0i-e* a--ount* from )eing a-?uired. The*e are Turing te*t* for u*er*

of 3e) 9er0i-e* to di*tingui*h )etween human* and )ot(program*. There are *e0eral t/pe* of

method* in CAPTCHA*+ )ut the mo*t t/pi-al in thi* field are te't()a*ed.

Thu*+ we propo*e a pra-ti-al method for CAPTCHA in thi* paper in whi-h onl/ human*

-an pro0ide -orre-t an*wer* )/ appl/ing amodal -ompletion.

15



CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2.1 E+ISTING SYSTEM

Completel/ Automated Pu)li- Turing te*t* to tell Computer and Human* Apart

@CAPTCHA* are -urrentl/ u*ed for Turing te*t* in 3e) *er0i-e*. CAPTCHA* in0ol0e a */*tem

u*ed to di*tingui*h human* from -omputer*. The*e */*tem* offer ?ue*tion* that are ea*/ for

human* to an*wer )ut that are diffi-ult for -omputer* to re*pond to. Therefore+ the*e */*tem*

regard u*er* with -orre-t an*wer a* human*. CAPTCHA* are widel/ u*ed for a-?uiring the

a--ount* of 3e) *er0i-e* or writing on )ulletin )oard* and )log*. Te't()a*ed CAPTCHA*

repre*ent general method*.

Te't()a*ed CAPTCHA* in0ol0e */*tem* to ma,e u*er* read -hara-ter* and input the*e into

a te't )o'. Te't()a*ed CAPTCHA* ha0e made anal/*i* )/ -omputer* diffi-ult. Howe0er+ te't(

)a*ed CAPTCHA* ha0e )e-ome ea*/ to )rea, due to ad0an-e* in OCR te-hnolog/ and impro0ed

de-oding algorithm*. :i*tortion and noi*e ha0e )een *trengthened to mitigate thi* pro)lem )ut thi*

ha* re*ulted in in-rea*ing the load on u*er*.

2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Completel/ Automated Pu)li- Turing te*t* to tell Computer and Human* Apart @CAPTCHA* are

-urrentl/ u*ed for Turing te*t* in 3e) *er0i-e*. CAPTCHA* in0ol0e a */*tem u*ed to di*tingui*h human*

from -omputer*. The*e */*tem* offer ?ue*tion* that are ea*/ for human* to an*wer )ut that are diffi-ult for

-omputer* to re*pond to. Therefore+ the*e */*tem* regard u*er* with -orre-t an*wer a* human*. CAPTCHA*

are widel/ u*ed for a-?uiring the a--ount* of 3e) *er0i-e* or writing on )ulletin )oard* and )log*. Te't( )a*ed CAPTCHA* repre*ent general method*.

Te't()a*ed CAPTCHA* in0ol0e */*tem* to ma,e u*er* read -hara-ter* and input the*e into a te't

)o'. Te't()a*ed CAPTCHA* ha0e made anal/*i* )/ -omputer* diffi-ult. Howe0er+ te't()a*ed CAPTCHA*

16



ha0e )e-ome ea*/ to )rea, due to ad0an-e* in OCR te-hnolog/ and impro0ed de-oding algorithm*.

:i*tortion and noi*e ha0e )een *trengthened to mitigate thi* pro)lem )ut thi* ha* re*ulted in in-rea*ing the

load on u*er*.

CHAPTER 3

REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The re?uirement* *pe-ifi-ation i* a te-hni-al *pe-ifi-ation of re?uirement* for the

*oftware produ-t*. !t i* the fir*t *tep in the re?uirement* anal/*i* pro-e** it li*t* the re?uirement*

of a parti-ular *oftware */*tem in-luding fun-tional+ performan-e and *e-urit/ re?uirement*. The

re?uirement* al*o pro0ide u*age *-enario* from a u*er+ an operational and an admini*trati0e

per*pe-ti0e. The purpo*e of *oftware re?uirement* *pe-ifi-ation i* to pro0ide a detailed o0er0iew

of the *oftware pro6e-t+ it* parameter* and goal*. Thi* de*-ri)e* the pro6e-t target audien-e and

it* u*er interfa-e+ hardware and *oftware re?uirement*. !t define* how the -lient+ team and

audien-e *ee the pro6e-t and it* fun-tionalit/.

3.2 HARD,ARE AND SOFT,ARE SPECIFICATION

3.2.1 HARD,ARE REQUIREMENTS

Hard :i*, 7$ GB and a)o0e.

RA" % GB and a)o0e.

Pro-e**or Pentium !2 and a)o0e.

3i(Fi Router.

17



3.2.2 SOFT,ARE REQUIREMENTS

Ja0a %.=.$#>

Tom-at D.$.%#

J*p+ 9er0let*

9trut* %.#

Ora-le %$g

3.5 TECHNOLOGIES USED

3.5.1 "AVA

!t i* a Platform !ndependent. Ja0a i* an o)6e-t(oriented programming language de0eloped

initiall/ )/ Jame* Go*ling and -olleague* at 9un "i-ro*/*tem*. The language+ initiall/ -alled

Oa, @named after the oa, tree* out*ide Go*ling* offi-e+ wa* intended to repla-e C+ although

the feature *et )etter re*em)le* that of O)6e-ti0e C.

3.5.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO "AVA

Ja0a ha* )een around *in-e %88%+ de0eloped )/ a *mall team of 9un "i-ro*/*tem*

de0eloper* in a pro6e-t originall/ -alled the Green pro6e-t. The intent of the pro6e-t wa* to

de0elop a platform(independent *oftware te-hnolog/ that would )e u*ed in the -on*umer

ele-troni-* indu*tr/. The language that the team -reated wa* originall/ -alled Oa,.

The fir*t implementation of Oa, wa* in a P:A(t/pe de0i-e -alled 9tar 9e0en @D that

-on*i*ted of the Oa, language+ an operating */*tem -alled GreenO9+ a u*er interfa-e+ and

hardware. The name D wa* deri0ed from the telephone *e?uen-e that wa* u*ed in the team*

offi-e and that wa* dialed in order to an*wer an/ ringing telephone from an/ other phone in the

offi-e.

18



Around the time the Fir*t Per*on pro6e-t wa* floundering in -on*umer ele-troni-*+ a

new -ra4e wa* gaining momentum in Ameri-a the -ra4e wa* -alled I3e) *urfing.I The 3orld

3ide 3e)+ a name applied to the !nternet* million* of lin,ed HT"L do-ument* wa* *uddenl/

)e-oming popular for u*e )/ the ma**e*. The rea*on for thi* wa* the introdu-tion of a graphi-al

3e) )row*er -alled "o*ai-+ de0eloped )/ n-9A. The )row*er *implified 3e) )row*ing )/

-om)ining te't and graphi-* into a *ingle interfa-e to eliminate the need for u*er* to learn man/

-onfu*ing ;N! and :O9 -ommand*. Na0igating around the 3e) wa* mu-h ea*ier u*ing

"o*ai-.

!t ha* onl/ )een *in-e %88> that Oa, te-hnolog/ ha* )een applied to the 3e). !n %88>+

two 9un de0eloper* -reated the fir*t 0er*ion of Hot Ja0a+ and then -alled 3e) Runner+ whi-h i* a

graphi-al )row*er for the 3e) that e'i*t* toda/. The )row*er wa* -oded entirel/ in the Oa,

language+ )/ thi* time -alled Ja0a. 9oon after+ the Ja0a -ompiler wa* rewritten in the Ja0a

language from it* original C -ode+ thu* pro0ing that Ja0a -ould )e u*ed effe-ti0el/ a* an

appli-ation language. 9un introdu-ed Ja0a in "a/ %88< at the 9un 3orld 8< -on0ention.

3e) *urfing ha* )e-ome an enormou*l/ popular pra-ti-e among million* of

-omputer u*er*. ;ntil Ja0a+ howe0er+ the -ontent of information on the !nternet ha* )een a )land

*erie* of HT"L do-ument*. 3e) u*er* are hungr/ for appli-ation* that are intera-ti0e+ that u*er*

-an e'e-ute no matter what hardware or *oftware platform the/ are u*ing+ and that tra0el a-ro**

heterogeneou* networ,* and do not *pread 0iru*e* to their -omputer*. Ja0a -an -reate *u-h

appli-ation*.

19



3.3.1.1 ,OR#ING OF "AVA

For tho*e who are new to o)6e-t(oriented programming+ the -on-ept of a -la** will )e

new to /ou. 9impli*ti-all/+ a -la** i* the definition for a *egment of -ode that -an -ontain

)oth data @-alled attri)ute* and fun-tion* @-alled method*.

3hen the interpreter e'e-ute* a -la**+ it loo,* for a parti-ular method )/ the name of

$-i' whi-h will *ound familiar to C programmer*. The main method i* pa**ed a* a

parameter an arra/ of *tring* @*imilar to the arg0K of C+ and i* de-lared a* a *tati- method.

To output te't from the program+ we e'e-ute the )/i'0' method of S&*0$.(0 whi-h i*

6a0a5* output *tream. ;N! u*er* will appre-iate the thoer/ )ehind *u-h a *tream+ a* it i*

a-tuall/ *tandard output. For tho*e who are in*tead u*ed to the 3intel platform+ it will write

the *tring pa**ed to it to the u*er5* program.

