a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfrsm;ESifh usm;rwef;wla&; cGJwrf;pepfwdk@.

nDrSsrItwGuf yHkazmfjcif;taumif;qHk; tH0if*Gifusaom/ tv,ftvwf tH0if*GifusaomESifh tvm;tvmraumif;aom

Stina Larserud and Rita Taphorn

aygif;pyfr_rsm;

a&;om;ðypkonf?

International IDEA . yHkESdyfxkwfa0xm;aom pmtkyfrsm;onf oD;oefhtrsKd;om;a&; odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;rS rDckdr_ uif;ygonf? ,ckpmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;aom tjrifrsm;onfInternational IDEA/ ‚if;. bkwftzGJ@rsm; odk@r[kwf aumifpDtzGJ@0ifrsm;. tjrifrsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyjcif;r[kwfyg? ,ckpmtkyfwGif jyoxm;aom ajryHktn$ef;rsm;onf rnfonhfe,fajr tydkif;tjcm;. Oya'qdkif&mtqifhtwef;ay:odk@ ydkif;jcm;qHk;jzwfjcif;/ Institute . tpdwftydkif; odk@r[kwf xdkodk@ e,fpnf;jcm;owfrSwfxm;jcif;wdk@tay:odk@ qdkvdkjcif; r[kwfyg? ae&mcsxm;r_/ rnfonfhEdkifiH odk@r[kwfe,fajrtydkif;tjcm;. tus,ft0ef;udkr# Institute . EdkifiHa&;tjrifudk xif[yfaprnf r[kwfyg?ajryHkrsm;onf pmom;rsm;udk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;oGm;ap&ef ,ckpmtkyfwGif xnfhoGif;ay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf?

© International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2007 (English version)

© International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2011 (Burmese version)

,ckpmtkyf. tydkif;vkdufjzpfap/ wtkyfvHk;udkjzpfap bmomjyef&ef odk@r[kwf jyefvnfxkwfa0&ef &Sdyguatmufygvdyfpmodk@ cGifhðycsuf awmif;cHEdkifonf?

International IDEAStrömsborgSE -103 34 StockholmSweden

E-mail: info@idea.int

International IDEA onf ‚if;. tm;xkwfxm;r_tm; xyfrHjzef@a0ay;jcif;udk tm;ay;ygonf?,ckpmtkyfudk bmomjyef&ef odk@r[kwf jyefvnfxkwfa0&ef yef=um;vmygu csufcsif;ta=umif;jyefay;rnfjzpfonf?

tzHk; - Anoli Perera

*&yfzpf 'DZdkif; - Trydells Form

ISBN – 978-91-86565-40-4

Designing for Equality: Best-fit, medium-fit and non-favourable combinations

of electoral systems and gender quotas

Tpmtkyfonf a&G;aumufyGJ pepfrsm;Y usm;r cGJwrf; tcsdK;tpm; ysHŒESH@aeyHkukd a&;om;xm;onfh “wef;wlnDrSsrS_twGuf 'DZkdif;yHkpH csjcif;” “Designing for Equality: Best-fit, medium-fit and non-favourable

combinations of electoral systems and gender quotas (International IDEA 2007)” tm;wdkuf&kduf bmomjyefxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? bmomjyef wdusrS_twGuf International IDEA &JŒ axmufcHtwnfjyKjcif;ukdrl &,lxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? tu,fI oHo, &Sdygu rlv t*Fvdyf bmomjzifh a&;om;xm;onfh(ISBN: 978-91-85391-96-7) ESifh wkdufqkdifoHk;oyf =unfhEkdifygonf? tdENd, EkdifiH e,l;a'vDjrdKŒ&Sd rZPsdrrD'D,mrS bmomjyefxm;jcif; jzpfonf?

rmwdum

1? rdwfqufESifh aemufcHtajctae 42? a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;pepf qdkonfrSm tb,fenf; 63? cGJwrf;pepf qkdonfrSm tb,fenf; 114? trsKd;orD;rsm;. ukd,fpm;ðyr_tay:wGif oufa&mufapaom a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufr_pepf. ajymif;vJr_ udef;&Sifrsm; 145? a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufr_pepfrsm;ESifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm; aygif;pyfr_ - &v'frsm; 176? trsKd;orD;rsm;. ukd,fpm;ðyr_tay:wGif oufa&mufapaom tjcm; ajymif;vJr_ udef;&Sifrsm; 257? ed*Hk;csKyfESifh t}uHðycsufrsm; 278? rSwfpkrsm; 299? xyfrHavhvm zwfp&mrsm; 3110? pum;vHk; t"dy`m,frsm; 34

1/ rdwfqufESifh aemufcHtajctae

2

1EdkifiHwumygvDrefrsm;or*~ (Inter-Parliamentary Union) .pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvY wurBmvHk;&Sd EdkifiHawmftqifh Oya'ðyv$wfawmfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;yg0ifr_ ysrf;r#tcsKd;tpm;rSm17²2 &mE_ef;om &Sdygonf? xdktcsKd;tpm;rSm urBmw0Sef;&Sd EdkifiHrsm;rSEdkifiHa&;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðyr_ edrfhusaeonfudk todrSwfðyumtrsKd;orD;rsm;tm; EdkifiHawmftqifh Oya'ðyv$wfawmfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;wdk@wGif ydkrdk0ifa&mufvkyfudkifvmEdkifap&ef ulnDay;Edkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udkpwifcsrSwfae+yD jzpfonfh=um;rS wnf&Sdaejcif; jzpfonf? 1995 wGif yDuif;vkyfief;pOfudk pwifcJh+yD;/ EdkifiHawmftqifh Oya'ðyr_wGif trsKd;orD; 30 &mE_ef;uk d,fpm;ðy yg0ifEd kifa&;ESif h xd k 30 &mE_ef;onf trsK d;om;rsm;omt"duv$rf;rdk;aernfh ae&mwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;rS t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd yg0ifvmEdkifap&eftwGuf r&S drjzpf vdktyfonfh yrm%tjzpf jrifvmap&efóud;pm;cJh=uonf? +yD;cJhonhf ESpfrsm;twGif;u wdk;wufr_ tenf;i,f&SdcJhaomfvnf; 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvtxdwGifrl wurBmvHk;&Sd EdkifiH 19 EdkifiHwGifom EdkifiHawmftqifh ygvDrefrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;udk,fpm;ðyr_ 30 &mE_ef;&Sd&rnf[laom &nfrSef;csufudk jynfhrDEdkifcJhonf?

‚if;wdk@. vkyfazmfudkifbuf trsKd;om;rsm;eSifhpmv#if trsKd;orD;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;xJodk@ 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif=u&mwGif twm;tqD;rsm;ESifh&ifqdkif=u&onf? “'Drdkua&pDESifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_qdkif&m ulnDaxmufyHhr_twGuf tjynfjynfqdkif&m tifpwDusKŒ”(“The International

Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International

IDEA)” rS 2005 ckESpf jyefvnfwnf;jzwfxkwfa0onhf “ygvDrefwGiftrsKd;orD;rsm;yg0ifr_/ udef;*%ef;rsm; tvGef” (“Women in Parliament:

Beyond Numbers”) qdkonfh pmtkyfwGif xdkpdefac:r_ twm;tqD;rsm;udktwGif;usus oHk;oyfxm;r_rsm;tm; azmfjyxm;um ‚if;wdk@udk ausmfv$m;&efenf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; wifjyxm;onf? trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf cGJwrf;pepfusifhoHk;jcif;onf EdkifiHawmftqifh ygvDrefrsm;odk@ vsifvsifjrefjref wufvSrf;Edkif&eftwGuf aocsmapaom enf;vrf;omv#if jzpfygonf?

trsKd;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&;odk@ 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&mwGif twm;tqD;rsm;jzpfaponhf EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_pD;yGm;a&;ESifh pdwfynmqdkif&m ta=umif;jycsufrsm;tjyif Ed kifiHawmftqifh Oya'ðyv$wfawmftqifhodk@ trsK d;orD;rsm;a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&Edkif&ef jzpfEdkifajctay:wGif v$rf;rdk;aom ta&;}uD;onfhajymif;vJr_udef;&Si fwckrSm Ed ki fi HwGif toHk;ðyaeaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf jzpfygonf? International IDEA rS “a&G;cs,f wifajr‡mufr_pepfyHkpH/ International IDEA vufpGJpmtkyfopf (2005)” (“Electoral System

Design: the New International IDEA Handbook (2005)” wGif

4

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf trsKd;tpm; twdtusrsm;udk tao;pdwftwGif;usus oHk;oyfjyxm;onf?

,ckpmtkyfwGif txufazmfjycJhaom International IDEA rS vufpGJpmtkyfESpftkyfwGif azmfjyxm;onfh oHk;oyfwifjyxm;r_rsm;udk waygif;wnf;pkpnf;ay;xm;onf? ,ckpmtkyfonf rwlnDaom cGJwrf;pepf trsKd;rsKd;ESifha&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepftrsKd;rsKd;wdk@. tH0if*Gifusr_ wdk@tay:wGifòcHiHkoHk;oyfxm;r_rsm;tm; wifjyxm;onhftjyif a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufr_pepfrsm;ESifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;. rwlnDaom aygif;pyfr_rsm; atmufwGiftrs K d ;orD;rsm;. uk d,fpm;ðyjci f ; atmifatmif jri f jri f & S dvmr_rnfodk@wdk;wufvmonfudkvnf; wygwnf; oHk;oyfwifjyxm;onf?,ckkpmtkyfonf EdkifiHa&;wGif trsKd;orD;udk,fpm;ðyr_ wdk;wufvma&;twGuf óud;yr f;vky faqmifaeolrsm;twGuf r D S jir f ;ud k ;um;p&mwcktjzpfvnf; &nf&G,fygonf?

5

2 / a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; pepfqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;

Ttcef;wGif jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom xdef;nd‡r_yHkpHrsm;. us,fjyef@vSaomabmifrsm;tay: òcHiH koHk;oyfr_rsm; ðyvkyfEd kif&eftwGuf rwlnDaoma&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepftrsKd;rsKd;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? EdkifiHwckwGiftoHk;ðy&ef a&G;cs,fvdkufaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfonf xdkEdkifiH&SdtrsKd;orD;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifr_udk wdkuf&dkufoufa&mufr_ &Sdygonf?

2 1? a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif; pepf. t"dym,fzGifhqdkcsufa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfESifh ywfoufonfh t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsuf

rsm;pGm&Sdygonf? tedrfhqHk; tkyfcsKyfa&; tao;pdwfav;rS tjrifhqHk;E d ki fi Ha&;udpPrsm;txd t&m&monf tcs de fawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGifEd kifiHwck. a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepftjzpf &nfn$ef;Ed kifygonf?Tae&mwGif udk,fpm;ðyr_tay:wGif oufa&mufr_rsm;tm; ydkrdkxif&Sm;aprnfh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_. t"dy`m,f zGifhqdkcsufrSm qENrJrsm;udkjynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f ae&mrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJay;onfhenf;vrf; [lIyif jzpfygonf?

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf. t"du t&m 3 ckrSm

c±kdifa'oyrm% - a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufrnfh c±kdifa'owckwGifukd,fpm;vS,f rnfr#udk a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&ef[k qHk;jzwfjcif;/yHkaoenf; - v$wfawmfae&mtwGuf tEdkif&oludk rnfodk@a&G;cs,frnfudk qHk;jzwfjcif;/qENrJjym;rsm;. zGJ@pnf;r_yHkpH - rJay;olrsm;rS ,SOf+ydKifolukd,fpm;vS,favmif;udk rJxnfh&onfvm; odk@r[kwf ,SOf+ydKifonfhygwDudkrJxnfh&onfvm;ESifh rJay;olrsm;rS wckudkyJ a&G;cs,fcGifh &Sdonfvm;odk@r[kwf óudufESpfoufonfwdk@udk tpOfvkduf azmfjyEkdifonfvm;wdk@udk qHk;jzwfjcif;/

rJqENrsm;udk v$wfawmfae&mrsm;tjzpf rnfokd@ajymif;vJonfqdkaomvkyfief;pOfrsm;tay: tajccHI a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ yHkpHrsm;udk tkyfpkcGJEdkifygonf? International IDEA rS t"du tkyfpk 3 ck cGJjcm;owfrSwf ygonf?(plurality/majority, mixed and proportional systems) trsm;pka&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepf/ a&maESma&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfESifhtcsKd;us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfwdk@jzpfum pwkwtkyfpkrSmrl txufygt"du tkyfpk 3 pkeSifh vG,fvG,fulul tH0if*Gifus r&Sdaom tkyfpkjzpfygonf?xkdtkyfpk 4 pkxJwGif oD;jcm;pepf 12 ck tjzpf xyfrHowfrSwfEdkifygonf?

*

*

*

.

6

2 2? a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr+pepf yHko¿mefrsm;

tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðyr_pm&if; (List PR)

tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðyr_ pepftwGuf tzGJ@0ifwa,mufxufydkaoma&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'orsm;tm; toHk;ðy&ef vdktyfygonf?(List PR) pepfatmufwGif ygwDwckpD odk@r[kwf tkyfpkwckpDrS tzGJ@0iftrsm;pepf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±kdifa'otwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;udk wifjy&onf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS ygwDwcktwGuf rJay;=u&um/ygwDrsm;onf rJtm;vHk;rS olwdk@a0pk. tcsKd;ustwdkif; v$wfawmfwGifudk,fpm;vS,fae&mrsm; &&Sdrnfjzpfonf? tcsKdŒ (pm&if;ydwf) pepfrsm;wGiftEd ki f&aom ud k,fpm;vS,frsm;ud k olwd k @. ae&mtpDtpOfrsm;rSxkwf,lygonf? pm&if;rsm;onf vGwfvyfI zGif hxm;onfqd kygurJqEN&Sifrsm;onf óudufESpfoufonfh wOD;csif;pDudk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzif hudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; &&Sdonfh ae&mtpDtpOfudk v$rf;rdk;xm;Edkifonf?

yxr&ol tedkifpepf First Past The Post (FPTP)

First Past The Post (FPTP) pepfonf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf. t&dk;pif;qHk; yHkpHjzpfonf? tEdkif&aom udk,fpm;vS,favmif;onf tjcm;ud k,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;xuf rJyd k&oljzpfum(Valid Votes) tusKH;0ifrJrsm;. vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pk (50 µ ausmf) r[kwfonhfwkdif tEkdif&olom jzpfygonf? xdkpepfonf tzGJ@0ifwOD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±kdifa'orsm;udk toHk;ðyum rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf EdkifiHa&; ygwDxufukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk =unhfum rJay;=uonf?

