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January

NAZI CONTROLPAPER 2

How did Hitler and the Nazi Party control Germany?

History@Holgate

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The SS, Nazi Police and the Gestapo

GERMANY BECOMES A ONE PARTY STATE

“If you stay in your political party the Nazis will put you in prison. They have total control

of the state (country)”

The Law against the formation of new parties

The Enabling Act (23 March 1933) made Hitler the all-powerful ‘Fuhrer’ (leader) of Germany. The Law against the Formation of Parties (14 July 1933) declared the Nazi Party the only political party in Germany. It was an offence to belong to another Party. All other parties were banned, and their leaders were put in prison.

The Nazis took over local government and the police. On 26 April 1933, Hitler set up the Gestapo (the secret police) and the SS, and encouraged Germans to report opponents and 'grumblers'. Tens of thousands of Jews, Communists, gypsies, homosexuals, alcoholics and prostitutes were arrested and sent to concentration camps for 'crimes' as small as writing anti-Nazi graffiti, possessing a banned book, or saying that business was bad

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How did Hitler and the Nazi Party control Germany?

The German people were subjected to continual propaganda, under the control of Josef Goebbels.  It was the cult of personality - everything was organised to make Germans permanently grateful to Adolf Hitler. They used modern technology to put their messages across.The Nazis took control of Radio stations - the SS took over Radio Berlin. They even controlled the ‘airwaves’!

'One People, One Nation, One Leader!' poster of Hitler, 1938

‘Long live Germany’

The Nazis made Radios cheaper. Consequently, their

propaganda messages reached the German people’s homes.

There were also loud speakers in town centres

The Nazis heavily censored German newspapers. This meant that they removed any information that they did not agree with. Typically, stories that did not show Hitler or the Nazi party in a positive way were removed. Beatings, murders and other crimes were not reported to the German people as reporters faced prison. The Nazis actually controlled newspapers and even made up stories in order to make Hitler as popular as possible. Censorship allowed Hitler to control the information that the German public received.

PROPAGANDA AND CENSORSHIP OF NEWSPAPERS

Newspapers were not printed without the permission of Nazi officials.

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“Please, please stop ... look at these children faces and multiply them by a few hundred thousand. Only then will you realise or gain an inkling into the greatest tragedy in Human history” - SIMON WISENTHALL: ARTIST

NAZI PERSECUTION

How did Hitler and the Nazi Party control Germany?

Concentration camps were the Nazis’ ultimate sanction against their own people. They were set up almost as soon as Hitler took power. The first concentration camps in 1933 were simply makeshift prisons in disused factories and warehouses. Soon these were purpose-built. These camps were usually in isolated rural areas, and run by SS Death’s Head units. Prisoners were forced to do hard labour. Food was very limited and prisoners suffered harsh discipline, beatings and random executions. By the late 1930s, deaths in the camps became increasingly common and very few people emerged alive from them. Jews, Socialists, Communists, trade unionists, churchmen and anyone else brave enough to criticise the Nazis ended up there.

Ultimately, fear was an incredibly effective tool and allowed Hitler to protect his position from any opposition. Hitler also persecuted people who did not fit his agenda for building a strong Germany: Homosexuals, Black people, Gypsies and even alcoholics were thrown in concentration camps or murdered. It must be remembered that Hitler controlled the police, judges, courts and the newspapers: telling jokes about Hitler could lead to a beating and prison.

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NAZI PERSECUTION

A case study: Religion & Jews

in Germany

We should use the case study of the persecution of Jewish people in Germany as an example of how Hitler and the Nazi party abandoned any concepts of right and wrong. From the very start, the Nazis were an anti-semetic (anti Jewish) political party. The origins of Hitler’s hatred of Jewish people is unknown, but what is much clearer was Hitler’s blame of Jews for Germany’s defeat in World War One. In 1933 Jews were excluded from Government jobs, they had to give up jobs in the Civil Service, they could not

be broadcasters, teachers, journalists, or lawyers. There were boycotts of Jewish shops

where windows were painted with the Star of David and the SA intimidated

German customers. In 1935 the NUREMBURG LAWS were passed which meant that Jewish people could not be citizens of Germany, they could not marry German people or have sexual relations with

them and they were forced to wear the star of David on their clothes. This

was only the beginning. During the 1940s the Nazis murdered millions of Jewish people in concentration camps across Europe.

The persecution of Jews in Germany 1933-1939

In 1938 Kristallnacht, also know as ‘The night of the Broken Glass’, was triggered by the murder of a German diplomat in Paris by his Jewish lover and used as an excuse for an attack on Jews. Hundreds of homes and businesses were attacked, 200 synagogues were burned down, 91 Jews killed, 20,000 Jews put in concentration camps, Jews had to pay a fine of one billion marks. The police did nothing, violence against Jews increased.

