near-zero power radio frequency receivers2017.ieee-rfid.org/files/2017/01/rfid2017_distar.pdf ·...
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Near-Zero Power Radio Frequency Receivers
IEEE RFID 2017
May 11, 2017
Troy Olsson, Ph.D.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Radoslav Bogoslovov, Ph.D.
ECS Federal
Christal Gordon, Ph.D.
Booz Allen Hamilton
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N-ZERO Vision: Persistent Sensing for the DoD
N-ZERO seeks to greatly extend mission capabilities and lifetime at reduced cost
Geophone recording of activity followed by RF transmission
Activity
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N-ZERO Vision: OFF but ALERT!
Devices are OFF (zero power consumption) yet continually ALERT!
N-ZERO passive sensor wake-up:
• Continuous operation and near-zero power processing
• Persistent sensing with greatly extended lifetime and reduced cost
• Multiple sensing modalities with sensor fusion
Battery leakage, active processing and
N-ZERO wake-up
Battery drainage by active wake-up
circuitry
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Smart Cities Applications
4
• Unattended sensors• Communications nodes• IoT devices
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Coin
Cell
Lifetim
e (
Days)
5
0.14 1.4 14 144 1440 Min/Day
Sensor Recording
Current State-of-the-Art (SOA):Awaiting Activity Constrains Mission Life
Unattended Sensors and Radios
Power draw waiting for information (wake-up limited)
Power draw from processing information (activity limited)
0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 % of Time
Unattended sensors
Passenger car
Acoustic signature @ 3 m standoff
Norm
aliz
ed A
mplit
ude
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Coin
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Lifetim
e (
Days)
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0.14 1.4 14 144 1440 Recording (Min./Day)Sensor
0.1 1 10 100 1000 Comms. (Mb/Day)Radio
Unattended Sensors and Radios
Current SOA:Awaiting Activity Constrains Mission Life
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Coin
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Lifetim
e (
Days)
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0.14 1.4 14 144 1440 Recording (Min./Day)Sensor
0.1 1 10 100 1000 Comms. (Mb/Day)Radio
Staying ALERT requiresACTIVE POWER!
Current SOA:Awaiting Activity Constrains Mission Life
Unattended Sensors and Radios
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0
50
100
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1 2
Avera
ge P
ow
er
(µW
)
The N-ZERO Advantage
• Staying alert requires active power• Wake-up and synchronization consume
> 95% of battery life for sparse signals
0
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1 2
Avera
ge P
ow
er
(µW
)
Analog Wake-UpAlways Consumes Power
Recording 1.4 Min/Day
~ 1 Month Device Lifetime from
Coin Cell98%
8
Savings FromN-ZEROPassiveWake-up
~ 5 Year Device Lifetime from
Coin Cell
Recording 1.4 Min/Day
0
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25
1 2 3
Avera
ge P
ow
er
(mW
)
~ 1 Month Device Lifetime
Transmit Data
6 Mb/Day
Receive Data
12 MB/Day
Periodic Wake-up and Synchronization
95%
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3
Avera
ge P
ow
er
(mW
)Transmit
Data6 Mb/Day
Receive Data
12 MB/Day
Savings From N-ZERO Passive Wake-Up
~ 24 Month Device Lifetime
• OFF but constantly ALERT• Wake-up and synchronization
do not drain lifetime
Unattended Ground Sensors
UGS RF Transceivers
N-ZERO
N-ZERO
Example Microsystem Example Microsystem w/ N-ZERO
Example Radio Example Radio w/ N-ZERO
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N-ZERO Concept
• N-ZERO senses the environment 100% of the time at near-zero power
• N-ZERO uses energy in the signals to perform signal processing to detect information while rejecting noise and interference
• Detection of an event triggers activation of the COTS module for further processing and follow-up action
N-ZERO does not replace COTS functionality. N-ZERO will reduce COTS “on” time, thereby dramatically increasing the sensor’s useful lifetime.