ESpf}udrfa&G;cs,fpepf (Two Round System -TRS)

ESpf}udrfa&G;cs,fpepfonf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfjzpfum,SOf+ydKifonhf ukd,fpm;vS,f odk@r[kwf ygwDwdk@rS owfrSwfay;xm;onhfrJta&twGuftqifh (trsm;tm;jzifh vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ (50µausmf)udkyxra&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_wGif r&&SdcJhygu 'kwd,t}udrf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_udk xyfrHðyvkyfay;&onfh pepfjzpfonf? ESpf}udrfa&G;cs,fpepfonf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf yHkpHudk ,lI vkyfEdkifygonf?xdkokd@ðyvkyf&mY 'kwd,t}udrf a&G;aumuf&mwGif ukd,fpm;vS,f 2 OD;txuf yg0if,SOf+ydKifI rJyd k&aomolu vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ &&Sd&efrvdkawmhbJ tEdkif&&Sdygonf? odk@r[kwfygu yxrt}udrfwGif rJtrsm;qHk;&aom xdyfqHk;rS ESpfa,mufom 'kwd,t}udrf jyefvnf,SOf+ydKif&aom trsm;pk aemufqHk;a&G;cs,fr_yHkpH (Majority run-off) udkvnf;oHk;Edkifygonf?

.

7

t+ydKifpepf (Parallel Systems)

t+ydKifpepfonf a&maESmpepfjzpfI ‚if;onf rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS qENðyvkdufaoma&G;cs,fr_rsm;udk tcsK d;us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfESif h trsm;pka&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf enf;vrf; 2 cktm; toHk;ðyI ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fygonf? odk@aomf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfatmufwGif cGif hðyxm;onfh ,SOf+ydKif&rnfh udk,fpm;vS,fae&mrsm;udkrltcsKd;us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfjzifh &v'fwGufonhftcg xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;rnf r[kwfay?

tzGJ@0ifa&maESmI tcsKd;uspepf (MMP)

tzGJ@0ifa&maESmI tcsKd;us pepfonf a&maESmpepfyifjzpfum ‚if;onfrJqEN&Sifrsm;rS qENðyvkdufaom a&G;cs,fr_rsm;udk enf;vrf; 2 cktm; toHk;ðyIukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fygonf? wckrSm tzGJ@0ifwOD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'owGif &Hzef&Hcg tawmfrsm;rsm;Y toHk;ðyaom trsm;pka&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfjzpfI 'kwd,wrsKd;rSm tcsKd;us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf jzpfygonf? tcsKd;us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ udk,fpm;vS,fae&mrsm;rSm trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfrS tcsK d; rusbJ&vmaom &v'f[lor#wdk@udk tpm;jznfhay;jcif; jzpfonf?

tpkta0; rJay;r_ (Block Vote – BV)

xdkpepfonf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfyifjzpfum tzGJ@0ifwOD;xufydkaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c¶d kifa'orsm;wGif toHk;ðyonf?a&G;cs,f&ef udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;avav a&G;cs,folrsm;wGif rJay;cGifhydkrsm;avav jzpfonf? rJpkpkaygif; trsm;qHk;&&Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;u tEkdif&ygonf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;u ygwDxuf udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;rsm;udkt+rJwrf; rJay;=uonf? pepfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif olwdk@onf olwdk@.qENrJrsm;udk olwdk@pdwfóuduf tenf;trsm; toHkk;ðy=uonf?

uef@owfrJay;r_ (Limited Vote – LV)

xkdpepfonf udk,fpm;vS,favmif; A[dkjyKpepfjzpfum tzGJ@0ifwOD;xufydkaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'orsm;wGif toHk;ðy=uonf?xdkpepfwGif a&G;cs,folrsm;onf rJay;cGifh w}udrfxuf ydkrdk&&Sdaomfvnf;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;xuf rJay;a&G;cs,fr_u ydkenf;ygonf? rJpkpkaygif;trsm;qHk;&&Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;u tEdkif&&Sd=uygonf?

w}udrfajymif;vJcGifhr&Sdaom rJay;r_ (Single Non-Transferable Vote-SNTV)

xdkpepfatmufwGif rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf tzG J @0if wOD;xufyd kaom

8

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkiffa'orsm;wGif rJay;r_ w}udrfom ðyvkyf&onf?rJpkpkaygif; trsm;qHk;&&Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk ta&G;cs,fcH&onf[k a=unmonf? rJqEN&Si frsm;u Ed ki fi Ha&;ygwDrsm;xufukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk rJay;=uonf?

ygwDpk rJay;r_ Party Block Vote (PBV)

xdkpepfonf tzGJ@0ifwOD;xufydkaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±kdifa'orsm;wGif ðyvkyfonhf trsm;pkpepf jzpfonf? xdkpepfwGif rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf rdrdwdk@óudufESpfoufaom ygwDudk A[dkðyrJay;r_ w}udrfom ðyvkyf=u+yD; udkf,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;t=um;wGif a&G;cs,f&ef rvdkyg? rJtrsm;qHk;&onfh ygwDtEdkif&rnfjzpf+yD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ ðyvkyfonfh a'owGif;&Sd udk,fpm;vS,fae&m tm;vHk;udk tEdkif&rnfjzpfonf?

tjcm;enf;rJay;r_ Alternative Vote (AV)

xdkpepfonf tzGJ@0ifwOD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'orsm;wGifðyvkyfonh f óudufESp foufr_ jy trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr ‡mufr_pepf jzp fygonf? r JqEN& Si fr sm;onf r J jym;rsm;ay:wGi f olwd k @.óudufESpfoufr_rsm;tm; *%ef;rsm;udk toHk;ðyI rSwfom;jy=uonf?tusKH;0ifaom yxrtqifh óudufESpfoufr_jy rJrsm;. vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ(50 µ ausmf) &&Sdoludk ta&G;cs,fcH&ol[k owfrSwfygonf? tu,fIrnfonhfudk,fpm;vS,fur# yxrtqifh óudufESpfoufr_jy rJrsm;.vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ (50 µ ausmf) udk r&&SdcJhygu tenf;qHk; &&Sdolrsm;udkz,fum olwdk@&cJhaom rJrsm;rS 'kwd,tqifh óudufESpfoufr_rsm;t&xdkrJrsm;udk aemufqHk; vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ (50 µ ausmf) &&Sdol ay:xGufvmonftxd jyefvnfae&mcsay;&onf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;u EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;xuf ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk rJay;=uonf?

w}udrfajymif;vJcGifh&Sdaom rJay;r_ Single Transferable Vote (STV)

xdkpepfonf tzGJ @0ifwOD;xufyd kaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_c±dkifa'orsm;wGif rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tqifhcGJay;aomóudufESpfoufr_jy pepfyifjzpfum yxrtqifh óudufESpfoufr_jy rJrsm;.owfrSwfxm;aom a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufr_ cGJwrf;udk ausmfvGefoGm;oludkcsufcsif; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufygonf? qufvufðyvkyfonhf a&wGufr_rsm;wGif tenf;qHk;&ojzifh tz,fcH&onfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xHrS rJrsm;ESifhowfrSwfxm;aom cGJwrf;udk ausmfvGefoGm;ojzifh tEdkif&oGm;aomudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xHrS rJrsm;udk 'kwd,ESifh tenf;qHk; óudufESpfoufr_rsm;tay: tajccHI jyefvnfum ae&mcsay;jcif;udk vdktyfaom

9

3

ta&G;cs,fcH udk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGuf&onftxd ðyvkyf&onf? ygwDtvkduf tqifhcGJay;vdku ay;Edkifaomfvnf; yHkrSeftm;jzifh rJqEN&Sifrsm;onfEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;xuf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk rJay;=uonf?

bdk'g rJa&wGufr_ (Borda Count – BC)

xdkpepfonf ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;A[dkðy óudufESpfoufr_jy pepfjzpfumtzGJ@0ifwOD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±kdifa'orsm;wGifaum/ tzGJ@0ifwa,mufxufydkaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c&dkifa'orsm;wGifyg toHk;ðyygonf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf rJjym;rsm;ay:wGif olwdk@. óudufESpfoufr_ rsm;udkrSwfom;ay;&um/ +yD;aemuf xdkrSwfom;r_ wckpDtm; nDr#aomtqifhrsm;udktoHk;ðyI wefzdk;owfrSwfay;&onf? ‚if;wdk@udk aygif;vkduf+yD; pkpkaygif;trsm;qHk;&aom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tEdkif&onf[k a=unmay;onf?

10

3/ cGJwrf;pepf qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;

trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf cGJwrf;pepfqdkonfrSm olwdk@. vkyfazmfudkifbuftrsKd;om;rsm; vkyfouJhodk@ EdkifiHa&;udk 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonfhtcg olwdk@tm;umqD;xm;onfh twm;tqD;rsm;udk ulnDausmfv$m;Ed kif&eftwGufrjzpfrae vkyfaqmif&rnfh tðyoabmvkyfaqmifcsuf yHkpHwckyifjzpfygonf? ,cktydkif;wGif cG Jwrf;pepfyH kpHrsm;tay: òcHiH koHk;oyfxm;um‚if;wdk@tm; toHk;ðyonhf enf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf? cGJwrf;yHkpH trsm;tjym;ESifh toHk;ðyyHkenf;vrf; trsm;tjym; &Sd=uygonf? EdkifiHa&;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifr_udk jr‡ifhwifay;r_ atmifjrifap&ef[laom&nf&G,fcsufudk vkyfaqmif&ef cG Jwrf;pepf rnfodk@tvkyfvkyfonfudkaumif;aumif; em;vnfxm;&ef vdktyfygonf?

3 1? w&m;0ifcGJwrf;pepfESifh rdrdoabmt& cGJwrf;pepfrsm;cGJwrf;pepf rsm;pGm&Sd=uum rdrdygwDoabmt& cGJwrf;pepfESifh wbufrS

tajccHOya't&ESifh Oya'ðyr_t& cGJwrf;pepfwdk@t=um;&Sd t"du jcm;em;r_rsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf?

tajccHOya't& cGJwrf;pepfrSm EdkifiHwck. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'xJwGif aoaocsmcsm xnfhoGif;jyÏmef;ay;xm;um Oya'ðyr_t& cGJwrf;pepfrSm a&G;aumufyGJOya'/ EdkifiHa&; ygwDOya' odk@r[kwf EdkifiH. tjcm;E_dif;,SOfp&m Oya'xJwGif xnhfoGif;jyÏmef;ay;xm;ygonf? t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkr_t& xdkESpfckpvHk;rSm Oya'taxmuftyHhudk tajccHxm;=uuma&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0ifaom EdkifiHa&; tkyfpktm;vHk;u ‚if;wdk@udk nDr#pGmtoHk;ðy&efwm0ef &Sdygonf? tajccHOya't&ESifh Oya'ðyr_t& cGJwrf;pepfwdk@udk rvkdufembJ ‚if;wdk@udk toHk;rðyaom EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;onf jypf'%ftay;cH=u&rnf jzpfonf? EdkifiH. Oya'tm%mydkifrsm;rS jypf'%fay;r_Oyrmrsm;wGif ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf y,fzsufjcif;rS aiG'%fcsjcif;tjyif tjrifhqHk;taeESifh ygwDwckvHk;udkyg y,fzsufjcif;txd yg0if=uonf?

rdrdoabmt& cGJwrf;pepfonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS rdrdwdk@oabmt&csrSwfjcif;jzpfonf? trsK d;orD;yg0ifr_ tcsK d;/ ta&twGufwdk @tm;wifoGif;r_wdk@udk tmrcHay;Ekdif&ef EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS olwdk@bmomolwdk@owfrSwfxm;=ujcif; jzpfonf? azmfjyxm;ouJhodk@yif rdrdoabmt&cGJwrf;pepfonf w&m;Oya't& xdef;nd‡xm;r_r&Sdaoma=umifh ‚if;wdk@udkw&m;0ifvkyfaqmifap&ef tjypf'%fay;r_vnf; r&Sdyg?

3 2 cGJwrf;pepfrsm;udk toHk;ðyyHkcGJwrf;pepfudk udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wifoGif;onfh vkyfief;pOfxJwGif

.

.

11

toHk;ðyEdkifjcif; okd@r[kwf xdkpepfonf&v'f tajccHonfh pepfvnf;jzpfEdkkifonf?

emrnfpm&if;wifoGif;onfh vkyfief;pOfwGiftoHk;ðyaom cGJwrf;pepfemrnfpm&if;wifoGif;onfh vkyfief;pOfwGif cGJwrf;pepfudk toHk;ðyonfh

&nf&G,fcsufrSm Oya'ðytzGJ@wGif ta&G;cs,fcHyd kifcGif h tcGifhtvrf;ESif homwlnDr#vkeD;yg; odk@r[kwf omwlnDr# jzpfaprnfh enf;vrf;tm;jzifhygwDwck. udk,fpm;vS,fpm&if;wGif trsK d;orD;rsm; ae&m&Ek di f&ef(odk@r[kwf ta&G;cs,fcHa'owckwGif emrnfpm&if; wifoGif;cHEkdif&ef) ydkrdkvG,fulap&eftwGuf jzpfygonf?