Ja0a -on*i*t* of two thing*

Programming language

platform

3.3.1.2 THE "AVA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Ja0a i* a high(le0el programming language that i* all of the following

9imple

O)6e-t(oriented

:i*tri)uted

20



!nterpreted

Ro)u*t

9e-ure

Ar-hite-ture(neutral

Porta)le

High(performan-e

"ultithreaded

:/nami-

The -ode and -an )ring a)out -hange* whene0er felt ne-e**ar/. 9ome of the *tandard needed

to a-hie0e the a)o0e(mentioned o)6e-ti0e* are a* follow*

Ja0a i* unu*ual in that ea-h Ja0a program i* )oth -o implied and interpreted. 3ith a -ompiler+

/ou tran*late a Ja0a program into an intermediate language -alled "-- &0 (7* M the

platform independent -ode* interpreted )/ the Ja0a interpreter. 3ith an interpreter+ ea-h Ja0a

)/te -ode in*tru-tion i* par*ed and run on the -omputer. Compilation happen* 6u*t on-e

interpretation o--ur* ea-h time the program i* e'e-uted. Thi* figure illu*trate* how it wor,*

21



Fi8.3.1

ou -an thin, of Ja0a )/te -ode* a* the ma-hine -ode in*tru-tion* for the "-- Vi/0-

M-9i' :"VM;. E0er/ Ja0a interpreter+ whether it5* a Ja0a de0elopment tool or a 3e)

)row*er that -an run Ja0a applet*+ i* an implementation of J2". That J2" -an al*o )e

implemented in hardware. Ja0a )/te -ode* help ma,e write on-e+ run an/where po**i)le.

ou -an -ompile /our Ja0a program into )/te -ode* on an/ platform that ha* a Ja0a

-ompiler. The )/te -ode* -an then )e run on an/ implementation of the J2m. For e'ample+ that

*ame Ja0a program -an e run on 3indow* NT+ 9olari* and "a-into*

22

Ja0a program Complier

!nterpreter !nterpreter !nterpreter



PC<C($)-0i S' U0/- S(-/i* P(=/ $-i'0(*9

,i'7(=* NT S&*0$ !

3.3.1.3 THE "AVA PLATFORM

A platform i* the hardware or *oftware en0ironment in whi-h a program run*. The Ja0a

platform differ* from mo*t other platform* in that it5* a *oftware(onl/ platform that run* on top

of other+ hardware()a*ed platform*. "o*t other platform* are de*-ri)ed a* a -om)ination of

hardware and operating */*tem.

The Ja0a platform ha* two -omponent* :

The Ja0a 2irtual "a-hine @J2"

The Ja0a Appli-ation Programming !nterfa-e @Ja0a AP!

ou50e alread/ )een introdu-ed to the J2". !t5* the )a*e for the Ja0a platform and i*

ported onto 0ariou* hardware()a*ed platform*.

The Ja0a AP! i* a large -olle-tion of read/(made *oftware -omponent* that pro0ide man/

u*eful -apa)ilitie*+ *u-h a* graphi-al u*er interfa-e @G;! widget*. The Ja0a AP! i* grouped into

23



li)rarie* :)->-8*; of related -omponent*. The following figure depi-t* a Ja0a program+ *u-h a*

an appli-ation or applet+ that5* running on the Ja0a platform. A* the figure *how*+ the Ja0a AP!

and 2irtual "a-hine in*ulate* the Ja0a program from hardware dependen-ie*.

Fig.&.&

A* a platform(independent en0ironment+ Ja0a -an )e a )it *lower than nati0e -ode.

Howe0er+ *mart -omplier*+ weel(tuned interpreter*+ and 6u*t(in(time )/te -ompliler* -an )ring

Ja0a5* performan-e -lo*e to that of nati0e -ode without threatening prota)ilit/.

3.5.1.2 ,OR#ING OF "AVA

For tho*e who are new to o)6e-t(oriented programming+ the -on-ept of a -la** will

)e new to /ou. 9impli*ti-all/+ a -la** i* the definition for a *egment of -ode that -an -ontain )oth

data and fun-tion*.

3hen the interpreter e'e-ute* a -la**+ it loo,* for a parti-ular method )/ the name of

$-i' whi-h will *ound familiar to C programmer*. The main method i* pa**ed a* a parameter

an arra/ of *tring* @*imilar to the arg0K of C+ and i* de-lared a* a *tati- method.

To output te't from the program+ we e'e-ute the )/i'0' method of S&*0$.(0

whi-h i* 6a0a5* output *tream. ;N! u*er* will appre-iate the theor/ )ehind *u-h a *tream+ a* it

24



i* a-tuall/ *tandard output. For tho*e who are in*tead u*ed to the 3intel platform+ it will write

the *tring pa**ed to it to the u*er5* program.

3.3.4 APACHE TOMCAT SERVER

Apa-he Tom-at @formerl/ under the Apa-he Ja,arta Pro6e-t Tom-at i* now a top le0el

pro6e-t i* a we) -ontainer de0eloped at the Apa-he 9oftware Foundation. Tom-at implement*

the *er0let and the Ja0a9er0er Page* @J9P *pe-ifi-ation* from 9un "i-ro*/*tem*+ pro0iding an

en0ironment for Ja0a -ode to run in -ooperation with a we) *er0er. !t add* tool* for -onfiguration

and management )ut -an al*o )e -onfigured )/ editing -onfiguration file* that are normall/

"L(formatted. Be-au*e Tom-at in-lude* it* own HTTP *er0er internall/+ it i* al*o -on*idered a

*tandalone we) *er0er.

E'i/('$'0

Tom-at i* a we) *er0er that *upport* *er0let* and J9P*. Tom-at -ome* with the Ja*per -ompiler

that -ompile* J9P* into *er0let*.

The Tom-at *er0let engine i* often u*ed in -om)ination with an Apa-he we) *er0er or other we)

*er0er*. Tom-at -an al*o fun-tion a* an independent we) *er0er. Earlier in it* de0elopment+ the

per-eption e'i*ted that *tandalone Tom-at wa* onl/ *uita)le for de0elopment en0ironment* and

other en0ironment* with minimal re?uirement* for *peed and tran*a-tion handling. Howe0er+ that

per-eption no longer e'i*t* Tom-at i* in-rea*ingl/ u*ed a* a *tandalone we) *er0er in high(

traffi-+ high(a0aila)ilit/ en0ironment*.

9in-e it* de0eloper* wrote Tom-at in Ja0a+ it run* on an/ operating */*tem that ha* a J2".

25

http://www.codebeach.com/tutorials/what-is-jsp.asp

http://www.codebeach.com/tutorials/what-is-xml.asp

http://www.codebeach.com/tutorials/what-is-jsp.asp

http://www.codebeach.com/tutorials/what-is-xml.asp



P/(70 ?-0/*

Tom-at &.' @initial relea*e

• implement* the 9er0let #.# and J9P %.% *pe-ifi-ation*

• *er0let reloading

• )a*i- HTTP fun-tionalit/ Tom-at >.'

• implement* the 9er0let #.& and J9P %.# *pe-ifi-ation*

• *er0let -ontainer rede*igned a* Catalina

• J9P engine rede*igned a* Ja*per

• Co/ote -onne-tor

• Ja0a "anagement E'ten*ion* @J"+ J9P and 9trut*()a*ed admini*tration

Tom-at <.'

• implement* the 9er0let #.> and J9P #.$ *pe-ifi-ation*

• redu-ed gar)age -olle-tion+ impro0ed performan-e and *-ala)ilit/

• nati0e 3indow* and ;ni' wrapper* for platform integration

• fa*ter J9P paring

Hi*0(/&

Tom-at *tarted off a* a *er0let *pe-ifi-ation implementation )/ Jame* :un-an :a0id*on+ a

26



*oftware ar-hite-t at 9un. He later helped ma,e the pro6e-t open *our-e and pla/ed a ,e/ role in

it* donation )/ 9un to the Apa-he 9oftware Foundation.

:a0id*on had initiall/ hoped that the pro6e-t would )e-ome open(*our-ed and+ *in-e mo*t

open(*our-e pro6e-t* had OReill/ )oo,* a**o-iated with them featuring an animal on the -o0er+

he wanted to name the pro6e-t after an animal. He -ame up with Tom-at *in-e he rea*oned the

animal repre*ented *omething that -ould ta,e -are of and fend for it*elf. Hi* wi*h to *ee an

animal -o0er e0entuall/ -ame true when OReill/ pu)li*hed their Tom-at )oo, with a tom-at on

the -o0er

I'0/(70i(' 0( O/-

3here do we *tart One of the pro)lem* in -omprehending a ma**i0e produ-t *u-h

a* the Ora-le data)a*e i* the diffi-ult/ of getting a good *en*e of how the produ-t wor,* without

getting lo*t in the detail* of implementing *pe-ifi- *olution*. Thi* )oo, aim* to *ol0e thi*

pro)lem )/ gi0ing /ou a thorough grounding in the -on-ept* and te-hnologie* that form the

foundation of the Ora-le :ata)a*e 9er0er. Ora-le al*o pro0ide* an Appli-ation 9er0er and

)u*ine** appli-ation*+ in-luding the E(Bu*ine** 9uite and the Ora-le Colla)oration 9uite+ whi-h

are out*ide the *-ope of the main )od/ of thi* )oo,. 3e50e tried to write a )oo, for a wide range

of Ora-le u*er*+ from the no0i-e to the e'perien-ed u*er. To addre** thi* range of u*er*+ we50e

fo-u*ed on the -on-ept* and te-hnolog/ )ehind the Ora-le data)a*e. On-e /ou full/ under*tand

the*e fa-et* of the produ-t+ /ou5ll )e a)le to handle the parti-ular* of 0irtuall/ an/ t/pe of Ora-le

data)a*e. 3ithout thi* under*tanding+ /ou ma/ feel o0er)urdened a* /ou tr/ to -onne-t the dot*

of Ora-le5* 0oluminou* feature *et and do-umentation.

Thi* fir*t -hapter la/* the groundwor, for the re*t of the di*-u**ion* in thi* )oo,.

Of all the -hapter*+ it -o0er* the )roade*t range of topi-* mo*t of the*e are di*-u**ed further later

in the )oo,+ )ut *ome of the )a*i-*Qfor e'ample+ the )rief hi*tor/ of Ora-le and the -ontent* of

the different fla0or* of the Ora-le data)a*e produ-t* are uni?ue to thi* -hapter.

