Throughout the Famine years, nearly a million Irish nearly a million Irish arrived in the United Statesarrived in the United States. . Famine Famine immigrants were the first big wave of poor immigrants were the first big wave of poor refugees ever to arrive in the U.S. and refugees ever to arrive in the U.S. and Americans were simplyAmericans were simply overwhelmed. overwhelmed. Upon arrival in America, the Irish found the going to be quite tough. With no one to help them, they immediately settled settled into the lowest rung of society and waged a daily into the lowest rung of society and waged a daily battle for survival.battle for survival.

The roughest welcome of all would be in The roughest welcome of all would be in Boston, MassachusettsBoston, Massachusetts, an Anglo-Saxon city with a population of about 115,000. It was a place run by descendants of English Puritans, men who could proudly recite their lineage back to 1620 and the Mayflower ship. Now, some two hundred thirty years later, their city was undergoing nothing short of an unwanted "social revolution" as described by Ephraim Peabody, member of an old Yankee family. In 1847, the first big year of the first big year of Famine emigration, the city was swamped with 37,000 Irish Famine emigration, the city was swamped with 37,000 Irish Catholics arriving by sea and land. Catholics arriving by sea and land.

Struck Ireland btwn 1847 and 1854 and was the catalyst for a Struck Ireland btwn 1847 and 1854 and was the catalyst for a large wave of IRISH emigration to the USA.large wave of IRISH emigration to the USA.

Btwn 1820 & 1854, overpopulation and poor harvests made Btwn 1820 & 1854, overpopulation and poor harvests made the Irish the largest group immigrating to the USA nearly the Irish the largest group immigrating to the USA nearly every year. By 1900, the USA had more Irish people than every year. By 1900, the USA had more Irish people than Ireland did.Ireland did.

Established in Massachusetts, in 1841, was one of Established in Massachusetts, in 1841, was one of several several UTOPIANUTOPIAN religious communities founded religious communities founded to to counter the growing commercialism counter the growing commercialism of American societyof American society..

Brook farm was home to the Brook farm was home to the TRANSCENDENTALISTSTRANSCENDENTALISTS, a group of writers and , a group of writers and intellectuals that included Nathaniel Hawthorne, intellectuals that included Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

Similar Similar UTOPIAN UTOPIAN groups included New York’s groups included New York’s ONEIDA community and the ONEIDA community and the SHAKERSSHAKERS who who practiced practiced CELIBACYCELIBACY and granted and granted near-equal near-equal rights to womenrights to women..

The Fundamentalists rejectedThe Fundamentalists rejected DARWIN’S DARWIN’S THEORY of EVOLUTIONTHEORY of EVOLUTION,, which suggested thatwhich suggested that humans developed from lower forms of life over millions of yearshumans developed from lower forms of life over millions of years . . Instead, Instead, Fundamentalists believed inFundamentalists believed in CREATIONISMCREATIONISM – – that that GOD created the world as described GOD created the world as described in the BIBLE.in the BIBLE. FundamentalistsFundamentalists believed everything could believed everything could be explained by the Biblebe explained by the Bible

They disagreeddisagreed with the theory of evolution!!!theory of evolution!!!

In 1925, Tennessee passed the In 1925, Tennessee passed the BUTLER ACTBUTLER ACT, which made it , which made it illegal to teach anything that denied illegal to teach anything that denied CREATIONISM and taught EVOLUTION instead.CREATIONISM and taught EVOLUTION instead.

John T. Scopes, a biology teacherJohn T. Scopes, a biology teacher was asked to was asked to test the Butler Act by test the Butler Act by teaching evolution in teaching evolution in classclass. .

The League of Nations was first proposed by Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson in 1918. When World War 1 ended on November 11, World War 1 ended on November 11, 19181918, the League of Nations was created as an the League of Nations was created as an organization for nations to work togetherorganization for nations to work together.

The purpose of the league was The purpose of the league was to promote peace to promote peace between the countriesbetween the countries involved. involved. The theme for Point 10 of the League of Nations was “All for one and one for all”. This meant that if one country were to This meant that if one country were to enter or be drawn into war, the other enter or be drawn into war, the other countries would have to provide countries would have to provide assistance.assistance.

The United States rejected the League of The United States rejected the League of Nations because it might suck the United Nations because it might suck the United States into all kinds of wars and give States into all kinds of wars and give Britain more political edge.Britain more political edge.

The League of Nations was the stepping League of Nations was the stepping stone for what is now known as the United stone for what is now known as the United Nations.Nations.