Oya'a=umif;t& xde f ;nd ‡r _r sm;onf trsK d ;orD;rsm;tm;toifhawmfqHk;yH kpHESif h emrnfwifoGif;&ef xdef;nd‡r_ tenf;i,fomcsrSwfxm;wwfonfh avsmhavsmh&J&J tqifhrS (Oyrm - wifoGif;aomudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. 20 µ onf trsKd;orD;rsm; jzpf&rnf[k qdkxm;aomfvnf; olwdk@tm; rnfonfhae&mwGif xm;&rnf[k aoaocsmcsmrazmfjyxm;ygu pm&if;tvdkufpepfud k toHk;ðyaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ yHkpHwGif pm&if;. atmufajcrsm;wGif xnfhxm;cH&Edkif+yD; olwdk@. a&G;cs,fcH&&ef tcGifhtvrf;rSm enf;yg;oGm;&onf?) trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhykcHk;csif; ,SOfedkif&ef azmfjyxm;onhf wdwdusus owfrSwfay;xm;aomwif;usyfonfh pnf;rsOf;rsm;txd &Sdwwfonf? wif;usyfonfh yHkpHwGif“tqifhtpOfvdkufpnf;rsOf;” rank-order rules rsm;udk toHk;ðyI ‚if;wGiftjcm;ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; tm;vHk;onf trsKd;orD; jzpf&rnfqdkonfh‘zipper system’ odk@r[kwf ‘zebra system’ pepfrsm; yg0ifygonf?aemufjzpfEdkifajcwckrSm &mckdifE_ef;tqifhwck owfrSwfay;jcif; jzpfonf?Oyrm - ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if; yxrw0ufwGif trsK d;om;/trsKd;orD; wrsKd;pD. tenf;qHk;yg0ifr_onf udk,fpm;vS,favmif; tm;vHk;ta&twGuf. 3 yHkyHk wyHkjzpf&rnf qdkonfrsKd; jzpfonf?

trnfpm&if; wifoGif;jcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif cGJwrf;pepfudk ygwDrsm;rSrdrdoabmqENtavsmuf toHk;ðyedkifovdk a&G;aumufyGJOya' odk@r[kwfzGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' uJhodk@aom Oya'rsm;jzifh w&m;0if xdef;nd‡xm;ay;&rnf?

&v'f tajcðy cGJwrf;pepf (Results-based quotas)

xdkpepfonf Oya'ðyolae&mrsm;wGif tcsKd@&mE_ef; (Oyrm 20 µ)/tcsKd@udef;*%ef; (Oyrm 100 wGif 20) wdk@onf trsKd;orD;rsm;twGufoD;oef@ðyvkyfay;xm;&rnf qdkovdkrsKd; aocsmaponf? &v'ftajcðycGJwrf;pepf yHkpHwrsKd;rSm “oD;jcm; trsKd;orD; oD;oef@pm&if; odk@r[kwf

12

4

a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&ma'o” odk@r[kwf “trsKd;orD; oD;oef@owfrSwfr_”jzpfum trsKd;orD;rsm;udk }udKwifqHk;jzwfxm;aom ae&mta& twGufjzifha&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufay;ygonf? xdkyHkpHonf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf&ma'oodk@r[kwf owfrSwfxm;r_xJwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;udkom udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfay;xm;um t}uHðyxm;onfh emrnfrsm; vdktyfygonf?

tjcm; &v'ftajcðycGJwrf;pepf yHkpHwrsKd;rSm “taumif;qHk; t&_H;orm;” pepf jzpfygonf? t"dy`m,frSm trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;xJrS cGJwrf;t& owfrSwfxm;aom ta&twGufrsm;xuf ausmfvGefIrJtrsm;qHk; &aeaom trsKd;orD;rsm;udk trsKd;om;rsm;u rJydk&aeEdkifaomfjim;vnf; tEdkifay;jcif; jzpfonf?

rnfonhf &v'ftajcðy cGJwrf;pepfudkrqdk xdkpepftm; toHk;ðyrðy/Oya'ðyr_wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf qHk;jzwfowfrSwfxm;aom &mE_ef;odk@r[kwf owfrSwfxm;aom ae&mrsm;udk trSwfwu,f w&m;0ifcsefxm;/ rxm;wdk@udk aocsmap&efESifh tjcm;,SOf+ydKifaom ygwDrsm;rSuef@uGufr_rsm; vkyfrvmEd ki fap&eftwGuf zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'/a&G;aumufyGJOya'/ EdkifiHa&; ygwDOya' odk@r[kwf tjcm; Edkif;,SOfp&mOya' rsm;xJwGif xnfhoGif;xm;&rnf? “taumif;qHk; t±_H;orm;”pepfwGif a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; tEdkif&aom udk,fpm;vS,f tajymif;tvJvkyf&ef udpPudk (trsKd;om; udk,fpm;vS,fae&mwGif trsKd;orD; ukd,fpm;vS,fudktpm;xkd;ay;&ef) ygwDrsm;rS cGifhðyEdkif&eftwGuf Oya'jzifh aoaocsmcsmtumtuG,f ay;xm;&efrSmvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf?

azmfjyyg a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfESifh oufqkdifonf@ enf;vrf;oG,frsm;tjyif Oya'ðyvGwfawmfrsm;odk@ trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; wdkuf&dkufcef@tyfr_vnf;ðyvkkyfEdkkifonf (Oyrm -EdkifiH. t}uD;tuJrS) ?

tb,fha=umifhqdkaom ‚if;onf a&G;aumufyGJOya' jyifyrSudpPjzpfuma&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfESifh usm;/r wef;wla&; cGJwrf;pepf qufpyfr_. cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_udk pOf;pm;Edkifrnf r[kwfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?

13

cGJwrf;pepfudk toHk;rðycJhv#ifvnf; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfhpepftrsKd;rsdK;onf trsKd;orD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðyr_udpPudk a&mufv#if olwdk@bmomolwd k @ uG J jym;pGm aqmif&GufoGm;=urnfjzpfum (tao; pdwfud k,ckpmtkyfaemufyd kif;wGif wGJay;xm;onfh Z,m;uGuf. yxrqHk;twef;wGif =unhf±_Ed ki f ygonf?) cG Jwrf;pepfud k pwifrdwfquf&efjzpfEdkifajcESifh xdkpepfudk pwifvkdufonfESifh &&Sdrnfh tusKd;oufa&mufr_wdk@udkvnf; wpHkw&m xdckdufr_&SdEdkifygonf?

avhvmr_rsm;t& tcsKd;us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf (List PR)

onf trsKd;orD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðyr_udpPtwGuf ydkrdkIaumif;rGefygonf?odk@aomf vufawG@vkyfaqmif&onfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk awG@jrifEdkifap&efESif h ta&;}uD;aom tcsuftvufrsm;u bmjzpfonfudk yd krd kxif&Sm;pGm em;vnfr_ &&SdEd kifap&eftwGuf pepfrsm;udk tpdwftydkif;rsm;tjzpf cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm&efESifh txufwGif azmfjycJh+yD;aom tcef; 2 wGifrdwfqufay;xm;onfh t"du 3 csufudk jyef=unhf&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf?

4 1 c±kdifa'o. yrm% (District magnitude)

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh c±dkifa'o. yrm% odk@r[kwf tus,ft0ef;onf trsKd;orD;rsm; trnfpm&if; wifoGif;cH&&efESifh ta&G;cs,fcH&&ef jzpfEd kifajcudk wdkuf±kdufoufa&mufr_ &S dygonf? ygwDrsm;onfwOD;xufyd kI trnfpm&if; wifoGif;Ed kifv#if c±k difa'owcktwGufudk,fpm;vS,fwOD;om trnfpm&if; wifcGif h&onfxuf nDr#aomudk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;udk wifoGif;Edkif&ef jzpfEdkifajc ydk&S dygonf?tu,fI ukd,fpm;vS,fwOD;om trnfwifoGif;cGif h&v#if t}udrfawmfawmf rsm;rsm;wGif &Sd&if;pGJ trsKd;om;om jzpfaewwfI trsKd;orD;udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wOD;tm; ol@ae&mtwGuf pdefac:r_ðyjcif;onf ygwDwGif;wGif wif;rmr_udk zefwD;ovdk jzpfwwfygonf? xdkodk@tajctaersKd;wGifygwDrSqHk;jzwf&onfh tcgrsKd;wGifvnf; ygwDrsm;onf trsKd;om;udk ydkrdkus,fjyef@pGm vufcHjcif;cH&ol[lonfhtjrifESifh r=umc%qdkovdk trsKd;om;udkom a&G;cs,fwwf onf? tu,fI c±dkifa'o. yrm%onf ydkrdk}uD;rm;ygu xdkjy\emrsK d;ud k enf;apEd kifum ygwDwckwnf;rS awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk trnfpm&if;vnf; wifoGif;Ekdifovdk ta&G;cs,fvJcHEdkifygonf?xdk@a=umifh trsKd;om;rsm;. ae&mudk rxdckdufapbJ udk,fpm;vS,f ae&mrsm;&&Sdap&ef trsKd;orD;rsm;udk ygwDrS trnfpm&if; wifoGif;Edkifr_ jzpfEdkifajcudkydkrdkrsm;vmaponf?

4/ trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;ûyrItay:wGif oufa&mufapaom a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufrI pepf\ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm;

.

14

5

ygwD. yrm% (Party Magnitude)

c&dkifa'o. yrm%ESifh qufpyfaeonfh aemufwckrSm ygwD. yrm%jzpfygonf? ygwDwckrS a&G;aumufyG J e,fajra'o wckwGif ta&G;aumufcHrnfh udk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGufudk qdkvdkjcif; jzpfygonf?ud k,fpm;vS,favmif; pm&if;. yxrae&mrsm; od k @r[kwf ygwD.xdyfydkif;rsm;rSm (ygwDacgif;aqmifESifh tjcm;olrsm;) trsKd;om;rsm;omjzpfae wwf=uum ygwDrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. 'kwd,wef;ESifh aemufqufwGJukd,fpm;vS,fae&mrsm;twGuf olwdk@. ygwDxdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;rStytjcm;olrsm;ud k jznh fwwfojzif h ygwD. yrm%}uD;rm;av/trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf tcGifhta&; ydk&av jzpfygonf? ,SOf+ydKif&rnfhc±dkifa'o}uD;v#ifESifh a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif&onfh ygwDta&twGufonfE_dif;,SOfcsuft& edrfhaeygu ygwD. yrm%onfvnf; ydk}uD;wwfygonf?ygwDyrm%onf yHkazmfonhf vkyfief;pOfESifhvnf; csdwfqufr_ &Sdygonf?odk@aomf a&G;aumufyGJrS &vmonfhwu,f &v'frsm;ESifhom wGufcsufEdkifygonf? tEdkif&aom ygwDta&twGufudk uef@owfEdkifygonf? Oyrm- Oya'ðyr_wGif udk,fpm;ðycGifh &&SdEdkifa&;twGuf vdktyfaom axmufcHr_.w&m;0if owfrSwfcsufjzifh uef@owfvdkufjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf (Oyrm - rJ. 5 &mE_ef;)?‚if;onf tao;qHk;ygwDrsm;ud k Oya'ðyr_rS z,f&Sm;ypfvd kufonf?ygwDyrm%i,fv#if trsKd;orD;rsm;udk trnfpm&if; wifoGif;v#ifawmifrSolwdk@onf xdyfoD;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; t=um;wGif r[kwfv#if ‚if;Ytuef@towfESifh okd@r[kwf r&Sdoavmuf oufa&mufr_om &Sdayvdrfhrnf?

4 2 c±kdifa'o. yrm% (The formula)

EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ygwDrsm;rS rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ qGJaqmifEdkifap&eftwGuf aemufcH trsKd;rsKd;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;trsKd;rsKd;udk wifoGif;Edkif&efrSm ta&;}uD;vSygonf? (Oyrm - usm;/ r uGJjym;r_/wkdif;&if;om;/ yx0Da'o/ touf ponfwdk@udk tajccHI)? olwdk@onf,SOf+ydKif&rnfh ygwDu }uD;rm;um udk,fpm;vS,f ae&mrsm;udk ±H_;edrfh&ef+cdrf;ajcmufr_ yd krsm;aom pepfrsK d;wGif xdkodk@yd krd kvkyfaqmif=uonf?xdk+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsKd;onf yHkaoenf;rS atmufygwdk@udk toHk;ðyv#if ydkrdk}uD;rm;wwfygonf?

(u) ygwDrsm;onf wckESifhwck ydkrdkeD;uyfEdkifajcydkrsm;um rJqEN&Sifrsm;rSygwDrsm;udk ydkrdkvG,fulpGm ajymif;vJEkdifonfhtwGuf Oya'ðyr_wGif ygwDrsm;pGm yg0if&ef vkyfxm;ygonf? ‚if;onf olwdk@ESifh ay:vpD eD;uyfpGmwlnDonfh tjcm; rnfonfhygwDrsm;udkrS rJr±_H;edrfh&eftwGuf usm;/rwef;wla&;ESifh w&m;r#wr_ &Sda&;wdk@&Sd&ef óud;yrf;apovdk jzpfapygonf?

.

15

odk@aomf Oya'ðyr_wGif ygwDta&twGuf tvGefrsm;jcif;onf ygwDyrm%udkusqif;aponfhtwGuf trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;ðyr_udk qef@usifr_ jzpfapygonf?(ygwD yrm%wGif =unhfyg) ESifh§odk@r[kwf

(c) tv[\ jzpfoGm;&&onfhrJrsm; r&Sdatmif vkyfxm;ygonf?Oyrm - udk,fpm;vS,fae&mwck &&eftwGuf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfudk vdktyfygonf? trsm;pk jzpf±Hkxufydkaom rJrsm;twGufygwDrsm;udk tydkqkay;rnf r[kwfum (tydkrJrsm;onf tv[\jzpf&ygonf?) tEkdif&ygwDxuf rJta&twGufenf;onhf ygwDonfvnf;udk,fpm;ðycGifh vHk;0&rnf r[kwfyg (t"dy`m,frSm xkdygwDtwGuf&aomrJrsm;rSmvnf; tv[\ jzpf&ygonf?) ygwDrsm;onf trmcH rJqEN&Sifrsm;udkom ydkrdkI OD;pm;ay;vm=uum xdkolrsm;tjyifrS rJqEN&Sifrsm;udkrJxnhf&ef yef=um;zdk@ óud;pm;onhf rufvHk;ay;r_rsKd; enf;vm=uygonf?rJa&wGufr_onf aemufxyf udk,fpm;vS,fae&m &&Sd&eftwGuf jzpfEdkifonfhpepfrsm;wGif ygwDrsm;onf c±dkifa'owGif;&Sd rJqEN&Siftm;vHk;udk olwdk@tm;rJxnfh&ef yef=um;r_rsKd;udk ydkrdkvkyfvmEkdifygonf?

