nch ptt rf kurz final

7/30/2019 Nch Ptt Rf Kurz Final

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Rainer Kurz

Solar Turbines Incorporated

Introduction

toGas Turbines

andApplications

Introduction

toGas Turbines

andApplications


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General Questions to All Manufacturers

ContentsContents

How Does it Work?

Gas Turbine Components

Gas Turbine Performance

Gas Turbine Applications


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How does it work?How does it work?How does it work?

This is a Gas Turbine.This is a Gas Turbine.This is a Gas Turbine.


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Gas Turbine MovieGas Turbine Movie


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1) Compression

2) Combustion

3)Expansion

(Turbine)

Output Shaft Power

Output Shaft Power Two ShaftTurbine EngineTwo ShaftTwo ShaftTurbine EngineTurbine Engine

Single Shaft

Turbine Engine

Single ShaftSingle Shaft

Turbine EngineTurbine Engine


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General Questions to All ManufacturersThe Simple CycleThe Simple Cycle

Compressor Pumps Air into Combustion Chamber

Fuel in Gaseous or Liquid Spray Form Injected into

Combustion Chamber and Burned

Continuously Expanding Combustion Products Directed

Through Stationary Airfoils

react against the blades of a turbine wheel, causing the

shaft to turn, driving the compressor

Remaining High Energy Gas Can be Used

expansion across a nozzle (propulsion)

expansion across another turbine stage (shaft power)


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Simple Cycle Gas TurbinesSimple Cycle Gas Turbines

as Aircraft Engines and Land Based Prime Moversas Aircraft Engines and Land Based Prime Movers

COMPRESSOR TURBINE

COMBUSTOR

FUEL

AIR IN

EXHAUST

GAS OUT

POWER

OUTPUT

COMPRESSOR TURBINE

COMBUSTORFUEL

AIR IN

EXHAUST

GAS OUT

NOZZLE

THRUST

HIGH

VELOCITY

JET

POWER

TURBINE


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1

2

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7

BraytonBrayton Cycle (Simple Cycle Gas Turbine )Cycle (Simple Cycle Gas Turbine )

Velocity

Tempe

rature

Pressure

Station

1 2 3 5 7

Flame Temperature


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Gas Turbine ComponentsGas Turbine Components


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General Questions to All ManufacturersEngine External Components

Industrial Engine on SkidIndustrial Engine on Skid


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1

2

3

5

7

The Compressor SectionThe Compressor Section

Axial or Centrifugal Flow

Axial Flow

higher efficiency

higher flow more stages

Centrifugal Compressors on smaller engines and some mid-size

industrial engines

less stages

rugged

simple

Driven by the Turbine on a

Common Shaft

Compressor Uses 2/3 of the

Fuel Energy

Thats why keeping it

efficient (read CLEAN)is so important!


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General Questions to All ManufacturersAxial CompressorAxial Compressor

Airflow Parallel toRotor Axis

Air Compressed in

Stages row of moving blades

followed by row ofstationary blades

(stators) is one stage. Moving blades impart

kinetic energy

stators recover the

kinetic energy aspressure and redirectthe flow to the nextstage at the optimumangle


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General Questions to All ManufacturersAxial CompressorAxial Compressor

Modern CompressorDesigns areExtremely Efficient

gas turbineperformance ratingdepends greatly onthe compressorefficiency

High PerformanceMade Possible byAdvancedAerodynamics,

Coatings, and SmallBlade Tip Clearances

Even Small Amountsof Deposits onCompressor Blades

May Cause LargePerformance Losses

Inlet Guide Vane

Rotor Blades(rotating)

Stator Vanes (fixed to case)


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General Questions to All ManufacturersThe CombustorThe Combustor

Also Known as the Burner

Must be Compact and Provide Even Temperature

Distribution of Hot Gases to the Turbine

Three Basic Configurations:

annular

can

can-annular

1

2

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7


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General Questions to All ManufacturersAnnular CombustorAnnular Combustor

