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The Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, Indiana:
A Digital Atlas Illustrating Hydrogeologic Terrain and Sequence
edited by Steven E. Brown and Andrew J. Laudick
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
INDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE STUDY 00-14
CONTENTS
A Note About This StudyHow to Use This Help file
Part 1: Geologic and Hydrogeologic Frameworkby Anthony H. Fleming, Steven E. Brown and Victoria R. Ferguson
Part 2: Explanation of Geologic and Hydrogeologic Mapsby Steven E. Brown, Anthony H. Fleming, and Victoria R. Ferguson
Part 3: Geologic Evolution of the White River Valleyby Anthony H. Fleming and Steven E. Brown
Part 4: Map-use Tutorialby Anthony H. Fleming, Steven E. Brown and Victoria R. Ferguson
Part 5: Digital Maps and Geographic Information System (GIS) Coveragesby Andrew J. Laudick and Steven E. Brown
List of Figures, Tables, and Plates
Technical or Geological Questions about this Study
COPYRIGHT 2000 INDIANA UNIVERSITYINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYALL RIGHTS RESERVED
DISCLAIMER
a cooperative product from the Indiana Geological Survey and theMarion County Health Department
This Help file was designed and created by Steven E. Brown
Reference 92 Page 1
Reference 92 Page 2
Figure 21a. MIDDLE ILLINOIAN OUTWASH DEPOSITION<< Previous map Next map>>Click here for Figure 21b: Cross section B-B’
0 10 Miles
0 15 Km
Outwash plainOutwash fan Bedrock upland
GLACIER
sub-ice
channel
R 5 ER 4 ER 3 ER 2 E
T
17
N
T16N
T15N
T14N
ReservoirGeist
Reservoir
Eagle Creek
B B
Glacier Drainage direction
Eagle
Creek
Fall
Creek
RIV
ER
WHIT
E
Cre
ekB
uck
N
Reference 92 Page 3
Figure 28a. DISTRIBUTION OF T1 FANS<< Previous map Next map>>Click here for Figure 28b: Cross section B-B’
0 10 Miles
0 15 Km
R 5 ER 4 ER 3 ER 2 E
T
17N
T
16N
T15N
T14N
ReservoirGeist
Reservoir
Eagle Creek
Till cored areasMeltwater channeland channelsTill-capped fans
BB
Eagle
Creek
Fall
Creek
RIVER
WH
ITE
Cre
ekB
uck
N
Reference 92 Page 4
Figure 31a. T3 EVENTS: THE FINAL SHAPING OF MODERN DRAINAGE<< Previous map Next map>>Click here for Figure 31b: Cross section C-C’
0 10 Miles
0 15 Km
?
?
CrownHill
MorainePre-Wisconsin meltwater
channel exhumed by cutting
of Fall Creek tunnel valley
R 5 ER 4 ER 3 ER 2 E
T
17
N
T16N
T15N
T14N
C C
ReservoirGeist
Reservoir
Eagle Creek
Modern valley segment
T2 end moraine
Meltwater channel
along end moraineHigh relief ice-contact fan
Outwash plain
Drainage direction
Moraine forming at ice margin
Cutting of major sw-flowing tributaries as sub-ice or ice-walled meltwater channels
Bunker Hill Moraine
modern valley segmentcut as tunnel valley
Glacier
former channelblocked by ice
Eagle
Creek
Fall
Creek
RIVER
WH
ITE
Cre
ekB
uck
Pogues R
un
Pleasant Run
Lick C
reek
Little Buck Creek
N
Reference 92 Page 5
Figure 32a. T3 EVENTS: THE FINAL SHAPING OF MODERN DRAINAGE<< Previous mapClick here for Figure 32b: Cross section A-A’
Moraine Meltwater channel
High relief ice-contact fan along end moraineOutwash plain
Glacier
Stagnant ice block
0 10 Miles
0 15 Km
R 5 ER 4 ER 3 ER 2 E
T
17N
T16N
T
15N
T
14N
ReservoirGeist
Reservoir
Eagle Creek
Bunker Hillmoraine
incision of formertunnel valley
incision of former tunnelvalley; little or no
outwash deposition
redirection of
meltwater flow
exiting tunnel
valley
Incised valley segment Drainage direction
scoured T2
surface
A
A
Abandoned high-level channel
Eagle
Creek
Fall
Creek
RIVER
WH
ITE
Cre
ekB
uck
N
Reference 92 Page 6
Figure 30a. DISTRIBUTION OF T2 FANS<< Previous map Next map>>Click here for Figure 30b: Cross section B-B’
R 5 ER 4 ER 3 ER 2 E
T17
N
T16N
T15N
T14N
