nds-u thesis 2006 swm masterplan for socotra, yemen · the socotra archipelago, belonging to the...

NDS-U Thesis 2006

SWM Masterplan for Socotra, Yemen

Reto Loretz, Felix Martin

NDS-U Thesis 2006

SWM Masterplan for Socotra, Yemen

Authors lic. fh. fsu., Reto, Loretz lic. phil. nat., Felix, Martin Supervision Dr/Dieter/Mutz, FHNW/School of Life Science, Muttenz, Switzerland

Claude/Lüscher, FHNW/School of Life Science, Muttenz, Switzerland Dr/Paul/Scholte, UNDP/SCDP, Sana'a, Yemen

The authors are responsible for the content of this thesis. The University of Applied Sciences thanks the supervisors for their support. Muttenz, August 2006

© FHNW University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland School of Life Sciences Institute for Ecopreneurship St. Jakobs-Strasse 84 CH-4132 Muttenz Switzerland Version 1.0 Copy only with written authorisation of the writers

Phone +41 61 467 42 42 Phone dir +41 61 467 45 05 Fax +41 61 467 42 90 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.fhnw.ch/lifesciences/iec

SWM Masterplan of Socotra, Yemen

Institute for Ecopreneurship 22.09.2006 5/91

Abstract

This report shows the future development of solid waste (SW) on the whole island of Socotra through possible scenarios, the impact of solid waste based on results of scenarios and - as the core conclusion - plausible, sustainable solutions for the upcoming resulting SW problems.

The Socotra archipelago, belonging to the Republic of Yemen is situated in the Gulf of Aden south of Al Mukalla. There are four islands in the group with Socotra as the main island with a very high biodiversity which evolved over thousands of years endemically. The population of the archipelago has been estimated to be 44,000. The report will address only the main island Socotra of the archipelago.

There have been made efforts to implement and improve solid waste management (SWM), but the present SWM situation in Socotra is still in its initial phase. Nevertheless, it is a promising start, waste is already being collected in the main towns of Hadibo and Qalansia and the people of the island understand the need for waste collection. An overall management masterplan for the island does not as of yet exist. This report aims to fill this gap, keeping in mind the protection of the fauna and flora, the local standards of infrastructure and the isolation of the island.

The analysis of SW prospects is carried out by means of three scenarios. The following impact assessment shows a growing amount of SW as well as an increase in hazardous waste, not only in the urban but also in rural areas and tourist locations which can be very sensitive to certain components of SW.

As a solution, a wide range of possible measures to counter the SW problem, not only for present but also its future development and for most of the components and locations, is suggested.

As short term measures it is important to keep the current SWM system running and expand it where necessary. Furthermore it is strongly recommended to start recycling certain components of waste - as a showcase it is suggested a PET recycling system. The inhabitants of Socotra have to be made aware of the waste problem. It is recommended to paint all waste related infrastructure yellow and help people reduce waste by substituting plastic bags with bags of alternative material. To face possible future waste sources it is recommended to consider SW in the planning of new buildings. The growing amount of hazardous waste needs at least in the medium term a solution to collect and dump it securely. The recycling of more components of waste is also recommended in the medium term. One possible funding source, a tourist tax system for tourist related SW is proposed.

This report shall be used as an SWM masterplan for Socotra to help and advise the authorities and those in charge to take action regarding SW.



Contents

1 Introduction 16

2 Objective 18

3 General Conditions 20

3.1 Background 20

3.2 Laws of the Government of Yemen 21

4 Main influences for solid waste 22

4.1 System boundary 22

4.2 Overview of the scenarios 22

4.3 Population 24 4.3.1 Scenario 1 (masterplan) 26 4.3.2 Scenario 2 (strong development) 27 4.3.3 Scenario 3 (weak development) 29

4.4 Tourism 30 4.4.1 Scenario 1 (masterplan) 32 4.4.2 Scenario 2 (strong development) 33 4.4.3 Scenario 3 (weak development) 33

4.5 Industry 34 4.5.1 Scenario 1 (masterplan) 35 4.5.2 Scenario 2 (strong development) 35 4.5.3 Scenario 3 (weak development) 36

4.6 Hospitals / Health Centers 36 4.6.1 Scenario 1 (masterplan) 37 4.6.2 Scenario 2 (strong development) 37 4.6.3 Scenario 3 (weak development) 38

4.7 Army 38 4.7.1 Scenario 1 (masterplan), scenario 2 (strong development) and scenario 3 (weak development)

39

4.8 Local agriculture 39

4.9 Import of agricultural goods 39

4.10 Total solid waste (rounded) 40



5 Impact assessment 42

5.1 Impact of solid waste 43 5.1.1 Urban areas (town) 43 5.1.2 Rural areas (settlements with scattered buildings) 44 5.1.3 Tourist sites 46 5.1.4 Industry 47 5.1.5 Army 47

5.2 Impact of hazardous solid waste 48 5.2.1 Hospital’s hazardous waste 49 5.2.2 Organic waste of alien species 49 5.2.3 Commercial and Household Hazardous waste 49

5.3 Summary of impacts and risks 50

6 Recommended measures 51

6.1 Expand SWMP (E) 54 6.1.1 Collection Route in the South (E 1) 55 6.1.2 Collection Route in the East (E 2) 57 6.1.3 Hazardous Waste Collection System (E 3) 58 6.1.4 Location of CPs and Waste Barrels (E 4) 59 6.1.5 Fixation of Waste Barrels (E 5) 60

6.2 Awareness Creation (AC) 61 6.2.1 Corporate Identity (AC 1) 61 6.2.2 Substitution of Shopping Bags (AC 2) 61 6.2.3 Planning of Tourist Trips (AC 3) 63 6.2.4 Substitution of Batteries (AC 4) 63

6.3 Landfill (L) 64 6.3.1 Sealed Barrels of Hazardous Waste on Landfill (L 1) 64

6.4 Separate and Recycle (SR) 65 6.4.1 Separate and Recycle PET Bottles (SR 1) 65 6.4.2 Separate and Recycle Metal (SR 2) 66 6.4.3 Separate and Recycle Organic Waste (SR 3) 69

6.5 Planning (P 1) 70

6.6 Tourist Tax (T 1) 70

7 Partially recommended measures 72

7.1 Awareness Creation 72



7.1.1 Reduction of Solid Waste (AC 5) 72

7.2 Landfill 72 7.2.1 Construction of Hazardous Landfill (L 2) 72 7.2.2 Construction of a Landfill in the South (L 3) 74

7.3 Separate and Recycle 74 7.3.1 Separate and Recycle Paper and Cardboard (SR 4) 74 7.3.2 Deposit (SR 5) 75 7.3.3 Private Maintenance Area (SR 6) 75

8 Measures not recommended 76

8.1 Landfill 76 8.1.1 Construction of a Landfill on the Mouri Plain (L 4) 76 8.1.2 Deep Sea Disposal (L 5) 77

8.2 Incineration (I 1) 77

9 Conclusion 78

10 Next Steps 79

10.1 Scenarios and impact 79

10.2 Measures 79

10.3 Varia 80

11 References 81

12 Annex 83

12.1 Calculation of scenarios 1, 2 and 3 83

12.2 Checklist for measure Planning 88



Table of Figures

Figure 1: Socotra's famous dragon blood tree. 15

Figure 2: Hadibo, the biggest city in Socotra. 18

Figure 3: The Socotra Archipelago. 20

Figure 4: Administrative structure of Socotra and the Cleaning Fund. 21

Figure 5: Socotra with its main villages (grey squares) and the asphalted roads (grey double lines), May 2006. 23

Figure 6: Children in Hadibo. 24

Figure 7: The growth of MSW from 1994 to 2015 for Socotra, districts of Hadibo and Qalansia. 27

Figure 8: The growth of MSW acc. to scenario 2 from 1994 to 2015 for Socotra, districts of Hadibo and Qalansia. 28

Figure 9: The growth of MSW acc. to scenario 3 from 1994 to 2015 for Socotra, districts of Hadibo and Qalansia. 30

Figure 10: The main tourist sites in Socotra. 31

Figure 11: SW generated by tourists from 2004 to 2015 for the scenarios 1 to 3, shown in a graph. 34

Figure 12: The hospital’s internal waste collection area. 37

Figure 13: Hospital SW from 2005 to 2015 for scenarios 1 to 3. 38

Figure 14: Graph of the total SW generated in Socotra from 2005 to 2015. 41

Figure 15: The impact of SW in Socotra for the three scenatios. 42

Figure 16: Burning waste in Hadibo. 43

Figure 17: Solid waste near a village. 45

Figure 18: The information signposts inthe protected areas help keep the area clean. 46

Figure 19: These batteries are dangerous for the sensitive ecosystem. 48

Figure 20: Time line of the recommended measures. 51

Figure 21: Sustainable SWM for the island of Socotra. 53

Figure 22: A Collection Point in Hadibo. 54

Figure 23: The south of Socotra. 56

Figure 24: The collection of solid waste should not only be done in Hadibo and Qalansia, but also in the south and east of Socotra. 57

Figure 25: It is important that the employees of the hospital collect the hazardous waste separately. 59



Figure 26: Conceptual drawing of the fixation. 60

Figure 27: Small plastic bags should be substituted by paper bags. 62

Figure 28: Big plastic bags should be substituted by cotton or palm leave bags. 62

Figure 29: The landfill has to be covered with soil. 64

Figure 30: Draft of a hazardous landfill (Vest and Bosch, 2002). 73

Figure 31: Specific costs for controlled landfills in relation to the served population. 76

Table of Tables

Table 1: The amount of waste per capita and per day in rural and urban areas from 2005 to 2015. ( Al-Kahlani, 2004b). 25

Table 2: The distribution of MSW. 25

Table 3: Population growth on Socotra and in the two districts from 1994 to 2015. 26

Table 4: The total amount of MSW for Socotra and the two districts from 1994 to 2015. 26

Table 5: Population growth acc. to scenario 2 for Socotra, district of Hadibo and Qalansia from 1994 to 2015. 28

Table 6: The total amount of MSW acc. to Scenario 2 for Socotra, district Hadibo and Qalansia from 1994 to 2015. 28

Table 7: Population growth acc. to scenario 3 for Socotra, districts of Hadibo and Qalansia from 1994 to 2015. 29

Table 8: The total amount of MSW acc. to scenario 3 for Socotra, districts of Hadibo and Qalansia from 1994 to 2015. 29

Table 9: The composition of tourist waste. 32

Table 10: The number of tourists, the amount of nights spent in Socotra and total waste generated by tourism from 1994 to 2015 acc. to scenario 1. 33

Table 11: The number of tourists, the amount of nights spent in Socotra and the total waste generated by tourism from 1994 to 2015 acc. to scenario 2. 33

Table 12: The number of tourists, the amount of nights spent in Socotra and the total waste generated by tourism from 1994 to 2015 acc. to scenario 3. 34

Table 13: Growing number of factories from 1994 to 2015 acc. to scenario 1. 35

Table 14: Growing number of factories from 1994 to 2015 acc. to scenario 2. 36

Table 15: The growing number of factories from 1994 to 2015 acc. to scenario 3. 36



Table 16: Hospital SW from 2005 to 2015 for scenario 1. a) data from the contractor, 18.4.06. 37

Table 17: Hospital SW from 2005 to 2015 for scenario 2. a) data from the contractor, 18.4.06. 38

Table 18: Hospital SW from 2005 to 2015 for tscenario 3. a) data from the contractor, 18.4.06. 38

Table 19: The army SW from 2005 to 2015 for scenario 1, 2 and 3. a) data from the contractor, 18.4.06. 39

Table 20: The total amount of SW generated in Socotra from 2005 to 2015. 40

Table 21: Total amount of SW, separated by composition. 41

Table 22: Threat and impact of SW for urban areas. 44

Table 23: Threat and impact of SW for rural areas. 45

Table 24: Threat and impact of SW for tourist sites. 46

Table 25: Threat and impact of the SW for the industry. 47

Table 26: Threat and impact of SW for the army. 48

Table 27: Overview of the measures elaborated in this report. 52

Table 28: Investment costs for measure E 1. (Dilewski and Al Mahdi, 2003). 55

Table 29: Operational costs per month for measure E 1, (Dilewski and Al Mahdi, 2003). 56

Table 30: Investment costs for measure E 2. (Dilewski and Al Mahdi, 2003). 58

Table 31: Operational costs per month for measure E 2. (Dilewski and Al Mahdi, 2003). 58

Table 32: Investment costs for measure E 3. 59

Table 33: Investment costs for the measure E 4. 60

Table 34: Investment costs for the measure E 5. 61

Table 35: Investment costs for the measure AC 1. 61

Table 36: Investment costs for the measure AC 2. 62

Table 37: Investment costs for measure L 1. 65

Table 38: Investment costs for the measure SR 1. 65

Table 39: Monthly balance of 2004 for measure SR 1. 66

Table 40: Investment costs for the measure SR 2. 67

Table 41: Operational costs per month for measure SR 2. 67

Table 42: Monthly balance of 2005 for measure SR 2. 68

Table 43: Table on how to handle different organic wastes. 69



Table 44: tax income for measure T 1. 71



Table 47: Operational costs per month for measure L 3. 74

Table 48: Operational costs per month for measure SR 5. 75

Table of Boxes

Box 1: The Socotra masterplan. 23

Box 2: Definition of mass tourism and ecotourism. 32

Box 3: Definition of the General Use Zone. 35

Box 4: The present SW collection system in Socotra. 54

Box 5: The average salary of a Yemeni. 57

Box 6: Forerunner of Measure AC 2. 61

Box 7: The collection system of SW on the Galapagos Islands. 63



Abbreviations

a Year

CP Collection points

CSO Central Statistical Organisation, Ministry of Planning and Int. Coop., Republic of Yemen

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

GDI Gender-related Development Index

GEF Global Environment Fund

GOY Government of Yemen

GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH

ha hectare (100m x 100m)

HDI Human Development Index

HPI Human Poverty Index

IUCN World Conservation Union

km Kilometer

LC Local Council

m Meter

MOPD Ministry of Planning and Development

MPWH Ministry of Public Works and Highways

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

NGO Non Governmental Organisation

SCDP Socotra Archipelago Conservation and Development Programme

SCF Socotra Conservation Fund

SES Socotra Ecotourism Society

SFD Social Fund for Development in Sanaa

SW Solid Waste

SWM Solid Waste Management

SWMP Solid Waste Management Programme

t Tonne

UNDP United Nations Development Program



UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services

USD United States Dollar



Acknowledgements

Due to the support of several people and organisations it became possible for us to elaborate our diploma thesis on Socotra.

