nematode diseases of perennials symptoms & signs dr. james a. lamondia plant...
TRANSCRIPT
Nematode Diseases of PerennialsNematode Diseases of PerennialsSymptoms & SignsSymptoms & Signs
Dr. James A. LaMondia Dr. James A. LaMondia
Plant Pathologist/NematologistPlant Pathologist/Nematologist
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Valley LaboratoryStation, Valley Laboratory
Windsor, CTWindsor, CT
Nematodes Infecting PerennialsNematodes Infecting Perennials
Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla - root-knot - root-knot
AAphelenchoidesphelenchoides - foliar nematodes - foliar nematodes
DitylenchusDitylenchus - stem/bulb nematodes - stem/bulb nematodes
PratylenchusPratylenchus - lesion nematodes - lesion nematodes
Nematode DiagnosticsNematode Diagnostics
30% (99 of 333) samples 30% (99 of 333) samples submitted over 5 years submitted over 5 years were infected with were infected with Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla
Perennial OrnamentalsPerennial Ornamentals
> 2500 species in >500 genera. > 2500 species in >500 genera.
Value over $1 billion in US.Value over $1 billion in US.
Propagation by division, seed, Propagation by division, seed, and cuttings.and cuttings.
Non-specific DamageNon-specific Damage
Symptoms of poor rootsSymptoms of poor rootsPoor color and vigorPoor color and vigorReduce winter hardinessReduce winter hardinessSecondary pathogens/diseasesSecondary pathogens/diseases
Non-specific DamageNon-specific Damage
Symptoms of poor rootsSymptoms of poor rootsPoor color and vigorPoor color and vigorReduce winter hardinessReduce winter hardinessSecondary pathogens/diseasesSecondary pathogens/diseases
Nematodes Infecting PerennialsNematodes Infecting Perennials
Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla - root-knot - root-knot
AAphelenchoidesphelenchoides - foliar nematodes - foliar nematodes
DitylenchusDitylenchus - stem/bulb nematodes - stem/bulb nematodes
PratylenchusPratylenchus - lesion nematodes - lesion nematodes
Nematodes Infecting PerennialsNematodes Infecting Perennials
Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla - root-knot - root-knot
AAphelenchoidesphelenchoides - foliar nematodes - foliar nematodes
DitylenchusDitylenchus - stem/bulb nematodes - stem/bulb nematodes
PratylenchusPratylenchus - lesion nematodes - lesion nematodes
Nematode DamageNematode Damage
Reduce tree vigor and yieldReduce tree vigor and yieldReduce winter hardinessReduce winter hardinessTransmit viruses (TmRSV)Transmit viruses (TmRSV)
- apple union necrosis- apple union necrosis- peach stem pitting- peach stem pitting
Replant DiseasesReplant Diseases
Nematode DamageNematode Damage
Reduce tree vigor and yieldReduce tree vigor and yieldReduce winter hardinessReduce winter hardinessTransmit viruses (TmRSV)Transmit viruses (TmRSV)
- apple union necrosis- apple union necrosis- peach stem pitting- peach stem pitting
Replant DiseasesReplant Diseases
Nematodes Infecting Tree FruitsNematodes Infecting Tree Fruits
PratylenchusPratylenchus - lesion nematodes - lesion nematodes
XiphinemaXiphinema - dagger nematodes - dagger nematodes
CriconemellaCriconemella - ring nematodes - ring nematodes
Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla - root-knot - root-knot
Nematode Damage LevelsNematode Damage Levels
Lesion - 25-150 per 100 cmLesion - 25-150 per 100 cm33 soil soil
Ring - 50-200 per 100 cmRing - 50-200 per 100 cm33 soil soil
Dagger - 1-100 per 100 cmDagger - 1-100 per 100 cm33 soil soil
(depends on TmRSV)(depends on TmRSV)
Apple ReplantApple Replant
Trees appear stunted, and growth Trees appear stunted, and growth uneven and slow.uneven and slow.
Associated with lesion nematodes, Associated with lesion nematodes, soil fungi and bacteria, and poor soil fungi and bacteria, and poor soil conditions.soil conditions.
Apple Union NecrosisApple Union NecrosisProblem only on size-controlling Problem only on size-controlling
rootstocks such as MM106 and rootstocks such as MM106 and scions such as Red Delicious.scions such as Red Delicious.
Shoot growth reduced, heavy set Shoot growth reduced, heavy set of small fruit, not always lethalof small fruit, not always lethal..