ReservoirGeist
Reservoir
Eagle Creek
0 10 Miles
0 15 Km
End moraine Till-cored areasuncertain originHummocky ridge of
along end moraineHigh relief ice-contact fan
Meltwater channelTill-capped fansand channels
Drainage direction
Eagle
Creek
Fall
Creek
RIVER
WHIT
E
Cre
ekB
uck
N
Reference 92 Page 7
TradersHollow
West 56th Street
I-465I-465
Lawrence
Pendleton Pike
bend in section
Oaklandon
bend in section
Rockville Road (US 36)
I-465
National Road (US 40)
Cumberland
bend in sectionEagle Creek
Reservoir
GuionCreek
CrookedCreek White
River
LawrenceCreek Indian
Creek
WhiteLick
Creek
Eagle CreekWhiteRiver
PleasantRun
SouthCreek
LickCreek
GrassyCreek
FallCreek
FishbackCreek
EagleCreek Crooked
Creek
WilliamsCreek
WhiteRiver
Mud Creek Fall Creek
Dandy Creek
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E ’East
C ’East
CWest
DWest
D ’East
EWest
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FtaboveMSL
COPYRIGHT 2000 INDIANA UNIVERSITYINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYALL RIGHTS RESERVED
This open-file study was compiled by Indiana University, Indiana Geological Survey,using data believed to be accurate; however, a margin of error is inherent in all maps.This product is distributed “AS IS” without warranties of any kind, either expressedor implied, including but not limited to warranties of suitability of a particular purposeor use. There is no attempt in either the design or production of this study todefine the limits or jurisdiction of any federal, state, or local government. These platesare intended for use only at the published scale. A detailed on-the-ground surveyand historical analysis of a single site may vary from this study.
Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, IndianaGeologic Cross Sections
bySteven E. Brown and Anthony H. Fleming
2000
NDIANA NIVERSITY NDIANA NIVERSITYIINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
UJohn C. Steinmetz, State Geologist OPEN-FILE STUDY 00-14, PLATE 3 OF 15
Miles
2 1 0 2
Explanation of cross section units is provided on Plate 4
vertical exaggeration: 50X
Reference 92 Page 8
COPYRIGHT 2000 INDIANA UNIVERSITYINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYALL RIGHTS RESERVED
This open-file study was compiled by Indiana University, Indiana Geological Survey,using data believed to be accurate; however, a margin of error is inherent in all maps.This product is distributed “AS IS” without warranties of any kind, either expressedor implied, including but not limited to warranties of suitability of a particular purposeor use. There is no attempt in either the design or production of this study todefine the limits or jurisdiction of any federal, state, or local government. These platesare intended for use only at the published scale. A detailed on-the-ground surveyand historical analysis of a single site may vary from this study.
Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, IndianaCross Sections and Cross Section Explanation
bySteven E. Brown and Anthony H. Fleming
2000
NDIANA NIVERSITY NDIANA NIVERSITYIINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
UJohn C. Steinmetz, State Geologist OPEN-FILE STUDY 00-14, PLATE 4 OF 15
GrassyCreek
BuckCreek
FisherCreek
OpossumRun
WildcatRun Rayburn
Ditch
BuckCreek
GooseCreek Swamp
Creek
WHITERIVER
HamiltonDitch
FeatherRun
EagleCreek WHITE
RIVER
PleasantRun
BeanCreek
LickCreek
East ForkWhite Lick
Creek
Raymond St.I-465
Bunker Hill Moraine
2,000’ N of MacGregor Rd.
Ralston Rd. bend in section
MannHill
3,000’ S of Southport Rd.
bend in section
GlennsValley
MacGregor-Griffin-Stop 10 Rds. Southport
I-65
2,000’ S of Southport Rd.
bend insection
East Raymond St.
Raymond St.