We would like to thank our supervisors Dr. Dieter Mutz and Claude Lüscher at the School of Life Sciences of the University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz in Switzerland. Specifically we also would like to thank Dr. Paul Scholte, Chief Technical Advisor of SCDP and Salem Dahag, Head of the Development Unit of SCDP for their help. They contributed constructive feedback regarding our work and we were able to use the infrastructure of the SCDP.

In the sometimes difficult and lengthy preparation phase in Switzerland Dr. Thomas Pritzkat of GTZ was of great help. He gave us many useful inputs from Sana'a. Also the introduction to the Yemeni-German solid waste management project provided us with a great amount of useful information.

Furthermore, we would like to thank all the people who supported us in different manners throughout our work.

Figure 1: Socotra's famous dragon blood tree.



1 Introduction

The Advanced Studies in Environmental Technology and Management at the University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland offers the possibility to develop a Masters thesis on an environmental topic in a developing country. This report arose from such an occasion in collaboration with the Socotra Archipelago Conservation and Development Programme (SCDP) and in consultation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GTZ).

Our master thesis' dedicated aim is as follows: "Based on structural planning as an advancement of existing rudimentary zone planning for the conservation of traditional structures and biodiversity a concept shall be developed for sustainable waste management on the island of Socotra. In so doing, spatial development,for example, the development of tourism and the fragility of the biosystem, will be taken into account". This aim was developed in Switzerland without knowing exactly the current situation in Socotra. In Chapter 2 'Objective' in this report the definite aim is described, which varies slightly from the one given above.

After a preparatory phase of almost two months in Switzerland, field work followed in Socotra itself for around a period of two months and an additional month in Sana'a, Yemen.

The island and the archipelago Socotra have a very fragile ecosystem and a unique fauna and flora. Nature has found a stable balance in a complex system1 - the lifecycle of the creatures and plants in Socotra. However, if it is disturbed by external influences, the impact can not be anticipated, and will often have a lasting disturbance on the balance. Due to this it is very important to keep the impact of human influence at a minimum. In accordance with this report, it is very important to keep the impact of solid waste at a minimum.

Some work concerning solid waste management in Socotra has already been done in the past. In 2002, a Polish expert on behalf of UNDP conducted a mission in Socotra and suggested measures for hospital waste as well as domestic waste management in Hadibo and Qalansia. None of these suggestions, however, have been so implemented thus far. In April 2004 UNDP and the Yemeni-German (GTZ) SWM-Project agreed to combine their efforts to improve the SWM situation in Hadibo and Qalansia. In an initial stage, a German SWM expert, Dipl.-Eng. Gernod Dilewski, visited the Island in May 2004 to revise the SWM concept of 2002 and suggest immediate implementation measures. At the end of the mission a workshop had been conducted to discuss the findings and approve the suggested concept. In late 2004, Tobias Siebert, a German

1 The term 'complex system' formally refers to a system of many parts which are coupled in a nonlinear fashion.

When there are many non-linearities in a system (many components) - such as is often found in nature, behaviour

can be quite unpredictable.



volunteer started to implement the approved concept. At the end of 2005 a solid waste collection system in Hadibo and Qalansia was introduced.

A concept of solid waste management embracing the entire island is lacking. This report aims to fill this gap, to give the local government a 'roadmap' for the future solid waste management in Socotra.



2 Objective

In recent years the island of Socotra has witnessed an economic boom; consequently the presence solid waste has increased on the island. Due to increased solid waste, the Local Council (LC) in 2005 introduced a waste collection system for the main towns of Hadibo and Qalansia with the help of SCDP (Socotra Archipelago Conservation and Development Programme) and GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH). Solid waste (SW) is being dumped without any controls at a dump site next to Hadibo. At the moment two new landfills are under construction, one near Hadibo and another next to Qalansia. At the end of May 2006 they were opened.

Figure 2: Hadibo, the biggest city in Socotra.

This report, a solid waste management masterplan (below SWM masterplan), will illustrate through possible scenarios future development of SW on the entire island. Taking the results of these scenarios as a basis, the impact of SW will be elaborated upon. Plausible, sustainable solutions will be proposed for possible ensuing problems. The SWM masterplan is not a 'construction plan', which addresses only technical solutions; it is a management tool for local authorities (Local Council, NGOs, SCDP etc). The primary aim of the SWM masterplan is to set priorities, while partially addressing certain details. The plan illustrates several measures. Chapter 6 'Recommended measures' describes the measures which are most important and useful, the estimated costs and who is responsible for the implementation.



In the Chapters 7 and 8 further measures are discussed, however, these measures are not or only partially suitable for the island.

The vision of sustainable solid waste management (SWM) for the island of Socotra is based on the following categorisation of measures, so as to improve the handling of the amount of waste and different hazardous matters:

- Avoidance

- Minimization

- Recovery of materials (recycle & reuse)

- Co-processing

- Controlled incineration2

- Physical-chemical pre-treatment

- Landfills

- Uncontrolled burning or dumping

2 Incinerating waste in a burn chamber,which has filter systems for the polluted exhaust air, as is practised in

Switzerland for example.



3 General Conditions

3.1 Background

The Socotra archipelago, belonging to the Republic of Yemen is situated in the Gulf of Aden about 400 km south of Al Mukalla. There are four islands in the group, namely Socotra (125 km length x 42 km width) and the smaller islands of Abd Al Kuri, Samha and Darsa. Darsa is uninhabited and Samha and Abd Al Kuri are sparsely populated. The population of the archipelago has been estimated to be 44,000 (CSO ,Chr. Stat. Org, Sanaa, Yemen, 2004).

Figure 3: The Socotra Archipelago.

Socotra possesses a very high biodiversity which evolved over thousands of years endemically due to the isolation of the archipelago. The archipelago is often referred as the "Galapagos of the Indian Ocean". The fauna and flora (wildlife) of the Socotra archipelago are of worldwide significance and interest. This is due mainly to the high number/percentage of endemic species of plants and in some groups of animals (e.g. reptiles, molluscs, butterflies), to the strange growth forms of some of the dominant tree species and the high degree of harmony between the vegetation and people.

To ensure the long-term preservation and environmentally sound development of the Archipelago, the Socotra Conservation and Development Program (SCDP) Coordination Unit was set up within the Ministry of Planning and Development (MOPD), Sana'a, in January 2002 with assistance from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP/UNOPS), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), Governments of the Netherlands, Italy and Poland. The SCDP's main task is to guide, oversee and support the Government of Yemen and international donors in the Socotra Archipelago in the implementation of all conservation and development initiatives. Presently the SCDP operates within the Ministry of Water and Environment.

This report will only address the main island. Below 'Socotra' will refer solely to the main island of Socotra.

Socotra Archipelago



3.2 Laws of the Government of Yemen

Legislation for Socotra is solely based on Yemenite laws and decrees. There are no international treaties which are binding on the island. In 2002, the Socotra Archipelago was submitted to a tentative list on UNESCO’s World Heritage sites but is not as yet registered on the World Heritage List.

According to the 'Law of Local Authority' administrative responsibilities are decentralised in three units, the capital, provinces and districts. Each unit has their respective elected Local Council and executive body as the administrative department. As head of the local administration a 'Governor' is appointed for the province and a 'Director-General' for the district, respectively. The provinces and districts also have a certain amount of freedom with regard to financial matters.

SWM is mostly financed through the 'Cleaning Fund', which is statuary based on the 'Cleansing Law'. The 'Cleansing Law' prescribes a 5% fee on electricity bills, this fee is transferred to the 'Cleaning Fund'. Apart from using the money for solid waste management, it is also possible to use it for the improvement of the cityscape. The money procured for the the 'Cleaning Fund' is administered at the provincial level.

The island of Socotra consists of two districts (Hadibo and Qalansia) which belong to the province of Hadramaut. This structure is disadvantageous for two reasons. First, the two districts on Socotra increase the administrative effort to introduce and implement projects, and second, the head of the province is located in Mukalla, logistically a good distance far from Socotra, therefore not being fully aware of the peculiar situation on Socotra. Specifically the money for solid waste management of the Cleaning Fund is administered through the Governor of Hadramaut.

ProvinceHadramaut

Socotra island

Mainland

Cleaning Fundmanages

DistrictQalansia

DistrictHadibo

$$

administrates

Figure 4: Administrative structure of Socotra and the Cleaning Fund.

Endeavours are being undertaken to make the Socotra Archipelago a separate province. This would provide it with more autonomy which would be - among others - beneficial for environmental protection.



4 Main influences for solid waste

4.1 System boundary

The system boundary is set geographically on the main island of Socotra, during a time period spanning from 2005 to 2015. The island is divided into two districts, Hadibo and Qalansia. For elaboration of the scenarios, the island is sometimes distinguished between the districts, and other times between rural and urban areas. As a base the most recent data will be used, normally these are data from the year 2004 or 2005.

4.2 Overview of the scenarios

Three scenarios have been developed to clarify the effects and impacts on the island. The aim of these scenarios is to show the possible range of the total amount of SW in the near future. The data of the Socotra masterplan (WS Atkins International, 2002; see Box 1 for details) has been taken as a base, and was compared with a stronger and weaker development plan:

� Scenario 1 (Socotra masterplan). The scenario is developed according to the data found in the masterplan (WS Atkins International, 2002) and the Yemenite statistics (CSO, 2004). The growth of the population is considered to increase in the next few years and will stagnate thereafter. Industry, public buildings and agriculture will profit from this growth. Ecotourism is becoming a well-established form of tourism.

� Scenario 2 (strong development). It is assumed in this scenario, that Yemen is regarded as safe and that it will become a preferred destination for tourists. The population has better living conditions which in turn result in a higher life expectancy. Furthermore, immigration from the mainland as well as from other countries (e.g. Somalia) - due to flourishing tourism sector and economic growth, additionally increase the population. Concurrently, infrastructure (roads, tracks, public buildings, maintenance, disposal etc) is improving.

� Scenario 3 (weak development) The scenario is based on the assumption, that Yemen is not safe and the economy will remain static. This will mainly affect the tourism on Socotra. Living conditions and infrastructure will not improve. Due to basic insfrastructure tourist flows will be limited.

A strong influence on the allocation of the population in Socotra is the existing infrastructure. The better a residential area is connected to roads, the more rapidly this area will grow. Accessibility in time improves, which is valid for the entire island.



Socotra masterplan (WS Atkins International, 2002): The masterplan for the archipelago of Socotra was

developed for the purpose of a binding guideline for the conservation and development of the archipelago.

The masterplan contained the following topics: Roads, zoning plans, institutions, population and more. Up

to now the masterplan is not approved of by the government and most probably will not be in the future.

As for that, the masterplan can be understood as recommending guidelines, but it has no official, binding

character.

Box 1: The Socotra masterplan.

In the scenarios the following influences have been investigated:

- Population. Waste created by the population is referred to as municipal solid waste (MSW) and in this report consists of househould waste, commercial waste (including hotels) and public building waste (not including hospitals).

- Tourism. Waste which is directly generated by tourists.

- Industry. Solid waste which is generated by the local industry.

- Army. Only the MSW of the army is taken into account.

- Agriculture. Solid waste which is generated by the local agriculture.

- Hospital. Non-hazardous and hazardous hospital solid waste.

It is assumed that the different influences contributing to development are linked. Therefore, it is not covered in this report (for example, having the presence of strong tourism and weak industrial development).

%U

%U%U

%U

%U

%U

%U%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U%U

%[

%[HadiboMouri Airport Qariah

Saghre'Disalmoh

Qalansia

DihamdhSherebrubAhloh

LahasKalsch

KafshifoHay As Salam

Qedemeno

Ghahandad

Mahatta

20 0 20 40 Kilometers

N

General Use ZoneAsphalted roads

%U Main villages%[ Towns

Figure 5: Socotra with its main villages (grey squares) and the asphalted roads (grey double lines), May 2006.



