neogene biostratigraphy and paleoenvironments, lower

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1974

Neogene Biostratigraphy and Paleoenvironments, Lower Neogene Biostratigraphy and Paleoenvironments, Lower

Magdalena Basin, Colombia. Magdalena Basin, Colombia.

Burton William Bordine Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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BORDINE, Burton William, 1934- NEOGENE biostratigraphy AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS, LOWER MAGDALENA BASIN, COLOMBIA.

The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., I 974 Paleontology

University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan

© 1974

burton w il l ia m BORDINE

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED.


NEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS, LOWER MAGDALENA BASIN,

COLOMBIA

A D i s s e r t a t i o n

S u b m it te d t o th e G ra d u a te F a c u l t y o f th e L o u is ia n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y and

A g r i c u l t u r a l and M ech an ica l C o l le g e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e

r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r th e d e g re e o f D o c to r o f P h i lo s o p h y

i n

The D ep artm en t o f Geology

byB u r to n W il l ia m B ord ine

B .S . , W este rn M ich igan U n i v e r s i t y , I 963 M c S . , Brigham Young U n i v e r s i t y , I 965

May, 1 9 7 4


EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPORT

Candidate: B u r to n W ill ia m B o r d in e

Major Field: G eology

Title of Thesis: Neogene B i o s t r a t i g r a p h y and P a le o e n v iro n m e n ts , LowerM agdalena B a s in , Colombia

Approved:

Major Professor aaS3-€fî^man

Dean oî the GraduateCfichool

EXAMINING COMMITTEE:

F

Date of Examination:

A p r i l 18, 1974


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n has b e n e f i t e d from th e

c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f t im e , f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t and i n t e r e s t o f

numerous i n d i v i d u a l s . I c a n n o t m en tio n a l l o f th o s e who

have a s s i s t e d b u t I am g r a t e f u l t o a l l whom have a id e d

th e p r o j e c t i n v a r io u s ways.

The s tu d y was s u g g e s te d by Dr. W. A. van den B old

who gave g e n e r o u s ly o f h i s t im e , s e r v e d as com m ittee

ch a irm an , and p ro v id e d g u id an c e i n t h e f i e l d and

l a b o r a t o r y . D r. Hermann Duque Caro o f INGEOMINAS.,

B o g o ta ' , Colom bia, a d v is e d d u r in g t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f

th e p r o j e c t and f u r n i s h e d sam ples from t h r e e im p o r ta n t

w e l l s .

A p p r e c ia t io n i s e x p re s s e d to com m ittee members

Dr. Donald R. Lowe, D r. C. 0 . Durham and

Dr, H. V. A ndersen who c r i t i c a l l y rev iew ed th e o r i g i n a l

m a n u s c r ip t and o f f e r e d s u g g e s t io n s p e r t a i n i n g t o d a ta

e v a l u a t i o n and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

S p e c ia l a p p r e c i a t i o n i s e x p re s s e d t o Mrs. C h a r le s

Godwin whose t y p in g , e d i t i n g and o r g a n i z a t i o n a l

s u g g e s t io n s p ro v id e d an i n v a l u a b l e im petus d u r in g th e

l a t t e r s t a g e s o f th e p r o j e c t .

F i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t was p ro v id e d by Texaco,

I n c o r p o r a te d , The S u p e r io r O i l Company, and p a r t i a l l y

by th e N a t io n a l S c ien c e F o u n d a t io n (G ran t GA 16522).

■j.i


My w ife and fa m i ly made many c o n t r i b u t i o n s

d u r in g t h e c o u rs e o f th e p r o j e c t ; I am g r a t e f u l f o r

t h e i r p a t i e n c e and u n d e r s t a n d in g , and f o r th e l a b o r a t o r y

a s s i s t a n c e o f my o ld e r c h i l d r e n , Shawn, Matthew and

S t a c i a . My p a r e n t s , Mr. and M rs. Lee B ord ine and

p a r e n t s - i n - l a w , Mr. and Mrs. W il l ia m McKinley p ro v id e d

f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t a t v a r io u s t im e s , f o r which I am

a p p r e c i a t i v e .

A l l l a b o r a t o r y r e s e a r c h was c o n d u c ted a t th e

Schoo l o f G e o sc ie n c e , L o u is ia n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ,

B a ton Rouge, L o u is ia n a . I would l i k e t o th a n k

Dr. C. 0 . Durham, D i r e c t o r , f o r t h e u se o f t h e s e

f a c i l i t i e s .

I l l


TABLE OP CONTENTS

PageACKNOWLEDGIViENTS....................................................................... i i

LIST OP T A B L E S ....................................................................... v i i

LIST OP PIGlïRES . . . . c ................................................. i x

ABSTRACT............................ x i i

INTRODUCTION ............................. 1

Area o f S t u d y ....................................................................... 3R e g io n a l S e t t i n g ......................................................... 3P re v io u s Work ................... . . . . . 6

O b j e c t i v e s ....................... 3Methods o f S tud y .............................................................. 8F i e l d ...................................................................... 8L a b o r a t o r y ............................................................................ 10

Sample P r e p a r a t i o n . . . . ....................................... 10Sample E x a m in a t io n ......................................................... 11S tudy o f B io g e n ic S t r u c t u r e s ............................ 12

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY - PLANKTONIC PORAMINIFERA . . . 13

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and D i s t r i b u t i o n ................... . 13Development o f P l a n k to n ic P o r a m in i f e r a l

B i o s t r a t i g r a p h y .............................................................. I 5

PALEOECOLOGY........................ 18

B e n th ic P o r a m in i f e r a ................................................... I 9L i t e r a t u r e Review ...................................... . . . . 19B a s is o f P o r a m i n i f e r a l P a le o b a th y m e try . . 20I s o b a t h y a l S p e c ie s -U p p e r Depth L im its . . . 20T e s t M o rpho logy -B a th ym etr ic R e la t i o n s h ip . 23M orphotypes ................................................ . . . . . 24

P la n k to n ic /E e n th o n ic R a t io ...................................... 25P a le o b a th y m e tr ie A ssem blages U t i l i z e d i n

P r e s e n t S tu dy .................................................................. 28B io g en ic S t r u c t u r e s . ................................................. 28

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f L eb e n ssp u re n . . . . . . 29Burrow O r i e n t a t i o n - E n e r g y R e la t io n s h ip . . 30

I V


PageM acroburrow Groups .................................................... 32

V e r t i c a l Burrows .................................................... 32I n c l i n e d Burrows ................... . . . . . . 33H e l io c o id a l Burrows ................................................ 33B ranched B u r r o w s ............................................... . 35R a d ia t i n g Burrows .................................................... 35

M i c r o s t r u c t u r e s ........................................................ . 36

MAJOR RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS ................................. 4 l

B i o s t r a t i g r a p h y o f N o r th e rn LowerM agdalena B a s in ........................ . . . . . . . . 4 l

S t r a t i g r a p h i e C ross S e c t io n s ....................... . 43O lig o c e n e t o L a te M io c e n e E nv iro nm en ts . . . 46

L a te O lig o cen e t o End o f E a r l y Miocene . . 46M iddle Miocene .............................................................. 48L a te Miocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50E a r l y P l i o c e n e .............................................................. 50M iddle P l io c e n e .............................................................. 53

Economic P o t e n t i a l o f Area ................... 56

REFERENCES................................................................................. 64

APPENDIX A. D e f i n i t i o n s and C h a r a c t e r i s t i c so f Neogene P la n k to n ic P o r a m in i f e r a l Zones . . 71

APPENDIX B. T e s t Morphology - B a th y m e tr ic R e l a t i o n s h i p s o f th e U v i g e r i n i d s , B u l im in id s , and C a s s i d u l i n i d s ......................................................... 84

APPENDIX C. B en th o n ic P o r a m in i f e r a -P a le o e n v ir o n m e n ta l Assem blages U t i l i z e d i nt h e Lower M agdalena B a s in ........................................... 91

APPENDIX D. S y s te m a t ic s o f L eb e n ssp u re n . . . 96

APPENDIX H. D is c u s s io n o f S t r a t i g r a p h i e S e c t i o n s and W ells i n R egard t o L i th o lo g y , S t r a t i g r a p h i e S u c c e s s io n , Time S t r a t i g r a p h y , S e d im e n ta ry and B io g en ic S t r u c t u r e s , P a le o e n v iro n m e n ts .............................................................. 101

V


PageS u r fa c e S e c t io n s :C h o r re ra -B a ra n o a .............................................................. 102H ib ach aro ............................. .... ....................... 117Arroyo Juan de A c o s t a ..................................................... 125Arroyo F lo jo ( S a c o ) ....................... 144Arroyo C hiaonava ( P io jo A rea ) . . ........................ 158P u e r to C o l o m b i a ..................................... I 65T u b a r a ...................................................................... I 73U s ia c u r i . ............................ 184