4 3 rJjym;ðyvkyfxm;onfh yHkpH (The ballot structure)

rJjym;ðyvkyfxm;onfh yH kpHonf rJqEN&Sifrsm;. a&G;cs,fr_rsm;udkazmfjy&ef rnfodk@cGifhðyonfudk owfrSwfygonf? a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_yHkpHrsm;onf ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;A[dkðy (Oyrm - yxr&ol tEkdifpepfFPTP) odk@r[kwf ygwDA[dkðypepf (Oyrm - pm&if;ydwf tcsKd;usukd,fpm;ðyr_pepf closed List PR systems) wdk@ jzpfed kifygonf?ygwDA[dkðyonfh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfwGif cG Jwrf;pepfrsm;udktoHk;ðy&ef ydkrdkvG,fulygonf? ygwDwckpDrS a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&onfhuk d,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm; rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS a&G;aumufyG Jae@wGifa&G;cs,fjcif;xuf trnfpm&if; wifoGif;csdefwGif oufqkdif&mygwDuqkH;jzwfwifoGif;ay;&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? odk@aomf rJqEN&Sifrsm;.oabmqENonf trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk ydkrdkóudufESpfoufonfh/ rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf ygwDrsm;u vdkvm;onfxuf trsKd;orD;rsm;udkyd krd kvdkvm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;wGifrl ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; A[dkðypepfrsm;(pm&if;zGifh tcsKd;uspepf tygt0if) u cGJwrf;pepfrsm; toHk;ðyr_ ygyg/rygyg trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; a&G;cs,fr_udk ulnDyHhydk;ay;Edkifonf?

.

16

,ckpmtkyfwGif yl;wGJyg&Sdonfh Z,m;uGufonf rnfonhfcGJwrf;pepfudkrnfonhfa&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufonfh pepfatmufwGif toHk;ðyvkdufygurnfonhftusKd;qufudk ar#mfvif hEd kifrnfudk o±kyfazmfjyay;jcif;jzif ha&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh owfrSwfxm;aom cGJwrf;pepfrsm; aygif;pyfjcif;wdk@. òcHiHkoHk;oyfr_ tjrifrsm;udk wifjyxm;onf?oufqdkif&m aygif;pyfr_rsm;. E_dif;,SOf& atmifjrifr_ jzpfEdkifajcrsm;udkta&mifcs,frsm;jzifh jyoxm;onf?

tpdrf;a&mif - a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfESifh cGJwrf;pepfaygif;pyfr_onf jzpfEdkifum trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;ðyr_twGuf tusKd;jzpfEdkifajc &Sdonf?

t0ga&mif - a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfESif h cG Jwrf;pepfaygif;pyfr_onfjzpfedkifum tu,fI a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfhpepf§ cGJwrf;pepf aygif;pyfr_u owfrSwfxm;aom pHE_ef;rsm;udkjynfhrDrnfqdkygu trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;ðyr_twGuf jzpfEdkifajc&Sdonf?

teDa&mif - a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfESif h cG Jwrf;pepfaygif;pyfr_onf jzpfvnf; rjzpfEdkifovdk trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;ðyr_wdk;wufvm&efvnf; jzpfEdkifajcr&Sdyg?

xdkòcHiH koHk;oyfcsufrsm;onf aygif;pyfr_rsm; vufawG@wGif rnfokd@tvkyfvkyfonfESifh ywfoufonhf vufawG@prf;oyf oufaojy xm;onhftcsuftvufrsm;xuf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfESif h cG Jwrf;pepfwdk@t=um; tjyeftvSef qufoG,fr_ jzpfpOfrsm;udk ydkrdk tav;xm;xm;onf? xdk@a=umifh atmifjrifpGm toHk;ðyr_udk azmfjy&ef rnfonhfpm&if;Z,m; tcsuftvufrsm;udkrS okd@r[kwf xdkabmiftwGif;rS wjcm;yrm%jy tcsuftvufrsm;udkrS qufpyfpOf;pm;&ef rjzpfEkdifay?

Z,m;onf trsKd;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifr_ ta&twGuf jrifhwufvmapEdkifrnfh oD;oef@ a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfESifh cGJwrf;pepfwdk@. jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom aygif;pyfr_ trsKd;rsKd;wdk@udk o&kyfazmfjy xm;onf?tjzpfEkdifqHk; aygif;pyfr_rsm;udk tpdrf;a&mifESifh jyxm;onf? xdkodk@aomaygif;pyfr_ tawmfrsm;rsm;ud k owfrSwfay; Ed ki fygonf? ‚if;wd k @.atmufwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH&r_udk ydkrdkjzpfapEdkifonfhaygif;pyfr_rsm;ESif h tajctaersm;udk atmufygtwdkif; tusOf;csKyf=unhfEdkifonf?

5/ a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufrI pepfrsm;ESifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm; aygif;pyfrI- &v'frsm;

17

6

5 1 taumif;qHk; tH0if*Gifusaom aygif;pyfr+rsm; (Best-fit combinations)

'kwd, ae&mtqifh š csefvyfowfrSwfay;xm;aom ae&mrsm; -trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; twGufom jzpfaom ae&mtqifhwdk@yg0ifonfh pepfrsm;

pepftm;vHk;onf &Sdae+yD; ae&mtqifhrsm;udk trsKd;orD;rsm;twGufomjzpfonfh ae&mtqifhrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfEdkifonf odk@r[kwf trsKd;orD;rsm;twGufom ae&mtqifhrsm;udk tvSnfhus xyfrHxnhfoGif;Ekdifygonf? ‚if;onf owfrSwfay;xm;aom cGJwrf;twkdif; trsKd;orD;rsm;udka&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufEdkifap&ef tmrcHay;ygonf? xdkaygif;pyfr_. Oyrmwcktaejzifh - ygupPwef

tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðyr_pm&if; pepfESifh ao;i,faom c±dkifa'orsm; štrnfpm&if;wifoGif;r_ - ae&mcsr_ vkyfydkifcGifh§tqifhtwef; tpOfpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh &mE_ef;xdef;nd‡ay;jcif;rsm; (Oyrm - zipper cGJwrf;pepf)

pm&if;rsm;onf tydwfrsm;jzpfygu xdkaygif;pyfr_onf tvkyfjzpfap&eftmrcHygonf? pm&if;rsm;onf tyGifhrsm;jzpfygu tpOfrsm; ajymif;vJukefum }udKwifqHk;jzwf owfrSwfxm;onhf tqifhtwef;rsm;udk ysufjym;apEkdifonf? tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðyr_ pm&if;ESifh }uD;rm;aom c±kdifa'orsm;xuftcsK d;us ukd,fpm;ðyr_ pm&if;ESif h ao;i,faom c±k difa'orsm;utusKd;oufa&mufrS tenf;i,f enf;Edkifajc&Sdygonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf ygwDyrm%onf ydki,fEdkifI trsKd;om;rsm;onf (‚if;wdk@onft+rJwrf; xdyfyd kif;acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfygonf)? zipper cG Jwrf;pepfatmufwGifyif ydkrdkI ta&G;cs,fcH&Edkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? ‚if;udpPudkygwDwGif;Y pm&if;xJrS eHygwf 1 ae&mudk tcsKd@pm&if;rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;vnf;aumif;/ tcsKd@pm&if;rsm;wGif trsKd;om;rsm;tm; ay;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; tvSnfhus ðyvkyfay;jcif;jzifh udkifwG,fajz&Sif;Edkifygonf?xdkaygif;pyfr_. Oyrm taejzifh - 'dkrdeDuef orRwEkdifiHESifh tDauGa'g

tcsKd;usukd,fpm;ðyr_pm&if; pepfESif h }uD;rm;aom c±kdifa'orsm; štrnfpm&if; wifoGif;jcif; - ae&mcsr_ vkyfydkifcGifh§tqifhtwef; tpOfpnf;rsOf;rsm; rygaom &mE_ef;xdef;nd‡ay;jcif;rsm;

xdkaygif;pyfr_onf trsKd;orD;rsm; ta&G;cs,fcH&Edkifr_udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;wdk;wufapEdkifygonf? txl;ojzifh ygwDyrm%}uD;v#if jzpfygonf?tb,fha=umifhqkdaomf pm&if;. atmufbufydkif;rS trsKd;orD;rsm;yifta&G;cs,fcH=u&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xdkaygif;pyfr_. Oyrmtaejzifh- rufqD'kd;eD;,m

.

18

tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðyr_pm&if; pepfESif h }uD;rm;aom c±k difa'orsm;štrnfpm&if; wifoGif;jcif; - ae&mcsr_ vkyfydkifcGifh§ tqifhtwef; tpOfpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh &mE_ef;xdef;nd‡ay;jcif;rsm; (Oyrm - zipper cGJwrf;pepf)

pm&if;rsm;onf tydwfrsm;jzpfygu xdkaygif;pyfr_onf tvkyfjzpfap&ef tmrcHygonf? pm&if;rsm;onf tyGif hrsm;jzpfygu tpOfrsm;ajymif;vJukefum }udKwifqHk;jzwf owfrSwfxm;onhf tqifhtwef;rsm;udk ysufjym;apEdkifonf? tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðyr_ pm&if;ESifh }uD;rm;aomc&dkifa'orsm;xuf tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðyr_pm&if;ESifh ao;i,faom c±dkifa'orsm;u tusKd;oufa&mufrS tenf;i,f enf;Ed kifajc&S dygonf?tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf ygwDyrm%onf ydki,fEdkifI trsKd;om;rsm;onf(‚if;wdk@onf t+rJwrf; xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfygonf? zipper

cG Jwrf;pepf atmufwGifyif yd krd kI ta&G;cs,fcH&Ed kifaoma=umif h jzpfygonf? xd kaygi f ;py fr _. Oyrmrsm; taejzi f h - tm*si fwD;em;/b,fvf*sD,rf/ udkpfwm&DumESifh tD&wf (2005 a&G;aumufyGJ)

tpkta0;rJay;r_ (Block Vote – BV) š uef@owfrJay;r_ Limited

Vote – LV ESifh w}udrf ajymif;vJcGifh r&Sdaom rJay;r_ Single Non-

Transferable Vote (SNTV) š csefvSyfowfrSwfxm;aom ae&mrsm; -taumif;qHk; t±_H;orm; pepf

vHkavmufaom trsK d;orD; udk,fpm;vS,favmif; r&S dcJ hv#ifyifxdkpepfonf jzpfEdkifum tvkyfvnf;jzpfygvdrfhrnf? ‚if;onf +ydKifbufygwDrsm;tm; rnfonfhae&mtwGufrS r±_ H;ap&eftwGuf trsKd;orD;ud k,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm; owfrSwfay;&ef rufvH k;ud kay;Ek di fygonf? xdkaygif;pyfr_. Oyrm - a*smf'ef

ygwDpk rJay;r_ Party Block Vote (PBV) š trnfwifoGif;jcif; -ae&mcs r_vkyfyd ki fcGif h§ tqifhtwef;tpOf pnf;rsOf;rsm; rygaom&mE_ef;xdef;nd‡ay;jcif;rsm;

rJta&twGuf trsm;qHk; &cJhygu pm&if;&S d tm;vHk; ta&G;cs,f

cH&EdkifonfhtwGuf xdkaygif;pyfr_onf tvkyfjzpf&ef tmrcHygonf?

cG Jwrf;pepf. oufa&mufr_udk avsmhusapEdkifaom vGwfvyfonfh

udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; (woD;yk*~v udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;) rSm

olwd k @. tEd ki f&Ed ki fr _onf tvGefenf;onf htwGuf }uD;rm;aom

yrm%txd tEdkif&Ed kifr_awmh r&S day? xdkaygif;pyfr_. Oyrmrsm; -

uifr&Ge f; (t}uD;qH k ;ygwD 2 ckr S csr Swfonh f r dr doabmqENt&

ðyvkyfaom ygwDcGJwrf;pepf) ESifh *sbl'D (Djibouti)

19

7

.

20

ygwDpk rJay;r_ Party Block Vote (PBV) š trnfwifoGif;jcif; - ae&mcsr _vky fy d ki fc Gi f h§ tqif htwef;tpOf pnf;rsO f ;rsm;E Si f h &mE_e f ;xdef;nd‡ay;jcif;rsm;

rJta&twGuf trsm;qH k ;&c J hy gu pm&if;& S d tm;vH k ; ta&G;cs,fcH&Ek difonfhtwGuf ae&mcsr_ vkyfyd kifcGif h§ tqifhtwef;tpOfpnf;rsOf;rsm; r&Sdv#ifvnf; xdkaygif;pyfr_onf tvkyfjzpf&ef tmrcHygonf?

w}udrfajymif;vJcGifh&Sdaom rJay;r_ Single Transferable Vote (STV) šcsefvSyfowfrSwfxm;aom ae&mrsm; - taumif;qHk; t±_H;orm; pepf

xdkaygif;pyfr_onf tpkta0;rJay;r_ (Block Vote – BV) / uef@owfrJay;r_ Limited Vote – LV ESifh w}udrf ajymif;vJcGifh r&Sdaom rJay;r_ Single

Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV) wdk@ pOf;pm;ouJhodk@yif jzpfedkifygonf?trsKd;orD;rsm; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH&jcif; r&SdcJhbJ c±dkifa'owckpDwGifcsefvSyfowfrSwfxm;aom ae&mrsm;rSty tm;vHk; jynhfoGm;onhftcgrJtrsm;qHk; tay;cH&onfh trsKd;orD;rsm;udk a&G;cs,f=uonf?

a&maESmtzGJ@0iftcsKd;us š csefvSyfowfrSwfae&mrsm; - trsKd;orD;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;twGufom tqifhae&m

xdkaygif;pyfr_onf owfrSwfay;xm;aom cGJwrf;twkdif; trsKd;orD;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufEdkifap&ef tmrcHay;ygonf?

bdk'g rJa&wGufr_ (Borda Count) š csefvSyfowfrSwfxm;aomae&mrsm; - taumif;qHk; t±_H;orm;pepf

xdkaygif;pyfr_onf tpkta0;rJay;r_ (Block Vote – BV) /uef@owfrJay;r_ Limited Vote – LV w}udrf ajymif;vJcGifh r&Sdaom rJay;r_Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV) ESifh w}udrf ajymif;vJcGifh&SdaomrJay;r_ Single Transferable Vote (STV) wdk@wGif pOf;pm;ovdkyif jzpfEdkifajc&Sdygonf? odk@aomf tzGJ@0iftrsm; c±dkifa'orsm;wGifom jzpfygonf?