4.3 Population

A major part of the population lives in the towns of Hadibo and Qalansia (population figures below). There are some fishing villages along the coast and some settlements with scattered buildings inland. The population of the island is growing for the past few years. One of the reasons is due to the construction of an airport in 1999, which increased the number of tourists significantly. This sector provides new jobs and consequently many Yemenis have moved from the mainland to Socotra. Most of the restaurants, shops and other services on the island are run by Yemenis from the mainland. There is also a rural exodus, resulting from a strong decrease in population of rural areas.

In the year 1994 the island had a population of 37,623 citizens. In ten years (2004) the population grew to 42,842 citizens. Due to the growing population a large amount of goods (food and articles of daily use) have to be imported by airplane or ship.

Figure 6: Children in Hadibo.

In this report SW from commercial and public buildings is included in municipal waste, due to the fact that these sources of waste are growing proportionately with the population and do not possess special characteristics, which would require a separate category. The distribution is assumed to be 95% for household waste, 2% for commercial waste and 3% for public building waste. The distribution is assumed to be constant over time.

SW per capita and per day is increasing due to the society’s constant development (see Table 1). In all three scenarios the urban areas will produce more SW than the rural areas. These figures are required to calculate the gross amount of SW in the scenarios.



Table 1: The amount of waste per capita and per day in rural and urban areas from 2005 to 2015. ( Al-Kahlani, 2004b).

Amount of domestic waste per day and per capita 200 5 2010 2015

Urban (kg / capita / day) 0,28 0,31 0,34

Rural (kg / capita / day) 0,14 0,16 0,18

Regarding the distribution of MSW as shown in Table 2, the largest (weight) percentage consists of organic matter (34%) and metal (35%, tin cans and others). The fraction of metal is very high compared to other MSW compositions in other countries, such as in Switzerland, where the fraction of metal is merely 3% (measured from 1992 to 1993; Bundesamt für Statistik, 2002). The reason is due to the high import of tin cans and aluminium bottles. Food and beverages are best conserved in tin cans and aluminium bottles, given that running a fridge is dependent on considerable effort due to the lack of a constant power supply. Plastic also has a substantial percentage of 12%, keeping in mind its small weight compared to its volume. In the future the fraction of plastic is considered to grow. Plastic - especially PET - is a very common substitute for metal or glass jars and bottles. The rest of the fractions constitute only a small part of the distribution. In the time period from 2005 to 2015 the composition will change minimally. This is assumed as a constant in this report.

At present vegetables/putrescibles ,papers and cartons are mainly eaten by goats. Only a small fraction is collected and dumped into the landfill. Depending on the location metal, plastic and glass are collected and dumped into landfills or unauthorised dump sites. In the main town Hadibo an entrepreneur is collecting some tin and aluminium. Plastic is mostly burned.

Table 2: The distribution of MSW.

Composition of waste (by weight)

Percentage (%)

(Scenario 1, 2 and 3)

Vegetable/Putrescible 34

Paper and Carton 2

Plastic 12

Metal 35

Glass 6

Rubber, Misc. 11



4.3.1 Scenario 1 (masterplan)

In 1994, the population on the island of Socotra was 37,623 citizens (district Hadibo 28,217, district Qalansia 9,406) and in 2004 it stood at 42,842 (district Hadibo 32,132, district Qalansia 10,711). The authors of the masterplan (WS Atkins International, 2002) project for the year 2010 the population will grow to 63'000 (district Hadibo 47,250, district Qalansia 15,750) and in 2015 a population of 73,000 (district Hadibo 54,750, district Qalansia 18,250).

The total amount of waste is calculated in multiplying the number of residents (Table 3) by the amount of produced waste per capita and per day (Table 1) times 365 (number of days a year). Detailed calculation can be found in the Annex, Chapter 12.1. The amount of MSW increases from 1994 with 2001 t/a to 10'669 t/a in 2015. A strong increase takes place from 2004 to 2010 of 3'175 t/a to 6'621 t/a. The district of Hadibo generates appr. 80% of the total of SW on Socotra.

Table 3: Population growth on Socotra and in the two districts from 1994 to 2015.

Year 1994 2004 2010 2015

Total Population 37,623 42,842 63,000 73,000

Population in the district of Hadibo 28,217 32,132 47,250 54,750

Population in the district of Qalansia 9',406 10,711 15,750 18,250

Table 4: The total amount of MSW for Socotra and the two districts from 1994 to 2015.

Year 1994 2004 2010 2015

SW per year (t) 2,001 3,175 6,621 10,669

District of Hadibo per year (t) 1,547 2,415 5,112 8,109

District of Qalansia per year (t) 454 760 1,509 2,560



Scenario 1 (masterplan)

-

2'000

4'000

6'000

8'000

10'000

12'000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Year

Sol

id W

aste

(t)

Total solid wasteScenario 1

Hadibou (District)

Qalansia (District)

Figure 7: The growth of MSW from 1994 to 2015 for Socotra, districts of Hadibo and Qalansia.

In 2015 a total of about 10,700 t MSW will be generated. About 8,100 to in the district of Hadibo and about 2,600 t in the district of Qalansia.

According to the masterplan (WS Atkins International, 2002) the rural population will decrease and with it the SW in rural settlements. On the other hand the urban zones will grow steadily and generate the majority of SW.

4.3.2 Scenario 2 (strong development)

In this scenario the annual growth of the population is at 10%. In 2010 an 2015 the island’s population wil increase to 64,500 and 86,000, respectively. The calculation method of the total amount of waste is the same as in Chapter 4.3.1.

The total amount of MSW for 2010 is almost 6,800 t/a and about 12,500 t/a for 2015. Also in this scenario the district of Hadibo generates 80% of the total amount of MSW. The population is growing steadily. The MSW is primarily found in the urban areas of Hadibo and Qalansia.



Table 5: Population growth acc. to scenario 2 for Socotra, district of Hadibo and Qalansia from 1994 to 2015.

Year 1994 2004 2010 2015


Population in the district of Hadibo 28,217 32,132 48,375 64,500

Population in the district of Qalansia 9,406 10,711 16,125 21,500

Table 6: The total amount of MSW acc. to Scenario 2 for Socotra, district Hadibo and Qalansia from 1994 to 2015.

Year 1994 2004 2010 2015

SW per year (t) 2,001 3,175 6,778 12,569



Scenario 2

-

2'000

4'000

6'000

8'000

10'000

12'000

14'000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Year

Sol

id W

aste

(t)

Total solid wasteScenario 2

Hadibou (District)

Qalansia (District)

Figure 8: The growth of MSW acc. to scenario 2 from 1994 to 2015 for Socotra, districts of Hadibo and Qalansia.



4.3.3 Scenario 3 (weak development)

The population is growing annually by 3.5%. This growth corresponds to the average iof all of Yemen. In 2010 and 2015 the population in Socotra will increase to 50,500 and 58,000, respectively. The calculation method of the total amount of waste is the same as in Chapter 4.3.1.

The amount of MSW for 2010 is 5'300 t/a and 8'500 t/a for 2015. Again the district Hadibo is generating 80% of the total amount of MSW on Socotra.

Table 7: Population growth acc. to scenario 3 for Socotra, districts of Hadibo and Qalansia from 1994 to 2015.

Year 1994 2004 2010 2015


Population in the District of Hadibo 28,217 32,132 37,875 43,500

Population in the District of Qalansia 9,406 10,711 12,625 14,500

Table 8: The total amount of MSW acc. to scenario 3 for Socotra, districts of Hadibo and Qalansia from 1994 to 2015.

Year 1994 2004 2010 2015

SW per year (t) 2,001 3,175 5,307 8,477





Scenario 3

-

1'000

2'000

3'000

4'000

5'000

6'000

7'000

8'000

9'000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Year

Sol

id w

aste

(t)

Total solid wasteSocotra scenario 3 Hadibou (District)

Qalansia (District)

Figure 9: The growth of MSW acc. to scenario 3 from 1994 to 2015 for Socotra, districts of Hadibo and Qalansia.

4.4 Tourism

Since the opening of the new airport 1999 in Socotra tourism plays an increasing role on the island. Until recently very few tourists came to the island for ecotourism, they were not ecologically minded. The term 'Ecotourism', in contrast to 'Mass tourism' is explained in Box 2. In 2005 there were around 1,000 tourists who visited Socotra. The limiting factor for tourism is infrastructure such as lack of adequate hotels. The tourists normally stay for one week in order to travel around the island. The high season lasts 35 weeks, the rest of the year is not suitable for tourism due to the climate (monsoon, strong winds). At present there is a substantial shift from ecotourism to mass tourism. With the extension of the infrastructure an even stronger bias to mass tourism is expected.



%U

%U%U

%U

%U

%U

%U%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U%U

%[

%[#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S#S

#

Amahk

#

Detwah Lagoon

#

Di Hamri Campsite

#

Wadi Ayhaft#

Deleshah beach

#

Arahr

#

Ersel

#

Shoab#

Hoq Cave

#

Homhil

#

Diksam Wadi

#

Plant Nursery


N

asphalted roads%U main villages#S major tourist sites#S minor tourist sites#S small tourist sites

Figure 10: The main tourist sites in Socotra.

There are about 12 tourist sites on the island Socotra. Some of them are very popular, others less due to inaccessibility. See Figure 10 for more details.

In this report, tourism is counted in the number of nights a person spends reporting a given location.

The average amount of SW generated by tourists is 0.4 kg/tourist/night. This figure is elaborated as follows: as a base the tourists produce the same amount of waste as a European citizen, because they tend to consume the same abroad as in Europe. For a Swiss this is 0.96 kg/capita/day (Bundesamt für Statistik, 2002). This figure is also in the range of the value indicated by S. Cointreau-Levine (Cointreau-Levine, 1997). For Socotra different circumstances apply to a certain degree. The infrastructure is limited and tourists consume/use the goods found in Socotra. It is, therefore, difficult to generate the same amount of waste as a tourist without having the basic material. However, the living standard of tourists is much higher compared to the locals. Due to this they use more luxury goods such as bottled water and food which is often wrapped. Thus, the figure of 0.4 kg/tourist/night seems reasonable to us.



Ecotourism, as defined by IUCN (The World Conservation Union) is "environmentally responsible travel

and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy, study and appreciate nature (and

accompanying cultural features - both past and present), that promotes conservation, has low visitor

impact, and provides for beneficially active socioeconomic involvement of local populations". (Ceballos-

Lascurain, 1999).

Mass tourism, arose during the sixties, is the kind of tourism which allows broad social classes in

industrial countries to undertake travels abroad. The typical mass tourism is booked as a package tour

and is concentrated at one vacation destination. Often villages or housing can be found in the vicinity,

which are merely affected by tourism. In regions with mass tourism one can find more infrastructure,

comparable to those tourists would find at home, and which the tourists would want to have during their

holidays (Adlexikon, May 2006)

Box 2: Definition of mass tourism and ecotourism.

Vegetable/putrescible constitute half of the SW. A quarter of the SW is metal and a tenth is plastic.

Table 9: The composition of tourist waste.

Composition of waste (by weight)

Vegetable/Putrescible % 50

Paper and Carton % 2

Plastic % 10

Metal % 25

Glass % 10

Rubber, Misc.% 3

The fraction of SW in the form of metal is lower for the tourists than for the local population due to the fact that local commerce is included only in the calculation for the local population.


According to the masterplan (WS Atkins International, 2002) only ecotourism should be encouraged. The growth of visits is assumed to be 10%. Thus in 2010 and 2015 tourist visits will increase to 3,000 and 6,000, respectively.

Assuming a stay of 7 days (one week) on the island, the total number of nights spent per year would be 21'000 and 42'000 in 2010 and 2015, respectively. Multiplied by SW per



night per tourist (see Chapter 4.4 Tourism) a total tourist SW of 8.4 t (2010) and 16.8 t (2015) would be generated. Detailed calculation can be found in the Annex, Chapter 12.1.

Table 10: The number of tourists, the amount of nights spent in Socotra and total waste generated by tourism from

1994 to 2015 acc. to scenario 1.

Year 1994 2004 2005 2010 2015

Number of tourists 0 550 1,000 3,000 6,000

Total of tourist nights 0 4,850 7,000 21,000 42,000

Tourist SW per year (t) 0 1.5 2.8 8.4 16.8


Up to 2010 tourism infrastructure will not change substantially. New buildings and facilities will be planned, but they will not be finished before 2015. The number of visitors will increase by 30%. The present facilities will be used more intensively until new ones are set up. From 2010 Socotra will boom as a tourist destination, yearly growth will be at 60%. Mass tourism will increase significantly in comparision to ecotourism, which will constitute a small part of the tourism industry. In 2010 and 2015 there will be 5,000 and 20,000 tourists, respectively.

The calculation method for the total amount of waste is the same as in Chapter 4.4.1.

