8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{

@)&! d+l;/ @#

gof“ g]kfn / k|x/L ;]jf

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I s]xL j}rfl/s cjwf/0ff ljZj b[li6sf]0f (World Outlook)

r}tGojfbL b[li6sf]0f M …;Tod\ a|≈d hut\ ldYofÚvs ef}ltsjfbL b[li6sf]0f M caf}{+ jif{b]lvsf] ultjfg\kbfy{sf] pkh

clwe"tjfbL (Metaphysical) k4lt M ;+;f/sf] Ps?ktf/ lg/Gt/tf

vs åGbjfbL (Dialectical) k4lt M ljkl/tx?sf] PsTj, ;+3if{ / ?kfGt/0f

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I s]xL j}rfl/s=== /fHo;Qfsf] k|Zg pbf/jfb÷k"“hLjfb

• ju{lg/k]If÷u}x|–P]ltxfl;s ;Qf• 'Reality of ethical idea' – Hegel

• :jtGq lghL v]nf8LaLr lgikIf cDkfP/

dfS;{jfb÷;dfhjfb• ju{;fk]If÷P]ltxfl;s ;Qf -…g /fHof] g /fhfl;t\, g b08sf] g

bl08tMÚ_• juL{o bdg÷clwgfosTjsf] ;fwg ('The state is a special

organization of force' – Lenin)

• cGtl/d ;Qf / ;Qfsf] ljnf]kLs/0f

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I s]xL j}rfl/s===æhlta]nfb]lv ;dfhsf ;a} ;b:on], cyjf sDtLdf

cTolws ax'dtn] :jo+ /fHo;Qf ;~rfng ug{ l;Sb5g\ === Tolta]nfb]lv ;a} k|sf/sf] ;/sf/sf]

cfjZostf x/fP/ hfg ;'? x'G5 . nf]stGq hlt k"0f{ x'“b} hfG5 plt Tof] cgfjZos aGg]lt/ pGd'v x'G5 . === /fHo;Qf hlt nf]stflGqs x'G5 plt l56f] ;a} k|sf/sf] /fHo;Qf ljnf]k x'g yfNb5 .Æ – n]lgg

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I s]xL j}rfl/s=== ;'/Iff an÷c+u;'/Iff an ljgfsf] /fHosf] sNkg} ug{ ;lsGg -/fHo ≠;'/Iff an_;'/Iff ansf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd:jo+;]js ;d"x÷ldlnl;of lgoldt ;'/Iff ancfGtl/s ;'/Iff an M k|x/L÷cw{–;}lgs anaf≈o ;'/Iff an M ;z:q ;]gf/fHo;Qfsf] rl/qcg'?k ;'/Iff ansf] rl/q÷ cfsf/÷;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g

eg.M lg/+s'z nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfbL -hgldlnl;of_ lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / k|efj

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II g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lnsP]ltxfl;s ljlzi6tf

ef}uf]lns÷e"–/fhgLlts ljlzi6tfef}uf]lns ljljwtf M lxdfn ± kxf8 ± t/fO{

ef/t–j]li7t / alxd'{vL ef}uf]lns ;+/rgf

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gS;f–!

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gS;f–@

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gS;f–#

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II g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns=== ;fdflhs÷;f“:s[lts÷cfly{s ljlzi6tfax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax';f “:s[lts, ax'wfld{s, If]qLoljljwtfo'Qm b]zPsfTds÷s]lGb|s[t /fHo vs hftLo÷eflifs÷If]qLopTkL8g÷lje]b;fdGtL lkt[;QfTds lrGtg÷;+:sf/ vs dlxnf÷n}+luspTkL8gdg'jfbL j0ff{>d Joj:yf vs blnt pTkL8gwfld{s cNk;+Vos al~rtLs/0fu|fdL0f vs zx/L w|'aLs/0fjuL{o c;dfgtf

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gS;f–$Image Source: Nepal Human Development Report 2014

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II g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns=== /fhgLlts ljlzi6tfcfGtl/s k|lqmof M c9fO ;o jif{b]lvsf] ;fdGtL lg/+s'z /fhtGqfTds

Joj:yfaf≈o k|lqmof M ;'uf}nL–;GwL otfsf] c;dfg÷k/fl>t ;DaGw/fhgLlts cfGbf]ng÷kl/jt{gsf] sfnv08