S t r a t i g r a p h i e and E n v iro n m e n ta l A na lyses o f I n t e r c o l W ells . . . . . ...................................... I 95

Campito No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Tubara No. 4 ....................................................................... 200Campeche No. 1 ................................................................... 202

APPENDIX F . P la n k to n ic P o r a m in i f e r a lR e fe re n c e L i s t . . . . . . . . . 205

APPENDIX G. M easured S u r fa c e S e c t io n s . . . . 211

P L A T E S .......................................................................................... 252

P l a t e s 1 t o 4 - P l a n k to n ic P o r a m in i f e r a . . . 252P l a t e 5 - B e n th o n ic P o r a m in i f e r a -

P a le o e n v iro n m e n ta l A ssem blages . . 260P l a te 6 - B io g e n ic S t r u c t u r e s ................................. 262

V I T A ............................................................................................... 264

V I


LIST OP TABLES

Table Page1 . (T e x t) D i s t r i b u t i o n o f

P la n k to n ic P o r a m in i f e r a . ‘ .............................. 42

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P o ra m in i f e r aChorrera a r e a ..................... . . 105

lA . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P o r a m in i f e r aC h o rre ra a r e a ......................................................... I 06

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P o ra m in i f e r aH ibacharo a r e a . . . . . . .............................. 122

3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P o r a m in i f e r aArroyo Juan de A c o s ta(n e a r mouth s e c t i o n l ) .................................. 131

4-. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f B e n th o n ic P o r a m in i f e r a Arroyo Juan de A c o s ta(n e a r v i l l a g e s e c t i o n 2 ) ............................. . . 135

5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P la n k to n ic P o ra m in i f e r aArroyo Juan de A c o s ta(n e a r v i l l a g e s e c t i o n 2 ) . . . . . . . 136

6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P o r a m in i f e r aArroyo Juan de A c o s ta( n e a r C h o rre ra s e c t i o n 3 ) ........................... 137

7 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P la n k to n ic P o ra m in i f e r aArroyo P io jo (Saco) . . . . . . . . . . 150

7A. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P l a n k to n ic P o ra m in i f e r aArroyo P io jo (Saco) ........................................... I 5 I

8 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f B en th o n ic P o r a m in i f e r aArroyo P io jo (Saco) . .................................... 152

BA. Distribution of Benthonic PoraminiferaA rrcyo P io jo (Saco) ........................................... 153

9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P o r a m in i f e r aArroyo C hiaonava ( n e a r P i o j o ) ................... 162

10. Distribution of PoraminiieraP u e r to Colombia a r e a . . . . . . . . . l yi

V I 1


Table Page11. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P o r a m in i f e r a

T ubara a r e a ........................................... 180

12. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P o r a m in i f e r aU s ia c u r i s e c t i o n( E a s t Limb C ib a rc o A n t i c l i n e ) ....................... 190

1 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P o r a m in i f e r aU s ia c u r i s e c t i o n(w e s t o f U s ia c u r i c e n t e r o fC ib a rc o A n t i c l i n e ) .............................................. I 9 I

14. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P la n k to n i c P o ra m in i f e r aI n t e r c o l - Oampito No. 3 ..................... I 98

1 5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f B e n th o n ic P o ra m in i f e raI n t e r c o l - Campito No. 3 . . . . . . 199

1 6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P o r a m in i f e r aI n t e r c o l - T ubara No. 4 . . . . . . . . 201

1 7 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f B e n th o n ic P o ra m in i f e r aI n t e r c o l - Campeche No. 1 ..................... 203

1 8 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P l a n k to n i c P o ra m in i f e r aI n t e r c o l - Campeche No. 1 . . . . . . . 204

V l l l


LIST OF FIGURES

F i g u r e Page

1 . In d ex Map N o rth w es t South A m erica .......................... 2

2 . E a s te r n , C e n t r a l and W estern C o r d i l l e r a so f C olom bia ...................................................................... 5

3 . L o c a t io n Map - A rea o f S tu d y ................................... 7

4 . Example o f A p p l i c a t io n o f I s o b a th y a lS p e c ie s ................................................................................ 22

5 . B a thym etry v s . P e r c e n t P l a n k t o n l c s .............................26

6 . P a le o b a th y m e tr lc E s t im a te s Based onT race F o s s i l A sse m b la g es .............................................. 31

7 . M i c r o s t r u c t u r e s ..........................................................................40

8 . S o u th w e s t -N o r th e a s t S t r a t i g r a p h i e CrossS e c t i o n ...................................................................................... 44

9 . S t r a t i g r a p h i e C ross S e c t io n - S o u th -N o r th . . 45

1 0 . P a le o b a th y m e try O l lg o c e n e -E a r ly M iocene. . . 47

1 1 . P a le o b a th y m e try L a te M iddle M iocene. . . . . 49

1 2 . P a le o b a th y m e try L a te Miocene (N 17-18). . . . 51

1 3 . P a le o b a th y m e try E a r ly P l i o c e n e ...................................... 52

1 4 . P a le o b a th y m e try M iddle P l i o c e n e ....................................54

1 5 . P ro b a b le P l l o - P l e l s t o c e n e E v o lu t io n o fth e Lower M agdalena R i v e r . . ............................. 60

1 6 . U v lg e r ln ld M o rp h o lo g ic -B a th y m e tr icR e l a t i o n s h i p s ........................................................................ 86

1 7 . B u l lm ln ld M o rp h o lo g ic -B a th y m e tr icR e l a t i o n s h i p s ........................................................................ 88

1 8 . C a s s l d u l ln l d M o rp h o lo g ic -B a th y m e tr icR e l a t i o n s h i p s ........................................................................ 90

1 9 . L o c a t io n Map - Ju a n De A c o s ta -C h o r re raA r e a s ..................................................................................... I 03

2 0 . Summary C h o rre ra -B a ra n o a S e c t i o n ................................I l 4

i x


Figure Page

2 1 . L o c a t io n Map - H ibacharo A re a ................................... 118

22 . B ottom M ark ings - H ibacharo A r e a ......................... 121

2 3 . A l t e r n a t i n g S and-S ha le Sequence H ib a ch a roA re a . ................................................................ 121

2 4 . S l i g h t l y Graded B ed ........................................................... 121

2 5 . Summary H ib ach a ro A re a ................................................. 123

2 6 . L o c a t io n Map - Arroyo Juan De A c o s ta . . . . 126

2 7 . T h ick to T h in Bedded Sand Sequence -A rroyo Ju a n de A c o s ta ................................................ 129

2 8 . Summary A rroyo Ju a n de A co s ta -S e c t io n 1 ................................................... 132

2 9 . Summary A rroyo Ju a n de A costa -S e c t io n 2 ........................................................ 142

2 9 A. Summary A rroyo Juan de A co sta -S e c t io n 3 ............................................................................ 143

3 0 . A rroyo P i o j o ( S a c o ) ........................................................... l45

3 1 . Burrowed Channel Arroyo P io jo ( S a c o ) . . . . 149

3 2 . S t r a t i g r a p h i e S u c c e ss io n - ArroyoP io jo ( S a c o ) ................................................................... 149

33 . C rossb ed ded U n i t Near Base o f A rroyo P io jo(S aco ) S e c t io n - Deep W ater S a n d ................... 149

3 4 . Summary A rroyo P io jo ( S a c o ) ........................................ 155

3 5 . L o c a t io n Map - P io jo A re a ............................................ 159

3 6 . Summary A rroyo Chiaonavoa (n e a r P i o j o ) . . . . l6 4

37 . P u e r to Colombia A re a .................................................... . I 66

3 8 - 4 0 .S h e l f C h a n n e ls , P u e r to Colombia S e c t io n . . I 69

4 l . Summary P u e r to Colombia S e c t io n .......................... I 72

42 ., T ubara A r e a .................................. 1?4

X


Figure Page

4 3 . A ngu la r S h a le Lumps, T ubara S e c t io n . . . . 179

44 . Gas E m iss ion S t r u c t u r e T ubara S e c t io n . . . 179

4 5 . C ross Beds - T ubara S e c t i o n ................................... 179

4 6 . Summary Arroyo Tubai’a ......................................... 182

46a . Summary T ubara E a s t Limb S e c t i o n ............. 183

4 7 . U s i a c u r i A re a ............................................................ 185