Table 11: The number of tourists, the amount of nights spent in Socotra and the total waste generated by tourism from


Year 1994 2004 2005 2010 2015



Tourist SW per year (t) 0 1.5 2.8 14 56


Yemen is regarded as an insecure country. In addition, the short tourist season, lacking infrastructure and climate will keep the number of tourists low. In this scenario tourism will almost stagnate with a yearly growth limited to 5%. In 2010 and 2015 there will be 1,500 and 2,000 tourist visits, respectively.

The calculation method for the total amount of waste is the same as in Chapter 4.4.1.



Table 12: The number of tourists, the amount of nights spent in Socotra and the total waste generated by tourism from


Year 1994 2004 2005 2010 2015



Tourist SW per year (t) 0 1.5 2.8 4.2 5.6

Overview tourism SW

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Year

Sol

id w

aste

(t)

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Figure 11: SW generated by tourists from 2004 to 2015 for the scenarios 1 to 3, shown in a graph.

4.5 Industry

Industrial development presently only takes place in the fishing industry. The only factory which processes fish for exploitation is located near Hadibo. The factory collects fresh fish from the local fishermen, guts and cleans them in order to ship them to the next stage of exploitation. The fish SW is dumped behind the fish factory, which gives rise to decomposition stenches.

According to the masterplan (WS Atkins, 2002) an area of 400 ha for Hadibo and 230 ha for Qalansia are marked as industrial, commercial and free-trade zone areas, more often



referred to as 'General Use Zone' (see Box 3 for definition). This area seems far too big for prospective business. The island does not have many resources which could be used and it does not have a very big market. Import of raw material, processing on the island and then export of the products will probably be too costly.

Since it is very difficult to estimate the SW fractions and amount generated by future industries it should be handled separately for each factory. As an example the fish factory produces up to 5t of fish SW per day compared to a galvanic factory producing a cocktail of (hazardous) metal waste.

Industrial, commercial and free-trade zone areas have the following objectives:

The requirements for an industrial and commercial zone are a contiguous area of flat or gently undulating

land close to the population centre of Hadibo, Qalansia and the port. (Environment Protection Council,

2000)

Box 3: Definition of the General Use Zone.

Due to this fact industrial SW is not taken into consideration for Chapter '4.10 Total amount of SW'. Nevertheless, to illustrate possible development the number of factories are estimated in the three scenarios.


It is assumed, that industrial development will take place in the marked General Use Zones of Hadibo, the Mouri Plain and Qalansia. The building of new factories will be moderate, since many business opportunities do not exist.

Table 13: Growing number of factories from 1994 to 2015 acc. to scenario 1.

Year 1994 2004 2010 2015

Number of factories 0 1 5 10


Due to a strong demand for industrial goods and due to improved infrastructure (roads, ports etc) industry is developing rapidly. An increase of about 2 factories per year is estimated.



Table 14: Growing number of factories from 1994 to 2015 acc. to scenario 2.

Year 1994 2004 2010 2015



The industrial location of Socotra is considered to be insufficient for factories as human and material resources do not exist. The island only has small industrial development.

Table 15: The growing number of factories from 1994 to 2015 acc. to scenario 3.

Year 1994 2004 2010 2015


4.6 Hospitals / Health Centers

In Socotra there is only one major hospital which is situated in Hadibo. It was built about 30 years ago and has a capacity of 45 beds. Seven physicians work there.

In the current situation the hospital in Hadibo collects rubbish with green plastic baskets, which are dumped in the waste collection site in the area around the hospital. There is no separation between toxic and/or hazardous waste and normal waste. The waste collection contractor of Hadibo empties the collection site once a day and dumps it in the old landfill next to Hadibo. In 2005 the contractor collected 25t of household and hazardous waste.

Outside of Hadibo a new hospital is being built. According to the head of the hospital it will be finished in about 2 years time. Waste facilities have been taken into account. For the toxic SW they plan to build a special incinerator to burn it. An autoclave would be an alternative treatment option.

Twelve health centres are spread over the island; which seem to be working. However, the infrastructure consists of a few beds and very few personnel. At present there is very little waste generated by the health centres. Mainly the waste is generated through the vaccination campaigns.



Figure 12: The hospital’s internal waste collection area.

In relation to the gross amount of SW generated by medical facilities ca. 10% is of high risk such as infectuous, toxic or radioactive SW. The rest has almost the same composition as the MSW and can be handled accordingly. (Vest and Jantsch, 1999).


Due to improved infrastructure and improved medical care the hospital SW increases 20% per year.

Table 16: Hospital SW from 2005 to 2015 for scenario 1. a) data from the contractor, 18.4.06.

Year 2005 2010 2015

Hospital SW per year (t) 25 a) 50 100

10% is of high risk 2.5 5 10


In 2010 the new hospital in Hadibo will be ready to run as well as a smaller one in Qalansia. The hospital SW is expected to increase 3 times during a 5 year span due to intensive use and an increase in the population. The infrastructure for the year 2015 will remain the same as in 2010. In 2010, 75t of hospital SW will be generated and in 2015 it is estimated at 150t.



Table 17: Hospital SW from 2005 to 2015 for scenario 2. a) data from the contractor, 18.4.06.

Year 2005 2010 2015


10% is of high risk 2,5 7,5 15


In 2010 the new hospital is not yet finished. It will not be ready to run before 2015. Accordingly the hospital SW will increase 10% until 2010 and then 20%.

Table 18: Hospital SW from 2005 to 2015 for tscenario 3. a) data from the contractor, 18.4.06.

Year 2005 2010 2015


10% is of high risk 2.5 3.7 7.5

Hospital solid waste

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

year

to /

a

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Scenario 1 (hazardous)



Figure 13: Hospital SW from 2005 to 2015 for scenarios 1 to 3.

4.7 Army

The Yemeni army has several camps on the island. We can not elaborate upon the number of soldiers due to the delicate political situation.



The amount of SW from the army camp on the Mouri Plain can be calculated with help of the contractor, since the SW is already collected by him. The yearly amount of army SW is ca. 45 t. (Contractor interview, 18.4.06).

We consider the development of the army robust against the scenarios. For that matter the three possible developments are unified in one chapter.

4.7.1 Scenario 1 (masterplan), scenario 2 (strong d evelopment) and scenario 3 (weak development)

The army will also benefit from the new infrastructure built in Socotra. The yearly increase is assumed to be 7%.

Table 19: The army SW from 2005 to 2015 for scenario 1, 2 and 3. a) data from the contractor, 18.4.06.

Year 2005 2010 2015

Army SW per year (t) 45 a) 60 75

4.8 Local agriculture

Socotri agriculture consists mainly of livestock and vegetable husbandry. The fishery is treated in the chapter 'Industry'. Agriculture in Socotra is primarily self-supplementary. A small part is sold in the Suq.

SW generated from agriculture is organic and enclosed in a natural recycling circle. Thus in the following scenarios the agricultural SW will not be given further analysis.

4.9 Import of agricultural goods

The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) is already controlling and forbidding the import of organic matter, which could endanger the Socotri biota. It is assumed that effective control will also be in place in the future. Nevertheless, there are many exceptions, in particular food made or consisting of agricultural goods is a common import, and due to the fact the local capacity for organic products is limited.

It is important, that legally imported organic goods, which consist mostly of vegetables or fruits for the Suq, are not used for composting or similar activities. This would be an ideal means of spreading alien species over the island. However, the composting of local organic matter poses no problems and is recommended.

The amount of organic SW is treated in the Chapter '4.3 Population'.



4.10 Total solid waste (rounded)

Total SW illustrates the total amount of waste produced by the population, tourists, hospitals and army. The industrial and the local agricultural SW are not included due to the reasons mentioned in the Chapters regarding 'Industry' and 'Local agriculture', respectively.

Table 20: The total amount of SW generated in Socotra from 2005 to 2015.

Year 2005 2010 2015

Total solid waste scenario 1 (t) 3,250 6,750 10,900



All three scenarios show an increasing amount of SW. The projection shows an expected SW in the range of 8,650t to 12,900t..

In all three scenarios the population is contributing ca. 98% of the amount of waste. The SW situation will therefore be caused by the locals. This issue might gain relevance and importance when discussing the planning of new housings or settlements. The army, hospital and tourism generate the remaining 2%. These figures do not take into account the impact incurred in sensitive areas. This will be looked at in the Chapter 'Impact Assessment'. In this listing industrial SW is not taken into account. It is very difficult to estimate future industrial SW without any point of reference. Due to the fact that every new factory will demonstrate how it will handle and dispose its waste.



Total solid waste

-

2'000.0

4'000.0

6'000.0

8'000.0

10'000.0

12'000.0

14'000.0

2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Year

Sol

id w

aste

(t)

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Figure 14: Graph of the total SW generated in Socotra from 2005 to 2015.

The composition does not vary over the three scenarios as assumed and described before. Detailed figures can be found in Table 21. The amount of plastic and metal is considered big enough to run a profitable recycling activity at least for the medium and strong development scenarios. Glass will presumably decrease over time due to substitution with plastic. Therefore, it is not recommended to build up a recycling system for glass. Hazardous waste is small in quantity, but can cause considerable damage if not handled properly.

Table 21: Total amount of SW, separated by composition.

Year 2005 2010 2015

Vegetable/Putrescible (t) 1,105 1,810 - 2,335 2,905 - 4,310

Paper and Carton (t) 65 110 - 140 170 - 260

Plastic (t) 390 645 -830 1,035 – 1,540

Metal (t) 1,125 1,880 – 2,400 3,010 – 4,465

Glass (t) 195 325 - 410 510 - 775

Rubber, Misc. (t) 345 595 - 760 945 – 1.400

Hazardous waste (Hospital) (t) 2.5 3.5 – 7.5 7.5 – 15.0



5 Impact assessment

In the last chapter the present and future amount of the solid waste divided into several fractions has been elaborated. The amount and components of SW do not yet give any clues on how it will affect the island. In this chapter this issue is addressed. In Chapter 5.1 non hazardous SW is assessed on how it will impact Socotra. In Chapter 5.2 the same is done for hazardous SW.

In general it can be stated, that the same problems arise for all three scenarios. The difference lies in the quantity and the localisation. The scenarios show, that there is a great risk in the towns of Hadibo and Qalansia. In addition to the MSW found in industries there is also hazardous SW from the hospital. The more a settlement with scattered buildings is connected to infrastructure, the more goods that can be transported there, consequently increasing the amount of MSW in the location. Scenarios 1 and 2 show a potential for recycling plastic and metal. Scenario 3 this is also possible, but the amount and the benefit is rather low if not nil.

In tourist locations there is not as much SW as in the settlements, but often these places are sensitive to a disturbance of the ecological balance by for example SW.

Besides the geographical localisation, the quantity and composition is also relevant. Metal is in second position with regard to percentage in weight. Despite the light weight of PET it should not be neglected. Different kinds of plastic products have a big volume and might pose a problem with regard to SW expansion.

%U

%U%U

%U

%U

%U%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U%U

%[%[

#S#S

#S

#S

#S #S

#S

#S#S

#S

#S#S


N

General Use ZoneAsphalted roads

%U Main villages%[ Towns#S Major tourist sites#S Minor tourist sites#S Small tourist sites

Weak impactMedium impactStrong impact

Figure 15: The impact of SW in Socotra for the three scenatios.



5.1 Impact of solid waste

The following chapter describes the kinds of impacts and risks that are to be expected in urban and rural, tourism, industrial and army areas.

5.1.1 Urban areas (town)

The urban areas in Socotra are the towns of Hadibo and Qalansia. In these two towns the SW causes problems due to the reasons shown in Table 22.

Figure 16: Burning waste in Hadibo.



Table 22: Threat and impact of SW for urban areas.

Threat Impact

Impairment of hygiene SW lying on the ground can be a source for health threatening substances (e.g. goats eat the waste and the goats are eaten by humans with which toxic substances can enter the human body). Children can injure themselves while playing on dumpsites or they might catch infectious diseases. If the SW is piling up in the streets it becomes a threat due to the bugs and rats spreading diseases.

Environment

(air, ground, water)

SW lying on the ground can cause a stench. Drinkable water resources and the soil will be contaminated (e.g. due to batteries). The more waste lying on the ground the higher the risk for the environment.

Aesthetics A clean town is more attractive not only for tourists but also for the locals.

5.1.2 Rural areas (settlements with scattered build ings)

The present settlements with scattered buildings in Socotra can be divided into two kinds of settlements. The first is a settlement is well connected to the (asphalted) road network. Due to this fact many goods from Hadibo or Qalansia are transported to these settlements. These villages have about 200 residents (estimation).

The second kind of settlement is very difficult to reach by car. Due to this constraint fewer goods are transported to these villages. In these hamlets there are about 50 residents (estimation).



Figure 17: Solid waste near a village.

Table 23: Threat and impact of SW for rural areas.

Threat Impact

Impairment of hygiene SW lying on the ground can be a source for health threatening substances (e.g. goats eat the waste and the goats are eaten by humans with which toxic substances can enter the human body). Children can injure themselves while playing on dumpsites or they might catch infectious diseases. If the SW is piling up in the streets it becomes a threat due to the bugs and rats spreading diseases.

Environment


Also small amounts of SW - compared to Hadibo - can cause a stench.

