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NCHRP 10NCHRP 10--65 Update65 UpdateAASHTO Subcommittee on
Construction
Louisville, Kentucky
August 3, 2005
Harold L. Von Quintus, P.E.
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10--6565
Nondestructive Testing Technology for Quality Control and Acceptance of Flexible Pavement Construction
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview
1. Overview & Status of Project
2. Findings from Initial Field Study
3. Recommendations from Initial Field Study
4. Concluding Comments
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Project Objectives:Project Objectives:
1. Conduct field evaluation of NDT technologies & determine their effectiveness and practicality for QA.
2. Recommend test protocols for NDT technologies for QA programs for:
� Embankment Soils
� Aggregate Base Materials
� HMA Mixtures
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Project TeamProject TeamPrincipal Investigator
Mr. H.L. Von Quintus
ARA, Inc.
Field Evaluations
Dr. C. Rao, ARA, Inc.
Dr. E. Minchin, UF
FWD/LWD/DCP
Mr. J. Mallela
Mr. R. Stubstad
ARA, Inc.
Seismic Methods
Dr. S. Nazarian
UTEP
GPR
Dr. K. Maser
Infrasense
Statistician
Dr. Maghsoodloo
NCAT
Lab Testing
Mr. B. Prowell
NCAT
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Project StatusProject Status
Potential NDT Technologies = Potential NDT Technologies = Those Those READYREADY & appropriate for & appropriate for ROUTINEROUTINE, , PRACTICALPRACTICAL & & EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE tools for use in QA.tools for use in QA.
��DeflectionDeflection--Based TechnologiesBased Technologies
��SeismicSeismic--Based TechnologiesBased Technologies
��GPRGPR--Based TechnologiesBased Technologies
��NonNon--Nuclear DensityNuclear Density--Based TechnologiesBased Technologies
��StrengthStrength--Based TechnologiesBased Technologies
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Completed
June 2004
Phase 1 – Identify POTENTIAL POTENTIAL
NDT technologies for application to QA programs.
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Project StatusProject Status
Summer 2006Final Report
Fall 2005 to Spring 2006
Part B – Improve/Revise test protocol & data interpretation procedures
Completed
June 2005
Part A – Confirm applicability of NDT test method
Phase 2 – Field Evaluation of Potential NDT Technologies
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Part A HypothesesPart A Hypotheses
NDT Test Method:
�Can identify localized anomalies.
�Provides an accurate estimate of material-layer properties.
�Provides an accurate measure of the mean & variance of lot.
�Is insensitive to surface condition or texture of the surface.
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Part A NDT TechnologyPart A NDT TechnologyDeflectionDeflection--Based MethodsBased Methods
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
SeismicSeismic--Based MethodsBased MethodsNCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
StrengthStrength--Based Based MethodsMethods
GPRGPR--Based Based MethodsMethods
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
NonNon--Nuclear DensityNuclear Density--Based Based MethodsMethods
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Part A Project SummaryPart A Project Summary
YesYesSH-130
Georgetown, TX.
HMAYesYesUS-285 Alabama
SoilYesI-85 Ramp Reconstr. Auburn, AL.
SMAYesI-85 Overlay
Auburn, AL.
SoilYesYesYesTH-23 Reconstr.
Spicer, MN.
SoilYesMnRoads Demonstration
Intelligent Rollers
HMA Mixes
Aggr. Base
SoilsProject
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
MALL
Section 1 / SouthSection 3 / North
EXISTING TH 23 ROADWAY
ABC
12345
x
xx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
NORTH
ABC
12345
x
xx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
ABC
12345
x
xx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
Section 2 / Middle
7956+007960+007962+007966+007971+237975+22
SOUTH
Part A Testing Plan Part A Testing Plan –– Unbound MaterialsUnbound MaterialsTHTH--23, Aggregate Base Section; MN.23, Aggregate Base Section; MN.
High moisture, low density
Low moisture, high density
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
MALL
A B C
54
32
1
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
I
III
IV
II
Section 1 to 3Tested 1 day after paving
Section 4 Tested on day of paving
Part A Testing Plan Part A Testing Plan –– HMA Section; MN.HMA Section; MN.
Low Asphalt Content
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Unbound Materials TestingUnbound Materials Testing
THTH--23 23 Embankment Embankment FoundationFoundation
II--85 Embankment 85 Embankment FillFill
SHSH--130 Improved 130 Improved SoilSoil USUS--280 280
Crushed Crushed Stone BaseStone Base
THTH--2323
Crushed Crushed Aggregate BaseAggregate Base
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Part A Analysis Plan Part A Analysis Plan Unbound Materials & SoilsUnbound Materials & Soils
�Comparison of test results to repeated
load resilient modulus values.