4 8 . S e d im e n ta ry S t r u c t u r e s - U s i a c u r i A rea. . . 187

4 9 . Summary U s ia c u r i A r e a . ..................................... 193

5 0 . L o c a t io n Map - W ell L o c a t i o n s ...................... 196

5 1 . Summary I n t e r c o l , Campito No. 3 . . . . . . 197

5 2 . Summary I n t e r c o l , Tubar’a No. 4 .............................. 200

5 3 . Summary I n t e r c o l , Campeche No. 1 .......................... 202

X I


ABSTRACT

P la n k to n ic and b e n th o n ic f o r a m l n l f e r a , p r im a ry

s e d im e n ta ry s t r u c t u r e s , t r a c e f o s s i l s , and v e r t i c a l

s t r a t i g r a p h i e s u c c e s s io n s were u t i l i z e d i n e s t a b l i s h i n g a

t im e s t r a t i g r a p h i e and p a le o e n v i ro n m e n ta l fram ework o f t h e

n o r t h e r n . Lower M agdalena B a s in , Colombia. A p p ro x im a te ly

550 sam ples from 10 s u r f a c e s e c t i o n s and t h r e e w e l l s w i th -

i n t h e 950 km. s tu d y a r e a were exam ined. R e c o n s t r u c t io n

o f e a r l y Miocene to m id d le P l io c e n e p a le o e n v iro n m e n ts and

a p l o t o f th e s h i f t i n g a n c e s t r a l Magdalena R iv e r d e p o c e n te r s

i n d i c a t e t h e e x i s t e n c e o f an a r e a which o f f e r s h y d ro c a rb o n

p o t e n t i a l i n t h e a d j a c e n t o f f s h o r e t r a c t be tw een

G alarazam ba and P u e r to C o lom bia .

Time s t r a t i g r a p h y b a se d on p l a n k to n ic f o r a m i n i f e r a

i n d i c a t e s ages which ra n g e from O ligo cene t o m idd le

P l io c e n e a s d e f in e d by Blow ( 1 9 6 9 ) and Lamb and B eard

( 1 9 7 2 ) . Well d e f in e d h o r i z o n s and t im e s t r a t i g r a p h i e u n i t s

in c lu d e t h e fo l lo w in g :

Base O ligo cene - Abundant r a d i o l a r i a

L a te O lig ocene - (Zone N2) - G l o b o r o t a l i a opima

E a r ly Miocene - (Zone N5) - G loboquadrina

p r a e d e h i s c e n s

(Zone N6-N7) - G l o b i g e r i n i t a

d i s s i m i l i s

x i i


M iddle Miocene - (Z ones 13-14) - G lo b ig e r in a

d r u r y i , G lo b ig e r in a n e p e n t h e s ,

and G l o b o r o t a l i a s i a k e n s i s .

L a te Miocene - G l o b o r o t a l i a a c o s t a e n s i s Zone

S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s s p h a e r o id e s

Subzone

M idd le P l io c e n e - G l o b o r o t a l i a m a r g a r i t a e Zone

P u l l e n i a t l n a p r i m a l i s Subzone

Lower b a th y a l and a b y s s a l t o m a rg in a l m ar in e p a l e o

e n v iro n m e n ta l i n d i c e s r e c o r d a r e g r e s s i v e b a s i n a l s e q u e n c e .

The lo n g te rm r e g r e s s i o n i s h e r e p o s t u l a t e d to have r e

s u l t e d from th e p r o g r a d a t io n o f t h e a n c e s t r a l M agdalena

R iv e r and c o n c u r r e n t u p l i f t a lo n g a n o r t h e a s t - s o u t h w e s t

t r e n d i n t h e p ro x im a l o f f s h o r e a r e a . An abundance o f l a t e

Eocene and O lig ocene r a d i o l a r i a which l i e s u b ja c e n t t o

e a r l y M iocene s t r a t a b e a r in g M elon is p o m p ilo id e s and

U v ig e r in a h i s p i d a r eco rd low er b a th y a l and a b y s s a l p a l e o

b a th y m e try p r i o r t o th e r a p i d f i l l i n g o f th e b a s i n and th e

a s s o c i a t e d u p l i f t . M iddle M iocene to e a r l y P l io c e n e ,

b a t h y a l t o m a rg in a l m arine en v iro n m en ts a r e r e c o r d e d i n t h e

a r e a o f t h e n o r t h e a s t - s o u t h w e s t t r e n d . B en tho n ic

f o r a m i n i f e r a l a ssem b lag es in d e x e d by B ulim ina m exicana

s t r i a t a , U v ig e r in a p e r i g r i n a , B u lim in a m arg in s t a ,

B u l i m i n e l l a e l e g a n t i s s i m a , and Ammonia b e c c a r i i o c c u r i n

a s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l l y a sc e n d in g se q u en c e .

S e d im e n ta ry s t r u c t u r e s a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e

o c c u r r e n c e oJ' t h e b a th y a l J’o r a m in i f e r a Cyclarniiilna c a n c r l l a t a

x i i i


s u g g e s t p o s s i b l e m idd le Miocene s lo p e t u r b i d i t e s o r i g i n a t i n g

from th e s o u th o r so u th w e s t . Numerous h o r iz o n s i n t h i s

p o r t i o n o f t h e s e c t i o n d i s p l a y an a l t e r n a t i n g s a n d - s h a le

se q u e n c e , and t h e sand b e d s , commonly show bo ttom m ark in g s ,

p o o r ly g ra d e d b e d s , and v e ry sm a l l s c a l e u n i d i r e c t i o n a l

c r o s s b e d s . The e a r l y P l io c e n e T ubara F o rm a tio n e x h i b i t s

f e a tu z 'e s i n d i c a t i v e o f a s o u th e a s t so u rc e d i r e c t i o n s such

a s a w estw ard d e c r e a s e i n g r a i n s i z e and bed t h i c k n e s s .

The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f l u i d e m is s io n s t r u c t u r e s , a n g u la r c l a y

lumps embedded i n sa n d s to n e and num erous m a rg in a l m arine

and s h e l f c h a n n e ls a l s o su g g e s t a s o u t h e a s t e r l y sed im ent

s o u r c e . M iddle P l io c e n e d e p o s i t s r e c o r d a t r a n s g r e s s i v e

p h a s e , and r e p r e s e n t th e y o u n g es t c l a s t i c se d im e n ts In t h e

a r e a s t u d i e d .

B io g e n ic s t r u c t u r e s were U t i l i z e d a s a complement

t o b e n th i c f o r a m i n i f e r a i n p a le o e n v i ro n m e n ta l i n t e r

p r e t a t i o n s . The o c c u r re n c e of s t r a i g h t , b ra n c h e d , cu rv ed

and h e l i c o i d a l burrow s were employed a s r e l a t i v e p a le o -

energy i n d i c e s . H iree e x c e p t i o n a l l y w e l l p r e s e r v e d specim ens

o f t h e s p i r a l bu rrow , G y r o l i t h e s , found i n m iddle t o o u t e r

s h e l f c h a n n e l d e p o s i t s were c o l l e c t e d and c o r r e l a t e d w i th

c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a .

R e s e r v o i r sands and h y d ro c a rb o n so u rc e beds a re

p o s s i b l y i n c lo s e a s s o c i a t i o n in t h e a d j a c e n t o f f s h o r e a r e a .

Two h o r i z o n s , t h e m iddle Miocene G a l l in a z o F o rm a tio n , and

t h e e a r l y P l io c e n e Tubara F o rm a tio n sh o u ld be c o n s id e re d f o r

e x p l o r â t I o n .

X I V


B ased on map d a t a I n d i c a t i n g p ro b a b le c o u r s e s o f

t h e a n c e s t r a l Magdalena R iv e r and p a le o e n v i ro n m e n ta l

r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e r e c e i v i n g b a s i n , a h y p o th e s i s

e x p l a i n i n g r i v e r c o u rse c h a n g e s , and o r i g i n o f i t s d e l t a

m orpho logy i s p ro p o s e d . The o v a te d e l t a which t r e n d s

n o r t h e a s t - s o u t h w e s t h a s r e s u l t e d from th e r e t a r d a t i o n o f

se d im e n t d i s p e r s a l by th e em erg ing o f f s h o r e h ig h , l o c a t e d

t o t h e n o r th w e s t and o r i e n t e d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e a n c i e n t

r i v e r t r e n d s . T h is h ig h h a s p r e v e n te d r i v e r f low t o t h e

n o r th w e s t and h as f o r c e d i t t o f low i n o th e r d i r e c t i o n s ,

e i t h e r to w a rd t h e so u th w e s t o r n o r t h , s in c e t h e end o f

l a t e P l io c e n e t im e .