Initially, Hitler did not feel strong enough to tackle the Church. Nevertheless, he did try to set up a ‘ Reich Church’ (meaning the Government’s Church) but this was not popular. Instead, Hitler signed an agreement with the Roman Catholic Church (Concordat) in which both sides agreed not to interfere with the other. Groups such as Jehovah’s Witnesses who opposed Nazi views were sent to concentration camps)

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German children and eduction

It was Hitler’s aim to control every aspect of life in Germany, including the daily life of ordinary people. If you had been a 16-year-old Aryan living in Nazi Germany you would probably have been a strong supporter of Adolf Hitler. The Nazis had reorganised every aspect of the school curriculum to make children loyal to them.

At school you would have learned about the history of Germany. PE was done everyday in order to make boys strong and ready for war. Girls were taught traditional subjects like cooking. You might well remember the hardships of the 1920s for yourself, but at school you would have been told how these were caused by Jews squeezing profits out of honest Germans. By the time you were a senior pupil, your studies in history would have made you confident that loyalty to the Führer was right and good. Your biology lessons would have informed you that you were

special, as one of the Aryan race which was so superior in intelligence and strength to the Untermenschen or ‘sub-human’ Jews and Slavs of eastern Europe. The Nazis called this the ‘science of race’.

As a member of the Hitler Youth or League of German Maidens, you would have marched in exciting parades with loud bands. You would probably be physically fit. Your leisure time would also be devoted to Hitler and the Nazis. You would be a strong cross-country runner, and confident at reading maps. After years of summer camps, you would be comfortable camping out of doors and if you were a boy you would know how to clean a rifle and keep it in good condition.

Overall, children in Nazi Germany were indoctrinated (brainwashed) to believe that Hitler was all powerful and in a struggle to make Germany great again. Hitler saw this as an important tool for keeping the German people under his control

Taken from a text book from Nazi Germany - children were made to believe that Jewish people were ‘sub-human’.

School girls joined the German Maiden’s League where they learned the skills of motherhood.

By 1936 there were 4 million members of the Hitler Youth.

Children as young as 9 became members of the Hitler Youth.

How did Hitler and the Nazi Party control

Germany?

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Paper 2: Nazi Germany 1933-1939A selection from the 2004, 2005, 2006 exam papers

*Remember: the exam paper does not look like this!

SMACK EXAMINERthe in the face!Give yourself a head start and recognise the questions that have appeared in previous exams based on the topic that you have been learning about. We will practice them in class, you should also do this at home during revision. Your parents could help you.

How did Hitler and the Nazi Party

control Germany?

a) What does Source U tell us about how the Nazis made use of schools in Germany?’ (3 marks)

b) Explain what you can learn from Source B about how the Nazis controlled education. (5 marks)

YOU SHOULD THINK ABOUT: Paraphrase the source, put it in your own words. Think about what the source infers (suggests)

c) How useful is Source F to an historian studying Nazi attitudes to the Jews. Use Source F and your own knowledge to explain your answer. (9 marks)

YOU SHOULD THINK ABOUT: Be positive – say what the source does tell you. How does it help you to understand the topic? Is it reliable? This will make it more useful What are the limitations of the source? What doesn’t it tell you? Does it support/ contradict your knowledge of what happened?

d) Explain how Nazi racial and religious policies affected people living in Germany in the years 1933 to 1939. (15 marks)

YOU SHOULD THINK ABOUT: The key areas involved in the question (explain at least 2) Remember: this is an extended piece of writing (structure) How things changed over the period of time in question

SOURCE C: From a children’s book published in Germany in the 1930s. The picture shows Jewish children being taken out of the school to be taught separately.

SOURCE A: From E Wilmot, Weimar and Nazi Germany, 1997Hitler used the schools to teach Nazi ideas and the glories of Germany’s past. Nazi ideas were taught in every subject. Science focussed on chemical warfare and explosives. Maths problems dealt with social issues. Geography lessons were used to show how Germany was surrounded by hostile neighbours.’

SOURCE B: From Germany 1918-1945 by G Lacey and K. Shepard, 1997

The Nazis used their control over teachers to influence what children learned at school. Many teachers were already very nationalistic and accepted that they should teach Nazi ideas. Those who did not were usually sacked. Many teachers attended teacher’s camps which concentrated on indoctrination and physical training. Ninety-seven per cent joined the Nazi Teacher’s Association.’

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e) Using your own knowledge, explain how Hitler kept his position as Dictator during the period of 1933-1939. (15 marks)

SMACK EXAMINERthe in the face!

continued...