Ora-le ha* grown from it* hum)le )eginning* a* one of a num)er of data)a*e* a0aila)le

in the %8D$* to the mar,et leader of toda/. !n it* earl/ da/*+ Ora-le Corporation wa* ,nown more

a* an aggre**i0e *ale* and promotion organi4ation than a te-hnolog/ *upplier. O0er the /ear*+ the

27



Ora-le data)a*e ha* grown in depth and ?ualit/+ and it* te-hni-al -apa)ilitie* now are generall/

re-ogni4ed a* the mo*t ad0an-ed. 3ith ea-h relea*e+ Ora-le ha* added more power and feature*

to it* alread/ *olid )a*e while impro0ing the managea)ilit/.

O/-!i

Ora-le7i+ relea*ed in %888+ added a new twi*t to the Ora-le data)a*eQa -om)ination

of enhan-ement* that made the Ora-le7i data)a*e the fo-al point of the world of !nternet @the i in

7i -omputing.

O/-@i

Ora-le8i+ relea*ed in #$$%+ introdu-ed Real Appli-ation Clu*ter* a* a repla-ement for

Ora-le Parallel 9er0er+ and added man/ management and data warehou*ing feature*.

O/- D-0--* 18

Ora-le :ata)a*e %$g+ relea*ed in #$$& and the -urrent relea*e+ ena)le* grid @the g in %$g

-omputing. A grid i* *impl/ a pool of -omputer* that pro0ide* needed re*our-e* for appli-ation*

on an a*(needed )a*i*. The goal i* to pro0ide -omputing re*our-e* that tran*parentl/ *-ale to the

u*er -ommunit/+ mu-h a* an ele-tri-al utilit/ -ompan/ -an deli0er power to meet pea, demand

)/ a--e**ing energ/ from other power pro0ider*5 plant* 0ia a power grid. Ora-le :ata)a*e %$g

further redu-e* the time+ -o*t+ and -omple'it/ of data)a*e management through the introdu-tion

of *elf(managing feature* *u-h a* the Automated :ata)a*e :iagno*ti- "onitor+ Automated

9hared "emor/ Tuning+ Automated 9torage "anagement+ and Automated :i*, Ba*ed Ba-,up

and Re-o0er/. One important ,e/ to Ora-le :ata)a*e %$g5* u*efulne** in grid -omputing i* the

a)ilit/ to pro0i*ion

28



CPU* -'7 7-0-.

Before we di0e into the *pe-ifi- foundation* of the*e relea*e*+ we mu*t *pend a little time

de*-ri)ing *ome Ora-le )a*i-*Qhow data)a*e* e0ol0ed to arri0e at the relational model+ a )rief

hi*tor/ of Ora-le Corporation+ and an introdu-tion to the )a*i- feature* and -onfiguration* of thedata)a*e.

T9 O/- F-$i&

Ora-le :ata)a*e %$g :ata)a*e 9er0er de*-ri)e* the mo*t re-ent ma6or 0er*ion of

the Ora-le Relational :ata)a*e "anagement 9/*tem @R:B"9 famil/ of produ-t* that *hare

-ommon *our-e -ode. Thi* famil/ in-lude*

• Per*onal Ora-le+ a data)a*e for *ingle u*er* that5* often u*ed to de0elop -ode for

implementation on other Ora-le multiu*er data)a*e*

• Ora-le 9tandard Edition+ whi-h wa* named 3or,group 9er0er in it* fir*t iteration

a* part of the Ora-leD famil/ and i* *ometime* *impl/ referred to a* Ora-le 9er0er

• Ora-le Enterpri*e Edition+ whi-h in-lude* all 9tandard Edition fun-tionalit/ and

additional fun-tionalit/

• Ora-le Lite+ u*ed primaril/ for mo)ile appli-ation*

Ora-le7 wa* introdu-ed in %88D with larger *i4e limitation* and management

feature*+ *u-h a* partitioning+ aimed at 0er/ large data)a*e implementation*. !n %887+ Ora-le

announ-ed Ora-le7i+ whi-h i* *ometime* referred to a* 2er*ion 7.% of the Ora-le7 data)a*e. The i

wa* added to denote added fun-tionalit/ *upporting !nternet deplo/ment in the new 0er*ion.

Ora-le8i followed+ with Appli-ation 9er0er a0aila)le in #$$$ and :ata)a*e 9er0er in #$$%.

Ora-le :ata)a*e %$g wa* introdu-ed in #$$& the g denote* Ora-le5* fo-u* on emerging grid

deplo/ment model*. The term* Ora-le+ Ora-le7+ Ora-le7i+ Ora-le8i and Ora-le :ata)a*e %$g @or

Ora-le%$g might appear to )e u*ed *omewhat inter-hangea)l/ in thi* )oo,+ )e-au*e Ora-le

:ata)a*e %$g in-lude* all the feature* of pre0iou* 0er*ion*. 3hen we de*-ri)e a new feature that

wa* fir*t made a0aila)le *pe-ifi-all/ in -ertain relea*e*+ we50e tried to note that fa-t to a0oid

29



-onfu*ion+ re-ogni4ing that man/ of /ou ma/ ha0e old relea*e* of Ora-le. 3e t/pi-all/ u*e the

*imple term Ora-le when de*-ri)ing feature* that are -ommon to all the*e relea*e*.

Ora-le ha* fo-u*ed de0elopment around a *ingle *our-e -ode model *in-e %87&.

3hile ea-h data)a*e implementation in-lude* *ome operating */*temM*pe-ifi- *our-e -ode at

0er/ low le0el* in order to )etter le0erage *pe-ifi- platform*+ the interfa-e* that u*er*+

de0eloper*+ and admini*trator* deal with for ea-h 0er*ion are -on*i*tent. Be-au*e feature* are

-on*i*tent a-ro** platform* for implementation* of Ora-le 9tandard Edition and Ora-le

Enterpri*e Edition+ -ompanie* -an migrate Ora-le appli-ation* ea*il/ to 0ariou* hardware

0endor* and operating */*tem* while le0eraging their in0e*tment* in Ora-le te-hnolog/. Thi*

de0elopment *trateg/ al*o ena)le* Ora-le to fo-u* on implementing new feature* onl/ on-e in it*

produ-t *et+ in*tead of ha0ing to add fun-tionalit/ at different time* to different implementation*.

O/- S0-'7-/7 E7i0i('

Ora-le 9tandard Edition refer* to a *pe-ifi- data)a*e offering+ on-e ,nown a*

3or,group 9er0er. From a fun-tionalit/ and pri-ing *tandpoint+ thi* produ-t intend* to -ompete

in the entr/(le0el multiu*er and *mall data)a*e -ategor/+ *upporting *maller num)er* of u*er*.

The*e relea*e* are a0aila)le toda/ on 3indow* and ;ni' platform* *u-h a* HP Compa?+ HP1;+

!B" A!+ Linu'+ and 9un 9olari*.

O/- E'0/)/i* E7i0i('

Ora-le Enterpri*e Edition i* aimed at larger(*-ale implementation* that re?uire

additional feature*. Enterpri*e Edition i* a0aila)le on far more platform* than the Ora-le relea*e

for wor,group* and in-lude* ad0an-ed management+ networ,ing+ programming+ and data

warehou*ing feature*+ a* well a* a 0ariet/ of *pe-ial(purpo*e option*+ *u-h a* -lu*tering+ whi-h

are a0aila)le at e'tra -o*t.

Thi* i* the Title of the Boo,+ e"atter Edition

Copyright © 2004 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.

30



O/- P/*('- E7i0i('

Ora-le Per*onal Edition i* the *ingle(u*er 0er*ion of Ora-le Enterpri*e Edition.

Per*onal Edition i* mo*t fre?uentl/ u*ed for de0elopment on a *ingle ma-hine. Be-au*e the

feature* mat-h tho*e of Enterpri*e Edition+ a de0eloper -an write appli-ation* u*ing the Per*onalEdition and deplo/ them to multi(u*er *er0er*. 9ome -ompanie* deplo/ *ingle(u*er appli-ation*

u*ing thi* produ-t. Howe0er+ Ora-le Lite offer* a mu-h more lightweight mean* of deplo/ing the

*ame appli-ation*.

O/- Li0

Ora-le Lite+ on-e ,nown a* Ora-le "o)ile+ i* intended for *ingle u*er* who are u*ing

wirele**1mo)ile de0i-e*. !t differ* from other mem)er* of the Ora-le data)a*e famil/ in that it

doe*n5t u*e the *ame data)a*e engine. !n*tead+ Ora-le de0eloped a lightweight engine -ompati)le

with the limited memor/ and *torage -apa-it/ of handheld de0i-e*. Ora-le Lite i* de*-ri)ed in

more detail at the end of thi* -hapter. Be-au*e the 9L *upported )/ Ora-le Lite i* largel/ the

*ame a* the 9L for other Ora-le data)a*e*+ /ou -an run appli-ation* de0eloped for tho*e

data)a*e engine* u*ing Ora-le Lite. Repli-ation of data )etween Ora-le Lite and other Ora-le

0er*ion* i* a ,e/ part of mo*t implementation*. Ta)le %(# *ummari4e* the *ituation* in whi-h /ou

would t/pi-all/ u*e ea-h data)a*e produ-t. 3e50e u*ed the Ora-le produ-t name* to refer to the

different mem)er* of the Ora-le data)a*e famil/.