� Identification of varying conditions.
i
RRRR
Density
LWDMSeismicMDCPMLabM
≈
≈≈≈ )()()()(
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Identifying Anomalies or Material Identifying Anomalies or Material ChangesChanges
20.513.5-34.419.3GPR
4.55.25.6LWD, ksi
18.517.111.5DCP, ksi
123.9123.4122.9EDG, pcf
51.739.631.1DSPA, ksi
12.610.37.5GeoGauge
North – ASouth – C OthersNDT
TH-23 Embankment Foundation
South Section – C; Lowest density
North Section – A; Highest density, lowest moisture.
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Unbound Materials Testing;Unbound Materials Testing;Within Technology ComparisonsWithin Technology Comparisons
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 10 20 30 40 50
Elastic Modulus, CarlBro Device, ksi
Ela
sti
c M
od
ulu
s, F
WD
,
ksi
FWD, Base 1 FWD, Base 2 FWD, Base 3
FWD, Base 4 Line of Equality
0.1
1
10
100
1 10 100
Elastic Modululs, CarlBro Device, ksi
Ela
sti
s M
od
ulu
s,
Oth
er
LW
D
Devic
es,
ksi
LoadMan, Soil 1
Loadman, Soil 2
LoadMan, Base 1
LoadMan, Base 2
Prima100, Area 1
Prima100, Area2
Prima100, Area 3
Prima100, Area 4
Line of Equality
Systematically lower E values from FWD.
CarlBro & Prima 100 result in consistent E values.
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Unbound Materials Testing;Unbound Materials Testing;Within Technology ComparisonsWithin Technology Comparisons
0
50
100150
200
250
300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Resilient Modulus, GeoGauge, ksi
Se
ism
ic M
od
ulu
s,
DS
PA
, k
si
I-85 Soil TH-23 Soil TH-23 Base
US-280 Base Line of Equality SH-130 Improved Soil
Reasonable correspondence between DSPA & GeoGauge.
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Unbound Materials Testing;Unbound Materials Testing;Between Technology ComparisonsBetween Technology Comparisons
0
20
40
60
80
0 20 40 60 80
Resilient Modulus, GeoGauge, ksi
Mo
du
lus f
rom
Oth
er
ND
T
Devic
es, ksi
DCP LWD Line of Equality
Modulus from LWD less than from DCP & GeoGauge.
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Unbound Materials Testing;Unbound Materials Testing;Between Technology ComparisonsBetween Technology Comparisons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Dry Density, QA Records, pcf
Mo
du
lus f
rom
ND
T T
ests
,
ksi
GeoGauge DCP LWD
Better correlation between dry density & GeoGauge and DCP.
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Unbound Materials Testing;Unbound Materials Testing;Between Technology ComparisonsBetween Technology Comparisons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
100 110 120 130 140 150
Dry Density, EDG, pcf
Re
silie
nt
Mo
du
lus
,
Ge
oG
au
ge
, k
si
Embankments Aggregate Base Crushed Stone Improved Soil
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140
Dry Density, EDG, pcf
Dry
Den
sit
y,
Nu
cle
ar
Den
sit
y
Gau
ge
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Unbound Materials Testing;Unbound Materials Testing;Between Technology ComparisonsBetween Technology Comparisons
0
510
1520
25
102 104 106 108 110 112 114
Dry Density, EDG, pcf
Mo
du
lus
, k
si
GeoGauge I-85 DCP; I-85
20
40
60
80
142 144 146 148 150
Dry Density, EDG, pcf
Mo
du
lus
, k
si
GeoGauge; US-280 Base DCP; US-280 Base
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
GeoGaugeGeoGauge is the Recommended is the Recommended NDT Device; Why?NDT Device; Why?
� Provides measure of resilient modulus.
� Adequately identified anomalies.
� Adequately ranked the relative order of materials.
� Resilient modulus correlated to dry density.
� Coefficient of variation is much less that other devices.
� Easily used to measure increasing resilient
modulus with increasing compaction.Moisture content and density must be measured
with other devices.
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
HMA MixturesHMA Mixtures
USUS--280 HMA Base280 HMA Base
Supplemental TestingSupplemental Testing
II--85 SMA Overlay85 SMA Overlay
USUS--280 HMA Base280 HMA Base
Initial TestingInitial Testing
SegregationSegregation
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Part A Analysis Plan Part A Analysis Plan HMA MixturesHMA Mixtures
�Comparison of test results to
dynamic modulus values.