XV


INTRODUCTION

The m arine Neogene o f n o r t h e r n Colombia c o n s i s t s

o f c l a s t i c and c a rb o n a te s e d im e n ts which o c c u r In a

c o n t in u o u s s u r f a c e o r s u b s u r f a c e band e x te n d in g from

Panama on th e w est n o r th e a s tw a r d p a r a l l e l t o th e

C a r ib b e a n c o a s t t o t h e S a n ta M arta M oun ta ins , n e a r t h e

V en ez u e la b o r d e r . T h is ban d w hich e x te n d s a p p ro x im a te ly

480 km. In a SW-NE d i r e c t i o n , d i s p l a y s numerous r e e n t r a n t s

w here g r a b en form ed embayments e x te n d e d I n la n d be tw een

t h r e e m a jo r n o r t h - s o u t h t r e n d i n g m ounta in r a n g e s

( F ig u r e s 1 and 2 ) . T h is v a s t a r e a (50 ,0 0 0 - 8 0 ,0 0 0 km.2,

n o t I n c l u d i n g th e o f f s h o r e a r e a ) I s d e s c r ib e d In l e s s th a n

t e n p u b l i c a t i o n s .

The r e g i o n a l s t r a t i g r a p h y and g e n e r a l i z e d s t r u c t u r e

has b een s t u d i e d by t h e p e t r o le u m com panies d u r in g t h e

p a s t 30 y e a r s , b u t t h e t im e s t r a t i g r a p h y I s p o o r ly u n d e r

s to o d , and t h e p a le o e n v i ro n m e n ts a r e unknown th ro u g h o u t

m ost of. a r e a .

A s tu d y a r e a o f a p p ro x im a te ly 950 km.^ was s e l e c t e d

b e c a u se o f I t s complex f a c i e s r e l a t i o n s h i p , r e l a t i v e l y

good o u t c r o p s , and I t s p r o x im i ty t o t h r e e r e c e n t w e l l s

( F ig u r e s 1 and 3 ) . These w e l l s have p ro v id e d sam ples from

1 5 ,0 0 0 f e e t o f s e c t i o n , from which e l e c t r i c l o g s , c u t t i n g s ,

and m l c r o f o s s l l sam ples were a v a i l a b l e .

1


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I N D E X MAP N O R T H W E S T S O U T H A M E R I C A

0 60 120 180 240 Km. Study Are nquill

Caribbean: Sea

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e ^ ^ o g c ^Figure 1 Pattern showing band of Neogene deposits between Panama and Venezuela.

Area o f S tudy

R e g io n a l s e t t i n g ;

The p r e - C r e t a c e o u s h i s t o r y o f Colombia i s p o o r ly

known, b u t f a u n a 1 e v id e n c e o b t a in e d from s p o r a d i c a l l y

d i s t r i b u t e d o u tc r o p s o f m arine l im e s to n e and f i n e g r a in e d

e l a s t i c s i n d i c a t e d e p o s i t i o n th ro u g h o u t most o f t h e P a le o

z o i c . M arine l im e s to n e o f T r i a s s i c age o c c u rs i n th e

e a s t e r n p o r t i o n o f t h e C o r d i l l e r a C e n t r a l and i s o v e r l a i n

by e a r l y and M iddle J u r a s s i c c o n t i n e n t a l d e p o s i t s . L a te

J u r a s s i c , and C re ta c e o u s s t r a t a com p rise a c o n t in u o u s s e

quence o f m io g e o s y n c l in a l d e p o s i t s i n th e E a s te r n C o r d i l

l e r a s . I n t h e M iddle M agdalena V a l le y , t h e s i t e o f

Colombia's most c o m p le te ly s t u d i e d b a s i n , a maximum t h i c k n e s s

o f 4 ,0 0 0 m. o f l a t e M esozoic and Cenozoic s a n d s to n e , s h a le

and l im e s to n e have been r e p o r t e d (M o ra le s , 1958).

The p r e s e n t s t r u c t u r a l g r a i n o f n o r th w e s te r n South

America was e s t a b l i s h e d d u r in g p o s t C re ta c e o u s t im e . T h is

t r e n d i s d o m in a ted by t h e Andes M ounta ins which e x te n d a lo n g

th e e n t i r e w e s te rn m arg in o f t h e c o n t in e n t in a c o n t in u o u s

c h a in from C h i le t o t h e E cuador-C olom bia b o r d e r , a d i s t a n c e

o f a p p ro x im a te ly 6 ,4 0 0 km (4 ,0 0 0 m i l e s ) . I n so u th e rn

Colombia th e main r a n g e d i v i d e s i n t o t h r e e d i s t i n c t r a n g e s

th e E a s te r n , C e n t r a l and W estern C o r d i l l e r a s (F ig u re 2 ) .

The E a s te r n C o r d i l l e r a b i f u r c a t e s w i th one b ra n c h e x te n d in g

i n t o n o r t h e a s t e r n Colombia and t h e o th e r assum ing an e a s t -

w est o r i e n t a t i o n and c o n t in u in g i n t o V en ezu e la . The C e n t r a l


C o r d i l l e r a c o n t in u e s n o r th w ard and p lu n g e s b e n e a th th e

T e r t i a r y s e d im e n ts o f t h e n o r t h c o a s t a l a r e a . The W estern

C o r d i l l e r a assum es a n o r th w e s t t r e n d i n t o C e n t r a l A m erica.

G raben and h a l f - g r a b e n f o r m a t io n o c c u r r e d be tw een th e

r a n g e s a s u p l i f t to o k p l a c e , c r e a t i n g n o r t h - s o u t h t r e n d i n g

t r o u g h s w hich w ere open n o r th w ard t o t h e C a r ib b e an Sea.

T hese e l o g a t e d e p o s i t i o n a l s i t e s r e c e i v e d up t o 1 0 ,000 -

1 5 . 0 0 0 m. o f medium t o f i n e g r a in e d Neogene e l a s t i c s w i th

m inor c a r b o n a te d e p o s i t i o n d u r in g th e m id d le Miocene and

P l e i s t o c e n e .

The a r e a o f s tu d y i s l o c a t e d w i t h i n a m u l t i - b a s i n a l

complex be tw een t h e C e n t r a l and E a s te r n C o r d i l l e r a s . From

s o u th t o n o r t h , t h e t h r e e m ajor com ponents o f t h i s complex

a r e t h e U pper, M iddle and Lower Magdalena B a s in s (F ig u re 2 ) .

The s e d im e n ts show a n o n -m arine t o m arin e f a c i e s n o r th w a rd

f o l lo w in g t h e c o u rs e o f t h e p r e s e n t Magdalena R i v e r .

The so u th e rn m o s t o f t h e s e d e p o c e n te r s i s t h e Upper

M agdalena B a s in o c cu p y in g th e u p p e r d r a in a g e area, o f th e

M agdalena R iv e r and f i l l e d e n t i r e l y w i th n o n -m arin e sed im en ts .

The M iddle M agdalena B a s in i n c lu d e s an a r e a o f a p p ro x im a te ly

3 2 .0 0 0 km.^ ( 1 2 ,5 0 0 s q . m i . ) which r e c e i v e d more th a n 8 ,0 0 0 m.

o f T e r t i a r y , n o n -m arin e and b r a c k i s h w a te r se d im e n ts

(M o ra le s , I 9 5 8 ) .

A n o r t h e a s t t r e n d i n g segment o f t h e C e n t r a l C o r d i l l e r a

s e p a r a t e s t h e m a rg in a l t o non -m arine f a c i e s o f t h e m iddle

b a s i n from t h e p r i m a r i l y m arine f a c i e s o f t h e Lower Magdalena

B a s in . T h is s e p a r a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t e c o n o m ic a l ly s in c e


«CHOP

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0 100 200 300 400 km .

Figure- 2 L o c a t io n o f M ajor C o r d i l l o r a s and R e la te d B a s in s


p r a c t i ç a l l y a l l o f C o lo m b ia 's p e t ro le u m p r o d u c t io n i s from

t h e b r a c k i s h to no n -m arin e sand r e s e r v o i r s o f th e m idd le

b a s i n .

The Lower M agdalena B a s in i s b o rd e re d on t h e w est

by a s u b s u r f a c e e x te n s io n a t t h e C e n t r a l C o r d i l l e r a and

on t h e e a s t by th e S i e r r a Nevada de S a n ta Marta and t h e

E a s t e r n C o r d i l l e r a . The s o u th e r n bo u n d a ry i s form ed by

n o r t h e a s t t r e n d i n g s p u rs o f t h e C e n t r a l C o r d i l l e r a and th e

n o r t h e r n by th e C a r ib b ean S ea . These f e a t u r e s o u t l i n e an

a r e a o f a p p ro x im a te ly 3 0 ,0 00 km.^ (1 2 ,0 0 0 s q . m i . ) . Not

i n c lu d e d i s th e a d j a c e n t C esa r s u b - b a s in which l i e s so u th

o f t h e S an ta M arta M o u n ta in s .