"-- ?-0/* -'7 ()0i('*

Ora-le7i introdu-ed the u*e of Ja0a a* a pro-edural language with a Ja0a 2irtual "a-hine

@J2" in the data)a*e @originall/ -alled J9er0er. J2" in-lude* *upport for Ja0a *tored

pro-edure*+ method*+ trigger*+ Enterpri*e Ja0aBean*S @EJB*+ CORBA+ and HTTP. The

A--elerator i* u*ed for pro6e-t generation+ tran*lation+ and -ompilation+ and -an al*o )e u*ed to

deplo/1in*tall *hared li)rarie*. The in-lu*ion of Ja0a within the Ora-le data)a*e allow* Ja0a

de0eloper* to le0erage their *,ill* a* Ora-le appli-ation de0eloper*. Ja0a appli-ation* -an )e

deplo/ed in the -lient+ Appli-ation 9er0er+ or data)a*e+ depending on what i* mo*t appropriate.

31



Ora-le data warehou*ing option* for OLAP and data mining pro0ide a Ja0a AP!. The*e

appli-ation* are t/pi-all/ -u*tom )uilt u*ing Ora-le5* J:e0eloper.

+TVi=

A multimedia home platform+ or "PH+ i* an intera-ti0e digital tele0i*ion middleware

*/*tem that allow* the re-eption and e'e-ution of intera-ti0e Ja0a appli-ation* on a tele0i*ion

*et. !ntera-ti0e tele0i*ion+ al*o ,nown a* !T2+ ena)le* people to not onl/ 0iew tele0i*ion )ut al*o

intera-t with it* -ontent. The a-ti0itie* that u*er* -an intera-t with in-lude information *er0i-e*+

game*+ 0oting+ e(mail+ 9"9 or *hopping. "HP appli-ation* ma/ ma,e u*e of an additional

return -hannel that *upport* !nternet Proto-ol.

"PH -ome* in two pre*entation*+ :2B(HT"L appli-ation* and the more popular :2B(J

appli-ation*+ al*o ,nown a* let*. An let interfa-e allow* an e'ternal *our-e to initiate and halt

an appli-ation. Thi* a)ilit/ i* -ru-ial for a *et(top )o' en0ironment+ whi-h in turn i* an e**ential

-omponent of intera-ti0e tele0i*ion.

let* u*uall/ re?uire a )rief manual on how to in*tall the *oftware and how it wor,*. !t

de*-ri)e* detail* a)out the late*t 0er*ion of the *oftware+ the $.&.=.+ although there ha0e )een

plan* to -hange the feature* and how the/ wor,.)r 1U)r 1UThe manual t/pi-all/ tal,* a)out the

dire-tor/ *tru-ture one *hould get when downloading and un4ipping the file+ a)out how to *tart

the *oftware+ how to run it+ a)out the remote -ontrol+ the *hort-ut ,e/* and the *etting* file. The

information i* meant to help an/ new u*er to *tart u*ing the emulator+ )ut more information -an

al*o )e found online+ e*pe-iall/ related to -omponent* and trou)le*hooting an/ pro)lem*.

C('?i8/i'8 +TVi=

C('?i8/i'8 09 9-''* 09-0 -/ --i-

An/ T2 will ha0e a li*t of -hannel* a0aila)le+ and leT2iew al*o offer* thi*

fun-tionalit/. ;nli,e a real T2+ /ou need to tell it what -hannel* are a0aila)le and /ou -an do thi*

)/ editing the -onfig1-hannel*.'mlfile. The default 0er*ion of thi* file loo,* li,e thi*

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>

<CH!!#S>

<CH!!#>

32



<!$>0<%!$>

<$&I>con'ig%de'()l*+g.,g<%$&I>

<%CH!!#>

<%CH!!#S>

A* /ou -an *ee+ ea-h -hannel definition -on*i*t* of two part*. The NA"EU element

-ontain* the -hannel name or num)er that will )e a**igned to thi* -hannel. The

"E:!AU element tell*.

leT2iew what it *hould di*pla/ in the )a-,ground when that -hannel i* *ele-ted. Thi*

-an either )e a JPEG image @whi-h *hould )e D#$ pi'el* wide )/ <D= pi'el* high or it -an )e an

A2! file if /ou prefer a mo0ing )a-,ground. Plea*e note that onl/ *ome t/pe* of A2! file are

*upported ( *ee the *e-tion on u*ing 0ideo with leT2iew for more detail*.

3hen /ou fir*t *tart leT2iew+ it will di*pla/ the -hannel li*ted fir*t in the -hannel*.'ml

file. !n 0er*ion $.&.= of leT2iew it i* not po**i)le to -hange the -hannel u*ing the ,e/* on the

remote.

I'0/(70i(' TO "SP

Ja0a 9er0er Page* or J9P for *hort i* 9un* *olution for de0eloping d/nami- we) *ite*.

J9P pro0ide e'-ellent *er0er *ide *-ripting *upport for -reating data)a*e dri0en we) appli-ation*.

J9P ena)le the de0eloper* to dire-tl/ in*ert 6a0a -ode into 6*p file+ thi* ma,e* the de0elopment

pro-e** 0er/ *imple and it* maintenan-e al*o )e-ome* 0er/ ea*/. J9P page* are effi-ient+ it load*

into the we) *er0er* memor/ on re-ei0ing the re?ue*t 0er/ fir*t time and the *u)*e?uent -all*

are *er0ed within a 0er/ *hort period of time.

!n toda/* en0ironment mo*t we) *ite* *er0er* d/nami- page* )a*ed on u*er re?ue*t.

:ata)a*e i* 0er/ -on0enient wa/ to *tore the data of u*er* and other thing*. J:BC pro0idee'-ellent data)a*e -onne-ti0it/ in heterogeneou* data)a*e en0ironment. ;*ing J9P and J:BC it*

0er/ ea*/ to de0elop data)a*e dri0en we) appli-ation.

Ja0a i* ,nown for it* -hara-teri*ti- of Iwrite on-e+ run an/where.I J9P page* are platform

independent. our port /our .6*p page* to an/ platform.

33



T9 Li? C& (? - "SP P-8

A J9P page *er0i-e* re?ue*t* a* a *er0let. Thu*+ the life -/-le and man/ of the -apa)ilitie*

of J9P page* @in parti-ular the d/nami- a*pe-t* are determined )/ Ja0a 9er0let te-hnolog/ and

mu-h of the di*-u**ion in thi* -hapter refer* to fun-tion* de*-ri)ed in Chapter %$.

3hen a re?ue*t i* mapped to a J9P page+ it i* handled )/ a *pe-ial *er0let that fir*t -he-,*

whether the J9P page* *er0let i* older than the J9P page. !f it i*+ it tran*late* the J9P page into a

*er0let -la** and -ompile* the -la**. :uring de0elopment+ one of the ad0antage* of J9P page*

o0er *er0let* i* that the )uild pro-e** i* performed automati-all/.

T/-'*-0i(' -'7 C($)i-0i('

:uring the tran*lation pha*e+ ea-h t/pe of data in a J9P page i* treated differentl/.

Template data i* tran*formed into -ode that will emit the data into the *tream that return* data to

the -lient. J9P element* are treated a* follow*

• :ire-ti0e* are u*ed to -ontrol how the 3e) -ontainer tran*late* and e'e-ute* the J9P

page.

• 9-ripting element* are in*erted into the J9P page* *er0let -la**. 9ee J9P 9-ripting

Element* for detail*.

• Element* of the form 6*p XXX ... 1U are -on0erted into method -all* to Ja0aBean*

-omponent* or in0o-ation* of the Ja0a 9er0let AP!.

For a J9P page named pageName+ the *our-e for a J9P page* *er0let i* ,ept in the file

J2EE_HOME 1repo*itor/1host 1we)1

context_root/ $$$#f pageName 6*p.6a0a

For e'ample+ the *our-e for the inde' page @named index.,s for the d(*e lo-ali4ation

e'ample di*-u**ed at the )eginning of the -hapter would )e named

34



J2EE_HOME 1repo*itor/1host 1we)1date1$$$#finde'6*p.6a0a

Both the tran*lation and -ompilation pha*e* -an /ield error* that are onl/ o)*er0ed when

the page i* re?ue*ted for the fir*t time. !f an error o--ur* while the page i* )eing tran*lated @for

e'ample+ if the tran*lator en-ounter* a malformed J9P element+ the *er0er will return

a (rsexce*ion+ and the *er0let -la** *our-e file will )e empt/ or in-omplete. The la*t

in-omplete line will gi0e a pointer to the in-orre-t J9P element.

!f an error o--ur* while the J9P page i* )eing -ompiled @for e'ample+ there i* a */nta' error in a

*-riptlet+ the *er0er will return a /(serxce*ion and a me**age that in-lude* the name of the

J9P page* *er0let and the line where the error o--urred.

On-e the page ha* )een tran*lated and -ompiled+ the J9P page* *er0let for the mo*t part follow*

the *er0let life -/-le de*-ri)ed in the *e-tion 9er0let Life C/-le

%. !f an in*tan-e of the J9P page* *er0let doe* not e'i*t+ the -ontainer

a. Load* the J9P page* *er0let -la**

). !n*tantiate* an in*tan-e of the *er0let -la**

-. !nitiali4e* the *er0let in*tan-e )/ -alling the 6*p!nit method

2. !n0o,e* the 6*p9er0i-e method+ pa**ing a re?ue*t and re*pon*e o)6e-t.

!f the -ontainer need* to remo0e the J9P page* *er0let+ it -all* the ,s&es*ro method.

E0i('

ou -an -ontrol 0ariou* J9P page e'e-ution parameter* u*ing )/ (ge dire-ti0e*. The dire-ti0e*

that pertain to )uffering output and handling error* are di*-u**ed here. Other dire-ti0e* are

-o0ered in the -onte't of *pe-ifi- page authoring ta*,* throughout the -hapter.