Weed Hosts of TmRSVWeed Hosts of TmRSVCommon chickweed Common chickweed LambsquartersLambsquartersWhite-head aster White-head aster Oxeye daisyOxeye daisyCommon thistle Common thistle Dandelion Dandelion Wild carrot Wild carrot Swine or Pennycress Swine or Pennycress Leafy/prostrate spurge Red or White cloverLeafy/prostrate spurge Red or White cloverCommon polkweed Common polkweed Buckhorn plantainBuckhorn plantainCommon mullein Common mullein Common plantainCommon plantainSheep sorrel (red) Sheep sorrel (red) Curly dockCurly dockWild strawberry Wild strawberry Broadleaf plantainBroadleaf plantain
Peach Stem PittingPeach Stem Pitting
Affected trees appear girdled, lose Affected trees appear girdled, lose vigor and eventually die. vigor and eventually die.
Trees often yellow early, and set a Trees often yellow early, and set a large number of small fruit.large number of small fruit.
Pits or grooves occur in rootstock.Pits or grooves occur in rootstock.
Cultural PracticesCultural Practices
• Site preparationSite preparation
• Rotation crops - Brassicas or Rotation crops - Brassicas or sorghosudan/sudangrass.sorghosudan/sudangrass.
• Sod strips - perennial rye or Sod strips - perennial rye or fescue grasses and weed control.fescue grasses and weed control.
NematicidesNematicides• Need determined for each fieldNeed determined for each field
• Fumigant Nematicides Fumigant Nematicides 1,3-dichloropropene1,3-dichloropropenemetam sodium or dazometmetam sodium or dazomet
• Non-fumigant NematicidesNon-fumigant NematicidesFenamiphos or oxamylFenamiphos or oxamyl
Strawberry Black Root Rot: Plant Strawberry Black Root Rot: Plant and Pathogen Interactionsand Pathogen Interactions
James A. LaMondia James A. LaMondia
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Station
Valley LaboratoryValley LaboratoryWindsor, CTWindsor, CT
Strawberry Black Root Rot: Plant Strawberry Black Root Rot: Plant and Pathogen Interactionsand Pathogen Interactions
James A. LaMondia James A. LaMondia
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Station
Valley LaboratoryValley LaboratoryWindsor, CTWindsor, CT
DISEASE TRIANGLEDISEASE TRIANGLE
DISEASEHos
t Pla
nt
Hos
t Pla
ntC
ausal Agent
Causal A
gent
EnvironmentEnvironment
Effect of pathogens on root disease Effect of pathogens on root disease and lengthand length
%BRR%BRR StructuralStructural FeederFeeder
NoneNone 1010 526526 11241124
Rf aloneRf alone 2222 491491 14401440
Rf + PpRf + Pp 4646 411411 654 654
Effect of pathogens on root disease Effect of pathogens on root disease and lengthand length
%BRR%BRR StructuralStructural FeederFeeder
NoneNone 1010 526526 11241124
Rf aloneRf alone 2222 491491 14401440
Rf + PpRf + Pp 4646 411411 654 654
Strawberry Root TypesStrawberry Root Types
Structural roots – 1Structural roots – 1°° & 2 & 2 °° well well developed cortex.developed cortex.
Perennial roots – 2 Perennial roots – 2 °° tissues tissues root cortex sloughed off.root cortex sloughed off.
Feeder roots – 1 Feeder roots – 1 °° tissues tissuesshort-lived, quick cycles.short-lived, quick cycles.
Strawberry Root TypesStrawberry Root Types
Structural roots – 1Structural roots – 1°° & 2 & 2 °° well well developed cortex.developed cortex.
Perennial roots – 2 Perennial roots – 2 °° tissues tissues root cortex sloughed off.root cortex sloughed off.
Feeder roots – 1 Feeder roots – 1 °° tissues tissuesshort-lived, quick cycles.short-lived, quick cycles.