The a r e a of s tu d y ( F ig u re 3) i s l o c a t e d i n th e

n o r th w e s t q u a r t e r o f b a s i n , and i s b o rd e r e d by th e

C a r ib b e a n Sea on th e n o r th and w e s t , and on th e e a s t by

a l i n e c o n n e c t in g t h e f o l lo w in g I n t e r c o l w e l l s , Campito No. 3,

T ubara No. 4 and Campeche No. 1 . The S o u th e rn b o rd e r i s a t

t h e l a t i t u d e of t h e Luruaco u p l i f t . T h is encom passes anP

a r e a o f a p p ro x im a te ly 950 km. .

P r e v io u s work:

S ix p r e v io u s p u b l i c a t i o n s d i s c u s s f a u n a l e le m e n ts

o f t h e a r e a , and one gu idebook d e s c r i b e s t h e g e n e r a l

s t r a t i g r a p h y . Anderson (1927 , 1928, 1929) d e s c r ib e d

M iocene m o llu sk s and th e r e g i o n a l s t r a t i g r a p h y ; Redmond

( 1 9 5 3 ) t h e f o r a m i n i f e r a from th e Tubai^a a r e a ; and B u e rg l ,

B a r r i o s and Rostroem (1955) r e p o r t e d on th e f o r a m i n i f e r a


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S c a le 1 :2 5 0 :0 0

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F ig u re 3 S e c t i o n s were m easured n e a r a l l v i l l a g e s e x c e p t B aranoa and Campeche,

8

from A rroyo P lo jo (Saco) (P lg i ire 3 ) . The l a s t two p a p e r s

a r e p r i m a r i l y co n ce rn ed w ith b e n th i c f o r a m i n i f e r a . The

o s t r a c o d f a u n a from th e Tubar'a s e c t i o n was d e s c r ib e d by

van den B o ld ( 1 9 6 6 ) . The o n ly p u b l i s h e d d i s c u s s i o n o f th e

l o c a l s t r a t i g r a p h y i s c o n ta in e d i n a gu idebook p re p a re d by

t h e Colombia S o c ie ty o f P e tro le u m G e o lo g i s t s and G eophysi

c i s t s (Bueno, I 9 7 0 ) .

ObjectivesITie study was undertaken with two major objectives:1 . to determine the time stratigraphie units in

northern Colombia, as identified by planktonic foraminifera and to correlate the local units with Neogene strata in other areas of the Caribbean.

2 . to conduct an integrated paleoenvironmental analysis of a portion of the Lower Magdalena Basin by use of benthonic foraminifera, biogenic structures, primary sedimentary structures, and stratigraphie successions.

Methods of StudyField Methods:

F i e l d work was cond uc ted d u r in g Ju n e and J u l y , 1972,

and December and J a n u a ry , 1972-73 . A l l work was head

q u a r t e r e d i n B a r r a n q u i l l a , and u s u a l l y in v o lv e d d a i l y t r i p s

t o t h e f i e l d i n r e n t e d c a r w i th d r i v e r a t a c o s t of


$ 6 -1 2 /d a y dep en d in g upon th e d i s t a n c e . (Maximum one way

d i s t a n c e 80 km. ) . O c c a s io n a l ly s e v e r a l days were sp e n t i n

t h e f i e l d , e i t h e r camping o u t o r u t i l i z i n g accomm odations

i n t h e s m a l l v i l l a g e s . T h is p r o v id e d a trem endous o p p o r

t u n i t y i n r e g a r d t o g a in in g know ledge o f th e p e o p le , b u t

s l e e p i n g and e a t i n g f a c i l i t i e s w ere q u i t e u n d e s i r a b l e .

R e l i a b l e s t u d e n t h e lp was r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e in a l l o f t h e

v i l l a g e s a t a c o s t o f $ 2 -$ 3 /d a y .

Seven a r e a s were s t u d i e d (F ig u r e 3 ) , from which

498 sam ples were c o l l e c t e d from e i g h t s t r a t i g r a p h i e s e c t i o n s .

The s e c t i o n s were m easured w i th a Ja c o b s s t a f f and c l in o m e te r

and t h e l i t h o l o g y and se d im e n ta ry s t r u c t u r e s were d e s c r i b e d .

Sample c o l l e c t i o n was n o t random , b u t was b ia s e d in f a v o r o f

t h e s h a l e s and s e l e c t e d s a n d s to n e h o r i z o n s . S ince th e m ajo r

d a t a s o u rc e was p ro v id e d by m ic ro fa u n a , e f f o r t s were made to

sam ple f io r iz o n s which p o t e n t i a l l y p ro v id e d th e most ab un dan t

f a u n a s , b a s e d on f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s . I n u n i n t e r r u p t e d

t h i c k s h a l e se q u e n c e s , sam ples w ere t a k e n a t 3 m ete r i n t e r

v a l s , and in o t h e r s e c t i o n s , t h e s e l e c t i o n o f s a n d s to n e

h o r i z o n s f o r sam pling were d e te rm in e d by th e v e r t i c a l

s u c c e s s io n , bed ty p e s , s t r u c t u r e s , and g r a i n s i z e .

T hree ty p e s of sam ples w ere c o l l e c t e d , ( l ) m a t e r i a l

f o r w ash ing to o b ta in m ic ro fa u n a , (2 ) sam ples f o r g r a i n s i z e

a n a l y s e s , and (3) m a c r o f o s s i l s and b u r ro w s . Sample l o c a t i o n s

were p l o t t e d on to p o g ra p h ic maps, 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 ( I 9 5 6 ) , o b t a in e d

from th e I n s t i t u t e of M i l i t a r y G eog raphy-B ogo ta ' .


10

L a b o ra to r y M ethods:

Sample P r e p a r a t i o n

A l l sam p les were s p l i t , d r i e d , and w e igh ed . Those

c o l l e c t e d f o r m ic ro fa u n a l e x a m in a t io n were t r e a t e d by one

o r b o th o f t h e fo l lo w in g m ethods dep en d in g upon d i f f i c u l t y

o f d i s i n t e g r a t i o n .

V a r s o l t r e a t m e n t : A l l sam ples were t r e a t e d w ith

v a r s o l ; i f breakdown was n o t co m p le te t h e Q u a te rn a ry "O"

method was u s e d .

P ro c e d u re :

1 . Dry s p l i t s from f i e l d sam ples i n d ry in g oven f o r

a minimum of 12 h o u r s .

2 . Immerse sam ples i n v a r s o l f o r 24 h o u r s .

3 . F i l t e r o f f v a r s o l so f i l t r a t e can be r e u s e d , and

r e s i d u e can be exam ined f o r m ic ro fa u n a .

4 . Immerse sample i n h o t w a te r (n e a r b o i l i n g ) f o r

3 -4 h o u rs and wash th ro u g h a 200 mesh T y le r

s t a n d a r d s i e v e .

5 . Dry r e s i d u e f o r m ic ro sco p e e x a m in a t io n .

Q u a te rn a ry "0" t r e a t m e n t : (Z in g u la , Exxon Co.

P u b l i c a t i o n ) Q u a te rn a ry "O" i s t h e t r a d e name f o r a h ig h

m o le c u la r w e ig h t d e te r g e n t w i th good w e t t i n g a c t i o n . I t i s

a brown a x l e - g r e a s e - l i k e compound t h a t i s s lo w ly s o lu b le i n

c o ld w a te r and r e a d i l y s o lu b le i n h o t w a te r o r a l c o h o l .

P ro c e d u re :

1 . A 20^ l i q u i d s to c k s o l u t i o n i s made by d i s s o l v i n g

t h e gf’e a se in warm w a te r .


11

2 . The s to c k s o l u t i o n can th e n be added to

b e a k e rs c o n ta in i n g w a te r and t h e sample

to be d i s a g g r e g a t e d . STIRRING IS

NECESSARY to p r e v e n t b o i l i n g o v e r .

3 . D i s a g g r e g a t io n u s u a l l y t a k e s p l a c e w i t h in

an h o u r .

4 . The r e s u l t a n t mud i s th e n washed a s i n th e

v a r s o l t r e a t m e n t . CAUTION; Pour o n ly a sm a ll

p o r t i o n o f t h e mud a t a t im e i n t o t h e s i e v e

t o p r e v e n t s u d s in g o v e r .

Sample E xam ina tion

Washed r e s i d u e s were s p l i t by a q u a r t e r i n g method

t o p ro d u ce a w e l l m ixed , s m a l le r sam ple , from which a

random subsam ple was o b t a i n e d . The subsam ple was th e n

s p r i n k l e d o n to a h o le d p i c k in g t r a y and p ic k e d by b o th

o f t h e f o l lo w in g m etho ds .

