need of urban-planning in india
TRANSCRIPT
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Emerging Challenges of Urban Planning in India
Presentation for Indian Urban Congress, Mysore November 19, 2011
Dinesh Mehta, CEPT University
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Meeting the Urban Challenge: We have made some valiantattempts
• Decentralisation and Governance:
– 74 th Amendment and its subsequent implementation by various states
– Reforms in urban sectors – removal of ULC, rent controls, reduction ofstamp duty, ease of land acquisition
– “Voice” of people – RTI, citizen charters, media interest in urban
• Large numbers cities have done well to cope with problems
– Urban Development on State Agenda -Tamil Nadu, Gujarat
– Growth in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities
• Urban Finance and Development :
– Massive infrastructure investment in cities through JNNURM/UIDSSMT
– New Housing for Poor through IHDP/BSUP
– Private investments in townships
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3.
SOME STYLISED FACTS
India: Urban growth
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India’s urbanisation: Has it kept pace with economic growth?
Current level
Source : Mario Polese, Pamela Echeverria and Mila Freire, 2002
I ndia has low urbanization combined with hi gh economic growth .
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5.
India’s Urbanisation: acceleration in 2011?
90 million added in Urban and Ruralareas
Bhagat, (2011), Urbanisation in India, EPW, August 20, 2011
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Growth of large cities in India
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Growth Rates of large cities
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Myth of Rural-Urban Migration
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Emergence of Census Towns in 2011
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Urban Poverty: Slums a manifestation
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
Percent Slum Population in Cities
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• The debate over Rs. 32 per capita per day as Urban Poverty line• Rural Poverty decline much faster than Urban Poverty• Urbanisation helped decline in rural poverty – increase in rural non-farm
employment
Urbanisation and Declining Poverty
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Krishna and Bajpai (2011), Lineal spread of growth, EPW, Sept 17-23, 2011
Rural Poverty by distance from a town
The further away one is from an urban area, one is more likelyto be poor -decline in rural non-farm employment as onemoves away from a city
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Lanjou and Murgai, urban growth and rural poverty in India, presentation DelhiApril 14-16, 2011
Poverty by size class of towns
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URBAN PLANNING
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If planning is everything..may be its nothing*
• *Aaron Wildavsky Policy Sciences, 1973
• What do Planner do?• Planners aim to "understand, analyze, and influence the variety
of forces — social, economic, cultural, legal, political,ecological, technological, aesthetic, and so forth — shaping the
built environment.“
• “ Planners can no longer define a role for themselves. ……….planners have difficulty in explaining who they are and what
they should be expected to do….. planners never seem to do theright thing….plans are never implemented
http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=Aaron+Wildavskyhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=Aaron+Wildavskyhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=Aaron+Wildavskyhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=Aaron+Wildavskyhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=Aaron+Wildavsky
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16.
“Is Planning a Trivial Profession?"
What has happened over t ime?
• Today’s planners are busy creating a bureaucratic maze, issuingpermits and enforcing planning and building codes,
• reactive rather than proactive, corrective instead of pre-emptive
• the disc ip l inary ident i ty of p lann ing has d imin ished (did i t everexis t in India?)
• Dom inance of Pol i tica l Processes , land sp ecula t ions ,bui lder /developer lobb y h as meant a loss of pro fess ion al
ident i ty for p lanners .
• Pauci ty am ong p lanners today of the sp ecula t ive cou rage andvis ion .
• Source: Adapted from Thomas J. Campanella, Jane Jacobs and the Death and Life of
American Planning, Blog Posted on PERMALINK, 25 April Nov 2011
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Planning and the Poor : Planners are anti-Poor?
• Why do the poor have no place in our planning?
• Vision to make world-classcities: neglect of the poor
• Urban planning is pre-occupied with land and its
use• Slums have 20-25% of
population but use less than 3 percent of land
• The poor do not have anyformal stake over land andhence are not a part of the
planning process
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18.
Challenge of Planning Indian Cities
• Crisis of Prosperity in Indian Cities
– High Economic Growth leading to Rapid Changes in Consumption
– Infrastructure – water, roads, transport etc. unable to cope with risingdemand
– Poverty among Plenty..the poor continue to be neglected
• Mega Cities and Mega Urban regions – – Many large cities of the world are in India and development taking place
40-50 Km away from these cities
– We have little experience of planning large cities
• Lack of Capacity – DO we have adequate number of planners?
– Small towns in India lack adequate capacity to plan and implement
– Public sector (government) fails to attract good planners
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Too many plans for Cities
Every new government Programme contemplates a city-wide approach and hence a new set of plan
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WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?
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H o w D o w e “ m a i n s t r e a m s l u m s i n o u r p l a n s ?
Pro-Poor Urban Planning
Under the PAS Project support is beingprovided to the Ahmedabad MunicipalCorporation for
Organizing available data on slums
•Developing a Slum informationsystem on a GIS platform
•Strategy to integrate slums –
networking slums to city infrastructure
•Developing investment plans forslum infrastructure with funding fromGOI and local programmes.