CountyLine
Bridgeport
Washington St. (US 40)bend insection
Minnesota St.I-465
I-70
720
680
640
600
560
FtaboveMSL
AWest
540
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600
640
680
720
760
FtaboveMSL
BWest
A’East
B’East
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O3s
t2
pc
tu
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tu
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s2f
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t1
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pdpd
s1f
s1f
Explanation Plates and Cross SectionsPlate 1 Hydrogeology, pre-Wisconsin Glacial Geology, and Bedrock Geology and Topography MapsPlate 2 Late Wisconsin Glacial Geology Maps Plate 3 Geologic Cross Sections Plate 4 Cross Sections and Cross Section Explanation
County Scale (1:50,000) Geologic MapsPlate 5 Geology and Topography of the Bedrock SurfacePlate 6 Geology and Topography of the Pre-Wisconsin SurfacePlate 7 Geology of Late Wisconsin Glacial Deposits: Lower and Total SequencesPlate 8 Geology of Late Wisconsin Glacial Deposits: Upper SequencePlate 9 Thickness of Unconfined Sand and GravelPlate 10 Glacial TerrainsPlate 11 Potentiometric Surface and Hydrogeologic Settings of the Shallow Aquifer SystemPlate 12 Geology of the Fall Creek Aquifer ComplexPlate 13 Potentiometric Surface and Hydrogeologic Settings of the Fall Creek Aquifer ComplexPlate 14 Geology of the Southwestern Aquifer ComplexPlate 15 Potentiometric Surface and Hydrogeologic Settings of the Southwestern Aquifer Complex
Documentation as a Windows Help file (digital format only)Part 1 Hydrogeologic MapsPart 2 Map Unit ExplanationPart 3 Geologic Evolution of the White River ValleyPart 4 Tutorial: Use of the Hydrogeologic Maps Part 5 GIS Coverages: What You Need to Know
Indiana Geological Survey Open-file Study 00-14Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, Indiana:
A Digital Atlas Illustrating Hydrogeologic Terrain and Sequence
edited by Steven E. Brownand Andrew J. Laudick
Illinoian Glaciers
Advance
Marion County, Indianaindexed by cross section
E E'
D D'
C C'
B B'
A A'
unk
WL
DMA
MP
tu
pc
pb
pd
uI
mI
Ix
pIu
pIx
S
tt
a
t2
t2i
s2a
s2f
s2c
s2i
t1
s1a
s1f
s2d
O3t
O3x
O3s
D
Miles
2 1 0 2
vertical exaggeration: 50X
Undifferentiated Sand and Gravel
Pre-Wisconsin Sand and Gravel
Surficial Sand and Gravel Units
Buried Sand and Gravel Units
Buried Sand and Gravel Units Below the Lower Till Sequence
Post-Glacial Deposits
Late Wisconsin Deposits: Upper Sequences
Geology of Pre-Wisconsin Deposits
Bedrock GeologyLate Wisconsin Deposits: Lower and Total Sequences
Alluvium in modern stream valleys. Texture ranges from silty clay to gravel, but is predominantly loamy in composition.
Upper till sequence. Till and till-like sediment deposited by the East White Sublobe of the Huron-Erie Lobe. In most places the unit is generally composed of soft to very stiff, mildly overconsolidated pebbly loam or sandy loam. Lenses of sand and silt are abundant within and atop the unit in northern Marion County but are less common to the south.
Outwash in linear sluiceways. The outwash generally cuts across other Wisconsin units; locally the sluiceways are deeply incised into the pre-Wisconsin surface.
Outwash in terraces within and adjacent to sluiceways; chiefly forms terrace remnants and veneer over upper and (or) lower sequences.
Thick composite bodies of sand and gravel in sluiceways and terraces. The unit typically consists of late Wisconsin outwash that has coalesced with much thicker exhumed fans, aprons, and channels of Wisconsin and (or) pre-Wisconsin age.
Small to large hummocky mounds and ridges composed mainly of till and till-like sediment (chiefly mud flows and pond sediments) with lesser ice-contact stratified sand and gravel.
Sand and gravel in small aprons between the upper and lower till sequences. Most of these units are probably ice-proximal outwash aprons deposited during the advance of the ice sheet that deposited the overlying till.
Sand and gravel in aprons and channel complexes that commonly cut completely through the underlying till and into pre-Wisconsin units.
Sand and gravel in small disconnected lenses and other bodies along the horizon between the two till sequences and within the upper sequence.
Widespread sand and gravel that occur at the base of the upper till sequence. Mostly deposited as ice-proximal outwash fans and aprons during the advance of T2 ice and subsequently overridden.
Ice-contact sand and gravel in small to very large mounds and ridges. Includes kames, eskers, and fans. Up-ice sides of large fans are commonly capped by a variable thickness of till and till-like sediment of the upper sequence.
Undifferentiated till of the Trafalgar Formation upper (t2) and lower (t1) sequences.
Lower till sequence. Till and till-like sediment deposited by the East White Sublobe of the Huron-Erie Lobe. In most places the unit is generally very stiff to hard, strongly overconsolidated loam, silt loam, or sandy loam having abundant pebbles and widely scattered lenses of sand and silt.
Sand and gravel in small sheets, aprons, and channels at or near the base of the lower till sequence. These bodies probably represent ice-proximal outwash deposited during the initial advance of late Wisconsin ice.
Sand and gravel in extensive fans, aprons, and channel complexes at the base of the lower till sequence. Mostly deposited as ice-proximal outwash during the initial advance of the late Wisconsin ice sheet and subsequently overridden.
Pre-Wisconsin surface. Shown chiefly on the top of till units and other fine-grained sediments of pre-Wisconsin age. Locally marked by well-developed paleosol and (or) persistent zone of sand and gravel. Paleosol, approximate extent of inferred.