The settlements with scattered buildings do not have a power grid like the one in Hadibo. The electric devices are run on one way batteries. Mostly the batteries are dumped in the vicinity with other waste. This can cause serious damage to the environment.

Aesthetics Plastic bags lying on the ground and hanging in trees diminish the beauty of the landscape. This can have negative economic consequences ( e.g. tourists).



5.1.3 Tourist sites

The sites visited by tourists in Socotra are the most ecologically sensitive areas. Already a small change can endanger them.

The following impact assessment is only for ecotourism. Mass tourism is assessed in Chapter 5.1.4 'Industry'.

Figure 18: The information signposts inthe protected areas help keep the area clean.

Table 24: Threat and impact of SW for tourist sites.

Threat Impact

Environment


The sites which are of interest for tourists have high biodiversity. Already a small amount of SW can affect the biota. For example, alien organic waste or chemical substances may disturb the sensitive ecosystem, which in turn might cause other ecosystems to be unbalanced.

Aesthetics Tourists want to have a clean area. Even a small amount of waste can change the face of a site in a negative manner. The tourist site might get a bad reputation which will result in decreasing economic benefits.



5.1.4 Industry

In addition to industry (fish, factory, etc.) mass tourism also will be elaborated on in this Chapter. Industry is very difficult to assess. Depending on the process very different kinds of SW and amounts will be generated. It is best to estimate the composition and amount of SW for planning of each new factory.

Table 25: Threat and impact of the SW for the industry.

Threat Impact

Environment


Industry

Producing and processing products might generate a lot of waste. If the waste is left in the factory area it will have a negative impact on the environment.

Depending on the process, hazardous waste can be generated. This kind of waste can be very harmful for humans and the environment.

Mass tourism

A large amount of SW will be left at the tourist sites. It can become harmful for the environment.

Aesthetics Mass tourism

Tourists expect a clean tourist site. Even a small amount of waste can destroy the face of an area and the tourist will not come anymore to these places. The tourist infrastructure might have a decreasing economic benefit.

5.1.5 Army

It is assumed that the army is producing the same SW as the MSW in Hadibo and Qalansia. Only the army’s MSW will be looked into. Military waste is not specifically included in this report.



Table 26: Threat and impact of SW for the army.

Threat Impact

Impairment of hygiene SW lying on the ground can be a source for health threatening substances.

Environment


SW lying on the ground can cause a stench. Drinkable water and the soil will be contaminated due to flowing out batteries. The more waste lying on the ground the higher the risk for the environment.

5.2 Impact of hazardous solid waste

Hazardous waste can be found in the industrialized as well as in developing countries. In Socotra batteries are one of the most common kinds of hazardous waste in the settlements. The remote settlements with scattered buildings are not connected to the power grid. For this reason they use a lot of batteries. Also in the hospital of Hadibo, in restaurants and in commercial buildings hazardous waste is generated, namely through the use of oils, solvents, remains of colour and bacteriological contaminated hospital waste.

Figure 19: These batteries are dangerous for the sensitive ecosystem.



There are no uniform disposal methods for hazardous waste. Depending on the kind of waste, special measures have to be taken. In industrialized countries, it is usually burnt in a controlled manner and the contaminated ash and cinders are disposed in designated hazardous landfills. This solution is not possible in Socotra due to the lack of money and infrastructure.

In the following chapters the most common and dangerous hazardous waste in Socotra is looked into.

5.2.1 Hospital’s hazardous waste

Hospital waste, namely infectious, pathological and radioactive wastes are only generated in Hadibo. The risk of the hospital’s hazardous waste is due to the injuries, infections and phys. chem. qualities, which can be dangerous for humans and the environment. (Vest and Jantsch, 1999).

5.2.2 Organic waste of alien species

Organic waste of alien species is deliberately categorised under hazardous waste due to the following reason. As mentioned before the island has a unique biota of which many plants and animals are endemic. Furthermore, the island is in a delicate balance regarding the natural cycle. Already a small amount of plant waste or a few animals living from or off the imported organic matter can disturb the balance or even displace endemic species. In this manner organic waste of alien species can be regarded as hazardous for the island of Socotra.

The EPA is presently controlling the import of organic goods, but there are also legally imported organic matters. This is mostly vegetables and fruits for the Suq. As long as it stays in Hadibo or maybe Qalansia, there is a small risk of spreading alien species. When markets extend to other places (e.g. in the south), the threat increases. (Cointreau-Levine, 1997).

5.2.3 Commercial and Household Hazardous waste

In addition to batteries (see Chapter 6.1 Impact solid waste) used car tires are also an issue. Leaking batteries can cause damage to the environment and to humans. Sometimes used car tires are burnt, which also causes damage to the environment.

Electronic waste does not play a major role in commercial and household hazardous SW. For instance, electricity is not available half of the time and generally the infrastructure and wealth for electronic devices is not available. If future development tends towards scenario 3 (strong development) the amount of electronic waste might increase significantly. In this case it should be treated as commercial and household hazardous SW.



5.3 Summary of impacts and risks

The largest amount and most dangerous waste is generated in the two towns of Hadibo and Qalansia. The amount of waste expected in the future needs to be collected as it is done presently in order to prevent damage to the air, ground and the water. Disposing of SW in the towns will also increase hygiene. Hazardous waste is mainly to be found in the hospital of Hadibo and the health centres and in the villages using batteries. This type of waste has to be handled carefully.

The localisation of SW on the island is a further risk. The development of several areas in the villages increases mobility. The flow of goods from Hadibo or Qalansia to the remaining parts will be very fast and easy. Furthermore, the amount of SW in these settlements will increase. Hazardous waste will consist mainly of batteries, because there is hardly a power grid or self supported system - unlike in Di Hamri with a solar cell driven water pump - to be found in these areas. The rapid expansion of MSW endangers the environment and biodiversity.

Most of the sites, which are visited by tourists, have a high biodiversity. In these sensitive areas already a small amount of waste can alter the fragile balance.



6 Recommended measures

According to the results from the scenarios, the results of the impact assessment and the vision of sustainable SWM for the island of Socotra described in Chapter 'Objective' a catalogue of recommended measures has been worked out, which will be developed on here. In the chapter 'Partially recommended measures' alternatives are described, which are still recommended measures, but which have some drawbacks. The chapter 'Not recommended measures' are measures which are not favoured.

The recommended measures shall be sustainable. They follow the principle of the three tiers of sustainability: Social, Economy and Environment (see Figure 21). Furthermore this masterplan acts as a management system. The decision-maker shall use it as an aid to decide on how to proceed with the SWM. The cost estimates are a guiding value; they are not exact calculations with a precision of +/- 25 %.

Scenario 1 (masterplan) is expected to be the most probable. The other two scenarios show a possible range. Depending on demand, the proposed measures can be implemented at an earlier or later stage.

The measures are thematically filed. Chapter 'Expand SWMP' holds measures which concern primarily present waste collection systems in Hadibo and Qalansia, on how to expand, improve and operate it. Chapter 'Awareness Creation' is about measures targeting the residents of Socotra, on how to minimise and handle SW. Chapter 'landfill' proposes measures concerning present and new landfills. Chapter 'Separate and Recycle' is about the reuse of the different components of SW. 'Planning' addresses the handling of waste during the planning phase of buildings. Chapter 'Tax' addresses the funding of SWM and Chapter 'Incineration' is about a controlled burning of SW.

time [a]20152005

E1 + E2

AC 1 & 2

E3Expand SWMP

Awareness Creation

Landfill L 1

SR 1

P 1

SR 2-6

T 1

Recycle

Planning

Tax

shor

t term

medium

term

long

term

Figure 20: Time line of the recommended measures.



Table 27: Overview of the measures elaborated in this report.

Type of measure Measure Code

Expand SWMP Collection Route in the South

Collection Route in the East

Hazardous Waste Collection System

Location of CPs and Waste Barrels

Fixation of Waste Barrels

E 1

E 2

E 3

E 4

E 5

Separate and Recycle

Separate and Recycle PET

Separate and Recycle Metal

Separate and Recycle Organic Waste

Separate and Recycle Paper and Cardboard

Deposit

Private Maintenance Area

SR 1

SR 2

SR 3

SR 4

SR 5

SR 6

Awareness Creation

Corporate Identity

Substitution of Shopping Bags

Planning of Tourist Trips

Substitution of Batteries

Reduction of Solid Waste

AC 1

AC 2

AC 3

AC 4

AC 5

Planning Include SWM in the planning P 1

Landfill Sealed Barrels of Hazardous Waste in Landfill

Construction of Hazardous Landfill

Construction of a Landfill in the South

Construction of a Landfill on the Mouri Plain

Deep Sea Disposal

L 1

L 2

L 3

L 4

L 5

Tax Tourism Tax T 1

Incineration Incineration of SW I 1



Figure 21: Sustainable SWM for the island of Socotra.

Economy

Social

Environment

• Separate and Recycle

• Planning

• Tax

• Awareness Creation

• Reduction of waste

• Incineration

• Landfill



6.1 Expand SWMP (E)

The present SWMP has improved the waste situation in Hadibo and Qalansia. The citizens are becoming accustomed to it. It is important to keep the system going and improve it where necessary. In Box 4 the collection system is explained in more detail.

The present SW collection system in Socotra was introduced in autumn 2005. It covers the towns of

Hadibo and Qalansia, part of the Mouri Plain and the jetty. Depending on the density of the population

different kind of collection units were set up. For less dense, suburban areas, the so called 'Collection

Points' were built (See Figure 22), a kind of container made of bricks with a gate for eased emptying. In

the highly inhabited quarters steel barrels were set up, which are emptied more often than the Collection

Points. And in the Suq and the main hospital in Hadibo plastic bins were set up.

Regularly the waste trucks drive their defined route to collect waste and dump it on a dump site next to

Hadibo and Qalansia.

Box 4: The present SW collection system in Socotra.

In Hadibo it is recommended to check for new locations of Collection Points (CP) and barrels (see Measure E 4 ) to keep up with the town’s fast growing population. As an improvement regarding the barrels it is suggested to fixate the barrels according to Measure E 5 . Also the region of the Mouri plain shall be included more in the collection system of Hadibo.

Figure 22: A Collection Point in Hadibo.



In Qalansia it is important to make the collection system fully functional. There are certain issues at the beach and the lagoon. The collection system must be adapted to new needs or population growth (see Measure E 4 ). As an improvement regarding the barrels it is suggested to fixate the barrels according to Measure E 5 .

Both in Hadibo and Qalansia the new landfill will be opened in the end of May 2006. It is important to run the landfill properly by covering the all parts with a bulldozer every month. It is very important that the landfill does not catch fire.

New asphalted roads to the south and east of Socotra will be finished in summer 2006. Due to these improved roads more goods are transported to remote villages. As a consequence SW is being generated in these areas. For this reason the Measures E 1 and E 2 are important to implement.

6.1.1 Collection Route in the South (E 1)

The southern region of Socotra is divided into two parts called Noghed and Qurah. Eight villages belonging to Hadibo, namely Almhtah, Bedholah, Abtaroh, Hef, Storoh, Mahfrhen, Halmeh, Handag and an army camp is to be considered in the collection route. Collection Points (CP) are to be constructed and steel barrels placed at the centres mentioned above according to Measure E 4 . Per village and military camp one CP is recommended, thus a total of 9 new CP and 3 steel barrels, equalling a total of 27 barrels.

Waste will be transported to the landfill near Hadibo. The collection will take place once a week. With increasing waste in the future the schedule might be adapted to new needs. If the south is developing strongly according to scenario 2, a future option will be a landfill in the south (Measure L 3 ).

A contractor has to be found to collect the waste. It is recommended to take the same contractor as in Hadibo and use the present equipment (truck) and personnel.

The investment cost is estimated to be 2,600 USD (see Table 28) using the present truck of the contractor of Hadibo. As a future variant a new truck can be bought for the south. The additional investment costs would be 25,000 USD. It is recommended to encourage the contractor to buy the new equipment by himself. The operational cost is estimated to be 70 USD per month (see Table 29). No maintenance costs for the trucks are included in this calculation.

Table 28: Investment costs for measure E 1. (Dilewski and Al Mahdi, 2003).

Item Per unit Amount Total

Collection point 250 USD 9 2,250 USD

Barrel 10 USD 27 270 USD

Rounding up 80 USD

Sum 2,600 USD



Figure 23: The south of Socotra.

Table 29: Operational costs per month for measure E 1, (Dilewski and Al Mahdi, 2003).

Item Per unit Amount Total per month

Workers per day per person 3 USD 4 days and 3 workers

36 USD

Driver per day 3.75 USD 4 days 15 USD

Fuel and oil per km 0.03 USD 400 km 12 USD

Rounding up 7 USD

Sum 70 USD



6.1.2 Collection Route in the East (E 2)

The east of Socotra has 9 villages called Dehamri, Qaryh, Deshas, Asamhn, Tamer, Arryhan, Lohas & Shay, Bet Grham and Gosef which have to be considered in the collection route. Waste will be transported to the landfill near Hadibo once a week. In each village a CP should be constructed and steel barrels be placed according to Measure E 4 . This will make a total of 9 CPs and 27 steel barrels. With the contractor of Hadibo it shall be agreed upon expanding the collection route to the east. The same 3 workers and one driver collect waste along a defined route once a week. The investment cost is estimated to be 2,600 USD (see Table 30). The operational cost is estimated to be 70 USD per month (see Table 31).

