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First Launch of Discovery Program Andrew Cheng (NEAR Project Scientist) Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous

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Page 1: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

First Launch of Discovery Program

Andrew Cheng (NEAR Project Scientist)

Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Launch Feb 1996 Earth swingby

Eros 1998 and 2000

Eros December 23, 1998

NEAR

•  The first asteroid mission

•  The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde)

•  The first asteroid rendezvous (433 Eros) –  First orbital operations around a small, irregular body

•  The first asteroid landing (433 Eros)

Page 4: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

More “firsts”

•  Programmatic and institutional firsts – First planetary mission at APL (also a first for

NASA) •  First use of internet for internal and

external project communications as well as outreach – A.F. Cheng blog, NEAR image of the day

•  First missions with open data policy requirements and archive requirements to the Planetary Data System

Page 5: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

“faster, cheaper, better”

•  NEAR: a new way of doing business, at lower cost, with acceptable risk

Page 6: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

Focused Mission

[original slide scanned from hard copy which predates Powerpoint]

Page 7: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

Management Principles

Page 8: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

Facility Instruments

[scanned original slide with ancient typos]

Page 9: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

NEAR Implementation

•  APL responsible for project management

•  APL spacecraft

•  APL provided facility instruments –  NASA selected facility instrument science team

–  NASA selected a participating scientist team

•  APL responsible for mission operations

•  JPL responsible for navigation and DSN support

Page 10: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

Simple Spacecraft

Page 11: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

Schedule set in 1992 and followed through launch

Page 12: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

How it was done

Page 13: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

Mission Milestones

•  Launch (February 17, 1996)

•  Mathilde Encounter (June 27, 1997)

•  Earth Flyby (January 23, 1998)

•  Eros Flyby (December 23, 1998)

•  Eros orbit insertion (February 14, 2000)

•  Eros landing (February 12, 2001)

•  Landed science operations through end of mission (February 28, 2001)

Page 14: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

One very bad day

Page 15: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

Mission Operations learned in flight

•  Concept of operations developed after launch for a small team –  There was no good model for NEAR (the last orbital

mission was Galileo) •  Little or no simulation of orbital operations

–  No previous orbital mission around an irregularly shaped, small object

–  Navigational accuracy could not be predicted –  Spacecraft predicted to safe often (which did NOT

happen) •  Eros flyby was in some sense a blessing

Page 16: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

Mission Success

Page 17: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

The First Asteroid Landing

•  Spacecraft not designed for landing"

•  Touchdown at ~1.6 m/s, 316 million km from Earth"•  Spacecraft

acquired scientific data for two weeks after landing"

Page 18: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

Science Success

•  All science objectives met or exceeded

•  More science and data returned than originally planned – More than 10x number of images

– Two low altitude flybys (under 5 km)

– Landing and science operations on the surface

•  No major spacecraft anomalies at Eros

Page 19: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

Geologically Active Surfaces

Lobate, downslope-oriented bright streaks at 2.5 m/px in crater Selene

Page 20: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

A pond on Eros and a nearby debris flow

Page 21: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - NASA · 3 NEAR • The first asteroid mission • The first spacecraft visit to a C-type asteroid (flyby of 253 Mathilde) • The first asteroid rendezvous

A Completely Different Asteroid

•  Head and Body? [contact binary]

•  Perched boulders •  A pond

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