5 2 aumif;rGefpGm tvkyfjzpfaomfvnf; txl;tm&Hkpdkuf&ef vdktyfonfh tv,ftvwf tH0if*Gifusaomaygif;pyfr+rsm;oD;oef@oufa&mufr_ udef;&Si frsm;tm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ygu

taumif;qHk; tH0if*Gifusaom aygif;pyfr_rsm; (Best-fit combinations)

tjyif tjcm;aygif;pyfr_ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onfvnf; tqifhwcktxdtvkyfjzpfEdkifygonf? xdktxJrS tcsKdŒudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onf?a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf. enf;ynmydkif;t& cGJwrf;pepf pDpOfr_udk

ysufjy,foGm;atmif vkyfEdkifaoma=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm;. EkdifiHa&;wGifyg0ifr_ jr‡ifhwifjcif; &nf&G,fcsufudk rxdckdufap&eftwGuf xdkudpPrsm;onfOya'ðya&;wGif trsKd;orD;yg0ifr_ jrifhrm;a&; atmifjrifap&ef &nf&G,fvkyfaqmifaeaom tpktzGJ@qdkif&m yHkazmfol. tao;pdwf tm&Hkpdkufr_udkvdktyfygonf?

xdkudpP. OyrmwckrSm rnfonhfcGJwrf;pepfrS roHk;aom us,fjyef@onfhc±dkifa'orsm;ESifh tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðypm&if; pepfjzpfonf? tcsKd;usud k,fpm;ðyr _pm&if; pepfrsm;onf trsK d ;orD;rsm; trnfpm&if;wifoGif;cH&&ef rufvHk;rsm; ay;Ed kifum rwlnDaom enf;vrf;rsm;rStrsKd;orD;rsm; ta&G;cs,fcH&Edkifajcudk jr‡ifhwifay;onf? trsKd;orD;rsm;udkvnf; trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhtwl trnfpm&if; wifoGif;EdkifonhftwGufvuf&SdtrsKd;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk txl;rxdckdufapawmhyg? rJawmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf ygwDtwGuf aemufxyf udk,fpm;vS,fae&m &&Sda&;odk@a&S;&_oGm;=uonf? t"dy`m,frSm ygwDonf owfrSwfxm;onfh tydkifrJqEN&Sifrsm; tkyfpk. tjyifbufodk@xGufI rJqG,fr_ ðyvkyf&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? ygwDrsm;onf rsm;jym;vS+yD; ay:vpDt&vnf;rwdrf;r,drf; &Sd=uaoma=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf r#wr_udk oabmraygufaom ygwDrsm;onf rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk qHk;&_H;&onhf tE W&m,fESifh&ifqkdif&wwfygonf? ygwDyrm%ESifh e,fajra'o }uD;rm;avav trsKd;orD;rsm; ta&G;cs,fcH&Edkifr_ rsm;vmavav jzpfonf? odk@aomf cGJwrf;pepfrsm; rygonhf tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðyr_ pm&if;udkyif toHk;ðyr_onfrl trsKd;orD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðyr_ jrifhrm;vmrnf[k tmrrcHEkdifyg?

tjcm;OyrmwckrSm “csefvSyfowfrSwfxm;aom ae&mrsm;ESif hrnfonhfpepfrqdk (wEkdifiHvHk; twdkif;twm e,fajra'owckESifh tcsKd;usukd,fpm;ðyr_pm&if; pepfrSvGJI) - trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; twGufome,fajra'otcsK dŒ” ud k toHk; ðyr_ jzpfygonf? xd kaygif;pyfr_onfoDtdk&Dt&om tvkyfjzpfI wu,f tusKd;jzpfxGef;ap&eftwGuf ‚if;onftrsKd;orD;rsm;om a&G;aumufyGJ0if&ef cGifhðyaom yx0De,fajrrsm; vdktyfygonf? ‚if;udk rnfonhfa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ e,fajrwGif toHk;ðyrnf[kqHk;jzwf&ef cufcJEdkifovdk rJqEN&Sifrsm;aum/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;rSygolwdk@. a&G;cs,fr_ odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&; vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk xdyg;cH&onf[kcHpm;vm&Edkifygonf? c±dkifa'owckxJrS tcsdefwdkif;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;csnf; a&G;aumufyGJ0if&ef cGifhðyxm;ovdk rjzpfap&eftwGuf xdkuJhodk@aomc±dkifa'orsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJwckeSifh wck=um;wGif vSnhfvnfowfrSwfEdkifygonf? odk@aomf trsKd;orD;rsm;om a&G;aumufyGJ0if&ef[k ajymif;vJowfrSwfvkdufonfh e,fajra'orsm;wGif vuf&S dtrsK d;om;rsm;udk jyefvnf,SOf+ydKifcGifh rðyawmhaoma=umifh a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'ðyr_wGif tjynfht0

21

ryg0ifbJESi f hyifv#if trsK d;om;rsm;twGuf a&G;cs,fcHoufwrf;ud kuef@owfvdkufovdk tusKd;oufa&mufwwfygonf? xdktrsKd;om;rsm;udktjcm;e,fajrrsm;wGif ta&G;cs,fcHcGifh ðycJhv#ifvnf; olwdkk@. ae&mr[kwfonfhe,fajrpdrf;wckwGif ta&G;cH&jcif;jzpfaoma=umifh vufawG@wGifatmifjriftEkdif&Edkif&ef rjzpfEdkifoavmuf jzpf&ygonf?

tjcm;Oyrmrsm;rSm “t+ydKif okd@r[kwf tzGJ@0if a&maESmI tcsKd;uspepfESifh trnfpm&if;wifoGif;r_rsm; - ae&mcsr_ vkyfydkifcGifh§ tqifhtwef;tpOf pnf;rsOf;rsm; rygaom &mE_ef;xdef;nd‡ay;jcif;rsm; odk@r[kwf ae&mcsr_vkyfydkifcGifh§ tqifhtwef;tpOf pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh &mE_ef;xdef;nd‡ay;jcif;rsm;(Oyrm - zipper cGJwrf;pepf)” toHk;ðyr_ jzpfonf? xdkcGJwrf;pepfrsm;onfpepf. tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðypm&if; tydkif;twGufom tvkyfjzpfygonf(tu,fI udpPawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif e,fajra'o. pepfrSm yxr&oltEd ki fpepf (FPTP) jzpfv#if - aoma=umif h)? cG Jwrf;pepfrsm;.tusKd;&S dr_onf pm&if;. zGif h jcif; ydwfjcif;wdk @ESif h ygwD. yrm%.oufa&mufr_&Sdonf? xyfajym&v#if pnf;rsOf;t& ygwDyrm% }uD;vmav/trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;twGuf ydkrdkjzpfEdkifvmav jzpfonf?Oyrm - tmar;eD;,m; (5 µ om csefvSyfowfrSwfxm;aomfvnf;)

5 3 rjzpfedkifaom odkŒr[kwf tvm;tvm raumif;aom aygif;pyfr+rsm;,ckpmtkyfY EdkifiHa&;wGif trsKd;orD;yg0ifcGif h jrifhrm;vmapa&;

atmifjrifap&ef rjzpfEdkifaom odk@r[kwf jzpfEdkifajcenf;aom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;ESifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;. aygif;pyfr_ 16 ckudk azmfjyxm;onf? xdkpm&if;xJwGif azmfjyxm;aom trsKd;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifr_ud k jr‡if hwif&ef &nf&G,fonfh Ek difiHrsm;onf trsK d;orD;rsm;.a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_udk toHk;ðyaeaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; odk@r[kwf tvm;tvmraumif;aom aygif;pyfr_ tqifhrS tjcm;acgif;pOfwckodk@ ajymif;vJoGm;apEkdifaom cGJwrf;pepfrsm;udk rdwfqufay;jcif; odk@r[kwf jyefvnf pOf;pm;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; axmufcHyHhyd k;ay;Edkifonf? ‚if;onf trsKd;orD;udk,fpm;ðyr_udk jrifhrm;ap&HkwifrubJ a&G;aumufyGJ. &v'fudkvnf;xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ajymif;vJoGm;apum tjcm;us,fjyef@aom EkdifiHa&;oufa&mufr _rsm;ud kvnf; jzp fapaoma=umif h jii f ;c k Hp&mawmhjzpfaeygonf? xdk@a=umifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepf. jzpfvmEdkifaomtajymif;tvJrsm;udk aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;xm;&ygrnf? ajymif;vJr_twGuf EkdifiHa&;pdwfxm;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJ tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh Oya'ðyr_tydkif;wdk@tay:wGif tqifoifhjzpfr_ &Sd&ygrnf? xyfrHI ajymif;vJr_tay:wGifoufqkdifaom t"du tiftm;pkkrsm;rS axmufcHr_ &Sd&ygrnf?

.

22

5 4 Z,m;. tcsKyfrnfonh f a& G ;aumufwifajr ‡mufr _ pepfurS r JqENrsm;ud k

ud k,fpm;vS,f ae&mrsm;tjzpf trS Dtck d uif;onfh enf;vrf;jzif hajymif;vJay;onf r[kwfay? rnfonhf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ yHkpHudkoH k;onfjzpfap ‚if;wGif trsK d;orD; ud k,fpm;ðyr_tqif h tygt0ifuGJjym;aom EdkifiHa&;oufa&mufr_ trsm;tjym; &Sdwwfygonf? cGJwrf;pepfrygbJ rl&if;twkdif;oHk;aom us,fjyef@aom e,fajra'orS tcsKd;usud k,fpm;ðypm&if; pepfrsm;onf trsK d;orD;rsm; ta&G;cs,fcH&r_.aumif;rGefaom tajctaeudk zefwD;ay;um tzGJ@0ifwOD; e,fajra'opepfrsm;onf trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;twGuf twm;tqD;rsm;udkjzpfapygonf?

xdkodk@jzpfaom tcsKd;us udk,fpm;vS,fpm&if; pepf. aumif;usKd;rsm;twGuf ta=umif; jycsuftcsK d Œr Sm (u) ‚if;onf tzG J @0iftrsm;c±dkifa'orsm;udk t+rJtoHk;ðywwfjcif;/ (c) tcsKd;us udk,fpm;vS,fpm&if;pepfatmufrS a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rS &&Sdaom ygwDyrm%rsm;onf t+rJwrf;}uD;rm;wwf=ujcif;wdk@jzpfygonf? odkŒaomf tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;vS,fpm&if;pepfonfom cGJwrf;pepfudk tusKd;&SdpGm taumiftxnfazmfEdkifjcif;tajccHaumif;udk ay;Edkifonfh wckwnf;aom pepf r[kwfyg? c±dkifa'ous,fESifh tjcm;pepfrsm;ESifh ygwDA[dkðyrJay;pepf Oyrm - PBV vdkrsKd;wdkŒonfvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_udk jr‡if hwifEdkif&eftusKd;&Sd=uygonf?

cGJwrf;pepf azmfaqmifr_udk ydkrdkcufcJatmif ðyvkyfaom a&G;aumufwifajr ‡mufonh f pepfrsm;rSm ud k,fpm;vS,fA[d k ðy rJay;pepfE Si f hao;i,faom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonhf c±dkife,fajrrsm;/ A[kdcsKyfudkifr_r&Sdaom trnf wifoGif;onfh vkyfenf;vkyf[ef (tcef;cJG 6²5 udk =unhfyg)wdk@udk toHk;ðyaom pepfrsm;ESifh ygwDyrm%i,f &v'fudk &apaompepfrsm; Oyrm - FPTP, TRS ESifh AV wdk@ jzpfonf? STV vdkrsKd; tcsKd;uspepfrsm;onfyifv#if udk,fpm;vS,favmif; A[dkðypepf jzpfaoma=umifhtcsKd@cGJwrf;pepfrsm;ESifh aygif;pyf&cufcJygonf?

ud k,fpm;vS,favmif; trnfwifoGi f ;r _ vky fie f ;pO fwGi fcG Jwrf;pepfrsm;udk toHk;ðyonhftcg (&mE_ef;owfrSwfjcif; odk@r[kwfta&twGuf owfrSwfjcif; odk@r[kwf tqifhtwef;tpOf pnf;rsOf;)cGJwrf;rsm;onf woD;yk*~v udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;twGuf toHk;ðyIr&aoma=umif h xd kod k @ woD;y k* ~v ud k,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;rsm;pGm&Sdaejcif;onfh vufawG@wGif cGJwrf;pepfudk tusKd;oufa&mufr_enf;apygonf? woD;yk* ~v ud k,fpm;vS,favmif; ta&twGuftenf;i,fom&Sdjcif;ESifh tqifhtwef;tpOf pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif;

.