Figure 24: The collection of solid waste should not only be done in Hadibo and Qalansia, but also in the south and east

of Socotra.

The average salary of a Yemeni is 370US$/a. This would be an average monthly salary of 30.8US$.

These figures are from 2002 and they do not include agricultural production and foreign gainful

employment. (Reise Know-How, 2003).

Box 5: The average salary of a Yemeni.



Table 30: Investment costs for measure E 2. (Dilewski and Al Mahdi, 2003).

Item per unit Amount Total

Collection point 250 USD 9 2,250 USD


Rounding up 80 USD

Sum 2,600 USD

Table 31: Operational costs per month for measure E 2. (Dilewski and Al Mahdi, 2003).


Workers per day per person 3 USD 4 days and 3 workers

36 USD

Driver per day 3.75 USD 4 days 15 USD

Fuel and oil per km 0.03 USD 400 km 12 USD

Rounding up 7 USD

Sum 70 USD

6.1.3 Hazardous Waste Collection System (E 3)

Hazardous waste from the hospital, towns and villages should be treated separately. A special barrel shall be set up according to Measure E 1 : In Hadibo three, Qalansia and the villages connected to the existing collection system one, which makes 22 barrels. Adding 8 for unforeseen locations, 30 steel barrels are needed. The villages which are not connected to the collection system should collect the hazardous waste and bring it to the next properly equipped village. The hospital and health units collect their hazardous waste in a separate barrel. The waste truck needs to be equipped with a separated part for the hazardous waste. While collecting 'common' waste, the waste workers shall empty as well the special barrels. The hazardous waste will be brought either to the hazardous waste landfill (see Measure L 1 ) or to the normal landfill. If it is brought to the normal landfill the hazardous waste has to be treated as described in Measure L 5 . The investment costs are estimated to be 300 USD. The overall operational costs of the existing collection system will slightly increase due to more work.



Figure 25: It is important that the employees of the hospital collect the hazardous waste separately.

Table 32: Investment costs for measure E 3.

Item per Unit amount total


Sum 300 USD

6.1.4 Location of CPs and Waste Barrels (E 4)

The best places for a CP and barrels have to be defined by the three principal stakeholders, namely the head of the village, the contractor and the LC. It is important that the waste truck can reach the CP without problems and that the village is willing to bring the waste to that location. This measure should be combined with Measure E 2 , Measure E 3 and Measure E 5. The costs are estimated to be 30 USD per CP or barrel.



Table 33: Investment costs for the measure E 4.

Item Per unit Total

Salary of head of tribe/village 0 USD (included in 'job description')

0 USD

Service fee of contractor 25 USD 25 USD

Salary of the LC 0 USD (included in 'job description')

0 USD

Rounding up 5 USD

Sum 30 USD

6.1.5 Fixation of Waste Barrels (E 5)

A stake is rammed into the ground at the desired place of the barrel. A horizontal ring of metal or rope, connected by a joint with the stake holds the barrel in place. In this manner the location of the barrel is guaranteed and the goats cannot push it over.

Plastic bins are not favoured, since they have to be bought on the mainland and they might not be solid enough for the everyday use in Socotra. Metal barrels in contrast are easier to purchase on the island.

The costs are estimated to be 7 USD per barrel. It is recommended to fix those barrels which pose the most problems. Assuming 40 barrels to be fixated, the costs will be 300 USD. This measure can be applied to more barrels, as those in charge see fit. The planning and implementation shall happen through the LC. The contractor, supervisor and the SCDP act as consultants and stakeholders.

Figure 26: Conceptual drawing of the fixation.



Table 34: Investment costs for the measure E 5.

Item per Unit amount total

Holding device and installation 7 USD 40 280 USD

Rounding up 20 USD

Sum 300 USD

6.2 Awareness Creation (AC)

6.2.1 Corporate Identity (AC 1)

The CPs and barrels shall be painted yellow. The waste truck shall be marked yellow. The estimated costs are 400 USD for all barrels and CPs.

Table 35: Investment costs for the measure AC 1.

Item Per unit Amount Hadibo

Amount Qalansia

Total

Yellow Paint for CPs, barrels and trucks

80 USD 1 1 160 USD

Painter salary 100 USD 1 1 200 USD

Rounding up 40 USD

Sum 400 USD

6.2.2 Substitution of Shopping Bags (AC 2)

The plastic shopping bags lack the quality to reuse them and they are used once only. As a measure, shopping bags of better quality and/or preferably of a substitute material such as cotton, paper or palm leaves will be introduced. At the same time, it will be advised to stop the import of low quality plastic bags.

Some time ago there seemed to have been an effort to substitute plastic bags with thin wall thickness

with plastic bags with bigger wall thickness. Local commerce responded by stocking up on thin plastic

bags, which were allowed to be used until the stock ran out. In spring 2006 they were still using the thin

plastic bags. Measure AC 2 is a reminder and also a re-sensitisation for the residents to keep the island

clean of the thin plastic bags.

Box 6: Forerunner of Measure AC 2.



Bag options:

- Coordination with women’s associations in supplying shops and residents with palm leave shopping bags.

- Find a sponsor to finance cotton bags with advertisement printed on the side (possible sponsors: Yemenia Airways, fish factory, Taj Socotra, SCDP, SES, Summerland Hotel).

- Use paper bags for small amounts of goods.

The awareness work and coordination and/or finding of a sponsor should be done through an NGO. It is recommended to organise small workshops and events during a one year period to make people aware of the new bags. The estimated costs are 2,000 USD.

Table 36: Investment costs for the measure AC 2.

Item Per unit Amount Hadibo

Amount Qalansia

Total

Awareness creation event (lump sum)

1'000 USD 1 1 2,000 USD

Sum 2,000 USD

Figure 27: Small plastic bags should be substituted by paper bags.

Figure 28: Big plastic bags should be substituted by cotton or palm leave bags.



6.2.3 Planning of Tourist Trips (AC 3)

The tourist guides shall be instructed to plan trips in a way that they generate less waste during the trip. Material, which might become waste, such as packaging should be dumped before the beginning of the trip in a waste barrel or a CP.

Furthermore tourist guides have to be instructed, that they will collect the waste on a trip, bring it back and dispose it properly by putting it into a CP, steel barrel or the landfill itself.

Tourist guides shall take with them suitable equipment such as a plastic waste bag.

The costs should be covered, since either the SES or the Awareness Team of the SCDP can instruct the guides.

On the Galapagos Islands this collection system is working very well. The staff and tourists of the

cruising ships visiting the Galapagos Islands do not leave behind any waste. It is being collected by the

guides and put back on the tourist boats. The waste is then disposed of properly. In this manner the

islands are kept clean in aesthetic terms and the biota is not endangered.

Box 7: The collection system of SW on the Galapagos Islands.

6.2.4 Substitution of Batteries (AC 4)

To reduce the use of batteries, it is best to offer an alternative energy source. Often current generators driven by fuel or diesel are bought. It would be best to investigate into alternative power sources such as wind engine units or photovolatic cells. Certain projects have already been conducted with photovoltaic cells to power water pumps or similar initiatives by NGOs, bi- and multilateral organisations.

The SCDP shall coordinate with the organisations mentioned above to introduce and test alternative energy sources. Furthermore it shall make the local - especially those in remote villages - aware of the possibility to install electricity in their villages and that batteries can cause damage to the environment and to their health.



6.3 Landfill (L)

SW is to be dumped at a secure location. Security depends on two factors: the location, where the waste will be dumped and the type of waste. Non hazardous waste can be dumped at a well chosen landfill. Hazardous waste has either to be sealed and then dumped on non hazardous waste or if it is not sealed then put on specially crafted hazardous landfill. The following measures in this chapter describe only part of the landfill, the collection system is described in Chapter 'Expand SWMP'.

Figure 29: The landfill has to be covered with soil.

6.3.1 Sealed Barrels of Hazardous Waste on Landfill (L 1)

Hazardous SW, namely hospital waste and batteries shall be put into steel or plastic barrels and filled up with concrete or asphalt. Sealed barrels shall be dumped on the normal landfill (Vest and Bosch, 2002). The location for the processing of hazardous waste, especially the sealing, is best next to the landfill. This measure must be combined with Measure E 5 .

Investment costs are estimated to be 7,000 USD. The handling of the device can be done either through the person looking after the landfill or the waste personnel.



Table 37: Investment costs for measure L 1.

Item per unit Amount Total

Cement mixing and filling facility

7,000 USD 1 7,000 USD

Sum 7,000 USD

6.4 Separate and Recycle (SR)

The components of plastic, metal, organic waste and paper and cardboard of the generated waste in Socotra are all possible resources. Reuse is in most cases profitable.

6.4.1 Separate and Recycle PET Bottles (SR 1)

An NGO working together with locals sets up a showcase recycling system for PET bottles. A contractor from the mainland and a space for storing the bottles has to be found. A shredding or press machine has to be bought. Per PET bottle a small amount of money is paid to encourage people to collect bottles.

The price of one tonne of PET on the market is about 400 USD. In 2004, in Socotra 3,357 of waste was generated, 12 % consisted of plastic, of which about half was PET. Taking thus 5% of the total waste as PET that would make 168t of PET for 2004 (14t per month). This means, that about 10,000 bottles of PET are used per day (assuming the weight of one bottle to be 33 grams). Having a return rate of 50%, 7 tons per month could be sold. When calculating the balance with these figures (see Table 39), PET collection is highly profitable.

Table 38: Investment costs for the measure SR 1.


Shredder/press 7,000 USD 1 7,000 USD

Sum 7,000 USD



Table 39: Monthly balance of 2004 for measure SR 1.

Item Per unit Amount Revenue per month

Expenses per month

Total plastic waste in Socotra in 2004

390 to

Total plastic waste in Socotra per month in 2004

32 to

Total PET per month (assuming 45% PET)

14 to

50% PET collected 7 to

Shipment 20 USD 7 to 140 USD

Weight of 1 PET bottle 33 gram

Number of bottles returned 21,000

Expense for collected PET 0.0041 USD (1 YR)

21,000 87 USD

Revenue for collected bottles 400 USD 7 to 2,800 USD

Worker (per month per person)

50 USD 1 50 USD

Rental of building 100 USD 1 100 USD

Rounding up 23 USD

Sum 2,800 USD 400 USD

Balance + 2,400 USD

6.4.2 Separate and Recycle Metal (SR 2)

Tin and aluminium cans are already collected by a private entrepreneur. Car wrecks are also recycled to a certain degree. It is recommended to help the entrepreneur by providing awareness campaigns in the countryside and in Qalansia to inform people that tin and aluminium cans are collected and that the entrepreneur is willing to pay a certain amount of money for them (50 YR per bag, Dilewski and Al Mahdi, 2003). Car wrecks should be removed from the roads and streets and stored in a suitable location. This can be a maintenance area (see Measure SR 6 ) or an area of land provided by the LC. Transport from the street or road to a dedicated area should be done through the recycling entrepreneur. Investment costs are estimated to be 1,000 USD and operational costs 50 USD per month.



Table 40: Investment costs for the measure SR 2.

Item Per unit Amount district Hadibo

Amount district

Qalansia

Total

Awareness campaign 500 USD 1 1 1,000 USD

Sum 1,000 USD

Table 41: Operational costs per month for measure SR 2.

Item Per unit Amount district Hadibo

Amount district

Qalansia

Total per month

Rental of car wreck area 50 USD 1 50 USD

Sum 50 USD

Calculating the balance for tin and metal can recycling should net a possible profit of 4,200. See Table 42.



Table 42: Monthly balance of 2005 for measure SR 2.

Item Per unit Amount Revenue per month

Expenses per month

Total metal waste in Socotra in 2004

1,125 to

Total metal waste in Socotra per month in 2004

94 to

Total cans per month (assuming 45% cans)

42 to

30% cans collected (assumed by the authors)

13 to

Shipment per tonne 20 USD 13 to 260 USD

Weight of 1 can (assumed by the authors)

50 gram

Number of returned cans 260,000

Number of cans in a bag (assumed by the authors)

100

Number of returned bags 2,600

Expense for collected bags 0.21 USD (50 YR)

2,600 546 USD

Revenue for collected cans per to

400 USD 13 to 5,200 USD

Worker (per month per person)

50 USD 1 50 USD

Rental of building 100 USD 1 100 USD

Rounding up 44 USD

Sum 5,200 USD 1,000 USD

Balance + 4,200 USD



6.4.3 Separate and Recycle Organic Waste (SR 3)

Organic waste should not be composted and reused unless it is certain, that it originates from Socotra. Organic waste from alien and/or introduced species must be burned or dumped in order to prevent the expansion of alien plants which could endanger the local flora. Composting and then spreading the humus all over the island by selling it to the local people would be a very rapid means of spreading seeds. If organic matter is eaten by goats, the seeds are normally not destroyed. It is sometimes even beneficial for plants during their initial growth period, because the seed is located in a rich environment (the dropping). It is recommended to dump the organic waste which can be collected with the waste collection system.

