neighboring communities and wildlife crime – a sanparks (knp) perspective louise swemmer, wendy...
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Neighboring communities and Wildlife crime – A SANParks (KNP) Perspective
Louise Swemmer, Wendy Annecke, Sam Ferreira, Stefanie Freitag-Ronaldson
IUCN Symposium – “Beyond Enforcement – Communities and Illegal Wildlife Trade”
Glenburn Lodge, Gauteng, 27 -29 Feb 2015
Improved relationships
between protected areas and people
Reduced IWT/poaching
Increased economic
opportunities / options to
IWT
Fewer neighbours/partners supporting or engaging in illegal activities related to conservation
Effective activities aimed at constituency building and benefits (new and existing)
EE, Awareness
livelihoods, economics,
social
Improved well-being as
a result of conservation
Increased support/constituency
for conservation
Well-being:Material, physical,
spiritual, social, freedom of choice,
security
Vested interest
Capacity
Trust
Improved relationships
between protected areas and people
Reduced IWT/poaching
Increased economic
opportunities / options to
IWT
Fewer neighbours supporting or engaging in illegal activities related to conservation
Effective activities aimed at constituency building and benefits (new and existing)
EE, Awareness
livelihoods, economics,
social
Improved well-being as
a result of conservation
Increased support/constituency
for conservation
Well-being:Material, physical,
spiritual, social, freedom of choice,
security
Vested interest
Capacity
Trust
Leverage points?Feasible, difference
SA HistoryRhino poaching - Moral and required
20 Km
SCALE - KNP• 2 Provinces• 7 Municipalities• 38 TA’s• 68 Wards• 2 million pp• 200 towns and villages• 350 Schools• Unemployment• Limited services• Reliance on social grants
and subs. Agric. • Hard boundary – wildlife• Upliftment – scale?
Direct employment
Direct employment
Environmental education
Direct employment
Environmental education
Open, unrestricted
tourism for all races
Land restitution
BEELocal
Economic Development
Extractive natural
Resource use
Affirmative action
employment
Land restitution
Environmental education
Open, unrestricted
tourism for all races
Direct employment
Contractual parks
Contractual parks
1926
2010
1950’s
1990’s
Diversification of types programmes aimed at benefiting and restoring rights to local people - KNP
Amelioration of
negative EffectsHWC
Who’s benefiting?
Who’s benefiting?
Visitors
Cow Donkey Goat Horse Mule SheepUnknown0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
30003054
397187
9 7 16 98
Numbers of livestock killed(Limpopo Province village data, July
2013)
Livestock loss - HWC
Ave. annually:
50-150 cows20 Donkeys15 Goats<1 horse<1 mule<1 sheep<2 pig
1.5 million tourists
Cow Donkey Goat Horse Mule SheepUnknown0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
30003054
397187
9 7 16 98
Numbers of livestock killed(Limpopo Province village data, July
2013)
Livestock loss - HWC
Ave. annually:
50-150 cows20 Donkeys15 Goats<1 horse<1 mule<1 sheep<2 pig
1.5 million tourists
Compensation schemeHistorical and current cases – R1.2 millMore than money
Harvest basic resources• Low hanging fruit
– Seasonal, low cost, build support - basic need, hh level
• Avoids elite capture– Supports marginalized hh
• Access• Low cost• Doesn’t lift out of poverty• Soft outcomes: interaction with staff
relationships• Illegal subsistence poaching
Relative contribution of resource use to monthly income
R 0.00R 200.00
R 400.00R 600.00R 800.00
R 1,000.00R 1,200.00R 1,400.00
R 1,600.00R 1,800.00
Mopane worms Thatch
47% 34%
Promoting access to alternatives• Pepperbark Tree (Warburgia
salutaris)– Endangered• Reduction in poaching
(enforcement)• Subsistence market
Relationships, trust, respect
Macandezulu
Chiqualqu
ala
Macham
ba
Masingir Masingi
r
Mapulanguene
Sabie
Magude
Two Cities
Coromane
Matsulu
Mahlati
Manye
leti
Belfast / Cork
Bushbuck
Ridge
Malam
ulele
69 23
15150
414138
5719
100daysJuly - September 2014Track report and tactics based calculations
691 Poachers230 Weapons
Last slide…• Unknowns…case studies• Long history – trust: take time (SA and Moz)• Tradeoffs of large versus small scale projects• Economies of scale – 3 days work• Ownership – changing business as usual – radical, have political will
– Cow example– Buffer zone - co-management, community owned– Co-ownership - inside
• Range of human needs – meat…• Benefits must be linked to conservation locally
– Tourism levy?• Revenue generation – sharing?• Staff – local community• Context specific solutions – 1017km