35



B??/i'8

3hen a J9P page i* e'e-uted+ output written to the re*pon*e o)6e-t i* automati-all/ )uffered.

ou -an *et the *i4e of the )uffer with the following (ge dire-ti0e

VW page )ufferXInoneY xxx,)I VU

A larger )uffer allow* more -ontent to )e written )efore an/thing i* a-tuall/ *ent )a-, to the

-lient+ thu* pro0iding the J9P page with more time to *et appropriate *tatu* -ode* and header* or

to forward to another 3e) re*our-e. A *maller )uffer de-rea*e* *er0er memor/ load and allow*

the -lient to *tart re-ei0ing data more ?ui-,l/.

H-'7i'8 E//(/*

An/ num)er of e'-eption* -an ari*e when a J9P page i* e'e-uted. To *pe-if/ that the 3e)

-ontainer *hould forward -ontrol to an error page if an e'-eption o--ur*+ in-lude the

following page dire-ti0e at the )eginning of /our J9P page

VW page errorPageXIfilenameI VU

The :u,e* Boo,*tore appli-ation page initde*tro/.6*p -ontain* the dire-ti0e

VW page errorPageXIerrorpage.6*pIVU

The )eginning of errorpage.6*p indi-ate* that it i* *er0ing a* an error page with the

following page dire-ti0e

VW page i*ErrorPageXItrueYfal*eI VU

Thi* dire-ti0e ma,e* the e'-eption o)6e-t @of t/pe 6a0a'.*er0let.6*p.J*pE'-eption a0aila)le to

the error page+ *o that /ou -an retrie0e+ interpret+ and po**i)l/ di*pla/ information a)out the

-au*e of the e'-eption in the error page.

36

http://java.sun.com/j2ee/tutorial/1_3-fcs/examples/src/web/bookstore2/initdestroy.txt


http://java.sun.com/j2ee/tutorial/1_3-fcs/examples/src/web/bookstore2/errorpage.txt


http://java.sun.com/j2ee/tutorial/api/javax/servlet/jsp/JspException.html







Introduction to Servlet

A *er0let i* a Ja0a programming language -la** u*ed to e'tend the -apa)ilitie* of *er0er*

that ho*t appli-ation* a--e**ed 0ia a re?ue*t(re*pon*e programming model. Although *er0let* -an

re*pond to an/ t/pe of re?ue*t+ the/ are -ommonl/ u*ed to e'tend the appli-ation* ho*ted )/

3e) *er0er*. Thu*+ it -an )e thought of a* a Ja0a Applet that run* on a *er0er in*tead of a

)row*er.

A 9er0let i* a Ja0a -la** in Ja0a EE that -onform* to the Ja0a 9er0let AP!+ a proto-ol )/

whi-h a Ja0a -la** ma/ re*pond to re?ue*t*. The/ are not tied to a *pe-ifi- -lient(*er0er proto-ol+

)ut are mo*t often u*ed with the HTTP proto-ol. Therefore+ the word I9er0letI i* often u*ed in

the meaning of IHTTP 9er0letI.Thu*+ a *oftware de0eloper ma/ u*e a *er0let to add d/nami-

-ontent to a 3e) *er0er u*ing the Ja0a platform. The generated -ontent i* -ommonl/ HT"L+ )ut

ma/ )e other data *u-h a* "L. 9er0let* are the Ja0a -ounterpart to non(Ja0a d/nami- 3e)

-ontent te-hnologie* *u-h a* CG! and A9P.NET. 9er0let* -an maintain *tate in *e**ion 0aria)le*

a-ro** man/ *er0er tran*a-tion* )/ u*ing HTTP -oo,ie*+ or ;RL rewriting.

To deplo/ and run a 9er0let+ a 3e) -ontainer mu*t )e u*ed. A 3e) -ontainer i*

e**entiall/ the -omponent of a 3e) *er0er that intera-t* with the *er0let*. The 3e) -ontainer i*

re*pon*i)le for managing the life-/-le of *er0let*+ mapping a ;RL to a parti-ular *er0let anden*uring that the ;RL re?ue*ter ha* the -orre-t a--e** right*.

The *er0let AP!+ -ontained in the Ja0a pa-,age hierar-h/ ,(v(x.servle*+ define* the

e'pe-ted intera-tion* of the 3e) -ontainer and a *er0let

A 9er0let i* an o)6e-t that re-ei0e* a re?ue*t and generate* a re*pon*e )a*ed on that

re?ue*t. The )a*i- *er0let pa-,age define* Ja0a o)6e-t* to repre*ent *er0let re?ue*t* and

re*pon*e*+ a* well a* o)6e-t* to refle-t the *er0let* -onfiguration parameter* and e'e-utionen0ironment. The pa-,age 6a0a'.*er0let.http define* HTTP(*pe-ifi- *u)-la**e* of the generi-

*er0let element*+ in-luding *e**ion management o)6e-t* that tra-, multiple re?ue*t* and

re*pon*e* )etween the 3e) *er0er and a -lient. 9er0let* ma/ )e pa-,aged in a 3AR file a*

a 3e) appli-ation.

37



9er0let* -an )e generated automati-all/ from Ja0a 9er0er Page* @J9P )/ the Ja0a9er0er

Page* -ompiler. The differen-e )etween 9er0let* and J9P i* that 9er0let* t/pi-all/ em)ed HT"L

in*ide Ja0a -ode+ while J9P* em)ed Ja0a -ode in HT"L. 3hile the dire-t u*age of 9er0let* to

generate HT"L @a* *hown in the e'ample )elow i* relati0el/ rare nowada/*+ the higher le0el

"2C we) framewor, in Ja0a EE @J9F *till e'pli-itl/ u*e* the 9er0let te-hnolog/ for the low

le0el re?ue*t1re*pon*e handling 0ia the Fa-e*9er0let. A *omewhat older u*age i* to u*e *er0let*

in -on6un-tion with J9P* in a pattern -alled I"odel #I+ whi-h i* a fla0or of the model(0iew(

-ontroller pattern.

9er0let* )elong inWEB-INF/classes. On thi* ma-hine+ the *our-e i* in Ja0a *our-e

in /var//hosts/!ca"cho!com/e#apps/res$n-%!&/WEB-INF/classes. 3EB(!NF1-la**e* i*

the *tandard lo-ation for *er0let* and other Ja0a -la**e*. Re*in automati-all/ reload* andre-ompile* *er0let*+ )ean*+ and -la**e* pla-ed in 3EB(!NF1-la**e*. ou *hould ma,e *ome

-hange* and add error* to )e-ome familiar with Re*in* re-ompilation and the error reporting.

1. I'0/(70i('

1.1 P/)(*

The main*ta/ of thi* pro6e-t i* to propo*e the u*e of an ele-troni- ti-,eting

infra*tru-ture of a PTN operator for po*itioning within the -onte't of the PTN to gi0e on(trip

per*onali4ed na0igation -ue*.

P/(0 S()

Pu)li- tran*port networ,* @PTN* are diffi-ult to u*e when the u*er i* unfamiliar with the

area he1*he i* tra0eling to. Ade?uate on(trip na0igation information -an *u)*tantiall/ ea*e the u*e

38



of pu)li- tran*portation and )e the dri0ing fa-tor in moti0ating tra0eler* to prefer it o0er other

mode* of tran*portation.

3e propo*e the u*e of an ele-troni- ti-,eting infra*tru-ture of a PTN operator for

po*itioning within the -onte't of the PTN to gi0e on(trip and pre(trip per*onali4ed na0igation

-ue*. 3e a**e** rele0ant de*ign i**ue* for a modular -o*t(effi-ient u*er(friendl/ on(trip and pre(

trip na0igation *er0i-e.

PTN operator* are deplo/ing ele-troni- ti-,eting */*tem* )a*ed on RF!: te-hnolog/ to

impro0e their operation* and *er0i-e to -u*tomer* and attra-t more -u*tomer*. The itinerar/

-al-ulation *er0i-e i* offered through 9OAP -all*. !tinerar/ -al-ulation re?uire* tran*port

*-hedule* and data from a G!9 */*tem+ i.e.+ wal,ing di*tan-e* )etween point* to 0i*it and -lo*e*t

PTN *tation*+ whi-h are al*o o)tained from the Google AP!*.

2. O/- D*/i)0i('

2.1P/(70 P/*)0i

The main -ontri)ution of our propo*al i* to ade?uate on(trip na0igation information -an

*u)*tantiall/ ea*e the u*e of pu)li- tran*portation and )e the dri0ing fa-tor in moti0ating

tra0eler* to prefer it o0er other mode* of tran*portation. 3e propo*e the u*e of an ele-troni-

ti-,eting infra*tru-ture of a PTN operator for po*itioning within the -onte't of the PTN to gi0e

on(trip per*onali4ed na0igation -ue*. 3e a**e** rele0ant de*ign i**ue* for a modular -o*t(

effi-ient u*er(friendl/ on(trip na0igation *er0i-e.

The fir*t -on*i*t* of trip planning+ and the latter -on*i*t* of the a-tual trip. !n ea-h pha*e+

pa**enger* are *u)6e-t to different -ogniti0e -hallenge*+ e'perien-e different )arrier* and -an )e

a**i*ted )/ different ,ind* of information. 3ith re*pe-t to the on(trip pha*e+ we identified other

)arrier* of multimodal tra0eling that deter parti-ularl/ people unfamiliar with the PTN from

39



u*ing pu)li- tran*port. Among tho*e )arrier* are the -omple'it/ of PTN and the diffi-ult/ during

tran*fer*+ whi-h often lead to pa**enger* getting lo*t during a modal -hange+ a* well a* in-rea*ed

-ogniti0e load due to the la-, of integrated and per*onali4ed on(trip information.

2.2 P/(70 F-0/*

Pu)li- tran*port networ,* @PTN* are diffi-ult to u*e when the u*er i* unfamiliar with the

area *he i* tra0eling to+ a* *hown )/ a u*er *ur0e/ that we pre*ent in thi* paper.

