navigation for non-pilot navs.my.tbaytel.net/noasara/docs/nav101.pdf · cessna 172. 22/06/2010...

22/06/2010 CASARA Ottawa

Navigation for Non-Pilot Navs.

Basic Navigation for Non-Pilots

training as CASARA Navigators

Prepared by: T. Cooper


Topics

• Aircraft systems

• Meteorology

• Navigation


Aircraft Systems

• Basic Instruments

– Compass

– Directional Gyro

• Engine management

– Engine gauges

– Throttle, Mixture, Prop

• Fuel management

– Tanks (capacity, usable, switching)

– Gauges/dipping

– Fuel burn – aircraft range


Typical PanelCompass

Attitude

IndicatorAir

Speed

Turn

Coordinator

AltimeterVOR

Directional

Gyro

ADF

Fuel

Tach VSI


Navigation Instruments

• Compass

– Primary source of heading information

• Directional Gyro (DG)

– Stable heading info

• Altimeter

– Pressure setting

• VOR/ADF/GPS

– Electronic Nav. aids


Engine Management

• Tachometer – engine RPM

• Manifold Pressure Gauge

• Throttle

• Mixture

• Prop control (constant speed props)


Fuel Management

• Typically 2 or 4 fuel tanks

– Pilot must select tank to draw fuel from

• Fuel gauges generally aren’t accurate.

• Tanks must be dipped prior to flight

• Fuel use is measured in gallons/hour

– 172 is typically 8 US Gal/hour

– 172 normal tanks hold 42 Gals (40 Usable)

• 1 US Gal of Avgas weighs 6Lbs


Weight and Balance

• Critical factors in light planes

• Load capacity is limited, choice:

– Fuel

– Passengers/Crew

• Balance is critical for safe flight

– Limited safe range of loading

– Fuel, Front and rear seats, baggage


“Typical” Radio Stack

Audio panel/

Intercom

GPS

Nav/Comm 1

Nav/Comm 2

Transponder


Cessna 172


PA-24


Meteorology

• Reading METARs and TAFs

• Reading FDs and GFDs

• Overview of GFAs

• ATIS and airport weather reports

• Nav Canada weather web site


METAR

• Station actual weather report

• Taken at airports (FSS/ATC or Auto)

• Standard reports hourly, top of the hour

• Special reports for significant changes

METAR CYND 182300Z 26004KT 10SM -SHRA OVC038 07/02 A3002 RMK SC8 SLP169=

METAR CYND 190000Z 36002KT 12SM BKN038 05/04 A3003 RMK SC7 SLP170=

METAR CYND 190100Z 00000KT 15SM SCT038 BKN080 02/02 A3002 RMK SC3AC2

SLP168


Decoding METARs

Type Station Date/Time Wind

METAR CYND 182300Z 26004KT

Vis Weather Sky Cond. Temp

Altimeter

10SM -SHRA OVC038 07/02 A3002

Remarks

RMK SC8 SLP169


TAF

• Terminal Area Forecast

• Issued every six hours

• Valid for 12 hours

TAF CYND 181958Z 182002 21008KT P6SM BKN040 TEMPO 2024 P6SM -SHRA

BKN030

FM0000Z 16008KT P6SM SCT020 BKN030 TEMPO 0002 P6SM -SHRA

BKN020

RMK NXT FCST WILL BE ISSUED AT 191145Z=


Decoding TAFs

Type Station Issued Valid Wind Vis Sky

TAF CYND 181958Z 182002 21008KT P6SM BKN040

Temporarily Between Vis. Weather Sky

TEMPO 2024 P6SM -SHRA BKN030 From Time Wind Vis. Sky

FM0000Z 16008KT P6SM SCT020 BKN030 TEMPO

0002 P6SM -SHRA BKN020

RMK NXT FCST WILL BE ISSUED AT 191145Z=


GFA

• Graphic Forecast Area

• Issued every six hours

• Valid for 12 hours

– Three issued (0 hours, 6 hours, 12 Hours)

• Outlook valid for 12 hours


Example GFA – 0 hour


FDs and GFDs

• Forecast upper winds

• Available in text and graphic versions

• Based on twice daily observations

• Valid when issued for periods indicated

• Temperatures indicated for levels above

3000’

• Text coded as DDVVTT (2533-10 =

250T 33Kts –10C)


Example GFD


Example FD

OTTAWA. ONT

STN YOW -

for

use

3000 6000 9000 12000 18000

FDCN01 CWAO FCST BASED ON 190000

DATA VALID 19060005-09 1911

2225-

03

2430-

08

2538-

14

2668-

23


DATA VALID 19120009-18 2041

2438+0

0

2438-

04

2547-

09

2470-

21


DATA VALID 20000018-05 2735

2931-

02

2830-

08

2742-

13

2754-

26

http://www.flightplanning.navcanada.ca/cgi-bin/lab/lab.cgi


Demo Nav Canada Site

• Nav Canada’s web site is a primary

source of weather info for flight.