23

(Oyrm - zipper cGJwrf;pepfrsm;) wdk@onf cGJwrf;pepfrsm;u owfrSwfxm;aom trsKd;orD; ta&twGuftwkdif; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufEdkifaponf? odk@aomfudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. tqifhtwef;udk rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS a&G;aumufyGJae@wGif qHk;jzwfay;jcif;jzpfojzifh ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; A[kdðypepf tawmfrsm;rsm;onf tqifhtwef; }udKwifqHk;jzwfr_udk cGifhrðyay?

taumif;qHk; t±_H;orm;pepfonf trsKd;orD;rsm; ta&G;cs,fcH&Edkif&eftmrcHEdkifygonf? (tu,fI ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; ta&twGuf vHkavmufpGm &SdcJhv#ifESifh c±dkifa'owckpDwGif wOD;xufydkI a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJhv#if)odk@aomf ydkenf;aom rJta&twGufom&onfh tcsKdŒukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;onf ydkrsm;aom rJta&twGuf&onfh tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udkausmfwufoGm;EdkifonfhtwGuf xdkpepfonf jiif;cHkp&m jzpfaeEdkifygonf?udk,fpm;vS,favmif; A[dkðypepfrsm;wGif oDtdk&dt& taumif;qHk; t±_H;orm;pepfonf trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf ae&mrsm;udk ygwDwckrS aemufwckodk@a&$@Iyif oGm;apEdkifygonf? xdkudpPonf Oya'ðyv$wfawmf. zGJ@pnf;yHkudkoufa&mufapedkifaoma=umifh xdkpepfonf jiif;cHkp&m jzpfaeEkdifygao;onf?usm;/ r wef;wla&; tajccHay:wGif udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD;udk ay;onfhóudufESp foufr_onf trnfpm&if;wifoGif;r _wGif c G Jwrf;pepfrsm;ud ktoHk;ðyvkdufonhftcg jzpfvmonhf óudufESpfoufr_xuf ydkrdkxif&Sm;onhftwGuf xdkcGJwrf;pepf toHk;ðyjcif;onf tjcm;yHkpHudk toHk;ðyjcif;xuf ydkIcufcJEdkifygonf?

tm;vHk;taejzifhqdkv#if tusKd;t&SdqHk; jzpfEdkifonfh cJGwrf;pepfrsm;onfudkk,fpm;vS,favmif; trnfwifoGif;jcif; vkyfief;pOfudk ypfrSwfxm;onfhcGJwrf;pepfrsm;xuf &v'fudk ypfrSwfxm;onhf cGJwrf;pepfrsm; jzpfaeaomfvnf;&v'ftajcðyrsm;onf tcsKd@Ek difiHrsm;wGif tvGefjiif;cH kp&m jzpfaeonhftwGuf trnfwifoGif;jcif;udk t"duxm;onfh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;udk toHk;ðyae&qJ jzpfygonf? a&G;cs,fr_onf tusKd;&Sdaomfvnf; jiif;cHk&onfh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;uwzuf/ tusKd;&Sdr_ enf;aomfvnf; jiif;cHk&r_vnf; enf;onfh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;uwbuf =um;xJwGif &Sdaeygonf?

aemufqHk;jzpfaomfvnf; ta&;}uD;onfhwcsufrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&mvnf;aumif;vSygonf? ‚if;rSm rjzpfEdkifaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf qdkonfrSmr&SdbJ trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf tvm;tvm raumif;yg[k t+rJpOf;pm;jzpfcJhaompepfrsm;atmufwGifyif cGJwrf;pepf. Tajzudk yHkazmf&ef jzpfEdkifonfudkrSwfom;&jcif; jzpfygonf?

24

6/ trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;ûyrItay:wGif oufa&mufapaom tjcm; ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm;

6 1 touf0ifEdkifr+txufwGif azmfjyxm;ovdkyif cG Jwrf;pepfrsm;onf touf

wu,f0ifEk di frSom tusK d;oufa&mufr_&S daom ud&d,mrsm;tjzpftmrcHcsufay;Edkifum ,SOf+ydKifaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS wu,ftoHk;ðy=urnfjzpfonf? cGJwrf;pepfrsm;udk aemufqufwGJ wu,ftoHk;ðyr_udkaocsmap&ef Oya't& csdwfqufxm;r_udk w&m;0if vdktyfum (Oya'ðyr_odk@r[kwf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& owfrSwfxm; aom cGJwrf;pepfrsKd;)a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ Electoral Management Body (EMB) vdkrsKd;.}uD; =uyfapmif h =unh fr _r s K d ;vnf; vk dtyfygonf? xd k @tjyi f Oya'twnfðyxm;r_atmufwGif rvdkufemr_rsm;udk aemufqufwGJ qufvufta&;,loGm;&efrSmvnf; ta&;}uD;um ‚if;onf ygwDrsm; twGufwu,fhvdkufem&rnfh udpPwcktjzpf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jzpfae&rnf?tcsK d @E d ki fi Hrsm;eSif h tajctaersm;wGif rdrdoabmt& ðyvkyfaomcGJwrf;pepfrsm; odk@r[kwf twnfðyr_/ ta&;,lr_ r&Sdaom Oya'ðyr_ cGJwrf;pepfrsm;rSvnf; cyfqifqif &v'frsm;&&Sd&ef jzpfEdkifygonf? (Oyrm -tif'dkeD;&Sm;wGif ðyvkyfaom olwdk@. udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;wGiftrsKd;orD;rsm; tenf;qHk; 30 µ yg0ifae&ef qENudk &ifxJY t+rJ&Sdae&rnf[kwdkufwGef;onhf “'Gd[cGJwrf;” maybe-quota vdkrsKd; jzpfonf) ? odk@aomftusK d;oufa&mufr_onf ygwDwckcsif;p D. pdwfqENtay:wGifomwnfrSDum a&G;aumufyGJwckESifh wckt=um;wGif xdkpdwfqENonf ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifonf?

62 a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ h Electoral Management Body (EMB) .t&nftaoG;

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfESifh ‚if;atmufrSrdrdoabmt&aum Oya'&yg toHk;ðy&rnfh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;udk today;Edkif&eftwGuf u|rf;usifr_&Sdaom a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@wck vdktyfygonf? xdk@xufyif EMB onf cG Jwrf;pepfudk }uD;=uyftkyfcsKyf&eft&nftcsif;ESif h qENvnf; vdktyfygonf? tu,fI rvdkufemyguta&;,ltjypfay;r_rsm;udk vdktyfovdkk ðyvkyf&ef vdkonf?

toHk;ðyaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepftjyif a,bk,stm;jzifhtrsKd;orD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðyr_ESif h cG Jwrf;pepf. tusKd;oufa&mufr_udktwdtus oufa&mufapEd ki faom tjcm;udef;&Sif trsK d;rsK d;vnf;&Sdygao;onf? atmufygwdk@onf pOf;pm;&ef t"duudpPrsm; jzpfygonf?

.

.

25

6 3 ,Ofaus;r+qddkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh rJqEN&Sifrsm;. }udKufESpfoufr+trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tay:wGif xm;aom rJqEN&Sif

rsm;. oabmxm;vnf; xdktrsKd;orD;rsm; ta&G;cs,fcH&&ef jzpfedkifajcudkoufa&mufr_ &Sdygonf? txl;ojzifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif; A[kdðypepfrsKd;wGif jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif rJqG,fr_twGuf vkdtyfaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh vlxkrD'D,modk@ xdk;azmufEkdifr_uvnf; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf0i fa&muf,SO f +y d Ki faom trsK d ;orD;rsm;. atmif jri fr _tay:wGi fv$rf;rdk;r_&Sdonf?

6 4 ar#mfrSef;jzpfcsifoltrsKd;orD; trwfrsm;tjzpf ar#mfrSef;jzpfcsifoludk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS

&&SdEd kif&ef/ owfrSwf&SmazGEdkif&efESifh avhusifhay;Edkif&ef vdktyfygonf?trsKd;orD;rsm; olwdk@bmomolwdk@ ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf trnfpm&if; wifoGif;vm&ef odk@r[kwf twifoGif;cHEdkifvmap&ef olwdk@twGufvkyfcsifvmaprnfh rufvHk;rsm; zefwD;ay;&efvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf?EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf xdkodk k@ar#mfrSef;jzpfcsifolrsm;udk ulnDaxmufyHhay;&efESifhxufjrufaom trsKd;orD;rsm;udk &SmazG&efwdk@wGif ta&;}uD;aom tcef;u¾rS yg0ifvm=u&onf?

6 5 A [kdxdef;csKyfr+&Sdaom§ A [kdxdef;csKyfr+ r&Sdaom trnfpm&if; wifoGif;onfh vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm;udk,fpm;vS,favmif; trnfpm&if; wifoGif;onfh vkyfenf;vkyf[ef

rsm;onf ygwDwGif; pnf;rsOf;xdef;nd‡r_rsm;eSifh w&m;0if ðyvkyfxm;aomcJGwrf;pepfrsm;. tusKd;&Sdr_udk oufa&mufapygonf? wzufwGifvnf;A[kdxdef;csKyfr_&Sdaom trnfpm&if; wifoGif;onfh vkyfenf;vkyf[efonfa'ocHygwD&Hk;cGJrsm; wckcsif;pDudk &Sif;jyajymqdkraeawmhbJ ygwDudk,fpm;vS,favmif; pm&if;. zGJ@pnf;r_ESifh ywfoufI qHk;jzwfEdkifaoma=umifhydkrdkjrefqef vG,fulapygonf? tjcm;wzufwGifvnf; xdkvkyf[efonfatmufajctqifh/ a'otqifhwGif wufºuGaom trsKd;orD;rsm;udkA[kdtqifhrS rod&SdEdkifonfhtwGuf EdkifiHawmftqifh trnfpm&if;wifoGif;&efudk tcuftcJ jzpfapygonf? udk,fpm;vS,favmif; trnfpm&if;wifoGif;jcif;udk ygwDacgif;aqmifodk@ ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh yk*~dKvfa&;xdawG@qufqHr_tay: tajccHxm;onhf vlwpkrS A[kdcsKyfudkifr_ususðyvkyfonfh tcgrsKd;wGif xdkodkŒaom qdk;usKd;rsKd;udk twdtusawG@&onf?aus;vufa'orsm;rS trsK d;orD;rsm;onf ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESif hqufoG,fa&; aumif;aumif;&SdEdkif&ef rvG,fulvSbJ tusKd;quftaejzifholwdk@tm; trnfpm&if; wifoGif;jcif; rcH&jcif;yif jzpfygonf?

.

.

.

26

8

,ckpmtkyfwGif a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;eSifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;t=um; qufoG,fr _ud k jyoxm;um rnfonh f aygi f ;py fr _onftrsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf tvm;tvmaumif;onf/ rnfonhf aygif;pyfr_rsm;onf tusKd;r&SdEdkif qdkonfwdk@udkvnf; o&kyfazmfjyay;xm;onf?okd@aomf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;ESifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;t=um;qufoG,fr_qdkif&m pOf;pm;csufonf udk,fpm;ðyr_ jrifhwufvmap&efqEN&Sdaeonfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rS rnfonhf tkyfpkwGifrqdk toHk;ðyEkdifygonf? Oyrm - wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkvdkrsKd; jzpfonf? a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ tpktzGJ@rsm;udk yH kazmfonfhtcg xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&eftjcm;oufa&mufr_rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&Sdaeao;aoma=umifh xdkpOf;pm;csufonf rnfonfh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;ESifh cGJwrf;pepf rsm;udka&G;cs,f&rnf[laom ed*Hk;csKyfcsufrsKd;udkrl ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?od k @aomf ,ckpmtkyfonf wu,f}uHKawG@vm&rnf h udef;&Si frsm;/ðyvkyf&rnfh a&G;cs,fr_rsm;ESifh xdka&G;cs,fr_rsm;rS trsKd;orD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðyr_tay:odk@ &SdvmEdkifaom oufa&mufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI ydkrdkod&Sdvmap&efpGrf;aqmifay; Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhrdygonf?

t+rJwrf;vdkyif wdkif;jynf. tajctaeudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfonf? vdktyfaom pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csrSwf&ef ðyvkyfwkdif; rwlaomt&mrsm; tcsif;csif; jznfhqnf;vkyfaqmifvmEdkifum [muGufrsm;/yÉdyuQrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;Edkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm; &&SdvmEdkifap&ef tm;vHk;udkòcHiHkaom tjrif&Sdoihfonf? xdk@tjyif Oya'ðyr_wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifr_twGuf ukd,fpm;ðyEdkifr_udk jr‡ifhwifay;Edkif&eftwGuf óud;pm;onhftcgwGifxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef tjcm;Oya'rsm;ESifh tajctaeqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;vnf; trSefyif &Sdygao;onf?

wifjycJhovdkyif a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;eSifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;.rwlaom aygif;pyfr_rsm;onf tvkyfvkyf&mwGifvnf; vHk;0rwl=uay?xdk@a=umifh &Sif;vif;aom ed*Hk;csKyfcsufwckrSm “toHk;ðyrnfh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfESifh cGJwrf;pepfudk oD;jcm;pD rpOf;pm;bJ yl;wGJI pOf;pm;&rnf” [k jzpfonf?

tjcm;Ed ki fi Hrsm;. tawG@t}uHKrsm;ESif h§ od k @r[kwf &S daeaompmayrsm;rS wdkuf&dkufxkwf ,lxm;onhf ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;onf pOf;pm;aeaom EdkifiHtwGuf taumif;qHk;rsm; jzpfcsifrSjzpfrnf jzpfaoma=umifhxdkt&mrsm;a=umifh tpktzGJ@pnf;rsOf; ponfwdk@udk yHkazmfcsrSwf&rnfholrSmcsKyfcs,fxm;ovdk rcHpm;&apoih fonfrSmvnf; ta&;}uD;a=umif;wifjycsifygonf? a&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;eSifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;2 ckpvHk;udk ‚if;wdk@tm; taumiftxnfazmfrnfh oD;oef@ tajctaeeSifhudkufnD&ef jyifqifwnf;jzwfr_rsm; ðyvkyfEdkifygonf?

7?? ed*Hk;csKyfESifh tBuHûycsufrsm;

27

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ tpktzGJ@pnf;rsOf;rsm; yHkazmfcsrSwf&mwGifvuf&S d jy\emudk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ em;vnfr_ &&S dedif&eftwGufaqG;aEG;jcif;/ yHkpHxkwfjcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfjcif; tqifhqifhwGifoufqkdifolrsm; rsm;Edkifor# rsm;rsm;yg0ifvmEdkifap&ef t}uHðyvdkygonf?okd@rSom csrSwfay;xm;aom yHhyd k;r_rsm;twGuf w&m;0if jzpfEd kifajct&SdqHk;udk &&SdEdkifygvdrhfrnf?

aemufqH k;taejzif h usm;/r wef;wla&; cG Jwrf;pepfrsm;onfEdkifiHa&;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifr_udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; pdwfxJwGif wckrSwfom;xm;&efrSm cGJwrf;pepfrsm;onfwcgw&HwGif trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; trnfpm&if; wifoGif;&mwGif tuef@towfwckvd k jzpf jzpfoGm;wwfygonf? Oyrm -uk d,fpm;vS,favmif; 30 &mE_ef;onf trsK d;orD;rsm;jzpf&rnf[kowfrSwfxm;aom cG Jwrf;pepfonf xd kxufyd kaom trnfpm&if;wifoGif;r_ &mE_ef;udk r&&S dapEk dif&ef jzpfoGm;apum trsK d;orD;rsm;EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifr_udk tjrifhqHk; abmifwcktaejzifh uef@owfvdkufovdkoufa&mufoGm;wwfygonf? trsKd;orD; ukd,fpm;ðyr_udk jrifhwufvmap&eftwGuf wcsdefwnf;rSmyif rwlaom tcsuftvuf rsufESmpmrsm;pGmwdk@tay:wGif vkyfaqmif&ef ta&;}uD;um a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfrsm;eSifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@txJrSm 2 ckr#om jzpfygonf?