As a special case the fish factory produces a lot of local organic waste which is very rich in nitrogen. As a showcase the composting of the fish waste should be implemented.

The home garden section of SCDP should act as the executive force, if needed in consultancy with an NGO. Fish waste shall be put together in heaps and covered with living soil. After about 6 months the fish waste is transformed into humus which can be used for home gardens. As a second step, composting should become private and economic (the humus can be sold) and environmentally sustainable.

There are no explicit investment and operational costs. SCDP and the NGO are already funded and the factory’s fish waste can be used for free. SCDP and/or another NGO should lead the way to promote composting of fish waste.

Table 43: Table on how to handle different organic wastes.

Type of waste Danger for Socotra What to do

Organic waste collectable with the waste collection system

Yes Landfill

Organic waste not collectable by the waste collection system

Minimal Do nothing

Fish waste from the locals No Landfill / composting / feeding to the goats

Fish waste from the fish factory No Showcase composting with SCDP and an NGO



6.5 Planning (P 1)

While planning new buildings or factories it must be taken into consideration on how the respective unit is handling waste. The LC shall work closely together with the Ministry of Construction to guarantee the consideration of waste handling.

It is important to figure out the approximate amount of waste and its components which will be generated by public building or factories. Furthermore, it should be ascertained if any of the waste components are hazardous waste for the island (see Chapter 'Hazardous Waste' and literature). If there is any possibility to reduce waste, a proposal should be made to the entrepreneur. It must be made sure that the waste is disposed of properly and that the operational and investment costs are covered. The situation should be checked regularly (e.g. once a year).

As a support a checklist can be found in the Annex, Chapter 12.2.

There are no additional costs, since the actual work is included in the 'job description' for the people in charge.

6.6 Tourist Tax (T 1)

A tourist tax can be raised through flight tickets. At present a flight from the mainland of Yemen to Socotra costs for a Yemeni as well as for tourists around 120 USD (spring 2006). Adding 5 USD per ticket per tourist would allow in financing tourism related expenses, for example in the case of collection of SW at tourist sites and in the main towns of Hadibo and Qalansia.

Assuming tourist growth is slightly stronger than foreseen in the masterplan, the revenue will be at least 3000 USD in 2010 and 6,000 USD in 2015.



Table 44: tax income for measure T 1.

Item Per unit Amount Revenue per year, Masterplan

Revenue per year, range of the

scenarios 1 to 3

Tourist tax 5 USD

20% for SWM 1 USD

Tourists 2005, Masterplan

1 USD 1,000 1,000 USD

Tourists 2005, full range

1 USD 1,000 1,000 USD

Sum 2005 1,000 USD 1,000 USD


1 USD 3,000 3,000 USD


1 USD 1,500 - 5,000 1,500 - 5,000 USD

Sum 2010 3,000 USD 1,500 - 5,000 USD


1 USD 6,000 6,000 USD


1 USD 2,000 - 20,000

2,000 – 20,000 USD

Sum 2015 6,000 USD 2,000 - 20,000 USD



7 Partially recommended measures

The partially recommended measures are still favoured by the authors, but they have at present major drawbacks which make them less attractive to implement.

7.1 Awareness Creation

7.1.1 Reduction of Solid Waste (AC 5)

If a fraction of the waste is recycled, goods shall be preferred which consist of this fraction.

There is for example already a small metal recycling system running. It is thus better to import goods packed in cans - if this exists - than in other non recyclable material like glass.

There are certain problems. Firstly, regarding the countryside, in certain circumstances they have more waste to get rid of than before. Secondly, it is a big organisational effort to force the change of goods and to close possible loopholes.

7.2 Landfill

7.2.1 Construction of Hazardous Landfill (L 2)

A local consultant needs to carry out a trench site selection study. It is preferably built in the vicinity of the new landfill of Hadibo. This measure must be combined with Measure E 5 to have a fully functional hazardous SWM. The hazardous landfill shall be built according to the plans described (Vest and Bosch, 2002).

Investment costs are estimated to be 61,000 USD.



Figure 30: Draft of a hazardous landfill (Vest and Bosch, 2002).

The investment costs are estimated to be 61,000 USD.



Site selection study 1,000 USD 1 1,000 USD

Construction of hazardous landfill

60,000 USD 1 60,000 USD

Sum 61,000 USD

The small scale solution of the hazardous waste disposal is favoured, namely Measure L 1. It is implemented sooner and does not cost as much as this measure.



7.2.2 Construction of a Landfill in the South (L 3)

A local consultant needs to carry out a landfill site selection study for the south of Socotra. It is recommended to use the same procedure as is cited in Al-Kahlani, 2004a & 2004b. Once the landfill location has been found, it shall be built. This measure must be combined with Measure E 2 . The maintenance of the landfill includes covering all parts of the landfill and compacting the waste with a bulldozer. The investment costs are estimated to be 91,000 USD. The operational costs are estimated to be 50 USD per month.

It is recommended to have as few landfills as possible. In the present and near future generated waste in the southern part of the island is very low. Transport of waste to the landfill of Hadibo is seen as the optimal solution. If there will be a very strong development in the south of Socotra, this measure should be taken into consideration again.



Site selection study 1,000 USD 1 1,000 USD

Construction of landfill 60,000 USD 1 60,000 USD

Bulldozer 30,000 USD 1 30,000 USD

Sum 91,000 USD

Table 47: Operational costs per month for measure L 3.


Worker (month/person) 50 USD 1 50 USD

Sum 50 USD

7.3 Separate and Recycle

7.3.1 Separate and Recycle Paper and Cardboard (SR 4)

In the present situation there is very few paper and cardboard waste in Socotra (67t per year). It is thus difficult to establish a recycling system with a recycling factory on the mainland or abroad. As an alternative paper and cardboard can be recycled on the island. For example, the Women’s Association can produce recycled postcards. However, with this amount of paper and cardboard the measure might not to be profitable.



7.3.2 Deposit (SR 5)

With the entry of goods at the airport or jetty a deposit on recyclable components is collected by the district of Hadibo. The deposit will be given back to the people collecting the matter and bringing them to a collection place. This measure is best implemented with Measure SR 6 .

The situation with the law is not clear. It needs further study of a Yemeni SW expert, for example by a Yemeni employee of GTZ. The operational costs are estimated to be 80 USD.

Table 48: Operational costs per month for measure SR 5.


Tax collector at airport and jetty (month/person)

63 USD 1 63 USD

Driver per day 3 USD 4 days 12 USD

Rounding up 5 USD

Sum 80 USD

7.3.3 Private Maintenance Area (SR 6)

A private maintenance area will be run according to the push principle ("Bring-Prinzip"). The operator can share certain infrastructure to keep costs low and the residents know where to bring the matter. As an example a consortium of recycling entrepreneurs run a maintenance area in the vicinity of Hadibo. The residents can bring recyclable waste to the maintenance area, where they in turn receive an amount of money.

This measure is becoming interesting, when there is enough recycling economy on the island. At present and in the near future, it is too early to implement a maintenance area. This measure only makes sense if combined with Measures SR 1, SR 2, SR 3 and SR 4.



8 Measures not recommended

8.1 Landfill

8.1.1 Construction of a Landfill on the Mouri Plain (L 4)

For the landfill on the Mouri Plain the same procedures can be taken as in Measure L3 . Investment and operational costs are also the same as in Measure L3 . See Table 46 and Table 47 for financial details.

The landfill of Hadibo is sufficiently close to the Mouri region. We strongly recommend dumping the waste there. Furthermore the more people that are served by one landfill, the lower the relative running costs will be (see Figure 31). In this manner it is also more profitable to dismiss the landfill on the Mouri Plain.

Figure 31: Specific costs for controlled landfills in relation to the served population.



8.1.2 Deep Sea Disposal (L 5)

Waste will be disposed of in the deep sea some kilometres ashore. This measure is not recommended, because there is a high risk of contaminating and destroying the fauna and flora of the sea, if not, only vegetable/putrescible waste is disposed in that manner.

8.2 Incineration (I 1)

A waste combustor must be built with proper filter system. This measure would be good to reduce waste, but the costs are too high at present. For example, the waste combustor built 1996 in Baselland in Switzerland cost 200m USD. Even a waste combustor with highly reduced costs and adapted to local Yemeni standards will still have very high costs.



9 Conclusion

The present SWM situation in Socotra is still in its initial phase. Nevertheless, it is a promising start, waste is already being collected in the main towns of Hadibo and Qalansia and the people of the island understand the need for waste collection.

The analysis of SW prospects is carried out by means of three scenarios. The following impact assessment shows a growing amount of SW as well as an increase in hazardous waste, not only in the urban but also in rural areas and tourist locations which can be very sensitive to certain components of SW.

As a solution, a wide range of possible measures to counter the SW problem, not only for present but also its future development and for most of the components and locations, is suggested.

As short term measures it is important to keep the current system running and expand it where necessary. Furthermore it is strongly recommended to start recycling certain components of waste - as a showcase it is suggested a PET recycling system. The inhabitants of Socotra have to be made aware of the waste problem. It is recommended to paint all waste related infrastructure yellow and help people reduce waste by substituting plastic bags with bags of alternative material. To face possible future waste sources it is recommended to consider SW in the planning of new buildings. The growing amount of hazardous waste needs at least in the medium term a solution to collect and dump it securely. The recycling of more components of waste is also recommended in the medium term. One possible funding source, a tourist tax system for tourist related SW is proposed.

This report shall be used as an SWM masterplan for Socotra to help and advise the authorities and those in charge to take action regarding SW.



10 Next Steps

This report is aimed to give an overview of the SW situation and the possible measures in Socotra. Many measures have been looked into and recommended, but they can not be regarded as implementing instructions. It is thus necessary to investigate more into certain measures and topics. For this purpose recommendations are given in this Chapter on how and where to proceed.

10.1 Scenarios and impact

In the scenarios industrial and army waste is only broadly estimated. In the future it might play an important role regarding waste generation, it is thus recommended at a minimum to monitor these topics or even better, find out about future industrial and army plans of the army. These are delicate topics, so a certain connection to the right people might be of considerable help.

Hazardous waste is posing a threat to the island. More precise studies on what kind of hazardous waste would help to find appropriate measures to protect the island.

10.2 Measures

According to calculations PET recycling is highly profitable while reducing waste. Due to the fact that local people do not yet have the necessary knowledge to plan, implement and run a PET recycling facility, we suggest to 1) find a coordinator (this might be a post-graduate student at FHNW or a volunteer), 2) find an NGO or a bi- or multilateral organisation such as partner for financing (non exhaustive list: GTZ, Italian Red Cross, World Bank, GEF). 3) Find a local partner from Socotra for training.

Fish waste from the fish factory is a very good to compost. With some experimenting it should be possible to compost fish waste without stench or any other annoyances. The cycle to compost takes at least 5 to 6 months. We recommend initiating composts tests. A coordinator would be needed, ideally a volunteer, from the agricultural section working together with a staff member from SCDP, (homegarden section).

Recycling is an important part of reducing waste. To ease the handling and storage of to-be-recycled SW, the (private) maintenance area (SR6, chapter 7.3.3) would be the right choice. It is recommended to investigate in a feasibility study of measure SR6.

The measure Deposit (SR 5, chapter 7.3.2) might be a good mean in the long run to guarantee a high return rate of recyclable SW. It is thus recommended to check the feasibility of finances, logistics, sociological/cultural aspects and legal aspects.



10.3 Varia

Belonging broadly to solid waste, used oil is beginning to cause environmental problems. A study on how to handle used car engine oil and boat motor oil would be recommended.

Due to system boundaries we did not look into waste emanating from the sea, as well waste which is dumped into the sea. Investigations should be made to find out if this is a threat for the island and marine life and what can be done against it.



11 References

Adlexikon (2006), http://www.adlexikon.de/Massentourismus.shtml.

Al-Kahlani, M.M. (2004a), Final Report on the Selection of a Suitable Landfill - Site fotrthe Town Qalansiyah, Tech-Report for the MPWH.

Al-Kahlani, M.M. (2004b), Final Report on the Selection of a Suitable Landfill - Site for the Town of Hadibo, Tech-Report for the MPWH.

Bernstein, J. (2004), Toolkit. Social Assessment and public participation in municipal solid waste management, Urban Environment Thematic Group.

Bundesamt für Statistik (Hrsg.), Umwelt Schweiz (2002), Statistiken und Analysen, Neuchâtel 2002, 322 pages.

Ceballos-Lascurbain, H. (1999), Ecotourism Development Plan for Socotra Archipelago. Yemen (Phase II), UNOPS Special Service Agreement N° 99-15248.

Coad, A. (2005), Private Sector Involvement in Solid Waste Management, Avoiding Problems and Building on Success, CWG - Collaborative Working Group on Solid Waste Management in Low- and Middle-income countries, St. Gallen.

Cointreau-Levine, S. (1997), Galapagos Program of Integrated Environmental Management. Inter-American Development Bank Project Preparation. Solid Waste Management Component, Tech-Report for the Galapagos Environmental Management Program.