Navigation

• Latitude/Longitude/compass/great circles/rhumb lines

• Distance and Speed

• Publications (CFS, AIP)

• Charts (VNC, WAC, JOG)

• Pilotage

• Ded Reckoning

• Tools (E6B, ICAO Ruler, Protractor, Flight log)

• ICAO Flight Plan/Flight Itinerary

• In flight calculations

• Diversions

• Electronic Nav aids (VOR, ADF, GPS)


The North Poles

• True North (the real North Pole)

• Magnetic North (the magnetic Pole)

– This is where your compass points

– Difference between Mag and True is

Magnetic Variation (shown on charts)


Magnetic North Pole


Compass

• North, South, East, West

• 0 or 360, 180, 90, 270 Degrees

• Compass correction card


Compass Rose


Great Circles

• A GREAT CIRCLE is a circle on a

sphere's surface whose plane is

passing exactly through the centre of

the sphere.


Small Circles

• Any circle on a surface of a sphere

which is not a great circle is a SMALL

CIRCLE. A SMALL CIRCLE is any

circle on a surface of a sphere whose

plane is not passing through the

sphere's centre.


Latitude

• PARALLELS OF LATITUDE, or parallels in

short, are so called because they are SMALL

CIRCLES whose plane is parallel to the

equator. The Parallels are used to specify the

arc, in degrees, of which a point is located

relative to the Equator.


Longitude

• A MERIDIAN (line of longitude) is an arc on a

GREAT CIRCLE that extends from one pole to the

opposite pole (Half of a Great Circle).

• The PRIME MERIDIAN which used in navigation

was arbitrarily selected in 1884 as the meridian that

passes through the Royal Greenwich Observatory in

Greenwich England.


Location

• The earth's coordinate system provides means to accurately locate any point on the surface of earth.

• Such position is given in an arc measured in degrees, minutes and seconds.

• A position report of N31 15' 00" W86 20' 00" indicates that this position is situated at 31,15' and 00" North of the Equator and 86 20" and 00" West of the Prime (Greenwich) Meridian as shown in the next slide.


Location Example


Rhumb Line

• A rhumb line is a line on the surface of Earth which

intersects every meridian at the same angle.

• On a sphere, where the meridians are converging at

the poles, a rhumb line will form a spiral curve that

eventually ends at either of the Earth's poles.


Great Circle line

• An arc on a great circle represents the

shortest distance between two points on a

sphere.

• In long range navigation, great circle routes

are desired.


Charts

• Charts used in Visual Rules Flight (VFR)

– VNC – Visual Navigation Chart

– WAC – World Aeronautical Chart

– VTA – Visual Terminal Area chart

• Additional Charts used in CASARA

– JOG – Joint Operations Graphic

– Topographical

• Different scales – levels of detail


Sample VNC


Exercise 1

• Using the VNC

– Review legend, pick out airports, Nav.

Aids, etc.

– Find Lat/Long position of CYOW (Ottawa

airport) on Toronto VNC

– Find Lat/Long position of CYGK (Kingston

airport) on Toronto VNC


Pilotage

• Visual Navigation

• Landmarks

• Direct reference to charts

• Search Navigation is Pilotage


Ded Reckoning

• Deduced reckoning

• Calculated heading

• Time

• Distance


Point A to Point B

• True track

• Wind velocity and direction (True)

• True Heading

• Ground Speed

• Magnetic Heading

• Distance

• Time

• Fuel required


Plan a flight

• We are going to fly from CYRO to CYGK to

CYCC and return to CYRO (not landing at

CYGK or CYCC).

• Use the weather information in the handouts

(or today’s weather if available).

• Use a C-172 as the aircraft, assume a TAS of

100Kts.

• Fuel required….Weight and Balance

• Flight log


Preparing the Flight Log

• Determine True Track

• Measure distance to destination

• Calculate True Heading based on Winds

• Calculate estimated ground speed

• Calculate Magnetic Heading based on deviation

• Calculate ETA

• Calculate Fuel required

• Enter checkpoints and distances


Publications

• Canada Flight Supplement (CFS)– Information on all registered Aerodromes in

Canada

– Listing of navigation beacons, radio stations (frequencies, locations)

– Misc. information

– Valid for 56 days

• Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)– General info, regulations, aerodrome details, etc.