� Identification of anomalies & varying
conditions.
iDensity
FWDESeismicELabE
≈
≈≈≈ )()()(***
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
USUS--280 HMA Base280 HMA Base
5.6---5.5GPR, Suppl.
7.36.87.0GPR, Initial
707---877FWD, Suppl.
145126203FWD, Initial
136.6---140.4PQI, Suppl.
147.0154.3*148.0PQI, Initial
391---555PSPA, Suppl.
330424500PSPA, Initial
SegregationOthers Section 2NDT
Section 2, Initial Testing; Low asphalt content.
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
HMA Mixture Testing;HMA Mixture Testing;Between Technology ComparisonsBetween Technology Comparisons
50
150
250
350
450
550
650
750
50 150 250 350 450 550 650 750
Seismic Modulus, PSPA, ksi
Ela
sti
c M
od
ulu
s, F
WD
, k
si
SMA Overlay HMA Base Segregated Areas Joints Line of Equality
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
HMA Mixture Testing;HMA Mixture Testing;Between Technology ComparisonsBetween Technology Comparisons
130
140
150
160
170
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Air Voids, GPR, percent
De
ns
ity
, p
cf
PQI - TH-23 Base PQI - SMA Overlay PQI - US-280 Base
PQI - US-280 Base Nuclear - SMA Overlay Nuclear - US-280 Base
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
HMA Mixture Testing;HMA Mixture Testing;Between Technology ComparisonsBetween Technology Comparisons
120
130
140
150
160
120 130 140 150 160
HMA Density, Nuclear Gauge, pcf
HM
A D
en
sti
y, N
on
-Nu
cle
ar
De
vis
e, p
cf
PQI - SMA PaveTracker - SMA PQI - HMA Base
PaveTracker - HMA Base Line of Equality
120.0
130.0
140.0
150.0
160.0
142.0 144.0 146.0 148.0 150.0 152.0 154.0
Density, Nuclear Gauge, pcf
De
ns
ity
, N
on
-Nu
cle
ar
Ga
ug
e,
pc
fPavement Quality Indicator PaveTracker Line of Equality
Observation:
PQI provides a better estimate of density.
Observation:
PaveTracker provides a better estimate of density.
Observation:
Calibration for specific mixes is critically important.
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
HMA Mixture Testing;HMA Mixture Testing;Between Technology ComparisonsBetween Technology Comparisons
0
5
10
15
20
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
PSPA Seismic Modulus, ksi
GP
R A
ir V
oid
s,
pe
rce
nt
TH-23 Base SMA Overlay US-280 Base, Initial US-280 Base, Supp.
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
PSPA Seismic Modulus, ksi
PQ
I D
en
sit
y,
pc
f
TH-23 Base SMA Overlay US-280 Base, Initial US-280 Base, Supp.
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
PSPA is the Recommended NDT PSPA is the Recommended NDT Device; Why?Device; Why?� Provides measure of elastic or dynamic
modulus.
� Adequately identified anomalies.
� Adequately ranked the relative order of materials.
� Elastic modulus correlated to HMA density.
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Can not be used to establish roller patter.
Asphalt content & density measured with other devices.
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
� Proceed with Part B of the Experimental Plan
� NDT Technologies Suggested for Use in Part B & Applicable to QA
� GeoGague for Unbound Materials
� PSPA for HMA Materials
� Investigate accuracy of GPR multi-antenna process
� Phase 2 work plan focused on improving
specific areas of NDT methods and developing
test protocols.
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Summary of NDT Application to Summary of NDT Application to QA ProgramsQA Programs
GPR---Air Voids,
Saturation
Ignition Oven1 – Oven Dry
2 – EDG
Fluids Content
1 – Nuclear/Cores
2 – PQI/PaveTracker
1 – Nuclear/Sand Cone
2 – EDGDensity
GPRGPRThickness
PSPAGeoGaugeModulus
HMA MixturesUnbound MaterialsQA
Property
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Expanding the Realm of Possibility
Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:
� Minnesota DOT;
Skiekmier & Bolland
� Dunnick Brothers, Mn.
� Alabama DOT; Fuller
� Scott Bridge Company
� East Alabama Paving
� NCAT, Prowell
� Tx. Turnpike Authority,
Wade
� Avlis Engineering, Tam
� Humbolt, Fielder
� CarlBro/Fugro
� Dynatest
� Salut, Horan
� BOMAG, Connelly
� Catepillar
� Ammann, Fox
NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10NCHRP 10----65656565
Thank you.Thank you.Any Questions?Any Questions?