The fir*t -on*i*t* of trip planning+ and the latter -on*i*t* of the a-tual trip. !n ea-h pha*e+

pa**enger* are *u)6e-t to different -ogniti0e -hallenge*+ e'perien-e different )arrier* and -an )e

a**i*ted )/ different ,ind* of information. 3ith re*pe-t to the on(trip pha*e+ we identified other

)arrier* of multimodal tra0eling that deter parti-ularl/ people unfamiliar with the PTN from

u*ing pu)li- tran*port.

2.3 U*/ C-*** -'7 C9-/-0/i*0i*

Pa-,age -om.6*p. pa-,age *our-e file* are u*ed for pre*entation and re*ult 0iewing page.

Pa-,age -om.data)a*e.:ata)a*e9tatement.6a0a *our-e file i* u*ed to e*ta)li*h the -onne-tion to

the data)a*e and data warehou*e and e'e-ute the *?l Prepared 9tatement* a* a predefined

pro-edure.

Pa-,age -om. file i* u*ed to implement out the entire -on-ept* of the pro6e-t. All -la**e*+

mapping file*+ 'ml file* are in-luded in thi* pa-,age.

2.4 D*i8' -'7 I$)$'0-0i(' C('*0/-i'0*

2.5.1 C('*0/-i'0* i' A'-&*i*

40



♦ Con*traint* a* !nformal Te't

♦ Con*traint* a* Operational Re*tri-tion*

♦ Con*traint* !ntegrated in E'i*ting "odel Con-ept*

♦ Con*traint* a* a 9eparate Con-ept

♦ Con*traint* !mplied )/ the "odel 9tru-ture

2.5.2 C('*0/-i'0* i' D*i8'

♦ :etermination of the !n0ol0ed Cla**e*

♦ :etermination of the !n0ol0ed O)6e-t*

♦ :etermination of the !n0ol0ed A-tion*

♦ :etermination of the Re?uire Clau*e*

♦ Glo)al a-tion* and Con*traint Reali4ation

2.5.3 C('*0/-i'0* i' I$)$'0-0i('

A hierar-hi-al *tru-turing of relation* ma/ re*ult in more -la**e* and a more

-ompli-ated *tru-ture to implement. Therefore it i* ad0i*a)le to tran*form the hierar-hi-al

relation *tru-ture to a *impler *tru-ture *u-h a* a -la**i-al flat one. !t i* rather *traightforward totran*form the de0eloped hierar-hi-al model into a )ipartite+ flat model+ -on*i*ting of -la**e* on

the one hand and flat relation* on the other. Flat relation* are preferred at the de*ign le0el for

rea*on* of *impli-it/ and implementation ea*e. There i* no identit/ or fun-tionalit/ a**o-iated

with a flat relation. A flat relation -orre*pond* with the relation -on-ept of entit/(relation*hip

modeling and man/ o)6e-t oriented method*.

3. S&*0$ F-0/*

3e propo*e the u*e of an ele-troni- ti-,eting infra*tru-ture of a PTN operator for

po*itioning within the -onte't of the PTN to gi0e on(trip per*onali4ed na0igation -ue*.

41



4. E0/'- I'0/?- Ri/$'0*

4.1U*/ I'0/?-*

%. All the -ontent* in the pro6e-t are implemented u*ing Graphi-al ;*er !nterfa-e @G;! 6*p and

html page*.

#. E0er/ -on-eptual part of the pro6e-t* i* refle-ted u*ing the 6*p and html.

&. 9/*tem get* the input and deli0er* through the G;! )a*ed.

4.2H-/7=-/ I'0/?-*

E09/'0

Ethernet on the A91>$$ *upport* TCP1!P+ Ad0an-ed Peer(to(Peer Networ,ing @APPN

and ad0an-ed program(to(program -ommuni-ation* @APPC.

ISDN

ou -an -onne-t /our A91>$$ to an !ntegrated 9er0i-e* :igital Networ, @!9:N for

fa*ter+ more a--urate data tran*mi**ion. An !9:N i* a pu)li- or pri0ate digital -ommuni-ation*

networ, that -an *upport data+ fa'+ image+ and other *er0i-e* o0er the *ame ph/*i-al interfa-e.

Al*o+ /ou -an u*e other proto-ol* on !9:N+ *u-h a* !:LC and .#<.

42



4.3S(?0=-/ I'0/?-*

Thi* *oftware i* intera-ted with the HTTP proto-ol. Thi* proto-ol i*

running in tom-at port num)er @default 7$.

Thi* *oftware i* al*o intera-ted with the 9"TP proto-ol+ *ending and re-ei0ing on

9"TP proto-ol.

4.4C($$'i-0i(' I'0/?-*

%. Http Proto-ol.

#. LAN 9etting*.

5. O09/ N('?'0i('- Ri/$'0*

5.1P/?(/$-' Ri/$'0*

3e need to one or more than one ma-hine to e'e-ute the demo. "a-hine need*

enough hard di*, *pa-e to in*tall the *oftware and run our pro6e-t. The entire ma-hine*

*hould )e -onne-ted with LAN *etting*. Thereafter+ we ha0e to do the )a*i-

-onfiguration* *etting*.

5.2S-?0& Ri/$'0*

%. The *oftware ma/ )e *afet/(-riti-al. !f *o+ there are i**ue* a**o-iated with it* integrit/

le0el

#. The *oftware ma/ not )e *afet/(-riti-al although it form* part of a *afet/(-riti-al

*/*tem. For e'ample+ *oftware ma/ *impl/ log tran*a-tion*.

43



&. !f a */*tem mu*t )e of a high integrit/ le0el and if the *oftware i* *hown to )e of that

integrit/ le0el+ then the hardware mu*t )e at lea*t of the *ame integrit/ le0el.

>. There i* little point in produ-ing perfe-t -ode in *ome language if hardware and

*/*tem *oftware @in wide*t *en*e are not relia)le.

<. !f a -omputer */*tem i* to run *oftware of a high integrit/ le0el then that */*tem *hould

not at the *ame time a--ommodate *oftware of a lower integrit/ le0el.

=. 9/*tem* with different re?uirement* for *afet/ le0el* mu*t )e *eparated.

D. Otherwi*e+ the highe*t le0el of integrit/ re?uired mu*t )e applied to all */*tem*

in the *ame en0ironment.

5.3S/i0& Ri/$'0*

:o not )lo-, the *ome a0aila)le port* through the window* firewall

<.> S(?0=-/ Q-i0& A00/i0*

F'0i('-i0& are the re?uired fun-tion* a0aila)le+ in-luding !nteropera)ilit/ and

*e-urit/

Ri-ii0& maturit/+ fault toleran-e and re-o0era)ilit/

U*-ii0& how ea*/ it i* to under*tand+ learn+ and operate the *oftware 9/*tem

E??ii'& performan-e and re*our-e )eha0ior.

M-i'0-i'-ii0& "aintaining the *oftware.

P(/0-ii0& -an the *oftware ea*il/ )e tran*ferred to another en0ironment+

!n-luding in*tall a)ilit/

44



CHAPTER 4

A/9i00/%

User Registration with Geo

Points

User ogin

Client (inputs registered geo

points, zoom level)

45

!"#$ %&'%&

(.s*+ le)

A! "# PRAGNAN$

-enerting %pt/

imges (&, 29). %reting "rious

!//luder pes(re/tngle, /ir/le,tringle).

%reting .s*+ le

nd ppending teentire %&'%&



Geo Points

matchma%ing

&ocial Applications

Process to

di'erentiate Humans and (ots

Fi8% 4.1

4.1 S' Di-8/-$%

46



4.2 U* C-* Di-8/-$%

47



4.3 A0ii0& Di-8/-$%

48



49



C(-(/-0i(' Di-8/-$%

DATA FLO, DIAGRAM%

50



evel 0:

egistrtion

#ssues ser #d.

evel 1:

ser ogin,

"lidtes ser

evel 2:

%ooses egistered

-eo 'oints

evel 3:

51

%#$ $"$

&&&$

%#$ $"$

&&&$

%#$

$"$

&&&$



ser ogin

C-** Di-8/-$

52

$"$

&&&$

%#$

-enertes .s*+

le ppended ;

/pt/ imges to

distinguis

umns nd ots.



CHAPTER 5

53



SYSTEM DESIGN

5.1 MODULES

U*/ R8i*0/-0i(' *i'8 G(P(i'0*

N( A09'0i-0i(' =i09 Vi*- I'?(/$-0i('

A$(7- C($)0i('

5.2 MODULE E+PLANATION%

U*/ R8i*0/-0i(' *i'8 G(P(i'0*

3e introdu-e a )a*i- u*er le0el regi*tration pro-e** )a*ed on no0el ,nowledge()a*ed authenti-ation

*-heme that )elong* to the re-all()a*ed graphi-al pa**word* famil/. The -redential* of the u*er are a route

@or multiple route* of hi* -hoi-e. The geopoint* along with the 4oom le0el 0alue are *tored in the data)a*e

for further le0el authenti-ation pro-e**.

N( A09'0i-0i(' =i09 Vi*- I'?(/$-0i('

A geo route+ whi-h *omething the u*er ,now*+ ma/ )e *u)6e-ta)le to atta-,* *imilar to

tho*e in other re-all()a*ed *-heme*. A *et of -riteria are propo*ed in order to *trengthen the route pa**word+

the e?ui0alent of *etting up a *trong te't )a*ed pa**word. A* *u-h+ the route mu*t )e unpredi-ta)le+ *o that

the *tarting and ending point* a* well a* the intermediate route -annot )e gue**ed. Furthermore+ the route

*hould )e long enough in order to in-lude man/ turn* in order to pro0ide ade?uate -omple'it/. !t i* al*o

ne-e**ar/ that the u*er doe* not u*e the predefined route *ugge*ted )ut he modifie* it )/ introdu-ing at lea*tone de0iation from the route -reated )/ Google map*.

