navigation aeronautical charts
DESCRIPTION
Navigation Aeronautical Charts. Reference. From the Ground Up Chapter 7.4: Aeronautical Charts Pages 186 - 196. Introduction. Aeronautical charts are maps that show important information for air navigation. Pilots need to know what kind of charts are available and how to read them. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Sep 2012Lesson 5.3
Navigation
Aeronautical Charts
Reference
From the Ground UpChapter 7.4:Aeronautical ChartsPages 186 - 196
Introduction• Aeronautical charts are maps that show
important information for air navigation.
• Pilots need to know what kind of charts are available and how to read them.
Outline• Distance and Speed Units• Aeronautical Charts• Chart Types• Scale and Relief
Distance Units• Statute Mile (SM or Mi) = 5280 feet
• Nautical Mile (NM) = 6080 feet = one minute of latitude
• Kilometer (km) = 1000 meters
• 66 NM = 76 SM = 122 km
Speed Units• Miles per Hour (MPH) = statute miles
per hour
• Knots = nautical miles per hour
• Kilometers per hour (km/h)
Speed Units• Indicated Airspeed = speed on airspeed
indicator
• True Airspeed = Speed of aircraft relative to air
• Groundspeed = Speed of aircraft relative to ground
Aeronautical Charts
• A Map is a small-scale, flat-surface representation of a part of the earth’s surface
• When designed for navigational information, it is called a Chart
• Four basic elements in map construction:– Areas– Shapes– Bearings– Distances
• Mathematical basis on which maps are constructed are called projections; They show distortion because Earth is a sphere
Conic Projection
• Lambert Conformal Conic Projection– Cone superimposed over surface of a sphere;
imprint made from where cone touches surface
• Properties– Meridians converge toward nearer pole– Parallels are curves and concave toward nearer
pole– Scale is constant– Straight line is an arc of a great circle
Mercator Projection• Visualized as light shown from inside earth onto
cylinder touching equator
• Properties– Meridians and parallels are straight and parallel– No constant scale– Straight line on map is a rhumb line– Extreme exaggeration of areas in far north and south– Distances near equator are more precise
• Transverse Mercator– Cylinder rotated 90 degree to touch a meridian– Exaggeration at east and west areas– More accurate because closest meridian can be used
Chart Types• VFR Navigation Charts (VNC)
– Lambert Conformal Conic Projection– 1:500,000 scale
• World Aeronautical Charts (WAC)– Lambert Conformal Conic Projection– 1:1,000,000 scale
• VFR Terminal Area Charts (VTA)– Transverse Mercator Projection– 1:250,000– Only made for high-traffic areas
Chart Types• Enroute Charts (LO/HI)
– Enroute Low Altitude (LO) for below 18,000 ft– Enroute High Altitude (HI) for above 18,000 ft– Used for IFR
• Canada Flight Supplement (CFS)– Lists all aerodromes shown on VNC/WAC– Contains valuable information (runways,
aerodrome lighting, services, radio frequencies etc)
Scale• Relationship between unit of distance on map
to distance on earth that unit represents
• Representative Fraction– Most common method of expressing map scale– Ratio of unit of length of map to number of same
units on earth
• Graduated Scale– Line drawn on part of map and graduated to show
length of one mile on map
Relief• Representation of ground elevation
above sea level
• Ways of showing relief:– Layer Tinting– Contour Lines– Spot Heights
Next Lesson
6.1 – RadioRadio
From the Ground UpChapter 8.1:RadioPages 209 - 213