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GIS Based Slum Information System – Conceptual Framework
AHMEDABAD MUNICIPAL COPRORATION
No. of Slums : 518
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Example: GIS Based MIS for Slums
WEST WEST ZONE
No. of Slums : 156
22WEST
VASNA
Example: GIS Based MIS for Slums
VASNA WARD
No. of Slums : 16
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Information System for each Slum household
Full survey of all 500slum Pockets
Biometric survey of325,000 slum householdsHouseholds: 359,625
Pucca House
Semi-puccaHouse
Kutcha House
HousingStructure
Huts having Individual Water
Connection Huts having Individual ToiletFacility Owner and Rental Distribution
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ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES
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India Water Supply – improved basic access butdecline in household level services
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Basic access inurban India has
reached nearly 95%by 2004.
% Household levelconnections in
urban India hasdeclined from 54%in 1990 to 47% by
2004.
Source: WHO-UNICEF JointMonitoring Program, 2000 and 2008
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/PAS_at_AfWA_Meera_March_12_2010-b_(2).pptx
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THE ‘WATER DAY’ ..ONCE IN 2 weeks
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India Urban Sanitation – marginally improved access,high open defecation, and reliance on shared facilities
27Source: WHO-UNICEF JointMonitoring Program, 2000 and 2008
Imp + shared inurban India reached
75%
Basic accessincreased from 49%
to 54%
Estimated OpenDefecation still high at
18%
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India – GDP per capita and Sanitation
ADB (2009), “Sanitation in India: Progress, Differentials, Correlates and Challenges ”, p. 2
India worse off thanother countries with
similar GDP percapita
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Need to link infrastructure investments toservice outcomes
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• Aggregate statistics suggest goodcoverage of water and sanitationin urban areas in India
• BUT little is known about thequality, level and financialsustainability of service
• Only limited information onaccess of urban poor householdsto water and sanitation isavailable
• Lack of WSS information leadsto misallocation of resources
• Difficult to assess impact of pastinvestments
Resources for WSS is not a major constraint – around USD 10 billion invested in urbanWSS over 7 years – Gujarat has allocatedover One Billion USD for Sanitation
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Performance Monitoring
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Gujarat and Maharashtra statewide PAS web portal forperformance monitoring
Alignment of PAS information withstate and central government programs
to track progress on performance
13th Finance Commission has identifiedperformance linked grants requiringreports on key indicators
Many state governments have their ownreform programmes, based on similarapproach as the JNNURM
Project website www.pas.org.in
l hb d
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City Level Dashboard
H il l f i t i g h l ?
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How wi l l per formance moni tor ing he lp ?
Has the investment made anydifference in service level? At city level
one can measure and compareperformance over time.
As monitoring tool, state and nationalgovernments can “name and shame”
cities and refocus investments
Performance linked financing; rewardbetter performing cities
Build capacity of poor performing cities
Use for tracking financial viability. Hasthere been an improvement in cost
recovery? Need for policies related to
tariff setting
0255075
100
R a j u r a
N a l d u r g
T h a n e
A k o l a
B a l l a r p u r
P a r b h a n i
I s l a m
p u r
P a n c h g a n i
B a r a m a t i
B a s m a t
N a g p u r
L o n a r
N a n d u r a
J a i s i n g p u r
J a m
n e r
D e g l u r
U m a r e d
N a v a p u r
S h r i v a r d h a n
D a r y a p u r
D h a m a n g a o n R l y
M e h k a r
D a u n d
J e j u r i
I n d a p u r
K a t o l
K a g a l
P a n h a l a
Y a w a l
Coverage of individual watersupply connections
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I C l i M f D lhi i
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In Conclusion – Messages for Delhi meeting
• Focus on Per fo rmance Outcom e
– Monito r perfor m ance not exp enditu re.. No need to have a 100 page
mo ni tor ing form at (l ike in JNNURM) tha t has become m eaninglessexercise…Keep monitoring simple and transparent
• No new P lans
– Use the s tatu tory p lans as a bas is ..develop inv es tment p lans tocom plement the Master P lans
• Acc ess to B as ic Serv icesDespi te mass ive inves tments in bas ic serv ic es , the serv ice leve ls a re poor. Ensur ingaccess of w ater and sani ta t ion to a l l , removin g open d efeca t ion shou ld be the pr inc ipa lgoal . Wi th sm al l inves tments , it i s po ss ib le to im prov e serv ice leve ls for a l l , espec ia llythe poor
– Poor Urban Governance has been a bane o f many p rob lemsWe are more cent ra l i sed than before wi th c ent ra l and s ta te funding , res tore loca lautonomy , Need be t ter sys tems of t ransparency and accountabi l i ty, cons iderregula tory agencies for urban serv ices ,
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Thank You
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