A$(7- C($)0i('

54



Our "O2!E CAPTCHA -arrie* -ertain rule*+ generation of a randoml/ generated TET

CAPTCHA+ pla-ement of o--luder* on the e'a-t o)6e-t area a0oiding the free *pa-ial area* @whi-h doe*n5t

affe-t the original o)6e-t in the image. O--luder* doe*n5t rel/ upon a *ingle *hape+ where we in turn

generate the 0ariou* *hape* of the o--luder* in a random manner. The entire image* are in turn -on0erted

into a 0ideo fla*h file @.*wf for further authenti-ation to di*tingui*h )etween human* and )ot*. The Law of

Pragnan4 are -on*idered to affe-t the ea*e of per-eption )a*ed on per-eptual p*/-holog/ whi-h are gi0en a*

follow*

L-= (? )/(i$i0&% Thi* law indu-e* the mind to per-ei0e element* in pro'imit/ a*

-olle-ti0e element*. The )la-, -ir-le* appear to )e on a lengthwi*e line in three row*.

L-= (? Si$i-/i0&% Thi* law indu-e* the mind to per-ei0e *imilar element* from -olle-ti0e

element*. Thi* *imilarit/ might depend on relation*hip* )etween form+ -olor+ *i4e+ or

)rightne**. Bla-, -ir-le* are arranged e?uidi*tant to one another. Howe0er+ the -ir-le* in the

*e-ond row are a different -olor. Therefore+ the*e -ir-le* appear to )e hori4ontall/ lo-ated

along a line.

L-= (? C(*/% The mind ma,e* u* per-ei0e element* of -lo*ure a* non(open element*. !n

the e'ample+ the human mind per-ei0e* the*e -lo*ed )ra-,et* a* *?uare*. The*e open

)ra-,et* are not per-ei0ed a* -olle-ti0e element*.

L-= (? C('i'i0&% 9mooth -onne-tion* tend to )e -olle-ti0e. 3e -an *ee two o0erlapping

-ir-le*. Howe0er+ it i* hard for u* to per-ei0e thi* a* a -entral lenti-ular *hape with

-re*-ent* at )oth *ide* that i* la-,ing -ir-le*.

CHAPTER 6

CODING AND TESTING

55



6.1 CODING

On-e the de*ign a*pe-t of the */*tem i* finali4e* the */*tem enter* into the -oding and

te*ting pha*e. The -oding pha*e )ring* the a-tual */*tem into a-tion )/ -on0erting the de*ign of

the */*tem into the -ode in a gi0en programming language. Therefore+ a good -oding *t/le ha* to

)e ta,en whene0er -hange* are re?uired it ea*il/ *-rewed into the */*tem.

6.2 CODING STANDARDS

Coding *tandard* are guideline* to programming that fo-u*e* on the ph/*i-al *tru-ture and

appearan-e of the program. The/ ma,e the -ode ea*ier to read+ under*tand and maintain. Thi*

pha*e of the */*tem a-tuall/ implement* the )lueprint de0eloped during the de*ign pha*e. The

-oding *pe-ifi-ation *hould )e in *u-h a wa/ that an/ programmer mu*t )e a)le to under*tand the

-ode and -an )ring a)out -hange* whene0er felt ne-e**ar/. 9ome of the *tandard needed to

a-hie0e the a)o0e(mentioned o)6e-ti0e* are a* follow*

Program *hould )e *imple+ -lear and ea*/ to under*tand.

Naming -on0ention*

2alue -on0ention*

9-ript and -omment pro-edure

"e**age )o' format

E'-eption and error handling

6.2.1 NAMING CONVENTIONS

56



Naming -on0ention* of -la**e*+ data mem)er+ mem)er fun-tion*+ pro-edure* et-.+ *hould )e

*?<7*/i)0i. One *hould e0en get the meaning and *-ope of the 0aria)le )/ it* name. The

-on0ention* are adopted for -*& '7/*0-'7i'8 of the intended me**age )/ the u*er. 9o it i*

-u*tomar/ to follow the -on0ention*. The*e -on0ention* are a* follow*

C-** '-$*

Cla** name* are pro)lem domain e?ui0alen-e and )egin with -apital letter and ha0e mi'ed -a*e*.

M$/ F'0i(' -'7 D-0- M$/ '-$

"em)er fun-tion and data mem)er name )egin* with a lower-a*e letter

with ea-h *u)*e?uent letter* of the new word* in upper-a*e and the re*t of letter* in lower-a*e.

6.2.2 VALUE CONVENTIONS

2alue -on0ention* en*ure 0alue* for 0aria)le at an/ point of time. Thi* in0ol0e* the

following

Proper default 0alue* for the 0aria)le*.

Proper 0alidation of 0alue* in the field.

Proper do-umentation of flag 0alue*.

6.2.3 SCRIPT ,RITING AND COMMENTING STANDARD

9-ript writing i* an art in whi-h indentation i* utmo*t important. Conditional and looping

*tatement* are to )e properl/ aligned to fa-ilitate ea*/ under*tanding. Comment* are in-luded to

minimi4e the num)er of *urpri*e* that -ould o--ur when going through the -ode.

57



6.2.4 MESSAGE BO+ FORMAT

3hen *omething ha* to )e prompted to the u*er+ he mu*t )e a)le to under*tand it properl/.

To a-hie0e thi*+ a *pe-ifi- format ha* )een adopted in di*pla/ing me**age* to the u*er. The/ are

a* follow*

M ;*er ha* performed illegal operation.

Z M !nformation to the u*er.

6.3 TEST PROCEDURE

SYSTEM TESTING

Te*ting i* performed to identif/ error*. !t i* u*ed for ?ualit/ a**uran-e. Te*ting i*

an integral part of the entire de0elopment and maintenan-e pro-e**. The goal of the te*ting

during pha*e i* to 0erif/ that the *pe-ifi-ation ha* )een a--uratel/ and -ompletel/ in-orporated

into the de*ign+ a* well a* to en*ure the -orre-tne** of the de*ign it*elf. For e'ample the de*ign

mu*t not ha0e an/ logi- fault* in the de*ign i* dete-ted )efore -oding -ommen-e*+ otherwi*e the

-o*t of fi'ing the fault* will )e -on*idera)l/ higher a* refle-ted. :ete-tion of de*ign fault* -an )e

a-hie0ed )/ mean* of in*pe-tion a* well a* wal,through.

Te*ting i* one of the important *tep* in the *oftware de0elopment pha*e. Te*ting -he-,* for

the error*+ a* a whole of the pro6e-t te*ting in0ol0e* the following te*t -a*e*

9tati- anal/*i* i* u*ed to in0e*tigate the *tru-tural propertie* of the 9our-e -ode.

:/nami- te*ting i* u*ed to in0e*tigate the )eha0ior of the *our-e -ode )/ e'e-uting the

program on the te*t data.

58



6.4 TEST DATA AND OUTPUT

6.4.1 UNIT TESTING

;nit te*ting i* -ondu-ted to 0erif/ the fun-tional performan-e of ea-h modular

-omponent of the *oftware. ;nit te*ting fo-u*e* on the *malle*t unit of the *oftware de*ign @i.e.+

the module. The white()o' te*ting te-hni?ue* were hea0il/ emplo/ed for unit te*ting.

6.4.2 FUNCTIONAL TESTS

Fun-tional te*t -a*e* in0ol0ed e'er-i*ing the -ode with nominal input 0alue* for

whi-h the e'pe-ted re*ult* are ,nown+ a* well a* )oundar/ 0alue* and *pe-ial 0alue*+ *u-h a*

logi-all/ related input*+ file* of identi-al element*+ and empt/ file*.

Three t/pe* of te*t* in Fun-tional te*t

Performan-e Te*t

9tre** Te*t

9tru-ture Te*t

6.4.3 PERFORMANCE TEST

!t determine* the amount of e'e-ution time *pent in 0ariou* part* of the unit+ program

throughput+ and re*pon*e time and de0i-e utili4ation )/ the program unit.

59



6.4.4 STRESS TEST

9tre** Te*t i* tho*e te*t de*igned to intentionall/ )rea, the unit. A Great deal -an )e

learned a)out the *trength and limitation* of a program )/ e'amining the manner in whi-h a

programmer in whi-h a program unit )rea,*.

6.4.5 STRUCTURED TEST

9tru-ture Te*t* are -on-erned with e'er-i*ing the internal logi- of a program and

tra0er*ing parti-ular e'e-ution path*. The wa/ in whi-h 3hite(Bo' te*t *trateg/ wa* emplo/ed

to en*ure that the te*t -a*e* -ould Guarantee that all independent path* within a module ha0e

)een ha0e )een e'er-i*ed at lea*t on-e.

E'er-i*e all logi-al de-i*ion* on their true or fal*e *ide*.

E'e-ute all loop* at their )oundarie* and within their operational )ound*.

E'er-i*e internal data *tru-ture* to a**ure their 0alidit/.

Che-,ing attri)ute* for their -orre-tne**.

Handling end of file -ondition+ !1O error*+ )uffer pro)lem* and te'tual error* in

output information

6.4.6 INTEGRATION TESTING

!ntegration te*ting i* a */*temati- te-hni?ue for -on*tru-tion the program *tru-ture

while at the *ame time -ondu-ting te*t* to un-o0er error* a**o-iated with interfa-ing. i.e.+

integration te*ting i* the -omplete te*ting of the *et of module* whi-h ma,e* up the produ-t. The

o)6e-ti0e i* to ta,e unte*ted module* and )uild a program *tru-ture te*ter *hould identif/ -riti-al

module*. Criti-al module* *hould )e te*ted a* earl/ a* po**i)le. One approa-h i* to wait until all

60



the unit* ha0e pa**ed te*ting+ and then -om)ine them and then te*ted. Thi* approa-h i* e0ol0ed

from un*tru-tured te*ting of *mall program*. Another *trateg/ i* to -on*tru-t the produ-t in

in-rement* of te*ted unit*. A *mall *et of module* are integrated together and te*ted+ to whi-h

another module i* added and te*ted in -om)ination. And *o on. The ad0antage* of thi* approa-h

are that+ interfa-e di*pen*e* -an )e ea*il/ found and -orre-ted.