28

8?? rSwfpkrsm;

1? EdkifiHwum ygvDrefrsm;or*~ (Inter-Parliamentary Union)

0bfqdk'fudk =unhfyg? <http://www.ipu.org>

2? Ibid

3? a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;qdkif&m cGJwrf;pepf qdkonfrSm PR pepf&Sda&G;aumufwifajr‡mufrnfh c±d kifa'o twdtuswGif ygwDodk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wOD;twGuf ae&mwck tEdkif&&eftmrcHay;aom rJta&twGufudk &nfn$ef;ygonf? toHk;rsm;aom udef;&Sif 3 ck &Sdygonf - Hare, Droop ESifh (or

Hagenbach-Bischoff) Imperiali wdk@ jzpfygonf?4? MMP pepftcsKd@wGif Oya'ðyr_twGuf ae&mta&twGuf pkpkaygif;

twdtusud k a&G;aumufyG J +y D ;onftxd rqH k ; jzwfay;yg?EkdifiHtcsKd@wGif Oya'ðyr_. t&G,ftpm;onf vlOD;a& yrm%ESifhvkdufI ajymif;vJwwfonf? xdkudpPrsm;wGif cGJwrf;pepfudk yHkazmf&mY &mckdifE_ef; oabmwljcif;ESifh ae&mrsm; csefvSyfowfrSwfjcif;wdk@ t=um;wGif trSefwu,f uGm[r_ &Sdaewwfygonf?

5? “ygvDrefwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;yg0ifr_/ udef;*%ef;rsm; tvGef”(“Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers”) jyefvnfwnf;jzwfjcif; (Stockholm: International IDEA, 2005) wGif=unhf&ef - Matland, Richard E. . “trsKd;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifr_udk jr‡ifhwifjcif; - Oya't& vlpkjcif;ESifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;” “Enhancing Women’s Political

Participation: Legislative Recruitment and Electoral

Systems”, pmtkyf. tcef; 3/ pmrsufESm 99 - 110/ Sineau,

Mariette . “jyifopftawG@t}uHK - ygwDudk tom;usatmifzGJ@pnf;jcif;” “The French Experience: Institutionalizing Parity”

jzpf&yfavhvmr_/ pmrsufeSm 24 - 63/ ESifh Meintjes, Sheila .“udef;*%ef;rsm; tvGefrS awmiftmz&du” “South Africa:

Beyond Numbers” jzpf&yfavhvmr_/ pmrsufeSm - 462?6? ay;xm;aom EdkifiHOyrmrsm;onf 2006 ck 'DZifbmvtxd

&&S dxm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; tay:wGif tajccHxm;ygonf?

7? trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf r[kwfaomfvnf; ygvufpwdkif;ESifh arm&pf&SEdkifiHwdk@wGif udk,fpm;ðycGifhedrfhaom tkyfpkrsm;twGuf toHk;ðyonf?

8? Ballington, Julie . “EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. &HyHkaiGwGif usm;/ rwef;wla&;” “Gender Equality in Political Party Funding”

29

“EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;r_rsm;twGuf &efyHkaiGin Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns (Stockholm:

International IDEA, 4336)˜ tcef; 9/ pmrsufESm 157 - 67?

30

9/ xyfrHavhvm zwfp&mrsm;

International IDEA rS xkwfaom pmtkyfrsm;xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrsm;udk pmtkyfrSm&ef odk@r[kwf tcrJh a'gif;vkwf

vkyf,lEdkif&ef tGefvdkif;wGif &SmazGawG@&Sdedkifygonf? (1) <http://www.idea.int/publications/browse/gender.cfm>

• Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. A Revised

Edition, 2006

English

“ygvDrefwGif trsK d;orD;rsm;yg0ifr_ / udef;*%ef;rsm; tvGef”jyefvnfwnf;jzwfjcif;/ 2006

t*Fvdyf

• Building Democracy in Egypt: Women’s Political

Participation, Political Party Life and Democratic

Elections

English, Arabic

tD*spfwGif 'Drdkua&pDwnfaqmufjcif; - trsKd;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifr_/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD b0ESifh 'Drdku&ufwpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;/

t*Fvdyf/ tm&yf

• Building Democracy in Jordan: Women’s Political

Participation,Political Party Life and Democratic Elections

English, Arabic

a*smf'efwGif 'Drdkua&pDwnfaqmufjcif; - trsKd;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifr_/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD b0ESifh 'Drdku&ufwpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;/

t*Fvdyf/ tm&yf

• Building Democracy in Yemen: Women’s Political

Participation,Political Party Life and Democratic Elections

English, Arabic

,DrifwGif 'Drdkua&pDwnfaqmufjcif; - trsKd;orD;rsm;EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifr_/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD b0ESifh 'Drdku&ufwpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;/

t*Fvdyf/ tm&yf

• Cuotas de género: democracia y representación

Spanish

(pydef)

31

• Strengthening Women’s Political Participation in Indonesia

English, Bahasa

tif'dkeD;&Sm;. trsKd;orD;rsm;EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifr_udk tm;aumif;atmif ðyvkyfjcif;

t*Fvdyf/ b[mqm (tif'kdeD;&Sm;bmom)

• La concepción del poder desde las mujeres

Spanish

(pydef)

• The Implementation of Quotas: African Experiences

English

“cGJwrf;pepf taumiftxnfazmfjcif; - tmz&du tawG@t}uHK” t*Fvdyf

• The Implementation of Quotas: Asian Experiences

English

“cGJwrf;pepftaumiftxnfazmfjcif; - tm&S tawG@t}uHK” t*Fvdyf

• The Implementation of Quotas: European Experiences

English

“cGJwrf;pepf taumiftxnfazmfjcif; - Oa&my tawG@t}uHK” t*Fvdyf

• The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences

English, Spanish

“cGJwrf;pepf taumiftxnfazmfjcif; - vufwiftar&du tawG@t}uHK” t*Fvdyf/ pydef

• Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers (200/ edition)

English, French, Russian, Spanish

“ygvDrefwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifr_/ udef;*%ef;rsm; tvGef” (200§ wnf;jzwfxkwfa0jcif;)

t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ &S&km;/ pydef

• Mujer, Partidos Políticosy Reforma Electoral

Spanish

(pydef)

32

aus;Zl;wifvTmTpmtkyf jyifqifxkwfa0a&;twGuf tbufbufrS ulnDay;cJh=uoltm;vH k;ud k txl;aus;Zl;wif&S dygonf? ‚if;wd k @r Sm ArminehArakelian; Andrew Ellis; Camilla Hansson; MélidaJiménez; Eve Johansson; Carlos Navarro; Anh

Nguyen; ESif h Kristen Sample wdk@ jzpfygonf? International

IDEA . yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&; refae*sm Florencia Enghel udkvnf;txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf?

(2) <http://www.idea.int/publications/browse/electoral.cfm>

• Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA

Handbook (2005 edition)

English, Nepali, Spanish

“a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;pepf yHkpH - New International IDEA

vufpGJpmtkyf” (2005 wnf;jzwfxkwfa0jcif;) t*Fvdyf/ eDayg/ pydef

• Sistema Electoral

Spanish

(pydef)

• Electoral System Design (2002 edition)

English, Arabic, Burmese, French, Spanish

“a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;pepf yHkpH” (2002 wnf;jzwfxkwfa0jcif;)

• Sistemas electorales y reforma electoral: una introducción

Spanish

(pydef)

A collection of essays§study papers by other authors is available at

pma&;ol. tufaq;rsm;§avhvma&;pmwrf;rsm; pkpnf;xm;r_ - Tae&mwGif

&Edkifonf?<http://www.quotaproject.org>

(International IDEA and Stockholm wuUodkvf)

33

tjcm;enf;rJay;r_ tjcm;enf;rJay;r_ tjcm;enf;rJay;r_ tjcm;enf;rJay;r_ tjcm;enf;rJay;r_ Alternative Vote (AV) : tzGJ@0ifwOD; c&kdifa'owGiftoHk;ðyaom ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; A[dkðypepf/ }udKufESpfoufr_jy trsm;pka&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufr_ pepfjzpfum xkdpepfwGif rJay;olrsm;onf rJjym;rsm;ay:wGifolwdk@. }udKufESpfoufr_udk eHygwfrsm;toHk;ðyI rSwfom;ay;&ygonf?tusKH;0ifaom yxr }udKufESpfoufr_jy rJrsm;. vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pk (50µ š 1)&&Sdolonf tEdkif&ol[k a=unmcH&rnfjzpfonf? tu,fI rnfonhfudk,fpm;vS,fur# yxrtqifh }udKufESpfoufr_jy rJrsm;. vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ(50 µ ausmf) udk r&&SdcJhygu tenf;qHk; &&Sdolrsm;udk z,fum olwdk@&cJhaomrJrsm;udk udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;rS tusKH;0if rJrsm;. vHk;0O\Hktrsm;pkrJ (50µausmf) &&Sdonftxd jyefvnfae&mcsay;&onf?

rJjym;ðyvkyfxm;onfhyHkpH rJjym;ðyvkyfxm;onfhyHkpH rJjym;ðyvkyfxm;onfhyHkpH rJjym;ðyvkyfxm;onfhyHkpH rJjym;ðyvkyfxm;onfhyHkpH Ballot structure: rJpuULjym;rsm;tay:wGifa&G;aumufr_qdkif&m a&G;cs,fr_rsm;udk jyoonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfumtwdtustm;jzifh rJjym;onf udk,fpm;vS,favmif; A[kdðy odk@r[kwfygwDA[dkðy qdkonfudk jyoonf?

taumif;qH k ; t&_ H ;orm;pepf taumif;qH k ; t&_ H ;orm;pepf taumif;qH k ; t&_ H ;orm;pepf taumif;qH k ; t&_ H ;orm;pepf taumif;qH k ; t&_ H ;orm;pepf Best loser system: ,cifucsrSwfxm;aom cGJwrf;pepfudk a&muf&Sdonftxd ,if;pepfatmufwGift&ifuatmif Edkifxm;aom/ tkyfpkwckrS (trsKd;orD;rsm;t=um;) rJtrsm;qHk;&&Sdxm;aom ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;xuf rJ&&Sdr_ enf;aeonfhwkdifatmif Oya'ðyr_wGif a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=u&rnf? Oyrm - trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;t=um;wGif cGJwrf;pepfuowfrSwfxm;onfh ta&twGuftxd rJtrsm;qHk; &aeolrsm;onf trsKd;om;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;u rJydk&&Sdaumif; &&SdEkdifaomfvnf; olwdk@ukdoma&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=uonf?

tpkta0;rJay;r_ tpkta0;rJay;r_ tpkta0;rJay;r_ tpkta0;rJay;r_ tpkta0;rJay;r_ (Block Vote – BV): trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfyifjzpfum tzGJ@0ifwOD;xuf ydkaom a&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufr_c&d kifa'orsm;wGif toHk;ðyonf? a&G;cs,folrsm;onf ta&G;cs,fcH&efudk,fpm;vS,favmif; ta&twGuftvkduf rJay;cGif hrsm; &&S d =uonf?rJpkpkaygif; trsm;qHk;&&Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;u tEkdif&ygonf?rJqEN&Sifrsm;u ygwDxuf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk t+rJwrf;rJay;=uonf? pepfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif olwdk@onf olwdk@. qENrJrsm;udkolwdk@pdwf}udKuf tenf;trsm; toHk;ðy=uonf?

bdk'g rJa&wGufr_ bdk'g rJa&wGufr_ bdk'g rJa&wGufr_ bdk'g rJa&wGufr_ bdk'g rJa&wGufr_ (Borda Count – BC): xd kpepfonfukd,fpm;vS,favmif; A[dkðy }udKufESpfoufr_jy pepfjzpfum tzGJ@0ifwOD;

10/ pum;vHk; t"dyÜm,frsm;

34

a&G;aumufwifajrmufr_ c±dkifa'orsm;wGifaum/ tzGJ@0ifwOD;xuf ydkaoma&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'orsm;wGifyg toHk;ðyygonf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf rJjym;rsm;ay:wGif olwdk@. }udKufESpfoufr_rsm;udk rSwfom;ay;&um +yD;aemuf xdkrSwfom;r_ wckpDtm; nDr#aom tqifhrsm;udktoHk;ðyI wefzdk;owfrSwfay;&onf? ‚if;wdk@udk aygif;vkduf+yD; pkpkaygif;trsm;qHk;&aom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tEdkif&onf[k a=unmay;onf?

c±d ki fa'o. yrm%c±d ki fa'o. yrm%c±d ki fa'o. yrm%c±d ki fa'o. yrm%c±d ki fa'o. yrm% District magnitude: a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&m c±k difa'owcktwGuf a&G;cs,f&rnfh udk,fpm;vS,fta&twGuf?

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh c±d kifa'oa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh c±d kifa'oa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh c±d kifa'oa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh c±d kifa'oa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh c±d kifa'o Electoral district:

yx0Dt& a'orsm;jzpfum ‚if;txJwGif EdkifiH/ a'o tm%mydkifrsm;odk@r[kwf EdkifiHxuf ausmfvGefaom tpktzGJ@rsm;rS a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufEdkif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh cGJjcrf;xm;onf? a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfhc±dkifa'owckonf wOD; odk@r[kwf wOD;xufrsm;aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk ta&G;cs,fcHtzGJ@odk@ a&G;cs,fay;onf?

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh yH kaoenf;a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh yH kaoenf;a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh yH kaoenf;a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh yH kaoenf;a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh yH kaoenf; Electoral formula:

a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonfh pepfwckwGif tedkif&ol§ rsm;udk qHk;jzwfay;onfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;

a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ Electoral Management Body (EMB):

a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk }uD;=uyf&eftwGuf wm0ef&Sdaom a&G;aumufyGJOya'atmufwGif tvkyfvkyfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonf?