InformationInterference and Noise
N-ZERORF Sensor
RF Wake-up
Not N-ZERO: COTS Wireless Unattended Ground Sensor
COTSbattery
COTS Sensor Response
COTS Radio Response
N-ZEROPhysical Sensor Sensor
Wake-up
N-ZERO
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• Sensor Examples
• Acoustic
• Infrared
• Chemical
• Near-Zero Power Receivers
• Challenge
• Architecture
• Components
• Transformers
• Rectifiers
• Receiver demonstrations
• Measured performance vs. state-of-the-art
Outline
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Acoustic Sensor Wake-up
Wake-up to generator and truck at > 5m with 12 nW of power consumption
S. Jeong, et al. "21.6 A 12nW always-on acoustic sensing and object recognition microsystem using frequency-domain feature extraction and SVM classification." Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), 2017 IEEE International. IEEE, 2017.
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Programmable Microphone Wake-upS. Jeong, et al. "21.6 A 12nW always-on acoustic sensing and object recognition microsystem using frequency-domain feature extraction and SVM classification." Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), 2017 IEEE International. IEEE, 2017.
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Zero Power IR Spectrum Sensor
spectrally selective absorber
IR
IR spectrometer with zero standby power
Qian, Zhenyun, et al. "Zero-power light-actuated micromechanical relay." Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2017 IEEE 30th International Conference on. IEEE, 2017.
Concept
Operation Description
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Zero Power IR Spectrum Sensor
Switch triggered by 6 mm IR
Rejects 4 mm IR
Qian, Zhenyun, et al. "Zero-power light-actuated micromechanical relay." Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2017 IEEE 30th International Conference on. IEEE, 2017.
SEM ImagePlasmonic Absorber Response
Measured Response
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IR spectrometer with zero standby power
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Chemical Percolation Wake-Up
Passive detection of chemical warfare agents with zero power
Expose sensor to chemical in petri dish Remove sensor from chemical gas
1,5 Diaminopentane TargetBanerjee, A., et al. "Picowatt gas sensing and resistance switching in tunneling nano-gap electrodes." SENSORS, 2016 IEEE. IEEE, 2016.
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TA-1A RF Microsystem Metrics
Metric Phase I Phase II Phase III
RF level at sensor input ≤ -60 dBm ≤ -80 dBm ≤ -100 dBm
RF frequency limits 0.05-1 GHz 0.05-1 GHz 0.05-1 GHz
Received energy required for signature detection
≤ 30 pJ ≤ 300 fJ ≤ 3 fJ
Probability of detection 95%
False alarm rate < 1 per hour
Environmentlow
interference background
high interference background
high interference background
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The Challenge of Near-Zero Power RF Wake-Up
Traditional RxHigh Power (mW)
Traditional Wake-UpLow Sensitivity (-30 dBm)
N-ZERO Wake-Up< 10 nW< -60 to -100 dBm
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Rectifier Efficiency
Vin_peak (V)
Effic
ien
cy
25.62.60.260.03 0.08 0.81 8.1S SS SS S
8e-48e-58e-6
RL= 327 W
Efficiency Limited by VT
Valenta, C, et al. "Harvesting wireless power: Survey of energy-harvester conversion efficiency in far-field, wireless power transfer systems." IEEE Microwave Magazine 15.4 (2014): 108-120.
Antenna (50 Ω) Referred Peak Voltage at Various Power Levels• -60 dBm = 316 mV• -80 dBm = 31.6 mV • -100 dBm = 3.16 mV
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Path to -100 dBm Sensitivity
Eff
icie
ncy
100%
Input Voltage
VT limited rectifiers
Vin_peak
Eff
icie
ncy
100%
Input Voltage
Passive gain
Eff
icie
ncy
100%
Input Voltage
Improved rectification
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RF Approaches
LCUCSD
Piezo CMOS
MEMS
C. Cassella, et al. “Unprecedented Figure of Merit in Excess of 108 in 920 MHz Aluminum Nitride Cross-Sectional Lamé Mode Resonators Showing kt2 in Excess of 6.2%”, Proceedings of the 2016 Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Workshop (Hilton Head 2016), Hilton Head Island, 5-9 June, 2016
T. Manzaneque, et al. “An SH0 Lithium Niobate dispersive delay line for chirp compression-enabled low power radios”, 2017 IEEE 30th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), Las Vegas, NV, 2017, pp. 155-158.
H. Jiang, et al. "24.5 A 4.5 nWwake-up radio with− 69dBm sensitivity." Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), 2017 IEEE International. IEEE, 2017.(Both UC San Diego images.) Amponsah, Kwame, et al. "Near-kT
switching-energy lateral NEMS switch." Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS), 2010 5th IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2010.
