need for better data on nutrients to support stewardship (donutss) - 1st meeting of fao livestock...
TRANSCRIPT
Need for better Data on Nutrients to Support Stewardship (DONUTSS)
Kimo van Dijk
Wageningen University / European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
[email protected] / [email protected]
1st meeting FAO LEAP Technical Advisory Group on Nutrient cycles modelling and Impact Assessment FAO, Rome, Italy, 12 July 2016
Phosphorus challenges
Source: Cordell, D., J. O. Drangert, et al. (2009). "The story of phosphorus:
Global food security and food for thought." Global Environmental Change-
Human and Policy Dimensions 19(2): 292-305.
Non-renewable at human time scale
Spatially concentrated: geopolitical dependency and tension
Relatively low price, but price volatility (2008 case)
Lower P-rock quality:
● Decreasing P content
● Increasing impurities (e.g. cadmium, uranium)
Pollution and eutrophication
Geological versus anthropogenic cycles
RESOURCE RESERVES
SINKS
Society
Crops
Animals
Industry & retail
Consumers
Non-food
Losses Inputs [90% fertilizer, and other mineral P use]
Geological cycle
Direct IMPACTS
Anthropogenic cycle
Phosphorus use in the EU-27 in 2005
Detergent, wood, paper & fibres
Crops, fish, food products & mineral additives
Animal feed, mineral additives & live animals
Mineral fertiliser, seeds & pesticides
Solid & liquid organic waste
Organic waste
Wood, paper & fibres
Slaughter residues, solid & liquid waste
Crops & food products
Manure losses
Live animals
Leaching & runoff
Seeding materials
Input 2392
Output 1468
Flows & stocks in Gg = Mkg = kton P per year
Van Dijk et al. 2016
Import, export and losses per sector
Van Dijk et al. (2016) 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Gross import Gross export Net trade Losses Accumulation
Phos
phor
us q
uant
ity [G
g P/
year
]
Absolute quantity [Gg P/year]
Relative fraction of total system import, export & losses [%]
Primary P import
Import Export Losses Import Export Losses Gg P/year % of total system primary import
% of total sector import
CP 1399 4 84 58 1 7 1391 78 99
AP 440 21 62 18 9 5 250 14 57
FP 338 216 339 14 86 28 27 2 8
NF 215 11 77 9 4 6 110 6 51
HC - - 655 - - 54 - - -
Total 2392 251 1217 100 100 100 1777 100
Van Dijk et al. 2016
EU-27 P use efficiency per sector in 2005
Van Dijk et al. 2016
CP AP FP NF HC
PUE-1 Output flows minus losses 70 97 80 76 21
PUE-2 Upward output flows plus export
70 24 52 76 -
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡∗ 100
Agricultural P balances per country for 2005 & period 1905-2005
Van Dijk et al., in preparation Van Dijk et al. 2016
128 Mtons P accumulated in agricultural soils between 1905 -2005
Agronomic P balances in the EU
Annual regional agricultural P balances [kg P/ha] for EU-15 in 2000
Estimated cumulative P balances [kg P/ha] of EU countries during 1991–2005
Source: Csathó & Radimszky 2012
Source: Grizzetti & Aloe, 2007
EU-27 annual soil P balances 1961-2009
Western Europe (EU-15) Eastern Europe (EU-12)
Van Dijk et al., in preparation, Modelling crop yield responses to drastic
decreases in phosphorus fertilization in EU-27
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Dom
estic
food
P su
pply
[kg/
ca/y
ear]
AnimalPlant
Domestic food P supply in EU-27 in 2005
Domestic food P supply necessary to fullfill human dietary P intake requirements at consumption level
Van Dijk et al., in preparation
Minimum P intake requirement
Mean EU P intake
Maximum P intake level
Sludge destinations in EU-27 in 2010
Source: P-Rex, FP7 project, www.p-rex.eu; based on Eurostat 2010, Milieu Ltd 2010 & Destatis 2011
Transition towards sustainable P use
•remove non-essential P inputs (e.g. detergents) •match P requirements more closely (precision agriculture)
•utilise legacy P stores Realign P inputs
•optimise input management •minimise runoff and erosion •strategic retention zones
Reduce P losses to water
•avoid wastage •improve utilization efficiency •adopt integrated production systems
Recycle P in bioresources
•recover P in societies' wastes •produce fertilizer substitutes
Recover P in wastes
•influence dietary choice •define end-user P requirements •re-connect crop and animal production systems
Redefine P in the food chain
Withers, Van Dijk, et al. (2015): Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: the case of Europe
R/P ratio for P, K & micronutrients
Source: de Haes et al. 2012. Schaarste van micronutriënten in bodem, voedsel en minerale voorraden:
Urgentie en opties voor beleid. Utrecht, Netherlands, Platform Landbouw, Innovatie & Samenleving.
