nccr international trade agricultural trade: taking integration seriously presentation by elisabeth...
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NCCRInternationalTrade
AGRICULTURAL TRADE: TAKING INTEGRATION SERIOUSLY
Presentation by Elisabeth Bürgi, lic.iur, Attorney at Law
World Trade Institute Berne, Switzerland
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Presentation
1. WTO embedded in International Public Law
2. Concept of Sustainable Development
3. AoA: International, related standards?
4. Logical Consequences
5. Question
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TRADE RULES: EMBEDDED PROCESS
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TRADE RULES: EMBEDDED PROCESS
1947 GATT
„trade liberalization was embedded within a political commitment […] to the progressive, interventionist welfare state;
to a particular political and social vision, including at the same time respect for diverse ways of implementing this vision […]“
Howse, 2002“
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TRADE RULES: EMBEDDED PROCESS
International Process towards Sustainable Development:
WTO Agreement, Preamble:„[…] expanding the production of and trade in goods and services, while allowing for the optimal use of world‘s resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development […]“
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„CONSTITUTIONALITY?“
„Constitutional“ Principles of WTO and AoA
versus
Agreed Regulations?
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Concept of Sustainable Development:
-evolved in the late eigthies / early nineties
-answer to the increasing amount of „international community interests“ (Bruno Simma)
-culmination of a fragmented process
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CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
„Umbrella“ Concept:
-merge the various international community interests
-while applying certain given procedural and normative standards
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CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Basic Legal Documents:
-Brundtland Report
-UNCED Documents (Rio Declaration, Agenda 21)
-Follow-Up Documents (UN Millenium Declaration 2000, Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development 2002 )
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CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Concept: Consisting of 7 Principles
Inter alia:• Principle of Intergenerational Equity• Principle of Common but Differentiated
Responsabilities
Core Principle: Principle of Integration
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PRINCIPLE OF INTEGRATION: 3 Pillars?
Social Objectives
Economic Objectives
Environmental Objectives
4th Pillar: Specific Development Concerns?5th Pillar: Cultural Concerns?
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AGRICULTURAL TRADE: Relevant Standards?
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SOCIAL STANDARDS
Human Rights:
• ICESCR Art. 11 para 2: Right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing, housing.
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Discrepancies
Example: Human Rights Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2003:
“39. Please explain why 7 per cent of Brazilian children suffer from undernourishment, in spite of the fact that the national production of the grains would be sufficient to feed one and a half times the total population of Brazil […].”
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SOCIAL STANDARDS
CEDAW Art. 14: Specific Rights regarding Rural Women
etc.
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CULTURAL STANDARDS
• UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
• UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions (i.F.18.3.2007)
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ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
• Biodiversity
• Water, Forest and Soil Protection
• Fishery
• Climate Protection
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ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
• Landscape Diversity: eg. Alp Convention
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DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS
Declaration on the Right to Development (1986; soft law):
i.a. Responsabilities of countries to cooperate in order to overcome the gap
s. also Art. 2 ICESCR
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SECURITY CONCERNS
National Security Concerns:
i.a. UN Charter
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ECONOMIC STANDARDS
Basic „Constitutional“ Principles of International Trade Agreements:-Transparency-Legal Certainty-Non-discrimination (notion differs from human rights discours)-Peaceful Settlement of Disputes-Efficiency-Open Market System: Policy Intervention by members states only if necessary
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OPTIMAL, INTEGRATED OUTCOME?
Impacts of the AoA Regulations are optimal, when all the benchmarks are respected and promoted at most
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OPTIMAL, INTEGRATED OUTCOME?
Decision Making Process:Structure according to established democratic standards,i.a. impact assessments ex ante and ex post
Substantive Rules:-Treat different situations differently, allow for complexity-No „No way back principle“-Leave as much policy space as necessary-Policy Measures have to be justified by referring to recognized benchmarks etc.
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AoA: ALTERNATIVES?
• Do the current rules comply with these criteria?
• Alternatives?
> Brainstorming Workshop in November
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WHAT STANDARDS PREVAIL?
Conflicts of standards: Hierarchy? (i.a. VCLT)
-Prevalence of UN Charter?
-jus cogens; obligations erga omnes
-higher level of governance
-lex posterior
-Other Criteria based on normative value?
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WHAT STANDARDS PREVAIL?
Examples:
-Indonesia (right to food) vs Malaysia (right to food)
-Switzerland (Biodiversity; cultural diversity) vs Kenya (right to food)
-EC (clima protection) vs Brasil (North-South solidarity)
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DISCUSSION
Thank you for your suggestions!