YOU SHOULD THINK ABOUT: The key areas involved in the question (explain at least 2) Remember: this is an extended piece of writing (structure) Ensure you use quality explanation - use plenty of connectives (Eg: ‘as a result of this...’ ‘this led to .....’ etc)

Turn over for mark schemes and examples of

answers

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Paper 2: Nazi Germany 1933-1939A selection of MARK SCHEMES from the 2004, 2005, 2006 exam papers. Use them to help practice your exam questions from the previous page.

SMACK EXAMINERthe in the face!

How did Hitler and the Nazi Party control

Germany?

b) Explain what you can learn from Source B about how the Nazis controlled education. (5 marks)

L1: You are able to take things out of the source to show what can be learned about the topic in question (1-2)L2: You are able to draw out the inferences (SUGGESTIONS) that can be made from the source. (Have a conclusion for higher marks) (3-4)L3: You are able to put two facts together from the source and make a ‘complex’ inference (5)

c) How useful is Source F to an historian studying Nazi attitudes to the Jews. Use Source F and your own knowledge to explain your answer. (9 marks)

L1 – Includes Nature, Origin, Purpose or the content of the source to make a simple statement about how useful the source is. (1-2)L2 – The Origin/ Limitations /Content of the source are used to explain how useful the source is. (3-5)L3 – The Purpose (MOTIVE) or content of the source is used to explain why the source is useful by using own knowledge. (6-7) THE EXAMINER MUST SEE HOW USEFUL YOU THINK THE SOURCE IS!L4 – Same as level 3 BUT an in depth use of knowledge is used to explain and justify the choice of how useful the source is. (8-9)

d) Explain how Nazi racial and religious policies affected people living in Germany in the years 1933 to 1939. (15 marks)

L1 Simple description (1-3 marks) * Nazis passed laws against Jews marrying Germans * Nazis believed they were the Master Race and treated other groups differently.

L2 (4-8 marks) * Simple outline of what happened * May mention some areas in which Jews affected. * Gives details about one aspect.

L3 Gives details on at least 2 of the following; (9-12 marks) * Jews and employment (Excluded from Government jobs, give up jobs in Civil Service, could not be broadcasters, teachers, journalists, or lawyers, boycotts of Jewish shops, windows painted with Star of David, intimidation of customers) * Nuremburg laws (Passed in 1935, Jews could not be German citizens, Jews could not marry Germans, Jews had to wear a yellow star on their clothing) * Kristallnacht (Murder of a German diplomat in Paris used as an excuse for an attack on Jews, homes and businesses were attacked, 200 synagogues were burned down, 91 Jews killed, 20,000 Jews put in concentration camps, Jews had to pay a fine of one billion marks. The police did nothing, violence against Jews increased. * Religion Hitler did not feel strong enough to tackle the Church, tried to set up a ‘ Reich Church’. Hitler signed an agreement with the Roman Catholic Church (Concordat) in which both sides agreed not to interfere with the other. Groups such as Jehovah’s Witnesses who opposed Nazi views were sent to concentration camps) * Master Race ( Belief in superiority of Aryan Race, need for racial purity. Anti-semitism in education, race science taught in schools, campaign of hate against Jews, in posters, films and newspapers.

L4 Answer shows how treatment of the Jews changed over time and deals with other races and religions. (13-15 marks)

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e) Using your own knowledge, explain how Hitler kept his position as Dictator during the period of 1933-1939. (15 marks)

Level 1: EITHER Simple, descriptive narrative of part of the topice.g. The SS and the Gestapo used intimidation and violence on those Germans who were not Nazi supporters.

OR Simple, generalised statements of causation e.g. The Nazis used propaganda and violence to increase fear so that people were forced to do what the Nazis wanted. 1-3

Level 2: EITHER Narrative implying analysis of causation e.g. Description of what the SS and the Gestapo did (and this might include the Night of the Long Knives) to create/maintain a Nazi dictatorship.

OR Multicausal explanation which lacks development e.g. Several methods mentioned, but not developed, such as violence and intimidation, the use of films, marches, radio, control of the Church, censorship of books, etc.

OR Developed monocausal answer. e.g. Detailed answer on Night of the Long Knives, the role of the SS and the Gestapo. 4-8

Level 3: EITHER Developed multicausal answer e.g. Several points from list in Level 2 are developed in relation to Nazi dictatorship..

OR A selective and structured account establishing some arguments e.g. Answer is mostly descriptive, cataloguing the things Hitler and the Nazis did to increase their control over Germany, with some conclusions in relation to Nazi dictatorship. 9-12

Level 4: A balanced, sustained, analytical, multicausal answer clearly linked to the demands of the question. e.g. In addition to Level 3, answer highlights inter-connections between the reasons explained, or tries to establish a hierarchy of reasons, or sees how Hitler used the adverse economic circumstances and German shame at losing the First World War to his advantage. NB Candidates can gain some credit for foreign policy successes if linked to Hitler keeping his position as dictator. 13-15