1 . The f i r s t 150-250 specim ens o b se rv e d d u r in g

c o n t in u o u s t r a v e r s e s a c r o s s th e t r a y were

p ic k e d . T h is random sample o f t h e b e n th o n ic

p o p u l a t i o n was u t i l i z e d i n i d e n t i f y i n g

p a le o e n v i ro n m e n ts and In d e te r m in in g

p l a n k t o n i c / b e n t h o n i c r a t i o s . T h is number o f

specim ens i s s u f f i c i e n t t o r e d u c e f re q u e n c y

e r r o r s t o l e s s th a n 10% i n most sam ples

(Dryden, 1 9 3 1 ) . The f re q u e n c y o f b e n th o n ic

f o r a m i n i f e r a j s e x p re s s e d as p e r c e n ta g e s o f th e


12

t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . A l l sam ples were drawn by

t h e same method and t h u s t h e d a t a i s amenable

t o s t a t i s t i c a l t r e a t m e n t .

2 . P l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a were u t i l i z e d p r i m a r i l y

f o r d e te r m in in g t im e s t r a t i g r a p h i e u n i t s .

Zones were d e te rm in e d by r e c o g n i t i o n of e v o l u

t i o n a r y sequences among t h e I O - I 5 commonly

o c c u r r i n g g e n e r a . Thus a s many specimens as

p o s s i b l e were o b t a i n e d , up t o a maximum of 2 5 0 .

■ I n samples which c o n t a i n e d l a r g e p o p u l a c i o n s ,

t h e p r o c e d u r e o f p i c k i n g t h e f i r s t I 5O-2 5 0 , a s

d i s c u s s e d above, was f o l l o w e d . Much.of t h e

m a t e r i a l i n th e s tu d y a r e a was d e p o s i t e d in

m a r g i n a l marine o r u p p e r s u b l i t t o r a l e n v i ro n m e n ts ,

t h u s y i e l d e d s p a r s e p l a n k t o n i c p o p u l a t i o n s .

Samples c o n t a i n i n g r e l a t i v e l y few I n d i v i d u a l s

were p i c k e d in t h e i r e n t i r e t y . S ince th e

p l a n k t o n i c a ssem b lag es were n o t e v a l u a t e d

s t a t i s t i c a l l y , t h e method i s r e g a r d e d as b e in g

a c c e p t a b l e .

Study o f B io gen ic S t r u c t u r e s

B io g e n ic s t r u c t u r e s c o n s i s t e d o f burrows and f e c a l

p e l l e t s , which were examined under t h e b i n o c u l a r m ic ro

scope and t h e s c a n n in g e l e c t r o n m ic ro sc o p e t o d e te rm in e t h e

g r o s s morphology and s u r f a c e f e a t u r e s . S e l e c t e d specimens

were c u t and p r e p a r e d f o r t h e e x a m in a t io n o f m i c r o s t r u c t u r e .


BIOSTRATIGRAPHY

PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and D i s t r i b u t i o n

P l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a p o s s e s s most o f t h e q u a l i t i e s

d e s i r e d I n an Index f o s s i l . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i r p l a n k t o n i c

h a b i t a t , t h e y a r e ab u n d an t , have un d e rg o ne r a p i d r a t e s o f

e v o l u t i o n , and a r e w id e s p r e a d . T h e i r m orpho log ic d i v e r s i t y ,

and t o a l e s s e r d e g r e e , abundance . I s o f t e n r e l a t e d t o w a te r

t e m p e r a t u r e . P o l a r forms a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by sm a l l , t h i c k ,

t i g h t l y c o l l e d t e s t s d e s ig n e d t o a l l o w t h e anima,1 t o s e t t l e

t o d e s i r e d d e p th s In t h e h ig h d e n s i t y c o ld w a t e r . Converse ly ,

I n t r o p i c a l w a t e r s , many s p e c i e s show t e s t a l t e r a t i o n s which

t e n d t o r e t a r d s i n k i n g . T y p ic a l warm w a te r s p e c i e s have

t h i n n e r , more g lo b o s e t e s t s , and some g e n e r a have a c q u i r e d

f e a t u r e s which r e d u c e t h e volume o f s h e l l m a t e r i a l by

d e v e l o p in g su p p le m e n ta ry a p e r a t u r e s and I n c r e a s e d p o re

s p a c e . S p e c i e s o f G l o b l g e r l n o l d e s p r o v i d e e x c e l l e n t

examples o f t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . Some s p e c i e s of

G l o b o r t a l l a have become f l a t t e n e d , and have p roduced a.

p e r i p h e r a l k e e l a s a t o o l t o r e t a r d s i n k i n g .

L iv i n g m a t t e r I n p e l a g i c f o r a m i n i f e r a I s h e a v i e r

t h a n s e a w a t e r , h a v in g a s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f 1 .04 which

u n d e rg o e s l i t t l e change w i th t e m p e r a t u r e ( L o e b l lc h and

Tappan 1 9 57 ) , t h e r e f o r e s h e l l a l t e r a t i o n s a r e t h e o n ly means

by which t h i s f a u n a l group can change I t s d e p th r a n g e as

13


14t e m p e r a t u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s o c c u r . T h is ha s l e d t o r a p i d

e v o l u t i o n a r y r a t e s among s u b t r o p i c a l s p e c i e s , w h i l e forms

l i v i n g i n c o n s i s t e n t l y c o ld w a te r have changed ve ry l i t t l e

d u r i n g t h e C e no zo ic .

Two s i g n i f i c a n t p rob lem s e x i s t i n s t u d i e s u t i l i z i n g

p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a . ? i r s t , p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a

d i s p l a y a marked d e c r e a s e i n abundance a s t h e i n n e r s h e l f

f a c i e s i s a p p ro a ch e d , and an a b r u p t r e d u c t i o n o r t o t a l

d i s a p p e a r a n c e i f t h e y s e t t l e be low t h e com pen sa t io n d e p th

o f c a l c iu m c a r b o n a t e . D i s s o l u t i o n o f s h e l l m a t e r i a l can

a l s o o c c u r a t s h a l lo w e r d e p th s i n r e s t r i c t e d b a s i n s , where

r e d u c i n g c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t . Seco n d ly , p rob lem s o f i d e n t i

f i c a t i o n can g i v e r i s e t o m ajor e r r o r s when employing

e v o l u t i o n a r y l i n e a g e s as b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c t o o l s . Major

a s se m b la g es can be e a s i l y r e c o g n i z e d , b u t t h e a b i l i t y t o

d i s c e r n s l i g h t e v o l u t i o n a r y changes b a s e d on minor v a r i

a t i o n s i n a s se m b la g es r e q u i r e s c o n s i d e r a b l e t im e and

e x p e r i e n c e .

The m ajor b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c p rob lem e n c o u n t e r e d i n

t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y was t h e s c a r c i t y o f p e l a g i c forms i n t h e

sh a l lo w m ar ine f a c i e s . Much o f th e s t r a t i g r a p h i e s e c t i o n

( l a t e Miocene t o P l i o c e n e ) was d e p o s i t e d i n d e p th s o f l e a s

thar i 100 m. I n se d im e n ts d e p o s i t e d a t d e p th s be tween 30

and 100 m. t h e p l a n k t o n i c p o p u l a t i o n c o m p r i se s a p p ro x im a te ly

10 -20 ^ o f t h e t o t a l f a u n a , b u t d e c l i n e s be tw een 2 -3 ^ i n

se d im e n ts r e p r e s e n t i n g d e p th s o f l e s s t h a n 30 m. T h is low

f r e q u e n c y ' r e q u i r e d t im e consuming, d e t a i l e d e x a m in a t io n i n


15

o r d e r t o p r o d u c e a w orkab le framework of t im e u n i t s .

Development o f P l a n k to n i c F o r a m l n l f e r a l S T o s t r a t i g r a p h y

D ur ing t h e p a s t tw e n ty y e a r s b i c s t r a t l g r a p h e r s have

become I n c r e a s i n g l y aware o f t h e v a lu e o f p l a n k t o n i c

f o r a m i n i f e r a I n w or ldw ide and l o c a l c o r r e l a t i o n o f l a t e

Mesozoic and Cenozoic s e d i m e n t s . More s t u d i e s d e a l i n g

e x c l u s i v e l y w i t h t h i s g roup have been p u b l i s h e d s i n c e 1955

th a n I n a l l p r e v i o u s t i m e . T h is work has been s t i m u l a t e d by

t h e p e t r o l e u m I n d u s t r y w i t h t h e major Im petus p r o v i d e d by

economic p a l e o n t o l o g i s t s I n t h e C a r ibb ean r e g i o n . South

America, and t h e Gulf C o a s t a l r e g i o n o f the U n i t e d S t a t e s .