Lead to U.S. involvement in internationalLead to U.S. involvement in international conflicts without congressional approvalconflicts without congressional approval

In the Palmer Raids of 1919 In the Palmer Raids of 1919 && 1920, the 1920, the government raided pool halls, social government raided pool halls, social clubs, union halls, and residences in clubs, union halls, and residences in

search of radicals, particularly search of radicals, particularly immigrants who were suspected of immigrants who were suspected of

having “divided loyalties,” having “divided loyalties,” (communists)(communists).. The The raids were part of a broader U.S. raids were part of a broader U.S.

government attempt to crack down on government attempt to crack down on dissent during and immediately after WW dissent during and immediately after WW

I.I.

Buying on Margin Buying on Margin (credit) (credit) contributed to the 1929 contributed to the 1929 stock market crash. Stock traders had been allowed to stock market crash. Stock traders had been allowed to buy stocks using income they thought they would EARN buy stocks using income they thought they would EARN down the road (later). down the road (later).

Traders were paying only 10 to 20 percent of the stock Traders were paying only 10 to 20 percent of the stock and and borrowing the rest against borrowing the rest against FUTURE PROFITS. FUTURE PROFITS. Many of these speculators were Many of these speculators were banks and banks and businessesbusinesses; when the market crashed, those banks ; when the market crashed, those banks and businesses had few options but to fold and businesses had few options but to fold (go out of (go out of business). business).

BUYING ON MARGIN BUYING ON MARGIN was was outlawedoutlawed soon after the soon after the Stock Market CRASHStock Market CRASH..

The economy collapsed, andThe economy collapsed, and millions of millions of

people became unemployed.people became unemployed.

In In 19421942, , Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt approved approved Executive Order 9066 Executive Order 9066 calling for a policy calling for a policy that lasted until the end of the war. that lasted until the end of the war. Claiming Claiming that Japanese-Americans might serve as enemy that Japanese-Americans might serve as enemy agents within the USAagents within the USA, the , the government sent government sent more than 111,000 to internment campsmore than 111,000 to internment camps..

Although no one was charged with crimes, many lost their Although no one was charged with crimes, many lost their homes and possessions.homes and possessions.

FDR authorized the FDR authorized the EVACUATION EVACUATION of all Japanese of all Japanese from the West Coast into relocation centersfrom the West Coast into relocation centers

The government The government INTERNED (imprisoned)INTERNED (imprisoned) around around 120,000 Japan-AMERICANS, 120,000 Japan-AMERICANS, 2/32/3ss of them…. of them…. NATIVE-BORN USA citizens. NATIVE-BORN USA citizens. (born in America)(born in America)

Move came under public fear of Japanese sabotage Move came under public fear of Japanese sabotage following Pearl Harbor, and in some part, due to following Pearl Harbor, and in some part, due to racial discriminationracial discrimination

In 1988, Congress voted to pay COMPENSATION to In 1988, Congress voted to pay COMPENSATION to each surviving internees……each surviving internees……

………………………………..violation of their Civil Rights under ..violation of their Civil Rights under the US Constitutionthe US Constitution

Passed by Lyndon Johnson, who followed Kennedy’s political agenda after he was assassinated in November 1963

The The March on Washington March on Washington in 1963 in 1963 aided passage aided passage of the Actof the Act

The Act strengthened voting rights protectionvoting rights protection

Prohibited discrimination in places of public Prohibited discrimination in places of public accommodationsaccommodations (stores, restaurants, hotels, libraries, swimming pools, movie theaters, schools), etc.

Required the federal government to withdraw support (money)(money) from any state or program that discriminated…..so schools were fully integrated

Established the Equal Employment CommissionEqual Employment Commission to watch hiring practiceshiring practices

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign started in 1955. Oppose the city's policy ofof racial segregation on its public transit system. (busesbuses) Lasted one yearLasted one year – Led by MLK Jr. & Rosa Parks.Supreme Court ruled segregated buses Supreme Court ruled segregated buses unconstitutionalunconstitutional.

Members of the 1960s called Members of the 1960s called HippiesHippies, , rebelled rebelled against “against “the establishmentthe establishment”.”. Hippies grew Hippies grew their hair long, took drugs, and advocated free love. They their hair long, took drugs, and advocated free love. They opposed racism and the Vietnam opposed racism and the Vietnam WarWar. .

In short, they lived lives inIn short, they lived lives in opposition to what they considered opposition to what they considered an oppressive mainstream culture.an oppressive mainstream culture.

7676Issued by Issued by President Harry S TrumanPresident Harry S Truman. It . It ordered ordered desegregation of the ARMED desegregation of the ARMED

FORCESFORCES. This is . This is afterafter WORLD WAR II and WORLD WAR II and beforebefore the KOREAN WAR. the KOREAN WAR.