UIUCNortheastern UCSD
Cornell
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Passive Voltage Gain Approaches
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High FOM Micromechanical Resonators
R. H. Olsson III, K. Hattar, M. S. Baker, M. Wiwi, J. Nguyen, C. Padilla, S. J. Homeijer, J. R. Wendt and T. A. Friedmann, “Lamb Wave Micromechanical Resonators Formed in Thin Plates of Lithium Niobate,”Solid-State Sensor, Actuator, and Microsystems Workshop, pp. 281-284, June 2014.
K2 = 19%Q = 2200FOM = 420!
Shear horizontal Lamb wave (SH0)
LiNbO3 MicroresonatorNew materials offer much larger figure of merit (FOM) and potential for higher voltage gain
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High FOM Device Can Lead to New Levels of Passive Voltage Gain
0
50
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200
250
300
350
400
1 10 100 1000
Ach
ieva
ble
Vo
lta
ge
Ga
in
Coupling2 x Quality Factor (FOM = K2Q)
1 GHz Si-MEMS
2014LiNbO3
MEMS
LiNbO3
SAWAlN MEMS
Demonstrated transformer gain
Based on measured device FOM
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High FOM µResonator
AlN cross-sectional Lame-mode Resonators
FOM ~ 108!
C. Cassella, et al. “Unprecedented Figure of Merit in Excess of 108 in 920 MHz Aluminum Nitride Cross-Sectional Lamé Mode Resonators Showing kt2 in Excess of 6.2%”, Proceedings of the 2016 Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Workshop (Hilton Head 2016), Hilton Head Island, 5-9 June, 2016
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High Gain Acoustic Transformer
FOM = 40Voltage gain ~ 40 at 920 GHz
C. Cassella, et al. “Unprecedented Figure of Merit in Excess of 108 in 920 MHz Aluminum Nitride Cross-Sectional Lamé Mode Resonators Showing kt2 in Excess of 6.2%”, Proceedings of the 2016 Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Workshop (Hilton Head 2016), Hilton Head Island, 5-9 June, 2016
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MEMS Chirp Compressor
T. Manzaneque, et al. “An SH0 Lithium Niobate dispersive delay line for chirp compression-enabled low power radios”, 2017 IEEE 30th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), Las Vegas, NV, 2017, pp. 155-158.
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LC Transformer Filter
Photo of Transformer Filter
H. Jiang, et al. "24.5 A 4.5 nW wake-up radio with− 69dBm sensitivity." Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), 2017 IEEE International. IEEE, 2017.
Vgain = 17.9 V/V
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Why Voltage Gain Matters
Effic
iency
100%
Input Voltage
Effic
iency
100%
Input Voltage
VT limited rectifiers
Vin_peak
Passive gain
Distribution Statement "A" Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited
31.6 mV 1.3 mV
Antenna (50 Ω) referred peak voltage at various power levels
• -60 dBm = 316 mV
• -80 dBm = 31.6 mV
• -100 dBm = 3.16 mV
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Low Voltage Rectifier Approaches
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Micromechanical Switches as Efficient Rectifiers and Quantizers
300 μVthreshold
MEMSswitch
Amponsah, Kwame, et al. "Near-kTswitching-energy lateral NEMS switch." Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS), 2010 5th IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2010.
Micromechanical Rectifiers and Quantizers
• Displacement ~ V2
• Very low thresholds achievable
• Steep subthreshold swing < 1mV/decdemonstrated
• Challenge is achieving small gaps and compliant structures for low threshold voltage
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Envelope Detector as a Rectifier
Active ED has high input impedance to support high RF gain
Benefit:
2nd order gm non-linearity realizes the ED squaring-function
Problem:
Low Rout
Low gain
Low SNR
H. Jiang, et al. "24.5 A 4.5 nWwake-up radio with− 69dBm sensitivity." Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), 2017 IEEE International. IEEE, 2017. Distribution Statement "A" Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited 31
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Active-L ED bias improves SNR by 3dB & 25dB over diode load & resistor load, respectively
Envelope Detector Implementation
Implementation
Benefit:
high Rout
high gain
high SNRH. Jiang, et al. "24.5 A 4.5 nWwake-up radio with− 69dBm sensitivity." Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), 2017 IEEE International. IEEE, 2017.