Injector

Combustor

Liner (requires

intensive cooling)

Shaft


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General Questions to All ManufacturersCombustor DesignCombustor Design

Annular

Donut shaped, single,

continuous chamber

that encircles the turbine

Can-annular

multiple, single burners

(cans) evenly spaced around

the rotor shaft

Silo or Can One or more

combustion chambers

mounted external

to the gas turbine body


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General Questions to All ManufacturersFuel InjectorFuel Injector

Used to introduce fuelinto the combustionchamber.

Can be for single ordual fuel

Fuel can be mixed with

combustion air either in the combustor

(standard combustionsystem)

pre-mixed prior toentering combustor( lean pre-mix, DLN(dry-low-Nox), DLE

(dry low emissions),(SoLoNOx)

Pre-Mix Barrel

Solar Mars Injector

Standard vs SoloNOx

Standardinjector

Dry-Low-NOx injector


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1

2

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7

The TurbineThe Turbine

Two Basic Types - Radial and Axial

Almost all industrial Gas Turbines use axial flow

turbines Like the Compressor, Turbine Expansion

Takes Place in Stages

a row of stationary blades (nozzles)followed by a row of moving blades

= one stage.


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General Questions to All ManufacturersBlade Cooling SchemesBlade Cooling Schemes

COOLING AIR INLET

HOTGAS

FLOW

HOT GAS FLOW

COOLING AIR

SHOWER HEAD

FILM HOLES

Film CoolingConvection Cooling


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General Questions to All ManufacturersTemperature DefinitionTemperature Definition

TIT TRIT T5

Combustor

1st Nozzle1st Rotor 1st PT Nozzle

Cooling Air

Flows

All temperatures are considered total.


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Gas Turbine

Performance Characteristics

Gas TurbineGas Turbine

Performance CharacteristicsPerformance Characteristics


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Gas Turbine

Performance vs. Ambient Temperature

Gas TurbineGas Turbine

Performance vs. Ambient TemperaturePerformance vs. Ambient Temperature

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

T amb (deg C)

Power,Heatrate

HP

HR


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Efficiency at Part Load OperationEfficiency at Part Load OperationEfficiency at Part Load Operation

Gas Turbine Thermal Efficiency/ref versus Load P/Pmax(Typical, for 3 arbitrarily selected industrial engines)

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

50 60 70 80 90 100

Load (%)

Rel.ThermalEfficiency(%)


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General Questions to All ManufacturersGas Turbine ApplicationsGas Turbine Applications


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General Questions to All ManufacturersIndustrial Applications


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General Questions to All ManufacturersGas Turbine Driven Compressor SetGas Turbine Driven Compressor Set


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0

0

HEAD

1 UNIT 2 UNITS 3 UNITS IN PARALLEL

SITE POWER AT 75F

FLOW

Operational FlexibilityManaging Varying Demand

Operational FlexibilityOperational FlexibilityManaging Varying DemandManaging Varying Demand

Operating Points in a Compressor Station


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Centaur 50Centaur 50

Gas Turbine Driven GeneratorGas Turbine Driven GeneratorGas Turbine Driven Generator


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General Questions to All ManufacturersBase and Peak Load UnitsBase and Peak Load Units

Firing Temperature

Output Power Exhaust

Temperature

Life

Maintenance

intervals/Cost of

Maintenance

Output Power

Exhaust Heat

MaintenanceCost

Net Cash Flow

TRIT

Maintenance Interval (hrs)


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Base Load, Peak Load and StandBase Load, Peak Load and Stand--By UnitsBy Units

Engine Life depends on Firing Temperature(and number of starts*)

Thus, a peak load unit can be fired at higher

temperatures without any design changes

Higher Firing Temperature means more

power, but shorter engine life.

* According to some manufacturers


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Questions?Questions?

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