Undifferentiated till and other fine-grained sediment. Includes small granular units of local extent.
West Lebanon Member. Pink and brown lake clay and till in Oaklandon bedrock valley.
Unconsolidated deposit of unknown type or origin.
Valleys, sags, and other low areas on the pre-Wisconsin surface that may contain potentially large sand and gravel bodies in channelized form. Sand and gravel is of Illinoian and (or) late Wisconsin age.
Sheetlike sand and gravel bodies generally greater than 10 feet thick. Small mostly discontinuous lenses of sand and gravel that range between 5 and 15 feet thick. Unit boundaries are indefinite.
Relatively continuous bodies of sand and gravel bodies loosely defined as "upper Illinoian."
Relatively continuous bodies of sand and gravel bodies loosely defined as "middle Illinoian." In the south-central part of the county, this unit forms the southwestern aquifer complex, which appears to represent a relatively widespread buried outwash plain that was graded down to an ancestral White River during Illinoian time.
Relatively large, thick complex of coalesced sand and gravel bodies within the Illinoian section. The unit grades laterally into unit pIx.
Relatively continuous bodies of sand and gravel bodies of predominantly pre-Illinoian age. In most places, they are associated with a prominent green, chert-rich paleosol as much as 20 feet thick and may be capped by thin, greenish-grey till. In some places, the unit includes abundant, well-rounded, pitted, red, iron-oxide-coated-dolomite pebbles.
Large, thick granular bodies that appear to represent a complex of Illinoian sand and gravel units that have been incised into pre-Illinoian sand and gravel units similar to unit "pIu." One or more paleosols may be present. Well-rounded, pitted, red, iron-oxide coated dolomite pebbles are a common and distinctive constituent.
Borden Group undifferentiated (Mississippian System). Chiefly siltstone and shale with much lesser limestone and sandstone.
New Albany Shale (Devonian and Mississippian Systems). Grey, brown, and black shale. Minor calcareous shale and argillaceous limestone near base of unit.
Muscatatuck Group (Devonian System). Chiefly crystalline limestone and lesser calcareous shale. Sandy dolomite (Geneva Member) at base (not mapped separately).
Silurian System undivided. Chiefly dolomite, dolomitic limestone, and lesser shale. Composed in part of massive reef rocks and muddy flanking rocks.
65
65
94
70
70
74
74
64
90
31 69
025 25
miles
Indiana indexed by county, Marion County shaded
Wisconsin glacial boundary
Reference 92 Page 9
Borden Group undifferentiated (Mississippian System). Chiefly siltstone and shale with much lesser
limestone and sandstone. Colors (below) depict the thickness in 20-foot intervals of sections
composed chiefly of sandstone that occur along the bedrock surface in southern Decatur Township
(Bridgeport Quadrangle).
New Albany Shale (Devonian and Mississippian Systems). Grey, brown, and black shale. Minor
calcareous shale and argillaceous limestone near base of unit.
Muscatatuck Group (Devonian System). Chiefly crystalline limestone and lesser calcareous shale.
Sandy dolomite (Geneva Member) at base (not mapped separately).
Silurian System undivided. Chiefly dolomite, dolomitic limestone, and lesser shale. Composed in
part of massive reef rocks and muddy flanking rocks.
Line of equal elevation on the bedrock surface. Hachured lines enclose depressions or sinkholes.
Contour interval: 25 feet.
Fault approximately located. Bars on downthrown side.
Explanation
Thickness ranges (feet) of sandstone in the Borden Group along the bedrock
MB
DMA
D
S
1 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 80 - 100
MB
MB
MB
MB
MB
MB
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MB
DMA
DMA
DMA
DMA
DMA
DMA
DMA
DMA
DMA
D
D
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D
D D
D
S
S
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S
S
Geist Reservoir
Eagle
Creek
Reservoir
Fal
l Cre
ek
White River
Whi
teR
iv
er
Eagle Creek
Buck Creek
Indiana Geological Survey Open-file Study 00-14Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, Indiana:
A Digital Atlas Illustrating Hydrogeologic Terrain and Sequence
edited by Steven E. Brownand Andrew J. Laudick
ReservoirGeist
Reservoir
Eagle Creek
Illinoian Glaciers
Advance
Plate 5 of 15 Scale 1:50,000025 25
miles
Indiana indexed by county, Marion County shaded
Wisconsin glacial boundary
65
65
94
70
70
74
74
64
90
31 69
Miles
2 1 0 2
Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, IndianaGeology and Topography of the Bedrock Surface
byVictoria R. Ferguson
2000
NDIANA NIVERSITY NDIANA NIVERSITYIINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
UJohn C. Steinmetz, State Geologist OPEN-FILE STUDY 00-14, PLATE 5 OF 15
COPYRIGHT 2000 INDIANA UNIVERSITYINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYALL RIGHTS RESERVED
This open-file study was compiled by Indiana University, Indiana Geological Survey,using data believed to be accurate; however, a margin of error is inherent in all maps.This product is distributed “AS IS” without warranties of any kind, either expressedor implied, including but not limited to warranties of suitability of a particular purposeor use. There is no attempt in either the design or production of this study todefine the limits or jurisdiction of any federal, state, or local government. These platesare intended for use only at the published scale. A detailed on-the-ground surveyand historical analysis of a single site may vary from this study.
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750
700
625
600
575
700
525 725
725
725 725
675
750
675
700
775
650
725
625
700
775
700
800
725
750
575
625
650
675 700
750
700
600
700
725
650
600
625 650
575
575
600
550
600
725
625
600
600
650
600
700
625
575
625
675
625
65
65
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65
465
465
465
465
465
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74
74
74
67
67
37
37
37
421
31
31
31
36
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36
40
40
40
Reference 92 Page 10
Map unit Water table (general; feet below surface)
Recharge/Discharge Rechargepotential
Sensitivity to contamination
A1 5 to 20 regional discharge area very high for shallow
unconfined units
very high
A2 10 to 25 (unconfined) regional discharge for deep
aquifers; local recharge for
shallow aquifers
very high for shallow
parts of the system
deep confined units—low
shallow unconfined—d—d high—
deep confined units—low
shallow unconfined—d—d high—
A3 5 to 20 local discharge very high for shallow
parts of the system
high to moderately low
B1 greater than 50 local recharge high high
B2 25 to 75; locally perched local recharge moderate to high low to moderate
C1 less than 10 local recharge moderate; higher in
depressions
C2 within a few feet of land
surface
local recharge low low
C3 less than 10 local recharge low low
C4 same as surface water
bodies
local discharge low low
C5 greater than 25; locally
perched
local recharge moderate low to high
C6 recharge and discharge moderate moderate
C7 greater than 10 feet below
till-confining unit
local recharge moderate to high moderate to high
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11
Explanation
Potentiometric Surface
Hydrogeologic SettingsThick sections of unconfined sand and gravel interstratified with a few small widely scattered till
units. This setting characterizes the axis of the White River Valley, which is the regional discharge
area for all aquifers in the county.
Variable thickness of outwash overlying complexly interbedded sand and gravel and till. Thick
unbroken sections of sand and gravel are present locally. Sand and gravel units at depth are typically
confined or semi confined by bodies of till, whereas the upper portions of the system are commonly
unconfined.
Similar to setting A2 but occurs in narrow bands along the valleys of the larger streams that cross
upland areas away from the White River. The potentiometric surface slopes strongly into the valley
axis.
Hummocky ridges and mounds composed chiefly of sand and gravel locally having an irregular
cover of till and some lenses of till within. Generally characterized by steep surface topography and
large local relief.
Hummocky ridges and mounds composed chiefly of till-like sediment interbedded with lesser sand
and gravel. The granular units locally form thick but narrow channels. Generally characterized by
moderate to steep surface slopes, slowly permeable soils, and moderate to large local relief.
Relatively continuous bodies of sand and gravel along the horizon between the upper and lower
sequences (see Plate 2) and capped by less than 10 feet of locally discontinuous till.
Similar to setting C1 but the sand and gravel is consistently confined by upper sequence till greater
than 10 feet thick and commonly more than 20 feet thick.
Thick sections of Wisconsin till that locally contain a few small widely scattered lenses of sand and
gravel. May or may not overlie granular material along the pre-Wisconsin surface. This setting is
widespread on uplands.
Valleys of small upland streams formed chiefly in till locally having exhumed sand and gravel in
valley floor. Some alluvium is usually present in floodplains.
Uplands and small stream valleys in southwestern Marion County characterized by less than 20 feet
of glacial sediment over sandstone of the Borden Group. This setting occurs over relatively limited
areas but may form localized recharge areas for the sandstone, which is the principal shallow aquifer
in that part of the county.
Dissected areas along small upland stream valleys where less than 20 feet of late Wisconsin
sediments overlie sand and gravel along the pre-Wisconsin surface. This setting occurs over very
limited areas, many of which are too small to show at the map scale.
Dissected slope on west side of White River north of Williams Creek characterized by 10 to 20 feet
of late Wisconsin till overlying an apron of sand and gravel. The thickness of sand and gravel is
typically 20 to 40 feet but ranges from 10 to 60 feet. The till cap is thin or absent where dissected by
streams. A lateral hydraulic connection exists between the sand and gravel apron and unconfined
sand and gravel in the adjacent White River Valley.
Hydrogeologic settings C8, C9, C10, and C11 all occur in areas of very sparse or no subsurface data.