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Effic
iency
100%
Input Voltage
Effic
iency
100%
Input VoltageEffic
iency
100%
Input Voltage
VT limited rectifiers
Vin_peak
Passive gain
Improved rectification
Distribution Statement "A" Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited
31.6 mV 1.3 mV
Why Low Voltage Rectifiers
Antenna (50 Ω) referred peak voltage at various power levels
• -60 dBm = 316 mV
• -80 dBm = 31.6 mV
• -100 dBm = 3.16 mV
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Micromechanical Frequency-Selective N-ZERO Receiver
All mechanical zero-power receiver
f1
Freq.
𝒙d0
f2
Shuttle
Folded Beams
Co
mb
Fin
ge
rs
Anchor
60
µm
2µm
Input Input
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕
Output
Electrode
VDD
CL Rbleed
Demonstrated sensitivity:-62 dBm @ 20-kHz
Zero Quiescent Power Low Frequency Mechanical Receiver, Transducers 2015
Distribution Statement "A" Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited
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N-ZERO VHF Wake-up Receiver
Lowest powered effort for N-ZERO wake-up receiver
H. Jiang, et al. "24.5 A 4.5 nW wake-up radio with− 69dBm sensitivity." Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), 2017 IEEE International. IEEE, 2017.
Distribution Statement "A" Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited 35
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RF Sensing - TA-1A
Remotely wake-up a circuit without drawing stand-by power
Current Results Phase I Goal UCSD
Power Consumption [nW] ≤10 4.5
Sensitivity [dBm] ≤-60 -69
Frequency [MHz] 50 - 1000 114
False Alarm Rates [#/hour] ≤1 0.64
Probability of Detection [%] 95 ≥95
Transformer Performer Defined LC
Rectifier Performer Defined CMOS
David D. Wentzloff, "Low Power Radio Survey," [Online].
www.eecs.umich.edu/wics/low_power_radio_survey.html
1
Distribution Statement "A" Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited 36
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N-ZERO Zero Power RF Wake-Up Impact
N-ZERO RF wake-up greatly extends networked sensor lifetime
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3
Avera
ge P
ow
er
(mW
)
~ 1 Month Device Lifetime
Transmit Data
6 Mb/Day
Receive Data
12 MB/Day
Periodic Wake-up and Synchronization
95%
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3
Avera
ge P
ow
er
(mW
)Transmit
Data6 Mb/Day
Receive Data
12 MB/Day
Savings From N-ZERO Passive Wake-Up
~ 24 Month Device Lifetime
Networked sensors
N-ZERO
Example Radio Example Radio w/ N-ZERO
Distribution Statement "A" Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited
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38
Enabling Indefinite Operational Lifetimes
Energy Scavenging
Technologies
Vibration~100 uW/cm2
(typ. inside a moving car)
Solar~100uW to 30mW/cm2
(office to direct sun)
Storage Thermoelectric~90 uW/cm2
(delta = 77-98 deg F)
spark
fun.c
om
/pro
duct
s/9541
Sandia
National Labs
htt
ps:
//w
ww
.rese
arc
h.a
-st
ar.
edu.s
g/r
ese
arc
h/6
218/t
he-
pow
er-
of-
heat
htt
ps:
//w
ww
.eecs
.um
ich.e
du/e
ecs
/ab
out/
art
icle
s/2015/W
orlds-
Sm
alle
st-
Com
pute
r-M
ichig
an-M
icro
-Mote
.htm
l
http://inhabitat.com/worlds-smallest-solar-car-select-solar-mini/solar-car-solar-power-car-smallest-solar-car-small-car-tiny-car-gift-gadget-solar-gadget-solar-gift-techie-gift-geek-gift/ https://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/energy-harvesting-for-iot
N-ZERO – smart sensors and radios that can operate from harvested power
Electronics/Actuators
Distribution Statement "A" Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited
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Smart Cities Applications
39Distribution Statement "A" Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited
• Unattended sensors withunlimited lifetimes
• Expanded short range RFID
with -70dBm sensitivity
• One trillion devices thatdo not require charging or battery changes
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www.darpa.mil
40Distribution Statement "A" Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited