First a review….First a review….Bernini’s examples of the Baroque.

► ““I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the iron's point there seemed to be a little fire. He iron's point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it. excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it. The soul is satisfied now with nothing less than The soul is satisfied now with nothing less than God. The pain is not bodily, but spiritual; though God. The pain is not bodily, but spiritual; though the body has its share in it. It is a caressing of love the body has its share in it. It is a caressing of love so sweet which now takes place between the soul so sweet which now takes place between the soul and God, that I pray God of His goodness to make and God, that I pray God of His goodness to make him experience it who may think that I am lyinghim experience it who may think that I am lying.” .” Chapter XXIX; Part 17, Teresa'sChapter XXIX; Part 17, Teresa's Autobiography Autobiography

THINKING QUESTION….THINKING QUESTION….

► Around time do you think the three Around time do you think the three sculptures were created. Provide a brief sculptures were created. Provide a brief rationale.rationale.

ART IN THE AGE ART IN THE AGE OF OF

REVOLUTIONS:REVOLUTIONS:FROM FROM

NEOCLASSICAL NEOCLASSICAL TO TO

ROMANTICROMANTIC

NEOCLASSICALNEOCLASSICAL► From the mid 18From the mid 18thth to the early 19 to the early 19thth century century► harkened back to the grandeur of ancient Greece harkened back to the grandeur of ancient Greece

and Rome (hence “neo” “classical”), many Greek and Rome (hence “neo” “classical”), many Greek and Roman referencesand Roman references

► was a reaction to the overly emotional and ornate was a reaction to the overly emotional and ornate BaroqueBaroque

► was restrained, rational, sometimes rigid and was restrained, rational, sometimes rigid and severesevere

► As reason guided the philosophes’ minds, so too As reason guided the philosophes’ minds, so too should reason guide artist’s handshould reason guide artist’s hand

► Major artists: Jacques David & Jean August IngresMajor artists: Jacques David & Jean August Ingres► Coincided with the French and American Coincided with the French and American

revolutionsrevolutions

Neoclassical Architecture

•Symmetry•Balance•Triangular pediment•Columns•Domed roof

Pantheon in Rome (c. 126 AD)

Baltimore Basilica (c. 1821 AD)

Monticello (c. 1772)

Death of Socrates, Jacques Louis David, 1787Death of Socrates, Jacques Louis David, 1787

Oath of the Horatii, Jacques Louis David, 1784

Napoleon I on His Imperial Throne (1806)Jean August Ingres, Musee de l’Armee.

Westminster Palace, Parliament, was rebuilt in 1834. Heated arguments ensued over the style. Planners decided against neoclassical because of the connotations of revolution. They

settled on Neo Gothic.

QUICK COMPARISON

• NEOCLASSICAL • Pantheon, Paris (1755-1792)

NEOGOTHICNeues Rathaus, Munich Germany

(1867)

ROMANTICISMROMANTICISM Was a general reaction to the Was a general reaction to the

Enlightenment emphasis on reasonEnlightenment emphasis on reason Rationalist quest to understand human Rationalist quest to understand human

nature lost sight of what really makes us nature lost sight of what really makes us human…human…

Emotion and individuality. Romantics Emotion and individuality. Romantics emphasized the importance of intuition, emphasized the importance of intuition, imagination, feeling and emotionsimagination, feeling and emotions

Allowed for greater emotion and Allowed for greater emotion and expression on the canvasexpression on the canvas

Often fanciful, sentimental, unreal, Often fanciful, sentimental, unreal, imaginative. imaginative.

Often associated with dreams, folklore, Often associated with dreams, folklore, heroics of bygone days. heroics of bygone days.

Classical : mechanical :: Romantic: Classical : mechanical :: Romantic: organicorganic

Romantics questioned the “progress” Romantics questioned the “progress” promised by society guided by reason.promised by society guided by reason.

Napoleonic Wars? Napoleonic Napoleonic Wars? Napoleonic dictatorship? Materialism? dictatorship? Materialism? Exploitation?Exploitation?