M @))& ;fnk"j{ M– hxflgof “ lg/+s'ztGq, l56k'6 ljb|f]xM @))&–@)!& ;fn M– ;+qmd0fsfnLg nf]stflGqs sfn

M @)!&–@)$^ M– lg/+s'z /fhtGq –ljljw ;z:q / zflGtk"0f{ ;+3if{M @)$&–@)^@÷)^# M– /fhtGqfTds ;+;bLo nf]stGq – !) jif]{ dfcf]jfbL

hgo'4

M @)^#–xfn;Dd ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq – åGåf]Q/ sfn

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II g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns=== ;'/Iff ;+oGqs]Gb|Lo /fHo lgdf{0fsf] qmddf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ljsf;

M ;'?df ldlnl;of / kl5 lgoldt ;]gfM af≈o ;'/Iff M vf;–vf; a]nf cfGtl/s ljb|f]xdf k|of]u@))& ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf lgld{t ;]jf bn g]kfn k|x/Ldf

?kfGt/0f / qmlds ljsf;≤ cfGtl/s ;'/Iffdf k|of]u@)%@–)^# dfcf]jfbL ;z:q hgo'4sf] qmddf ;z:q k|x/L ansf]

lgdf{0f-dfcf]jfbL hgd'lQm ;]gf @)^* df g]kfnL;]gfdf ;dfof]hg_/fli6«o cg';Gwfgsf] ?kdf 5'§} u'Ktr/ ;]jflg/+s'z÷nf]stGq÷u0ftGqsfndf ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] ;+/rgfut /

rl/qut ljsf; / kl/jt{g

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III gof“ g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff;f]+r (Vision) /fhgLlts kIf/fli6«o :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] /Iffu0ftGq ± ;+3Lotf ± wd{–lg/k]Iftf ± ;dfj]zL;dfg'kflts nf]stGq gof “ /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf d'Vo cfofdM ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f / pk/f]Qmcfofdx? ;+:yfutM ;+3Lotf / zf;sLo :j?k d'Vo ljjfbsf ljifo:yL/ / ;'zf;go'Qm zf;gk|0ffnL d'Vo r'gf}tLM k'/fgf /fHo;Qfsf c+ux?sf] ?kfGt/0f÷nf]stfGqLs/0fsf] cfjZostfM nf]stflGqs ;+:yf÷;+:sf/÷;“:s[lt ljsf;sf r'gf}tL

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III gof“ g]kfnsf] ===cfly{s÷;fdflhs kIf M d'Vo ;d:of

(i) lg/k]If u/LjL(ii) a]/f]huf/L 5b\d a]/f]huf/L cNk/f]huf/L

(iii) k/lge{/tf M Jofkf/ 3f6f ± C0fsf] b':rqm ± c;dfgljlgdo >d lgof{t

(iv) a9\bf] juL{o c;dfgtf

(v) If]qLo c;dfgtf ± ufp “zx/ b"/L

(vi) cfly{s If]qut Go'g ljljwLs/0f M lgjf{xd'vL s[lifsf] k|wfgtf

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III gof“ g]kfnsf] === cfly{s qmflGtsf] dfu{lrq

(i) bz, aL; / rfln; jif{sf] cfly{s ljsf; sfo{of]hgf(ii) s]xL bzs lg/Gt/ b'O{ c+ssf] cfly{s j[l4 M :jb]zL / ljb]zL nufgL

kl/rfng

(iii) a[xQ/ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / u/LjL lgjf/0f sfo{of]hgf(iv) /f]huf/L:j/f]huf/ Uof/]G6L sfo{qmd(v) lgof{t k|j4{g / cfoft k|lt:yfkg sfo{of]hgf(vi) s[lifIf]qsf] Joj;foLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f(vii) ko{6gcf}Bf]lus If]qsf] k|j4{g(viii) hn;|f]thnljB'tsf] Jofks kl/rfng(ix) ef}lts / ;fdflhs -lzIff:jf:Yo_ k"jf{wf/sf] tLa| ljsf;lj:tf/(x) lj1fgk|ljlwsf] Jofks k|of]u / ljsf;

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III g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf ;'/Iff r'gf}tLx?e"–/fhgLlts ;+j]bgzLntf M l5d]sL cf0fljs zlQmx?aLråGbsf] k|efjcGtb]{zLo ck/fw M v'nf ;Ldfgfsf] b'?kof]uck/fwsf cfw'lgs k|s[ltx? M ;fOa/ ck/fw, cfly{s ck/fw, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] b'?kof]u O=nlDabf] ;+qmd0fsfn / /fhgLlts cl:y/tfåGbf]Q/ sfnsfr'gf}tLck/fwsf] /fhgLlts/0f M cfk/flws ;d"x…8gÚx?sf] /fhgLlts cfj/0f;+/If0f

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III g]kfn k|x/Lsf] === g]kfn k|x/Lsf ;an kIfb"/b/fhsf :yfgdf ;d]t /fHosf] pkl:ylt hgfpg] ;+:yf

;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iffsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg -lx+;f/lxtåGbf]Q/sfn_

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf ljleGg zflGt ldzgdf pbfx/0fLo sfo{

ljutsf lg/+s'z zf;sx?sf] v]nf }gfaf6 …hgtfsf] k|x/LÚdf;xh ?kfGt/0f

Go'g ;]jf;'ljwfdf klg Joj;flos lgi7f sfod ug]{ / b'Mvsi6 Joxf]g{ ;Sg] Ifdtf

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III g]kfn k|x/Lsf] === Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx?;dofg's'n nf]stfGqLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ tLa|tf, eg.

;dfj]zL÷;dfg'kfltstf ± clkm;/÷Sof8/ ;DaGw ± ;dfgtfsf] ;“:s[lt -u/Lj÷sdhf]/nfO{ x]Kg] k|j[lQ_ ± ;+3Lotfsf] cfTd;ftLs/0f;+:yfut e|i6frf/sf] cGTo÷z'Go ;xgzLntf;]jf ljlzi6Ls/0f≤ s'zn / r':t ;]jf k|jfx eg. e-governance/fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf] k|lt/f]w≤ …k|x/L lgodfjnLÚsf] dgk/L

;+zf]wgsf] cGTok/Dk/fut cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL eg. aofgd'vL cg';Gwfgdf kl/jt{g

/ ;"rgf÷k|df0fd'vL j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf] kfngfzf;ssf] xf]Og hgtf÷s/bftfsf] …g"gÚ vfPsf] tTjaf]w / cfr/0f≤

;d'bfonlIft k|x/L ;]jf

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III g]kfn k|x/Lsf] ===sfg'gL / ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf…k|x/L P]g – @)!@Ú nfO{ lz3| gof “ P]gåf/f k|lt:yfkgclws[t / hjfgx?sf] j[lQljsf; k|0ffnLdf /x]sf] clglZrttfsf] cGTo -eg. g]kfnL ;]gf_

:jtGq / clwsf/;DkGg …k|x/L ;]jf cfof]uÚsf] :yfkgf5'§|} dxfgu/Lo P]g jf lgodfjnLj}1flgs / a:t'k/s hgzlQm Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLj}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf nflu cfw'lgs ;fwg–;|f]t / k|of]uzfnf

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III g]kfn k|x/Lsf] === afa'/fd e§/fO{ g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/af6 ePsf s]xL kxnx?;'/Iff lgsfox?sf] /fzgk|0ffnLdf ePsf] lje]b sd ul/Psf]hjfg÷kl/r/sf] egf{ k|lqmofdf ;d]t nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;xeflutf;?jf, a9'jf / UN ldzgsf nflu x'g] 5gf}6 k|lqmofnfO{ lgb]{lzsfdfkm{t\ cem} kf/bzL{ / a:t'k/s agfOPsf]JofKt /x]sf ] …sf]z]nLkftÚsf] k|yfnfO{ lg?T;fxg ul/Psf]…sfg'gsf] zf;gÚnfO { ;“:s[ltsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ k|of; / cg';Gwfgdf x:tIf]k gug]{ k|Tofe"lt;8s lj:tf/, dfk;] lj?4sf] cleofgdf k|x/Lsf] ljlzi7 of]ubfg

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ck/fwLnfO{ xf]Og ck/fw / To;sf] sf/s tTjnfO{ 3[0ff u/f}+ !

– wGojfb –

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