– Supplied to all licensed pilots in Canada

– Updated four times per year


CFS Page


Set heading Point

• A point selected near departure point

• Allows climb to be completed and cruise

flight established.

• Clear landmark, easy to navigate to

visually


Exercise 2

• Draw the tracks for the flight on the

VNC

– Identify the airports using the CFS

– Select a set heading point

– Draw track lines on the chart


Nautical Mile

• 1nm equals one minute arc of latitude

• The basis of distance measure for air

navigation

• 1nm = 1.151 statute mile

• Speed measured in Nautical Miles per

Hour (Kts)


Tools

• ICAO Ruler – scaled to match charts

• Protractor – determine true track

• E6B flight computer

– Wind drift calculations

– Fuel burn, duration

– Flight time

– Pressure and Density Altitude


Exercise 3

• Measure the length of the trip

– Using the ICAO ruler

– Fill out the distance field in the log for each leg

– Mark the halfway point and 10Nm marks on each leg

• Measure the True Track of each leg

– Using the protractor

– Fill out the flight log


CDN Airspace

• Airspace in Canada is divided into different areas with specific rules.

• Classes of Airspace– Class A = IFR only, FL180 to FL600

– Class B = IFR/CVFR, 12,500’ to FL180

– Class C = IFR/VFR, controlled, terminal area, airport control zone

– Class D = IFR/VFR, controlled, terminal area

– Class E = IFR/VFR, controlled IFR, non-controlled VFR, controlled minima apply, control zone – twr closed, control extension areas

– Class F = Special use: Restricted or Alert area, gliders, paradrop, military, etc.

– Class G = Uncontrolled.


CDN Airspace


US Airspace


Cruising Altitudes

• VFR– 0 to 179 dg Odd Thousands plus 500’

– 180 to 359 dg Even Thousands plus 500’

– Magnetic track

– Above 3000’ AGL

• IFR– 0 to 179 dg Odd Thousands

– 180 to 359 dg Even Thousands

– Magnetic track

– Above 3000’ AGL


Exercise 4

• Review the planned flight, look for any

airspace issues (CYA, CYR, Controlled)

• Select an appropriate cruising altitude

for the flight.

– Take into account airspace and cruising

altitude rules

– Enter this in the log


Wind Drift

• Aircraft operate in a fluid environment

• Wind will affect the actual track of the

aircraft

• Heading must compensate for wind

effects


Wind Drift

A

B

Wind

Planned TrackActual Track

Heading Correction Angle


Drift Lines

• 10dg drift lines are used to gauge drift

when flying.

• Plotted from both ends of a leg on both

sides of track.

• Basis of track correction calculations


Exercise 5

• Plot drift lines for the first leg of the planned

flight

• Calculate the true heading for each leg of the

planned flight

– E6B wind side (this is were the fun begins)

• Enter aircraft TAS in log

• Calculate the estimated ground speed, time

and fuel required for each leg

• Calculate the magnetic heading for each leg


In Flight Calculations

• Ground Speed checks

• Heading errors

• Course corrections

• Time remaining

• Fuel required


Exercise 6

• Select waypoints for in-flight ground

speed checks.

• Fill out waypoints on flight log


ICAO Flight Plan

• Flight plan filed with Nav Canada

• Flight plan contains details on:

– Aircraft (type, speed, nav equip.)

– Route of flight

– Takeoff time, ETA to destination, etc.

– Survival equipment

– Persons on board


Exercise 7

• Fill out ICAO flight plan based on

planned flight and standard CASARA

crew


Exercise 8

• Simulate the flight

– Determine the affects of wind different than

forecast


Diversions

• Change of destination in-flight

• In non-search flying diversions are done:

– To get clear of deteriorating weather

– Due to passenger discomfort

– Due to urgent situation requiring landing

• Estimation of heading, distance and time.

• Exercise: using planned flight, calculate

diversions from various points on the trip.


Exercise 9

• Estimate diversions from various points

on the trip.


Electronic Nav Aids

• Automatic Direction Finding (ADF)

– Radio DF to an non-directional beacon

– AM radio stations or specific NDBs

• VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)

• Instrument Landing System (ILS)

• Global Positioning System (GPS)

– Satellite based

– Extremely accurate

navigation for non-pilot navs.my.tbaytel.net/noasara/docs/nav101.pdf · cessna 172. 22/06/2010...

Documents