The Enlightenment’s Impact on The Enlightenment’s Impact on RomanticismRomanticism Romanticism can be traced back to Romanticism can be traced back to

RousseauRousseau’s idea that European’s needed ’s idea that European’s needed to get “back to nature” (i.e. noble savage)to get “back to nature” (i.e. noble savage)

In its purity, could mean a retreat to wild In its purity, could mean a retreat to wild places… places…

example: British landscape artists such as example: British landscape artists such as Constable and Turner reacted to/against Constable and Turner reacted to/against industrialism’s impact, especially on industrialism’s impact, especially on naturenature

We can see We can see Immanuel KantImmanuel Kant as a as a romanticromantic

Critique of Pure ReasonCritique of Pure Reason (1781) & (1781) & Critique of Practical ReasonCritique of Practical Reason (1788)(1788)

Mind is Mind is not not tabula rasa; human tabula rasa; human beings possess an innate sense beings possess an innate sense of moral duty: categorical of moral duty: categorical imperativeimperative

Romanticism Glorified the Romanticism Glorified the individualindividual

Individuals portrayed as heroes in artIndividuals portrayed as heroes in art Mimicked the intellectual trend of Mimicked the intellectual trend of J.G. J.G.

FichteFichte (1762-1814) (1762-1814) Believed the world is as it is because Believed the world is as it is because

strong willed individuals imposed their strong willed individuals imposed their wills on the worldwills on the world

The emotion of Romanticism is strongly The emotion of Romanticism is strongly related to Nationalism and Liberalismrelated to Nationalism and Liberalism

Romantic LandscapesRomantic Landscapes Romantic British landscape artists such as Romantic British landscape artists such as

Turner and ConstableTurner and Constable Reflected new attitudes toward natureReflected new attitudes toward nature Rousseau’s idyllic image of natural world Rousseau’s idyllic image of natural world

contrasted to the corrupt and artificial contrasted to the corrupt and artificial contemporary materialist societycontemporary materialist society

God’s creative spirit could be seen in natureGod’s creative spirit could be seen in nature New emphasis on the emotive effects of New emphasis on the emotive effects of

landscapes, calming, tranquil or dramatic and landscapes, calming, tranquil or dramatic and frighteningfrightening

THE SUBLIMETHE SUBLIME

Romanticism and religionRomanticism and religion

Romantics saw religion as basic Romantics saw religion as basic to human nature; faith as a to human nature; faith as a means to knowledgemeans to knowledge

Many urged a revival of Many urged a revival of Christianity based on the inner Christianity based on the inner emotions of humankind as the emotions of humankind as the foundationsfoundations

The Romantics looked back…The Romantics looked back…

Appreciated the Middle Ages, a time Appreciated the Middle Ages, a time before...before...

the overemphasis on reason, where the overemphasis on reason, where religion was still appreciated…religion was still appreciated…

the materialism of the Renaissance…the materialism of the Renaissance… the social ills associated with the social ills associated with

industrialization…industrialization… … … this was reflected in the architecturethis was reflected in the architecture Neo GothicNeo Gothic

Cologne CathedralConstruction began in 1248 and was completed in 1880

A photo of the unfinished cathedral in 1856

Napoleon Crossing the Alps, 1801

by Jacques-Louis David, 

Oil on canvas, 102" x 87" (260 x 221 cm), Chateau de Malmaison, Rueil-Malmaison

Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog

Caspar David

Friedrich,1818

Solitary Tree Caspar David Friedrich, 1822

Abbey in the Oaks

Caspar David Friedrich , 1809

1809; Oil on canvas, 110.4 x 171 cm; Schloss Charlottenburg, West Berlin.

Nightmare (The Incubus)Henry Fuseli, 1781

Massacre at Chios Eugene

Delacroix, 1824

Compare and contrast Vermeer’s Astronomer to… (1668)

Man and woman contemplating the Moon

Caspar David Friedrich, 1830

Astronomer, Johannes Vermeer, 1668

Man and woman contemplating the Moon , Caspar David Friedrich, 1834

Compare and contrast the paintings. Account for the differences.

Raft of the MedusaTheodore Gericault, 1819

The Bard John Martin, 1817

On a rock, whose haughty browFrowns o'er cold Conway's foaming flood,Robed in the sable garb of woeWith haggard eyes the Poet stood;Loose his beard and hoary hairStreamed like a meteor to the troubled air.He curses the departing armies: “Ruin seize thee, ruthless King!Confusion on thy banners wait!”

~ Excerpt from a popular poem by Thomas Gray (1755), telling of the conquest of Wales by English King Edward III in the 13th century

Death of Marat by

Jacques-Louis David

• Death of Marat by Jacques David

Explain the ways in which the Romanticism of this painting is consistent with that of Wordsworth’s poetry

and Chateaubriand’s description of a Gothic Cathedral.

THE BIRTH OF REALISM IN ART

• Began during the 1830 and 1848 revolutions in France and reached its peak during the Second French Empire (1852-1870)

• Generally, realists shifted away from idealism of the romantics to a more realistic rendering of nature, social relationships, and the world at large

• Realist artists became disillusioned by the “polished artists” who studied at the Art Academies, especially in France

The Barbizon School in France• a group of French, realist landscape artists who

rejected the Academic tradition, abandoning theory in an attempt to achieve a truer representation of life in the countryside

• Considered to have sown the seeds of Modernism with their individualism, and were the forerunners of the Impressionists, who took a similar philosophical approach to their art

• For the artists such as Theodore Rousseau, nature became a place of nostalgia and refuge from the social and political troubles of 1840 and 1848 as well as the refusal from the Salons

• Considered a “link” between the Romantics and Realists

Theodore RousseauEdge Of The Forest, Near The Gorges D\'ApremontOil On Canvas: (31.67 x 39.58 in)Signed and dated at lower right: 1866 / TH. Rousseau

REALISTS EMPHASIZED THE ORDINARY

• The subjects of paintings were drawn directly from observable life, no longer allegorical and/or mythological

• “Democratization of art”

• In the wake of the 1848 Revolutions and the release of the Communist Manifesto, realism reflected a new attitude of social disillusionment

• Workers, the poor, and the homeless were chosen not only as protest, but also to document contemporary life

• Realists carried on some aspects of Romanticism such as…

• reverence for natural beauty and attention to the individual, but…

• Realists did not transform these things into picturesque, sublime works…

• instead they appreciated these things for their imperfect, unfinished, ordinary, sometimes ugly, ordinariness. (i.e. Millet, Corbet, Daumier)

• Often times people were offended by this “vulgar” art.

Shepherdess with Her Flock, Jean-Francois Millet, 1864, Musee d'Orsay, Paris, Oil on canvas, 32 x 39 3/4 in. (81 x 101 cm)

A Wagon of the Third Class. Honore Daumier. c. 1862-64. Oil on canvas. Museum of Fine Arts, Ottawa, Canada.

Napoleon Crossing the Alps, Hippolyte Delaroche

(1850)

A Burial at Ornans, Gustave Courbet. 1849-50 Oil on canvas Musée d'Orsay, Paris.

The Gleaners, Jean Francois Millet, 1857

The Gross Clinic Eakins, Thomas

1875

Oil on canvas

96 x 78 in.

Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia

The Legislative Belly. Perspective View of the Ministers' Seats of 1834. Honore Daumier.

Olympia, Edouard Manet, 1863, Oil on canvas, 51 3/8 x 74 3/4 in. (130.5 x 190 cm), Musee d'Orsay, Paris

The Realists gave rise to the artistic rebellion of the Impressionists

• Progressive minded realists, like Manet, were not allowed to show their works at the official Salon of the Academy

• 1863, Napoleon III called for an alternative show for the public to decide for themselves…

• Salon des Refusés (Salon of the Refused)