Consequently, the hydrogeologic behavior of these areas is uncertain. Based on better-known
characteristics of nearby areas that appear similar, they are thought to resemble one or more other
settings in certain respects. The explanation for setting C8, for example, indicates that the setting
may be the same as, or act somewhat like, setting C2, C1, or A2. Therefore, the hydrogeologic
behavior of small areas or environmental sites within these settings should be evaluated in the
context of local subsurface data.
Generalized contour representing line of equal static water level elevation in the shallow aquifer
system associated with the pre-Wisconsin surface and overlying Wisconsin deposits. Contour
interval: 10 feet.
C4
B1 C2
C4
B1
C1
C4 A2
C5 C2 B2
C2
A3 C4
B1
C5
C4
A3
C2
B2
C5 C4
C4
B2
C2 B1
A3
B2
C3
C2 B1 B2 C4
A2
B1
B1
B2 C2
C3
B2
C6 C1 C2
C2
C2
C2
C2
C5
C4 C2
C4
C2
A2
C2 C4 C2
C2
C2
C1
C4
C3
B1
C2 C2
C1
A3
C2
C2
C4
C2
C2
C2
C2
B1 B2
C2
C2
C2 C1
C4 C2
B1
C4
C5
C2
C2 C4 C2 C2
B2
C4
C5
B1
C2 A3
C2
C2 C2
C2
C5
C2
C4
C2
C3
C3
C4
C4
C2
C2
C2 B1
A2
C2
B2
C1
C2
C2
C2 B2
C2
C2
C4
C6
C2
C3
C4
C2
C4
C2 C2
C2 C1
A3
C1
A2 C2
C2
C2
C2
C3
C2
C4
C2
C3
C2 C2 C2
C2 C4
A3
C2
C2
C1
C2 C1
C3 C2
C4
C2
C4
A3
C2
C2
C1
A3
C2
C2
C2 C2
C1 C8 C1
C4
C2
C2 A3
C3
C9
C2
A2
C2
C2 C2
A2
C3
C1
C4
C3
C10
C2 C11
C3
C2
C4
C2 C2 C1 C2
C2
C2
C2
C4
C2
A3
C4
C2
C2
C4
C4
C2 C6
A3
C4
C6 C2
C2
C6
C3
C2
C4
C2
C2 C2
C4
C6
C4
C4
C2
C3
C4
A3
C4
C2
C2
A3
C3
A2
A1
C7
C4
C3
C3
C3
C3
C4
A1
A1
B1
Geist Reservoir
Eagle
Creek
Reservoir
Fall Creek
Fall Creek
White Rive
r
White
Riv
er
Eagle Creek
Bu
ck Creek
790
790
740740
760760
780780
790
790
800800
740
740
760
760
770
770
800
800
760760
780780
790
790
790790
800800
810
810
810810
820
820
820
820
830
830
830
830
830
830
720
720
730
730
820
820
820
820
830830
840
840
840
840
740
740
740740
710710
700
700
700
700
810
810
750750
820
820
800
800
810
810
780
780
770
770
760
760
760
760
840
840
740
740
780780
780
780
750
750
750750
750
750
790
790
790
790
760760
760
760
760
760
770770
800800
800800
800
800
850850
870
870
820
820
810810
850
850
800
800
810
810
830830
820820
790790
830
830
840840
860
860
820
820
830
830 840840
860860
720
720
840
840
840840
840840
840840
820820
840840
820
820
860860
830
830
810
810
860860
800
800
880880
820
820860
860
860860
780780
760760
760760
740740
760
760
740
740
780780
760
760
800800
780
780
790
790
770
770
830830
790
790
830830
830
830
820820
830830860
860
800800
790790
770
770
810810
800
800
810
810
820
820
840840
830
830
820
820
810
810
820
820
840
840
850
850
760
760
730
730
770
770
740
740
720
720
730
730
720
720
750
750
780
780
830830
790790
750750
750
750
680
680
760
760
810810
800800
760
760
730
730
750
750
690
690
700
700
740
740
770
770
790
790
730
730
820
820
830
830
800
760
780
790
790
800
810
810
820
820
830
830
830
720
730
820
820
830
840
840
740
740
710
700
700
810
750
820
800
810
780
770
760
760
840
740
780
780
750
750
750
750
790
790
760
760
760
770
800
80080
0
850
870
820
810
850
800
810
830
820
790
830
840
860
820
830 840
860
720
840
840
840
840
820
840
820
860
830
810
860
800
880
820860
860
780
760
760
740
760
740
780
760
790
800
780
790
770
760
830
790
830
830
820
830860
800
790
770
810
800
810
820
840
830
820
810
820
840
850
760
730
770
740
720
730
720
750
780
830
790
750
750
680
730
810
800
780
830830
690
740
700
770
790
730
820
830
830
Indiana Geological Survey Open-file Study 00-14Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, Indiana:
A Digital Atlas Illustrating Hydrogeologic Terrain and Sequence
edited by Steven E. Brownand Andrew J. Laudick
ReservoirGeist
Reservoir
Eagle Creek
Illinoian Glaciers
Advance
Plate 11 of 15 Scale 1:50,000
Miles
2 1 0 2
025 25
miles
Indiana indexed by county, Marion County shaded
Wisconsin glacial boundary
65
65
94
70
70
74
74
64
90
31 69
Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, IndianaPotentiometric Surface and Hydrogeologic Settings of the Shallow Aquifer System
byAnthony H. Fleming, Steven E. Brown, and Victoria R. Ferguson
2000
NDIANA NIVERSITY NDIANA NIVERSITYIINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
UJohn C. Steinmetz, State Geologist OPEN-FILE STUDY 00-14, PLATE 11 OF 15
COPYRIGHT 2000 INDIANA UNIVERSITYINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYALL RIGHTS RESERVED
This open-file study was compiled by Indiana University, Indiana Geological Survey,using data believed to be accurate; however, a margin of error is inherent in all maps.This product is distributed “AS IS” without warranties of any kind, either expressedor implied, including but not limited to warranties of suitability of a particular purposeor use. There is no attempt in either the design or production of this study todefine the limits or jurisdiction of any federal, state, or local government. These platesare intended for use only at the published scale. A detailed on-the-ground surveyand historical analysis of a single site may vary from this study.