CSO, (2004), Statistical Year-Book 2004, General Department of Dessimenation and Publishing, http://www.cso-yemen.org

Dilewski, G. and A. Al Mahdi (2003), Improvement of the SWM situation in Hadibo and Qualancya, Socotra Island, Tech-Report for SCDP.

Environment Protection Council (2000), Conservation Zoning Plan of Socotra Islands, Presidential Decree No. 275, UNDP-GEF Socotra Biodiversity Project YEM/96/G32.

Holcim, GTZ (2006), Guidelines on Co-processing Waste Materials in Cement Production, The GTZ-Holcim Public Private Partnership.

Johnstone, N. (2005), Working Group on Waste Prevention and Recycling, Improving Recycling Markets, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmnet (OECD), ENV/EPOC/WGWPR(2005)3/FINAL, Paris, France.

Mackay, P. (2003), The Socotra Islands Nature-Based Tourism Development Program 2003 - 2006.

Mutz, D. and D. Rethwilm (2003), Beratung zur Abfallvermeidung und -entsorgung im Jemen, PN 2000.2098.2. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH.

Reise Know-How (2003), Jemen Reisehandbuch. Reise Know-How. Reisen und Wandern in Arabia-Felix, 3. print run, Reise Know-How Daerr GmbH.



Siebert, T. (2005), Solid Waste Management Project in Socotra, State of the Art Report, Tech-Report for SCDP.

Somma, S. and M. Milite (2005), Analysis and Characterization of the Socio-economic Context of Socotra Island. Baseline Study for the DSS Implementation, Tech-Report for SCDP.

WS Atkins International (2002), Socotra Archipelago Masterplan YEM/B7-3000/IB/97/0787. Phase II: Final Report. Project 1 to 8, Report for the Commission of the European Communities - Republic of Yemen.

UNDP (2004), Human Development Report 2004, Country Fact Sheet, Yemen.

Vest, H., and F. Jantsch (1999), Abfälle aus medizinischen Einrichtungen, Umwelt-Handbuch, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ), Deutschland.

Vest, H., and F. Bosch (2002), Verbesserung der Entsorgung in städtischen Armutsgebieten, Baustein 1: Technische Konzepte, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH.



12 Annex

12.1 Calculation of scenarios 1, 2 and 3

Ann

ex 1

2.1

SW

M M

aste

rpla

n of

Soc

otra

, Yem

en

To

tal a

mo

un

tF

ract

ion

ed

SW

(t/a

)S

W (

t/a)

SW

(t/a

)S

W (

t/a)

SW

(t/a

)C

ompo

sitio

n of

was

teP

erce

ntS

W (

t/a)

SW

(t/a

)S

W (

t/a)

SW

(t/a

)S

W (

t/a)

(sce

nario

1,

Yea

r19

9420

0420

0520

1020

152

and

3)19

9420

0420

0520

1020

15

Po

pu

lati

on

Sce

nario

12'

001

3'17

5

6'

621

10'6

69

V

eget

able

/Put

resc

ible

34%

680

1'

080

2'25

1

3'

628

t/a2'

001

3'17

5

6'

621

10'6

69

P

aper

and

Car

ton

2%40

64

132

21

3

t/a2'

001

3'17

5

6'

621

10'6

69

P

last

ic12

%24

0

381

79

5

1'28

0

t/a

2'00

1

3'

175

6'62

1

10

'669

Met

al35

%70

0

1'11

1

2'

317

3'73

4

t/a

2'00

1

3'

175

6'62

1

10

'669

Gla

ss6%

120

19

1

397

64

0

t/a2'

001

3'17

5

6'

621

10'6

69

R

ubbe

r, M

isc.

11%

220

34

9

728

1'

174

t/a

Tot

al S

cena

rio 1

100%

2'00

1

3'

175

6'62

1

10

'669

t/a

Sce

nario

22'

001

3'17

5

6'

778

12'5

69

V

eget

able

/Put

resc

ible

34%

680

1'

080

2'30

5

4'

274

t/a2'

001

3'17

5

6'

778

12'5

69

P

aper

and

Car

ton

2%40

64

136

25

1

t/a2'

001

3'17

5

6'

778

12'5

69

P

last

ic12

%24

0

381

81

3

1'50

8

t/a

2'00

1

3'

175

6'77

8

12

'569

Met

al35

%70

0

1'11

1

2'

372

4'39

9

t/a

2'00

1

3'

175

6'77

8

12

'569

Gla

ss6%

120

19

1

407

75

4

t/a2'

001

3'17

5

6'

778

12'5

69

R

ubbe

r, M

isc.

11%

220

34

9

746

1'

383

t/a

Tot

al S

cena

rio 2

100%

2'00

1

3'

175

6'77

8

12

'569

t/a

Sce

nario

32'

001

3'17

5

5'

307

8'47

7

Veg

etab

le/P

utre

scib

le34

%68

0

1'08

0

1'

804

2'88

2

t/a

2'00

1

3'

175

5'30

7

8'

477

P

aper

and

Car

ton

2%40

64

106

17

0

t/a2'

001

3'17

5

5'

307

8'47

7

Pla

stic

12%

240

38

1

637

1'

017

t/a2'

001

3'17

5

5'

307

8'47

7

Met

al35

%70

0

1'11

1

1'

858

2'96

7

t/a

2'00

1

3'

175

5'30

7

8'

477

G

lass

6%12

0

191

31

8

509

t/a

2'00

1

3'

175

5'30

7

8'

477

R

ubbe

r, M

isc.

11%

220

34

9

584

93

2

t/a

Tot

al S

cena

rio 3

100%

2'00

1

3'

175

5'30

7

8'

477

t/a

Ret

o Lo

retz

, Fel

ix M

artin

Sch

ool o

f Li

fe S

cien

ces

12.1

.1/4

Ann

ex 1

2.1

SW

M M

aste

rpla

n of

Soc

otra

, Yem

en

To

uri

sm

Sce

nario

11.

52.

88.

416

.8V

eget

able

/Put

resc

ible

50%

0.77

1.4

4.2

8.4

t/a1.

52.

88.

416

.8P

aper

and

Car

ton

2%0.

030.

056

0.16

80.

336

t/a1.

52.

88.

416

.8P

last

ic10

%0.

150.

280.

841.

68t/a

1.5

2.8

8.4

16.8

Met

al25

%0.

390.

72.

14.

2t/a

1.5

2.8

8.4

16.8

Gla

ss10

%0.

150.

280.

841.

68t/a

1.5

2.8

8.4

16.8

Rub

ber,

Mis

c.3%

0.05

0.08

40.

252

0.50

4t/a

Tot

al S

cena

rio 1

100%

1.54

2.80

8.40

16.8

0t/a

Sce

nario

21.

52.

814

.056

.0V

eget

able

/Put

resc

ible

50%

0.77

1.4

728

t/a1.

52.

814

.056

.0P

aper

and

Car

ton

2%0.

030.

056

0.28

1.12

t/a1.

52.

814

.056

.0P

last

ic10

%0.

150.

281.

45.

6t/a

1.5

2.8

14.0

56.0

Met

al25

%0.

390.

73.

514

t/a1.

52.

814

.056

.0G

lass

10%

0.15

0.28

1.4

5.6

t/a1.

52.

814

.056

.0R

ubbe

r, M

isc.

3%0.

050.

084

0.42

1.68

t/a

Tot

al S

cena

rio 2

100%

1.54

2.80

14.0

056

.00

t/a

Sce

nario

31.

52.

84.

25.

6V

eget

able

/Put

resc

ible

50%

0.77

1.4

2.1

2.8

t/a1.

52.

84.

25.

6P

aper

and

Car

ton

2%0.

030.

056

0.08

40.

112

t/a1.

52.

84.

25.

6P

last

ic10

%0.

150.

280.

420.

56t/a

1.5

2.8

4.2

5.6

Met

al25

%0.

390.

71.

051.

4t/a

1.5

2.8

4.2

5.6

Gla

ss10

%0.

150.

280.

420.

56t/a

1.5

2.8

4.2

5.6

Rub

ber,

Mis

c.3%

0.05

0.08

40.

126

0.16

8t/a

Tot

al S

cena

rio 3

100%

1.54

2.80

4.20

5.60

t/a

Ind

ust

ry

Sce

nario

110

9.5

547.

510

95.0

not f

ract

ione

dt/a

Ret

o Lo

retz

, Fel

ix M

artin

Sch

ool o

f Li

fe S

cien

ces

12.1

.2/4

Ann

ex 1

2.1

SW

M M

aste

rpla

n of

Soc

otra

, Yem

en

Sce

nario

210

9.5

876.

032

85.0

not f

ract

ione

dt/a

Sce

nario

310

9.5

328.

576

6.5

not f

ract

ione

dt/a

Ho

spit

al

Tot

al S

W

Sce

nario

125

.050

.010

0.0

t/a

Sce

nario

225

.075

.015

0.0

t/a

Sce

nario

325

3775

t/a

Haz

ardo

us S

W10

%

Sce

nario

12.

55.

010

.0t/a

Sce

nario

22.

57.

515

.0t/a

Sce

nario

32.

53.

77.

5t/a

'Nor

mal

' SW

90%

Sce

nario

122

.545

.090

.0V

eget

able

/Put

resc

ible

34%

7.7

15

.3

30

.6

t/a

22.5

45.0

90.0

Pap

er a

nd C

arto

n2%

0.5

0.

9

1.8

t/a

22.5

45.0

90.0

Pla

stic

12%

2.7

5.

4

10.8

t/a22

.545

.090

.0M

etal

35%

7.9

15

.8

31

.5

t/a

22.5

45.0

90.0

Gla

ss6%

1.4

2.

7

5.4

t/a

22.5

45.0

90.0

Rub

ber,

Mis

c.11

%2.

5

5.0

9.

9

t/a

Tot

al s

cena

rio 1

100%

22.5

45.0

90.0

t/a

Ret

o Lo

retz

, Fel

ix M

artin

Sch

ool o

f Li

fe S

cien

ces

12.1

.3/4

Ann

ex 1

2.1

SW

M M

aste

rpla

n of

Soc

otra

, Yem

en

Sce

nario

222

.567

.513

5.0

Veg

etab

le/P

utre

scib

le34

%7.

7

23.0

45.9

t/a22

.567

.513

5.0

Pap

er a

nd C

arto

n2%

0.5

1.

4

2.7

t/a

22.5

67.5

135.

0P

last

ic12

%2.

7

8.1

16

.2

t/a

22.5

67.5

135.

0M

etal

35%

7.9

23

.6

47

.3

t/a

22.5

67.5

135.

0G

lass

6%1.

4

4.1

8.

1

t/a22

.567

.513

5.0

Rub

ber,

Mis

c.11

%2.

5

7.4

14

.9

t/a

Tot

al s

cena

rio 1

100%

22.5

67.5

135.

0

t/a

Sce

nario

322

.533

.367

.5V

eget

able

/Put

resc

ible

34%

7.7

11

.3

23

.0

t/a

22.5

33.3

67.5

Pap

er a

nd C

arto

n2%

0.5

0.

7

1.4

t/a

22.5

33.3

67.5

Pla

stic

12%

2.7

4.

0

8.1

t/a

22.5

33.3

67.5

Met

al35

%7.

9

11.7

23.6

t/a22

.533

.367

.5G

lass

6%1.

4

2.0

4.

1

t/a22

.533

.367

.5R

ubbe

r, M

isc.

11%

2.5

3.

7

7.4

t/a

Tot

al s

cena

rio 1

100%

22.5

33.3

67.5

t/a

Arm

y

NB

. it i

s as

sum

ed, t

hat a

ll 3

scen

ario

s ha

ve th

e sa

me

deve

lopm

ent

NB

. it i

s as

sum

ed, t

hat t

he c

ompo

sitio

n of

the

SW

of

the

arm

y is

the

sam

e as

the

one

of th

e po

pula

tion

Sce

nario

s45

.060

.075

.0V

eget

able

/Put

resc

ible

34%

15.3

20.4

25.5

t/a1,

2 a

nd 3

45.0

60.0

75.0

Pap

er a

nd C

arto

n2%

0.9

1.2

1.5

t/a45

.060

.075

.0P

last

ic12

%5.

47.

29

t/a45

.060

.075

.0M

etal

35%

15.7

521

26.2

5t/a

45.0

60.0

75.0

Gla

ss6%

2.7

3.6

4.5

t/a45

.060

.075

.0R

ubbe

r, M

isc.

11%

4.95

6.6

8.25

t/a

Tot

al s

cena

rio 1

,2,3

100%

45.0

60.0

75.0

t/a

Ret

o Lo

retz

, Fel

ix M

artin

Sch

ool o

f Li

fe S

cien

ces

12.1

.4/4



12.2 Checklist for measure Planning



Solid Waste Planning

Name ofcompany/building Date

Coordinator of LC

Kind and amount of waste Plastic kg

Metal kg

Organic waste kg

Paper and cardboard kg

Glass kg

Misc. kg

Total kg

What is dangerous

Reduce waste

Make sure, that waste is disposed properly

Guarantee financing

Guarantee monitoring

Solid Waste Masterplan of Socotra, Yemen R. Loretz, F. Martin, 2006

nds-u thesis 2006 swm masterplan for socotra, yemen · the socotra archipelago, belonging to the...

Documents