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;qdkif&m cGJwrf;pepfa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;qdkif&m cGJwrf;pepfa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;qdkif&m cGJwrf;pepfa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;qdkif&m cGJwrf;pepfa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;qdkif&m cGJwrf;pepf Electoral quota:

PRpepf&Sd a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufrnfh c±dkifa'o twdtuswGif ygwDodk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wa,muftwGuf ae&mwck tEdkif&&eftmrcHay;aom rJta&twGufudk &nfn$ef;ygonf? toHk;rsm;aomudef;&Sif 3 ck &Sdygonf? Hare, Droop (or Hagenbach-Bischoff) ESifh Imperiali

wdk@ jzpfygonf?

a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufaom pepf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufaom pepf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufaom pepf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufaom pepf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufaom pepf (Electoral system): a&G;aumufyGJOya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;. xdktydkif;onf ygwDESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk tpkwckodk@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf rnfokd@ a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonfudk qHk;jzwfygonf? ‚if;. xif&Sm;aom tydkif; 3 ckrSm a&G;aumuf

35

wifajr‡mufr_qkdif&m yHkaoenf;/ rJjym;zGJ@pnf;xm;yHkESifh c±dkifa'o yrm%wdk@jzpfonf?

yxr&oltEdkifpepf yxr&oltEdkifpepf yxr&oltEdkifpepf yxr&oltEdkifpepf yxr&oltEdkifpepf First Past The Post (FPTP): pepfonftrsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepf. t&dk;pif;qHk; yH kpHjzpfonf?tEdkif&aom udk,fpm;vS,favmif;onf tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;xuf rJydk&oljzpfum Valid Votes tusKH;0ifrJrsm;. vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pk(50 µ ausmf) r[kwfonhfwkdif tedkif&olom jzpfygonf? xdkpepfonftzGJ@0ifwOD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±d kifa'orsm;udk toHk;ðyumrJqEN&Sifrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;ygwDxuf ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk =unhfumrJay;=uonf?

tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðyr_pm&if; tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðyr_pm&if; tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðyr_pm&if; tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðyr_pm&if; tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðyr_pm&if; List Proportional Representation

(List PR): tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðyr_ pepftwGuf tzGJ@0ifwa,mufxufydkaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c&dkifa'orsm;tm; toHk;ðy&ef vdktyfygonf? (List PR) pepfatmufwGif ygwDwckpD odk@r[kwf tkyfpkwckpDrS tzGJ@0iftrsm;pepf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'otwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;udk wifjy&onf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS ygwDwcktwGuf rJay;=u&umygwDrsm;onf rJtm;vHk;rS olwdk@ a0pk. tcsKd;ustwdkif; v$wfawmfwGifudk,fpm;vS,fae&mrsm; &&Sdrnfjzpfonf? tcsKd@ (pm&if;ydwf) pepfrsm;wGiftEdkif&aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk olwdkdk@. ae&mtpDtpOfrsm;rS xkwf,lygonf? pm&if;rsm;onf vGwfvyfI zGifhxm;onfqdkygu rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf}udKufESpfoufonfh wOD;csif;pDudk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;.tpDtpOfudk v$rf;rdk;xm;Edkifonf?

tzGJ@0ifa&maESmI tcsKd;uspepftzGJ@0ifa&maESmI tcsKd;uspepftzGJ@0ifa&maESmI tcsKd;uspepftzGJ@0ifa&maESmI tcsKd;uspepftzGJ@0ifa&maESmI tcsKd;uspepf Mixed Member Proportional

(MMP): tzGJ@0ifa&maESmI tcsKd;uspepfonf a&maESm pepfyif jzpfum‚if;onf rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS qENðyvkdufaom a&G;cs,fr_rsm;udk enf;vrf; 2cktm; toHk;ðyI ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fygonf? wckrSm tzGJ@0ifwOD;a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±d kifa'owGif &Hzef&Hcg tawmfrsm;rsm;YtoHk;ðyaom trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfjzpfI 'kwd, wrsKd;rSmtcsKd;us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfjzpfygonf? tcsKd;us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ udk,fpm;vS,f ae&mrsm;rSm trsm;pk a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufr_pepfrS tcsKd;rusbJ &vmaom &v'f[lor#wdk@udk tpm;jznfh ay;jcif;jzpfonf?

t+ydKifpepf t+ydKifpepf t+ydKifpepf t+ydKifpepf t+ydKifpepf (Parallel Systems): t+ydKifpepfonf a&maESmpepfjzpfI ‚if;onf rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS qENðyvkdufaom a&G;cs,fr_rsm;udk tcsKd;us

36

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfESifh trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf

enf;vrf; 2 cktm; toHk;ðyI ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fygonf?

odk@aomf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfatmufwGif cGifhðyxm;onfh

,SOf+ydKif&rnfh udk,fpm;vS,f ae&mrsm;udkrl tcsKd;us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_

pepfjzifh &v'fwGufonhftcg xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;rnf r[kwfay?

ygwDp k r Jay;r_ ygwDp k r Jay;r_ ygwDp k r Jay;r_ ygwDp k r Jay;r_ ygwDp k r Jay;r_ Party Block Vote (PBV): xd kpepfonftzGJ@0ifwa,mufxufydkaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'orsm;wGifðyvkyfonhf trsm;pkpepf jzpfonf? xdkpepfwGif rJqEN&Sifrsm;onfrdrdwdk@}udKufESpfoufaom ygwDudk A[dkðyrJay;r_ w}udrfom ðyvkyf=u+yD;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;t=um;wGif a&G;cs,f&ef rvdkyg? rJtrsm;qHk;&onfhygwDtEdkif&rnfjzpf+yD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ ðyvkyfonfh a'owGif;&Sdudk,fpm;vS,fae&m tm;vHk;udk tEdkif&rnfjzpfonf?

ygwD. yrm% ygwD. yrm% ygwD. yrm% ygwD. yrm% ygwD. yrm% (Party Magnitude): a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonfhc±dkifa'owcktwGuf ygwDwckpDESifh tkyfpkwckpDrS a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufaomudk,fpm;vS,frsm;. ysrf;r#ta&twGufudk qdkvdkygonf? EdkifiHwckwGifa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ a'oc±kdifrsm; tm;vHk;twGuf ygwDyrm%.ysrf;r#?

tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðyr_tcsK d;us udk,fpm;ðyr_tcsK d;us udk,fpm;ðyr_tcsK d;us udk,fpm;ðyr_tcsK d;us udk,fpm;ðyr_ (PR): a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonhftpkwckwGif ae&mrsm;. oufqkdifaom r#a0xm;r_xJodk@ ygwDwckod k @r[kwf tkyfpkwcka=umif h &&S daom rJrsm;tm; òcHiH kr#a0xm;r_.odomjyefqd ka jymi f;vJonf h r lpnf;rsO f ;rsm;tay: tajcc Honh fa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonhf pepfjzpfonf? Oyrm - rJ 30 µ tEdkif&aomygwDonf udk,fpm;vS,f ae&m 30 µ eD;yg;ukd &rnfjzpfonf? PR pepftm;vHk;onf tzG@J0iftrsm; c±dkifa'orsm;udk toHk;ðy&ef vdktyfygonf?PR pepf 2 ck &Sdygonf? tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðyr_pm&if;pepf (List PR) ESifhw}udrf ajymif;vJr_&Sdaom rJay;r_pepf STV wdk@ jzpfygonf?

cGJwrf;cGJwrf;cGJwrf;cGJwrf;cGJwrf; (Quota): oD;oef@ udk,fpm;vS,f trsKd;tpm; (TpmtkyfwGiftrsKd;orD;rsm;)jzifh jznhf&ef vdktyfonfh ygwDwck odk@r[kwf tkyfpkwckrStrnfpm&if; wifoGif;onhf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. tcsKd; odk@r[kwfta&G;cs,fcH&onhf tpkxJrS ae&mrsm;. ta&twGuf jzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk@udktrsKd;orD;rsm;. tenf;qHk; ta&twGuftm; ta&G;cs,fcH&r_ odk@r[kwftrnfpm&if; wifoGif;cH&apr_wdk@ aocsmap&ef toHk;ðyonf?

37

uef @owfr Jay;r _uef @owfr Jay;r _uef @owfr Jay;r _uef @owfr Jay;r _uef @owfr Jay;r _ (Limited Vote – LV): xk dpepfonfa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'orsm;wGif toHk;ðy=uonf? xdkpepfwGifa& G ;cs,folrsm;onf r Jay;c Gi f h w}udr fxuf y d kr d k&& S daomfvnf;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;xuf rJay;a&G;cs,fr_u ydkenf;ygonf? rJpkpkaygif;trsm;qHk;&&Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;u tEkdif&&Sd=uygonf?

w=udrfajymif;vJcGifhr&SdaomrJay;r_w=udrfajymif;vJcGifhr&SdaomrJay;r_w=udrfajymif;vJcGifhr&SdaomrJay;r_w=udrfajymif;vJcGifhr&SdaomrJay;r_w=udrfajymif;vJcGifhr&SdaomrJay;r_ Single Non-Transferable

Vote (SNTV): xkdpepfonf rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf tzGJ@0ifwOD; xufydkaoma&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'orsm;wGif rJay;r_w}udrfom ðyvkyf&onf?rJpkpkaygif; trsm;qHk;&&Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk ta&G;cs,fcH&onf[k a=unmonf? rJqEN&Si frsm;u Ed ki fi Ha&;ygwDrsm;xufudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk rJay;=uonf?

w}udrfajymif;vJcGifh&Sdaom rJay;r_w}udrfajymif;vJcGifh&Sdaom rJay;r_w}udrfajymif;vJcGifh&Sdaom rJay;r_w}udrfajymif;vJcGifh&Sdaom rJay;r_w}udrfajymif;vJcGifh&Sdaom rJay;r_ Single Transferable Vote

(STV): xdkpepfonf tzGJ@0ifwOD;xufydkaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_c&dkifa'orsm;wGif rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tqifhcGJay;aom}udKufESpfoufr_jy pepfyifjzpfum yxrtqifh }udKufESpfoufr_jy rJrsm;.owfrSwfxm;aom a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufr_ cGJwrf;udk ausmfvGefoGm;oludkcsufcsif; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufygonf? qufvufðyvkyfonhf a&wGufr_rsm;wGif tenf;qHk;&ojzifh tz,fcH&onfh udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;xHrS rJrsm;ESifhowfrSwfxm;aom cGJwrf;udk ausmfvGefoGm;ojzifh tEdkif&oGm;aomudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xHrS rJrsm;udk 'kwd,ESifh tenf;qHk; }udKufESpfoufr_rsm;tay: tajccHI jyefvnfum ae&mcsay;jcif;ud k vd ktyfaomta&G;cs,fcH udk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGuf&onftxd ðyvkyf&onf?ygwDtvk duf tqif hc G Jay;vd ku ay;E d ki faomfvnf; y H kr Se ftm;jzi f hr JqEN& Si frsm;onf Ed ki fi Ha&;ygwDrsm;xuf pm;vS,favmif;rsm;ud krJay;=uonf?

ESpf}udrf a&G;cs,fpepfESpf}udrf a&G;cs,fpepfESpf}udrf a&G;cs,fpepfESpf}udrf a&G;cs,fpepfESpf}udrf a&G;cs,fpepf (Two Round System -TRS): ESpf}udrfa&G;cs,fpepfonf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfjzpfum,SOf+ydKifonhf ukd,fpm;vS,f odk@r[kwf ygwDwdk@rS owfrSwfay;xm;onhfrJta&twGuftqifh (trsm;tm;jzifh vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ (50 µ ausmf)ud k yxr a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_wGif r&&S dc J hygu 'kwd,t}udrfa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_udk xyfrHðyvkyfay;&onfh pepfjzpfonf? ESpf}udrfa&G;cs,fpepfonf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf yHkpHudk ,lIvkyfEdkifygonf? xdkokd@ðyvkyf&mY 'kwd,t}udrf a&G;aumuf&mwGif ukd,fpm;vS,f2 OD;txuf yg0if,SOf+ydKifI rJydk&aomolu vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ &&Sd&ef

38

rvdkawmhbJ tEdkif&&Sdygonf? odk@r[kwfygu yxrt}udrfwGif rJtrsm;qHk;&aom xdyfqHk;rS 2 OD;om 'kwd,t}udrf jyefvnf,SOf+ydKif&aom trsm;pkaemufqHk; a&G;cs,fr_yHkpH (Majority run-off) udkvnf; oHk;Edkifygonf?

ajymif;vJrSwfajymif;vJrSwfajymif;vJrSwfajymif;vJrSwfajymif;vJrSwf (Threshold): ygwDwckrS Oya'ðyr_wGif udk,fpm;ðyr_&&Sd&ef vdktyfaom tedrfhqHk;axmufcHr_ tqifhjzpfonf? ajymif;vJrSwfonfw&m;0if jzpfed kifygonf? zG J @pnf;yH k od k @r[kwf Oya'wGif tusKH;0ifrJ&mckdifE_ef;yHkpH odk@r[kwf tusKd;&Sdr_ odk@r[kwf obm0jzifh jyxm;avh&Sdonhft&mjzpfygonf? toHk;ðyaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepf. ocsFmqdkif&m*k%fowWdvnf; jzpfygonf?

tqif howfr Swfr _pm&i f ;tqif howfr Swfr _pm&i f ;tqif howfr Swfr _pm&i f ;tqif howfr Swfr _pm&i f ;tqif howfr Swfr _pm&i f ; owfrSwfvk dufonf h (Tier):

udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; ta&G;cH&aom tqifhhjzpfygonf? ‚if;onfXmaewGi f ; / a'owGi f ; od k @r[kwf E d ki fi Htqif h jzp fE d ki fy gonf?a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm; tm;vHk;onf xdk@a=umifh tenf;qHk;tqifhowfrSwfpm&if; wck&Sdygonf? odk@aomf trsm;pkwGif 2 ck / wcgw&H3 ckyif &Sdwwfygonf?

Zipper: ygwDpm&if;ay:&Sd tjcm; udk f,fpm;vS,favmif;wdkif;udktrsKd;om; jzpfap&efESifh tjcm; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wdkif;udk trsKd;orD;jzpfap&ef vdktyfaom cGJwrf;pepfjzpfonf? Zebra pepf[kvnf; ac:=uonf?

39