65
65
65
465
465
465
465
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70
70
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Reference 92 Page 11
Table 2a. CaptionMap
unit
General Description Degree of
Confinement
Rate of Surface
Infiltration
Thickness of Vadose
Zone (feet)
A1 Thick sections of sand and gravel interstratified with a few, small, widely scattered till units; White River Valley axis
Unconfined High 5-20
A2 Variable thickness of sand and gravel overlying complexly interbedded sand and gravel and till White River Valley margins
Unconfined to semi-confined
High 10-25
A3 Similar to setting A2 but occurs in very narrow bands along the larger streams that cross uplands
Unconfined to semi-confined
High 5-20
B1 Hummocky ridges and mounds composed chiefly of sand and gravel, locally with thin till cap and some lenses of till within; south-central part of county
Unconfined to semi-confined
Moderately high 50-100
B2 Hummocky ridges and mounds composed chiefly of till and lesser sand and gravel in thick, narrow channels; widely scattered
Semi-confined to confined
Low to moderate 25-75*
C1 Mapped bodies of late Wisconsin sand and gravel capped by less than 10 feet of till; uplands throughout county
Semi-confined Low to moderate <10
C2 Similar to setting C1 but the till cap is typically greater than 10 feet thick; uplands throughout county
Mostly confined
Low <10*
C3 Thick sections of till, locally with small lenses of sand and gravel; uplands throughout county
Well confined Low <10*
Reference 92 Page 12
Table 2b CaptionMap
unit
General Description Position in Flow
System
Predominant
Hydraulic Gradient
Recharge
Potential
A1 Thick sections of sand and gravel interstratified with a few, small, widely scattered till units; White River Valley axis
Regional discharge area for all aquifers
Gentle lateral; upward gradient near river in deeper part of system
Very high***
A2 Variable thickness of sand and gravel overlying complexly interbedded sand and gravel and till White River Valley margins
Regional discharge area for most pre-Wisconsin aquifers. Recharge area for shallow aquifer system
Gentle lateral for unconfined aquifers; upward for deeper aquifers
Very high***
A3 Similar to setting A2 but occurs in very narrow bands along the larger streams that cross uplands
Local discharge area for shallow aquifer system and some deeper units**
Gentle lateral for unconfined aquifers; upward for deeper aquifers
High***
B1 Hummocky ridges and mounds composed chiefly of sand and gravel, locally with thin till cap and some lenses of till within; south-central part of county
Local recharge area for shallow aquifer system
Downward Moderately high
B2 Hummocky ridges and mounds composed chiefly of till and lesser sand and gravel in thick, narrow channels; widely scattered
Local recharge area; especially where sand and gravel bodies are abundant
Downward Moderately low to moderately high
C1 Mapped bodies of late Wisconsin sand and gravel capped by less than 10 feet of till; uplands throughout county
Local recharge area for shallow aquifer system
Downward Moderate to moderately high
C2
Similar to setting C1 but the till cap is typically greater than 10 feet thick; uplands throughout county
Intermediate, with small, highly localized recharge areas
Downward Moderately low
C3 Thick sections of till, locally with small lenses of sand and gravel; uplands throughout county
Intermediate Downward Low
Reference 92 Page 13
C4 Valleys of small upland streams, mainly floored by till; upland streams throughout county
Local discharge area for shallow system; seepage area for till
Neutral Low
C5 Sandstone capped by 0-20 feet of glacial sediments; southwest part of county
Local recharge area for sandstone
Downward Moderate
C6 Pre-Wisconsin sand and gravel capped by less than 20 feet of till; upland slopes and stream valleys throughout county
Local recharge or discharge area for shallow sand and gravel; seepage area for till**
Variable Low to moderate
C7 Apron of late Wisconsin sand and gravel capped by 10-20 feet of discontinuous till. West side of White River north of William’s Creek
Local recharge area for shallow sand and gravel
Strong lateral Moderate to moderately high
Notes **considerable interchange between surface water and ground water is possible in some places***for unconfined parts of system
Reference 92 Page 14
C4
Valleys of small upland streams, mainly floored by till; upland streams throughout county
Mostly confined
Low <5*
C5 Sandstone capped by 0-20 feet of glacial sediments; southwest part of county
Unconfined to semi-confined
Low to moderate 20-40*
C6 Pre-Wisconsin sand and gravel capped by less than 20 feet of till; upland slopes and stream valleys throughout county
Semi-confined to confined
Low to moderate 0-15
C7 Apron of late Wisconsin sand and gravel capped by 10-20 feet of discontinuous till. West side of White River north of William’s Creek
Semi-confined Low to moderate 20-30
Note *perched water table possible in till or on bedrock surface (unit C5)
Table 2b click here
Reference 92 Page 15
BEDROCK TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
Bedrock Geology
Rocks at the bedrock surface below Marion County range in age from Silurian to lower Mississippian. The county is located in a tectonic position intermediate between the Cincinnati Arch to the northeast and the Illinois Basin to the southwest. In this tectonic setting, the bedrock units dip to the southwest at 30 to 50 feet per mile, with the angle of dip increasing from the northeast to southwest. Consequently, the oldest units at the bedrock surface occur in the northeastern part of the county, whereas the youngest units form buried bedrock uplands in the southwestern part of the county.
Thinly interbedded limestone and shale of the Maquoketa Group of upper Ordovician age (Gray and others, 1987; Shaver and others, 1986) do not occur at the bedrock surface in Marion County, but they are inferred to lie close to the bedrock surface along the axis of a deeply entrenched bedrock valley system in the far northeastern part of the county. The total thickness of the Maquoketa Group is greater than 500 feet. The Maquoketa is significant because it is the regional confining unit that forms the base of the ground-water flow system within the overlying limestone and dolomite of Silurian and Devonian age.
The majority of the bedrock surface in Marion County is composed of limestone, dolomite, and much lesser interbedded shale of Silurian and Devonian age. These rocks collectively range in thickness from less than 200 feet to more than 350 feet, and commonly are well-fractured. Much of the bedrock surface formed on the carbonate rocks is characterized by relict karst, marked by sinkholes, small caves, and other solution features that significantly enhance the ability of these units to transmit ground water. Other than for a few scattered quarry exposures, the relict karst is not directly observable in and adjacent to Marion County. Karst features are abundant in numerous exposures of these rocks elsewhere in central Indiana, however, and various lines of evidence indicate that they are also present below Marion County. Thus, the Silurian and Devonian carbonate rocks form a reliable, if not prolific, aquifer system that extends over much of central Indiana, and are the most productive bedrock units in Marion County from this standpoint.
The New Albany Shale of Devonian and Mississippian age (Lineback, 1970) overlies the carbonate rocks. It consists of grey, brown, and black, locally organic-rich shale, and much lesser limestone and dolomite. The unit is typically between 100 and 130 feet thick and is poorly permeable. It forms the lower part of a thick confining unit that also includes siltstone and shale of the overlying Borden Group.
The Borden Group (lower Mississippian) is composed chiefly of greenish-grey shale, siltstone, and lesser sandstone. The base of the group is marked by the thin (3 to 10 ft) Rockford Limestone. The Borden Group forms the bedrock surface in the southwestern part of the county, chiefly in Decatur Township (Bridgeport quadrangle; fig. 1). A complete section of the Borden is not present within Marion County. However, as much as 250 to 300 feet of the unit is present below some elevated parts of the bedrock surface. These buried bedrock uplands represent the continuation below the glacial cover of the Knobstone Escarpment and Norman Upland physiographic regions of southern Indiana (Malott, 1922). Extensive bodies of sandstone (interbedded with minor shale and siltstone) occur within the uppermost portions of the section in Decatur Township. Sections composed chiefly of sandstone appear to be as much as 80 feet thick in some places, and form locally productive aquifers. The greater part of the Borden Group consists chiefly of low permeability shale and siltstone, however, and acts
Reference 92 Page 16
as a confining unit.
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Reference 92 Page 17