The ma6or error that wa* fa-ed during the pro6e-t i* lin,ing error. 3hen all the

module* are -om)ined the lin, i* not *et properl/ with all *upport file*. Then we -he-,ed out for

inter-onne-tion and the lin,*. Error* are lo-ali4ed to the new module and it*

inter-ommuni-ation*. The produ-t de0elopment -an )e *taged+ and module* integrated in a* the/

-omplete unit te*ting. Te*ting i* -ompleted when the la*t module i* integrated and te*ted.

6.5 TESTING TECHNIQUES TESTING STRATERGIES

6.5.1 TESTING

Te*ting i* a pro-e** of e'e-uting a program with the intent of finding an error. A good te*t

-a*e i* one that ha* a high pro)a)ilit/ of finding an a*(/et Mundi*-o0ered error. A *u--e**ful te*t

i* one that un-o0er* an a*(/et( undi*-o0ered error. 9/*tem te*ting i* the *tage of implementation+

whi-h i* aimed at en*uring that the */*tem wor,* a--uratel/ and effi-ientl/ a* e'pe-ted )efore

li0e operation -ommen-e*. !t 0erifie* that the whole *et of program* hang together. 9/*tem

te*ting re?uire* a te*t -on*i*t* of *e0eral ,e/ a-ti0itie* and *tep* for run program+ *tring+ */*tem

and i* important in adopting a *u--e**ful new */*tem. Thi* i* the la*t -han-e to dete-t and -orre-t

error* )efore the */*tem i* in*talled for u*er a--eptan-e te*ting.

The *oftware te*ting pro-e** -ommen-e* on-e the program i* -reated and the

do-umentation and related data *tru-ture* are de*igned. 9oftware te*ting i* e**ential for

61



-orre-ting error*. Otherwi*e the program or the pro6e-t i* not *aid to )e -omplete. 9oftware

te*ting i* the -riti-al element of *oftware ?ualit/ a**uran-e and repre*ent* the ultimate the re0iew

of *pe-ifi-ation de*ign and -oding. Te*ting i* the pro-e** of e'e-uting the program with the

intent of finding the error. A good te*t -a*e de*ign i* one that a* a pro)a)ilit/ of finding an /et

undi*-o0ered error. A *u--e**ful te*t i* one that un-o0er* an /et undi*-o0ered error. An/

engineering produ-t -an )e te*ted in one of the two wa/*

6.5.1.1 ,HITE BO+ TESTING

Thi* te*ting i* al*o -alled a* Gla** )o' te*ting. !n thi* te*ting+ )/ ,nowing the

*pe-ifi- fun-tion* that a produ-t ha* )een de*ign to perform te*t -an )e -ondu-ted that

demon*trate ea-h fun-tion i* full/ operational at the *ame time *ear-hing for error* in ea-h

fun-tion. !t i* a te*t -a*e de*ign method that u*e* the -ontrol *tru-ture of the pro-edural de*ign to

deri0e te*t -a*e*. Ba*i* path te*ting i* a white )o' te*ting.

Ba*i* path te*ting

Flow graph notation

C/-lometri- -omple'it/

:eri0ing te*t -a*e*

Graph matri-e* Control

6.5.1.2 BLAC# BO+ TESTING

62



!n thi* te*ting )/ ,nowing the internal operation of a produ-t+ te*t -an )e

-ondu-ted to en*ure that all gear* me*h+ that i* the internal operation perform* a--ording to

*pe-ifi-ation and all internal -omponent* ha0e )een ade?uatel/ e'er-i*ed. !t fundamentall/

fo-u*e* on the fun-tional re?uirement* of the *oftware.

The *tep* in0ol0ed in )la-, )o' te*t -a*e de*ign are

Graph )a*ed te*ting method*

E?ui0alen-e partitioning

Boundar/ 0alue anal/*i*

Compari*on te*ting

6.5.2 SOFT,ARE TESTING STRATEGIES%

A *oftware te*ting *trateg/ pro0ide* a road map for the *oftware de0eloper. Te*ting i* a

*et a-ti0it/ that -an )e planned in ad0an-e and -ondu-ted */*temati-all/. For thi* rea*on a

template for *oftware te*ting a *et of *tep* into whi-h we -an pla-e *pe-ifi- te*t -a*e de*ign

method* *hould )e *trateg/ *hould ha0e the following -hara-teri*ti-*

Te*ting )egin* at the module le0el and wor,* outward toward the integration of

the entire -omputer )a*ed */*tem.

:ifferent te*ting te-hni?ue* are appropriate at different point* in time.

The de0eloper of the *oftware and an independent te*t group -ondu-t* te*ting.

Te*ting and :e)ugging are different a-ti0itie* )ut de)ugging mu*t )e

a--ommodated in an/ te*ting *trateg/.

6.5.2.1 INTEGRATION TESTING%

63



!ntegration te*ting i* a */*temati- te-hni?ue for -on*tru-ting the program

*tru-ture while at the *ame time -ondu-ting te*t* to un-o0er error* a**o-iated with. !ndi0idual

module*+ whi-h are highl/ prone to interfa-e error*+ *hould not )e a**umed to wor, in*tantl/

when we put them together. The pro)lem of -our*e+ i* putting them together( interfa-ing.

There ma/ )e the -han-e* of data lo*t a-ro** on another5* *u) fun-tion*+ when -om)ined ma/ not

produ-e the de*ired ma6or fun-tion indi0iduall/ a--epta)le impre**ion ma/ )e magnified to

una--epta)le le0el* glo)al data *tru-ture* -an pre*ent pro)lem*.

6.5.2.2 PROGRAM TESTING%

The logi-al and */nta' error* ha0e )een pointed out )/ program te*ting. A

*/nta' error i* an error in a program *tatement that in 0iolate* one or more rule* of the language

in whi-h it i* written. An improperl/ defined field dimen*ion or omitted ,e/word* are -ommon

*/nta' error. The*e error* are *hown through error me**age* generated )/ the -omputer. A logi-

error on the other hand deal* with the in-orre-t data field*+ out(off(range item* and in0alid

-om)ination*. 9in-e the -ompiler * will not dedu-t logi-al error+ the programmer mu*t e'amine

the output. Condition te*ting e'er-i*e* the logi-al -ondition* -ontained in a module. The po**i)le

t/pe* of element* in a -ondition in-lude a Boolean operator+ Boolean 0aria)le+ a pair of Boolean

parenthe*e* A relational operator or on arithmeti- e'pre**ion. Condition te*ting method fo-u*e*

on te*ting ea-h -ondition in the program the purpo*e of -ondition te*t i* to dedu-t not onl/

error* in the -ondition of a program )ut al*o other a error* in the program.

6.5.2.3 SECURITY TESTING%

64



9e-urit/ te*ting attempt* to 0erif/ the prote-tion me-hani*m* )uilt in to a */*tem well+ in

fa-t+ prote-t it from improper penetration. The */*tem *e-urit/ mu*t )e te*ted for in0ulnera)ilit/

from frontal atta-, mu*t al*o )e te*ted for in0ulnera)ilit/ from rear atta-,. :uring *e-urit/+ the

te*ter pla-e* the role of indi0idual who de*ire* to penetrate */*tem.

6.5.2.4 VALIDATION TESTING

At the -ulmination of integration te*ting+ *oftware i* -ompletel/ a**em)led a* a

pa-,age. !nterfa-ing error* ha0e )een un-o0ered and -orre-ted and a final *erie* of *oftware te*t(

0alidation te*ting )egin*. 2alidation te*ting -an )e defined in man/ wa/*+ )ut a *imple definition

i* that 0alidation *u--eed* when the *oftware fun-tion* in manner that i* rea*ona)l/ e'pe-ted )/

the -u*tomer. 9oftware 0alidation i* a-hie0ed through a *erie* of )la-, )o' te*t* that

demon*trate -onformit/ with re?uirement. After 0alidation te*t ha* )een -ondu-ted+ one of two

-ondition* e'i*t*.

The fun-tion or performan-e -hara-teri*ti-* -onfirm to *pe-ifi-ation* and are a--epted.

A 0alidation from *pe-ifi-ation i* un-o0ered and a defi-ien-/ -reated.

:e0iation or error* di*-o0ered at thi* *tep in thi* pro6e-t i* -orre-ted prior to -ompletion

of the pro6e-t with the help of the u*er )/ negotiating to e*ta)li*h a method for re*ol0ing

defi-ien-ie*. Thu* the propo*ed */*tem under -on*ideration ha* )een te*ted )/ u*ing 0alidation

te*ting and found to )e wor,ing *ati*fa-toril/. Though there were defi-ien-ie* in the */*tem the/

were not -ata*trophi-

6.5.2.5 USER ACCEPTANCE TESTING

65



;*er a--eptan-e of the */*tem i* ,e/ fa-tor for the *u--e** of an/ */*tem. The */*tem

under -on*ideration i* te*ted for u*er a--eptan-e )/ -on*tantl/ ,eeping in tou-h with pro*pe-ti0e

*/*tem and u*er at the time of de0eloping and ma,ing -hange* whene0er re?uired. Thi* i* done

in regarding to the following point*.

• !nput *-reen de*ign.

• Output *-reen de*ign.

66



S(/ C(7

67



S/'*9(0*%

68



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