PratylenchusPratylenchus recovery per g root recovery per g root
Root typeRoot type 19971997 19981998
PerennialPerennial 1.2 1.2 23.5 23.5
StructuralStructural 27.8 27.8 118.1118.1
FeederFeeder 136.6136.6 335.0335.0
SoilSoil 1.2 1.2 8.4 8.4
PratylenchusPratylenchus recovery per g root recovery per g root
Root typeRoot type 19971997 19981998
PerennialPerennial 1.2 1.2 23.5 23.5
StructuralStructural 27.8 27.8 118.1118.1
FeederFeeder 136.6136.6 335.0335.0
SoilSoil 1.2 1.2 8.4 8.4
R. fragariaeR. fragariae isolation %2mm roots isolation %2mm roots
Root typeRoot type SpringSpring HarvestHarvest
PerennialPerennial 52 52 78 78
StructuralStructural 3 3 40 40
FeederFeeder 12 12 27 27
Pp lesionPp lesion 17 17 73 73
R. fragariaeR. fragariae isolation %2mm roots isolation %2mm roots
Root typeRoot type SpringSpring HarvestHarvest
PerennialPerennial 52 52 78 78
StructuralStructural 3 3 40 40
FeederFeeder 12 12 27 27
Pp lesionPp lesion 17 17 73 73
Nematode-Fungus Interactions Split Nematode-Fungus Interactions Split Root ExperimentsRoot Experiments
pot 1pot 1 pot 2pot 2
PpPp Rf RfNoneNone Pp+Rf Pp+RfNone None Pp PpNone None Rf Rf
Nematode-Fungus Interactions Split Nematode-Fungus Interactions Split Root ExperimentsRoot Experiments
pot 1pot 1 pot 2pot 2
PpPp Rf RfNoneNone Pp+Rf Pp+RfNone None Pp PpNone None Rf Rf
Nematode-Fungus Split Root Nematode-Fungus Split Root
pot 1pot 1 pot 2pot 2 %BRR%BRR
PpPp Rf Rf 14 b 14 b
NoneNone Pp+Rf Pp+Rf 26 a 26 a
None None Pp Pp 12 b 12 b
None None Rf Rf 8 b 8 b
Nematode-Fungus Split Root Nematode-Fungus Split Root
pot 1pot 1 pot 2pot 2 %BRR%BRR
PpPp Rf Rf 14 b 14 b
NoneNone Pp+Rf Pp+Rf 26 a 26 a
None None Pp Pp 12 b 12 b
None None Rf Rf 8 b 8 b
Nematode-Fungus InteractionsNematode-Fungus Interactions
Rf and Pp associated with BRR.Rf and Pp associated with BRR.
Additive pathogen interaction.Additive pathogen interaction.
Split root – local interaction.Split root – local interaction.
Pp no effect on root exudates or Rf Pp no effect on root exudates or Rf growth in amended media.growth in amended media.
Nematode-Fungus InteractionsNematode-Fungus Interactions
Rf and Pp associated with BRR.Rf and Pp associated with BRR.
Additive pathogen interaction.Additive pathogen interaction.
Split root – local interaction.Split root – local interaction.
Pp no effect on root exudates or Rf Pp no effect on root exudates or Rf growth in amended media.growth in amended media.
Nematode-Fungus InteractionsNematode-Fungus Interactions
Rf resident on strawberry roots.Rf resident on strawberry roots.
Secondary growth > Rf infection.Secondary growth > Rf infection.
Nematode lesions > Rf infection.Nematode lesions > Rf infection.
Pp, 2Pp, 2°° growth cause cell death. growth cause cell death.
Rf infects dead cells Rf infects dead cells healthy. healthy.
Nematode-Fungus InteractionsNematode-Fungus Interactions
Rf resident on strawberry roots.Rf resident on strawberry roots.
Secondary growth > Rf infection.Secondary growth > Rf infection.
Nematode lesions > Rf infection.Nematode lesions > Rf infection.
Pp, 2Pp, 2°° growth cause cell death. growth cause cell death.
Rf infects dead cells Rf infects dead cells healthy. healthy.
Strawberry healthStrawberry health
Root growth vs. root lossRoot growth vs. root loss
Tolerance to BRRTolerance to BRR
Insect interactions, white grubs and Insect interactions, white grubs and weevils - breedingweevils - breeding
Strawberry healthStrawberry health
Root growth vs. root lossRoot growth vs. root loss
Tolerance to BRRTolerance to BRR
Insect interactions, white grubs and Insect interactions, white grubs and weevils - breedingweevils - breeding
Management ResearchManagement Research
Nonhost / antagonistic crops. Nonhost / antagonistic crops.
Effect of fertilizer/pH on BRR.Effect of fertilizer/pH on BRR.
Fungicides - Root drench/dip trtFungicides - Root drench/dip trt
Biological control: PGPR; cvs.Biological control: PGPR; cvs.
IPM – nematode bioassayIPM – nematode bioassay
Management ResearchManagement Research
Nonhost / antagonistic crops. Nonhost / antagonistic crops.
Effect of fertilizer/pH on BRR.Effect of fertilizer/pH on BRR.
Fungicides - Root drench/dip trtFungicides - Root drench/dip trt
Biological control: PGPR; cvs.Biological control: PGPR; cvs.
IPM – nematode bioassayIPM – nematode bioassay