AND Chardon & Oenema, 2013. Verkenning mogelijke schaarste aan micronutriënten in het
voedselsysteem, Wageningen: Alterra Wageningen UR.
A simplistic way of expressing resource scarcity R/P ratio = reserve / production
EU-27 P fertilization reduction scenarios
Van Dijk et al., in
preparation),
Modelling crop yield
responses to drastic
decreases in
phosphorus
fertilization in EU-27
2116
2170
Fertilisation scenarios of 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 and 0 % of original P application in baseyear 2005
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2005
2030
2055
2080
2105
2130
2155
2180
2205
2230
2255
2280
Aver
age
crop
P u
ptak
e [k
g P/
ha/y
ear]
BAU
SI
S2
S3
Per ha EU-27 crop P uptake per scenario for 2005-2300
50 %
25 %
Van Dijk et al., in preparation
- BAU: present (~2005), Business as Usual - S1: no P import via fertilizer - S2: no P import via fertilizer + compound feed - S3: as S2 + BMPs
Data quality & monitoring challenges
Data quality: trade > production > consumption > recycling
Unclear definitions & not enough detail in data
Public data is incomplete and inconsistent
Data gaps for waste flows & (new) recycling flows
Literature data mostly not recent and only specific base years
Trade databases not available for all products/materials
Data gaps requires data filling procedures & flow balancing
Industry data not publically available, sometimes commercially, but no peer reviewed
Uncertainties for most data unknown
Nutrient concentrations not monitored spatially & temporarily
From quantity to quality, from theory to practise
WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°23 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
DONUTSS Data on Nutrients to Support Stewardship - workshop Ghent with science and important all stakeholders - EU Commission DG GROW support identify data needs to support decision making for industry & regulators define how and who to monitor & compare data
www.phosphorusplatform.eu/DONUTSS
WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°24 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
Data systems on nutrient flows should be: • Adequate, reliable, coherent and targeted to
support improved nutrient management decisions • Available at regional, national and global level • Specific to be useful for certain specific
stakeholders and sectors • Covering both quantities of flows and quality • Designed to target identification of key
management points
WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°25 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
National policy initiatives on phosphorus • Switzerland: waste ordonnance, proposal to make
obligatory P-recovery from sewage sludge and animal waste ash (or separate storage pending recovery)
• Sweden: proposal to oblige 40% recycling of P & 10% of N (including via agricultural valorisation of sewage biosolids)
• Germany: political commitment to make P-recovery obligatory in sewage works
• Netherlands: struvite allowed to the market, in regulation
WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°26 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP) [email protected]
www.phosphorusplatform.eu @phosphorusfacts
Thank you for your attention
Questions? Comments? Suggestions? [email protected] [email protected] Twitter: @kimovandijk Website: kimovandijk.weebly.com
Additional literature and links (1)
Van Dijk et al. 2016. Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States.
Withers et al. 2015. Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: The case of Europe.
Schoumans et al. 2015. Phosphorus management in Europe in a changing world.
Withers et al. 2015, Greening the global phosphorus cycle: How green chemistry can help achieve planetary P sustainability.
Outcomes 2nd Scientific European Phosphorus Workshop in Wageningen: http://www.wageningenur.nl/sepw2013
Lesschen et al. 2013. Options for closing the phosphorus cycle in agriculture; Assessment of options for Northwest Europe
and the Netherlands. edepot.wur.nl/289653
K.A. Wyant, J.R. Corman, and J.J. Elser. Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future. Oxford University Press, New York City, New
York, USA. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199916832.do#.UcHr6fY6VVM
European Commission - Sustainable Phosphorus Use:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/IR7.pdf
Dutch Nutrient Platform: www.nutrientenplatform.nl and
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform: www.phosphorusplatform.eu