S t u d i e s o f Neogene p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a were

p i o n e e r e d w i t h t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f Cushman and S t a l n f o r t h

( 1 9 4 5 ) which d e s c r i b e d f a u n a from t h e Clpero F o rm a t io n o f

T r i n i d a d , where t h r e e zones were r e c o g n i z e d . T h is r e p r e

s e n t s t h e f i r s t p u b l i s h e d Neogene z o n a t io n b a s e d on

p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a . E a r l y work by Akers (1955)

c o r r e l a t e d p a r t o f t h e Gulf C oas t Miocene w i t h t h a t I n t h e

C a r ib b e a n . A r e f i n e m e n t o f Cushman and S t a l n f o r t h ' s

z o n a t io n was a c c o m p l i s h e d by B o l l l d u r in g t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s

c u l m i n a t i n g w i t h h i s n o t a b l e p u b l i c a t i o n on t h e O l lg o c e n e -

Mlocene C lp e ro and Lengua F o r m a t io n s of T r i n i d a d ( B o l l l ,

1 9 5 7 ) . The most s i g n i f i c a n t p u b l i s h e d c o n t r i b u t i o n s were

made by p a l e o n t o l o g i s t s o f t h e B r i t i s h P e t ro leum Company,

(Blow, 1 9 5 6 , 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 6 9 ) , Banner and Blow (1959, I9 6 0 , I 9 6 5 ) ,


1 6

and Eames, Banner and Blow ( I 9 6 2 ) . These w orke rs

r e c o g n i z e d t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f e v o l u t i o n a r y l i n e a g e s , and

t h e n e c e s s i t y o f e xam in ing m a t e r i a l f rom numerous p a r t s o f

t h e w o r ld i n e s t a b l i s h i n g v a l i d b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c z o n e s .

The h i g h l y r e g a r d e d z o n a t i o n o f m id d le Eocene t o R ecen t

s t r a t a o f Banner and Blow ( 1 9 6 5 ) and Blow ( I 9 6 9 ) employed

t h e s e methods i n p r o d u c i n g t h e most r e f i n e d z o n a t i o n to

d a t e . T h is z o n a t i o n i s b a s e d on r a n g e zones as opposed t o

- the l e s s d e s i r a b l e a s se m b la g e and peak zones which had

been p r e v i o u s l y u s e d .

The major d a t a s o u r c e s f o r t h e p l a n k t o n i c segment o f

t h i s s tu d y were from Blow (1956 , 1959, I 9 6 9 ) , B o l l i

( 1 9 5 7 ) , Banner and Blow ( 1 9 6 O, I 9 6 5 ) , Eames, Banner and

Blow ( 1 9 6 2 ) , Postuma ( 1 9 7 I ) , and Lamb and Beard (1 9 7 2 ) .

Complete o r p a r t i a l Neogene z o n a t i o n s have been

p r e p a r e d by Bandy (1 9 6 4 ) , Blow ( 1 9 6 9 ) and Lamb and

Beard (1 9 7 2 ) . T h is s t u d y employs B lo w 's z o n a t i o n f o r

e a r l y Neogene (N2-N15, O l ig o c e n e t o m idd le Miocene)

s t r a t a and t h a t p ro p o s e d by Lamb and Beard (1972) f o r th e

l a t e Miocene t o m idd le P l i o c e n e . Data u t i l i z e d i n t h e

s tu d y by Lamb and B eard were o b t a i n e d from m a t e r i a l

c o l l e c t e d a t t h e Neogene t y p e l o c a l i t i e s i n I t a l y , c o r e s ,

w e l l s , and s u r f a c e s e c t i o n s i n t h e Gulf o f Mexico and the

C a r ib b e a n . Methods employed i n c l u d e a d e t a i l e d r e c o r d i n g

o f r a n g e s o f 40 commonly o c c u r r i n g s p e c i e s , w i th m ajor

s i g n i f i c a n c e p l a c e d on h o r i z o n s o f f i r s t a p p e a ra n c e and

e x t i n c t i o n o f in d ex s p e c i e s .


17

S e v e r a l l i n e a g e s o r segments o f l i n e a g e s , which were

d e s c r i b e d by Lamb and B eard (1 9 7 2 ) , were e a s i l y a p p l i e d In

t h e c u r r e n t s t u d y . These I n c l u d e d t h e G l o b o r o t a l l a

a c o s t a e n s l s g ro u p , t h e S p h a e r o l d l n e l l o p s l s s p h a e r o l d e s

v a r i a n t s , and t h e o l d e r components ( G l o b o r o t a l l a

a e m l l l a n a , G. c r a s sa c r o t o n e n s l s ) o f t h e G l o b o r o t a l l a

c r a s s l f o r m l s se q u en c e .

Not a l l o f t h e zones a s d e f i n e d I n t h e two p u b l i c a t i o n s

were r e c o g n i z e d I n t h e s tu d y a r e a . Those which o c c u r r e d

w i t h i n t h e u p p e r and lower s t r a t i g r a p h i e l i m i t s (middle

O l igocene to m idd le P l i o c e n e ) o f t h e s t u d i e d sequence a r e

summarized In Appendix A. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e d e s c r i p t i o n

o f t h e zones a s d e f i n e d by t h e i r a u th o g a b r i e f d i s c u s s i o n

of t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o t h e t im e s t r a t i g r a p h y o f t h e lower

Magdalena B a s in I s I n c l u d e d .


PALEOECOLOGY

The r e c o g n i t i o n and u t i l i z a t i o n o f t o o l s which can

be u s e d f o r p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e c o n s t r u c t i o n h a s been one

o f t h e major g o a l s o f s e d l m e n t o l o g l s t s , s t r a t l g r a p h e r s ,

and p a l e o e c o l o g l s t s d u r i n g t h e p a s t 20 y e a r s . These e f f o r t s

have r e s u l t e d I n a m a jo r r e f i n e m e n t o f t e rm s such a s non-

m a r i n e , m a r g in a l m a r in e , and m ar in e , which were commonly

u s e d t o d e s c r i b e e n v i ro n m e n t s t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s ago . The

In v o lvem en t o f I n d i v i d u a l s w i t h v a r i o u s I n t e r e s t s has p r o

duced a p o t e n t i a l l y I d e a l method o f s c i e n t i f i c I n v e s t i g a t i o n ,

u n f o r t u n a t e l y few I n t e g r a t e d s t u d i e s have r e s u l t e d . Never

t h e l e s s , g r e a t s t r i d e s have been made and h o p e f u l l y

p u b l i c a t i o n s such a s t h a t by Heckel (1972) w i l l become

I n c r e a s i n g l y common.

The p r e s e n t s t u d y a r e a c o n t a i n s m a t e r i a l which I s

am enable t o s e v e r a l p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t a l a p p r o a c h e s , t h u s

h a s p ro d u ce d an I n t e g r a t e d a n a l y s i s .

P a l e o e n v i r o n m e n ta l d a t a was o b t a i n e d f rom f o u r

s o u r c e s .

' l ^ B e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a - P r im ary s o u r c e ,2) B io g en ic s t r u c t u r e s ,3) G ra in s i z e and l i t h o l o g y 4) S ed im en ta ry s t r u c t u r e s

T hese f o u r c r i t e r i a combined w i th an a n a l y s i s o f t h e

v e r t i c a l s e c t i o n p r o v i d e d t h e methods which com prised t h e

I n t e g r a t e d a p p roach t o t h e s tu d y .

18


19

B e n th o n ic F o r a m i n i f e r a

The b e s t t o o l t o d a t e f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of

p a le o b a th y m e t r y I n Neogene s u b t l d a l c l a s t i c en v i ro n m en ts I s

p r o v i d e d by b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a . Most g e n e r a and many s p e

c i e s , o r m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y s i m i l a r s p e c i e s , c o n t a i n e d In

Neogene d e p o s i t s a l s o o c c u r I n abundance I n R ecen t marine

and m a r g i n a l m ar ine e n v i ro n m e n t s . T h is p r o v i d e s a d i r e c t

R e c e n t - a n c i e n t a n a l o g .

S y s t e m a t i c s t u d i e s o f b e n t h i c f o r a m l n l f e r a l eco logy

were f i r s t done I n C a l i f o r n i a , by Moyer ( 1 9 2 9 ) . T h is s tudy

was f o l l o w e d by t h a t o f N a t l a n d (19 3 3 ) , who I d e n t i f i e d

p a l e o b a t h y m e t r l c a s se m b la g e s f rom th e San Pedro B a s in ,

o f f s h o r e s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , which he c o r r e l a t e d w i th

Neogene s u b l i t t o r a l t o a b y s s a l d e p o s i t s f rom H a l l Canyon

l o c a t e d I n t h e Ven tu ra B a s i n , C a l i f o r n i a . Few major

c o n t r i b u t i o n s were made u n t i l t h e l a t e 1 9 4 0 ' s and e a r l y

1 9 5 0 ' s , when P h le g e r and P a r k e r (1951) and Bandy (1953,

1 9 5 4 , 1 9 5 6 ) c o n d uc ted s t u d i e s o f f o r a m l n l f e r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n

In t h e Gulf o f Mexico and o f f s h o r e C a l i f o r n i a . P h le g e r and

Bandy d i r e c t e d w orldwide r e s e a r c h d u r in g t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s and

1 9 6 0 ' s and s u b s e q u e n t ly m ajo r c o n t r i b u t i o n s were made by

t h e i r s t u d e n t s . R e s lg (1958) - San ta Cruz B a s i n , C a l i f o r n i a ;

Langfor i (1959) - M i s s i s s i p p i d e l t a and a s s o c i a t e d o f f s h o r e

e n v i ro n m e n t s ; Z a le s n y (1959) - S an ta Monica Bay, C a l i f o r n i a ;

and Harmon (1964) - S a n ta B a r b a r a B a s in , C a l i f o r n i a .

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e e f f o r t s by Bandy and P h le g e r and

a s s o c i a t e s , s t u d i e s by Murray I n Eng land , C h l c e r c l In t h e


20

M e d i t e r r a n e a n , and s h o r t e r c o n t r i b u t i o n s by J a p a n e s e and

R u s s i a n w o r k e r s , d a t a became a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e d e r i v a t i o n

o f w or ldw ide p a l e o b a t h y m e t r i c i n d i c e s .

S e v e r a l p r o c e d u r e s o f p a l e o e c o l o g i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

a r e employed by w ork e rs o f b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a ; t h e c u r r e n t

s tu d y u t i l i z e d t h e f o l l o w i n g methods.

(1 ) I s o b a t h y a l s p e c i e s and u p p e r d e p th l i m i -

( 2 ) T e s t morphology - B a th y m e t r i c r e l a t i o n s h i p

( 3 ) Morphotypes

(4 ) P l a n k t o n i c / B e n t h o n i c r a t i o

( 5 ) R ecen t - Neogene a ssem blage a n a l o g i e s .

As r e c o g n i z e d by L y e l l (1833) i n h i s i n i t i a l s u b

d i v i s i o n o f t h e T e r i t a r y , t h e i r i s an i n v e r s e r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e tw een t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f l i v i n g s p e c i e s and a g e . Thus

Neogene d e p o s i t s c o n t a i n be tween 50-100^ l i v i n g s p e c i e s .

The r e c o g n i t i o n o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y c o n t r o l l e d a s se m b la g e s

i n t h e R ece n t p r o v i d e s a. d i r e c t l i n k w i th a n c i e n t d e p o s i t s

c o n t a i n i n g t h e s e same a s s e m b la g e s .

I s o b a t h y a l S p e c ie s - Upper Depth L i m i t s :

S t u d i e s o f R ecen t e n v i ro n m en ts have r e v e a l e d a

r e l a t i v e l y c o n s i s t e n t b a th y m e t r i c d i s t r i b u t i o n o f b e n t h i c

s p e c i e s . Data com pi led by Bandy d u r i n g t h e 1 9 6 0 ' s i n d i c a t e

t h a t c e r t a i n s p e c i e s a r e found a t n e a r l y t h e same u p p e r

d e p th l i m i t i n v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e w o r ld . These s p e c i e s

a r e known a s i s o b a t h y a l s p e c i e s , and t h e s h a l l o w e s t known

o c c u r r e n c e p r o v i d e s an index which I s a p p l i c a b l e t o a n c i e n t


21

d e p o s i t s . S h a l lo w er w a t e r fo rm s a r e r e g a r d e d a s h a v in g

been d i s p l a c e d , and a r e t h e r e f o r e n o t u t i l i z e d I n I n t e r

p r e t a t i o n s ; t h i s method i s I l l u s t r a t e d I n F i g u r e 4 .

Seven I m p o r ta n t I s o b a t h y a l s p e c i e s , and t h e i r l o c a t i o n s o f

r e c o r d a r e l i s t e d b e lo w . (Bandy, I 9 6 7 ) .

I s o b a t h y a l S p e c ie s Upper Depth L im i t and L o c a t io n

H oeg lund lna e l e g a n s 100 m. ( l , 2 , 3 )

U v l g e r l n a p e r l g r l n a 100 m. (2 , 3, 4)

G y r o l d l n o ld e s a l t l f o r m l s 200 m. ( l , 2 , 3)

B u l lm ln a a c u l e a t a 200-350 m. (2 , 3 , 5 )

Cyclammlna c a n c e l l a t a 5 0 0 m. ( l )

Ib n tb o n t l a wuel l . e r s t o r f 1 1 0 0 0 m. ( l , 2 )

M elonls p o m p l l i o i d e s I 8 OO m. ( l , 3 , 4 , 5 )

1 - O f f s h o re s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a2 - M e d i t e r r a n e a n Sea3 - Gulf o f Mexico4 - Gulf o f C a l i f o r n i a5 - A n t a r c t i c Ocean

Four b a th y m e t r i c In d ex s p e c i e s which were u t i l i z e d In

t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , b u t show some v a r i a n c e In t h e i r uppe r

d e p th l i m i t s a r e :

B u l lm ln a s t r i a t a m ex lcana - 6 OO m. (1 , 4)

U v l g e r l n a h l s p l d o c o s t a t a - 300 m. (2 , 3)

U v l g e r l n a s e n t l c o s a - I 60 0 m. ( l )

L a t l c a r l n l n a p a u p e r .a ta - 2000 m. ( l , 3)

I n d i v i d u a l s o f s e v e r a l s p e c i e s a r e found a t s h a l lo w e r

d e p th s I n t h e Gulf o f Mexico, t h a n In t h e P a c i f i c Ocean o f f

s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a . T h i s v a r i a n c e a p p a r e n t l y r e s u l t s


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F i g u r e 4 ( a f t e r Bandy, 19&7) A d e p t h o f a p p r o x i m a t e ly l 8 0 0 m. would be a s s i g n e d t o a sample w hich c o n t a i n e d t h e s e f o u r s p e c i e s . T h is i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s b a s e d on t h e p r e s e n c e o f M elon is p o m n i l i o l d e s . a l l s h a l l o w e r f a u n a i s d i s r e g a r d e d . ------------- — ---- ---------

roro

23

f rom d i f f e r e n t n u t r i e n t s o u r c e s I n t h e two w a te r b o d i e s .

The Gulf o f Mexico r e c e i v e s sed im en t and n u t r i e n t s f rom

s e v e r a l s t r e a m s , p r i m a r i l y t h e M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r . T h is

i n f l u x from t h e s u r f a c e i n d u c e s b e n t h i c s p e c i e s t o m i g r a t e

to w a rd t h e d i r e c t i o n o f h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n . The s i t u a t i o n

o f f o f s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a i s r e v e r s e d , t h e n u t r i e n t s o u r c e

b e i n g l o c a t e d o f f s h o r e i n a r e a s o f u p w e l l i n g . These same

s p e c i e s a r e t h u s e n co u rag e d t o e s t a b l i s h a d eep e r h a b i t a t .

T e s t Morphology - B a th y m e t r i c R e l a t i o n s h i p :

S e v e ra l g e n e r a d i s p l a y d i s t i n c t b a t h y m e t r i c a l l y

c o n t r o l l e d v a r i a n c e s i n t e s t m orphology . S p e c ie s o f

U v i g e r i n a , t h e B u l i m i n i d s , and t o l e s s e r deg ree t h e

C a s s i d u l i n i d s , show a marked d i f f e r e n c e i n s i z e and

o r n a m e n ta t io n w i th d e p t h . Appendix B c o n t a i n s t a b l e s and

f i g u r e s i l l u s t r a t i n g t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p .


24

Morphotypes

D i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s which p o s s e s s s i m i l a r e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y c o n t r o l l e d m orpho log ic f e a t u r e s such a s s h e l l

o r n a m e n ta t io n , s i z e , shape , and chambei’ a r r a n g e m e n ts , a r e

r e f e r r e d t o a s m orpho types . T h is i s e x e m p l i f i e d by

s e v e r a l g e n e r a b u t i s b e s t i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e c o s t a t e

B u l i m i n i d s . A pprox im ate ly t e n R ece n t s p e c i e s which

d i s p l a y p ro m in e n t c o s t a e have been i d e n t i f i e d . Common

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h i s g roup a r e ;

Bulimina. mexicana

B u l im in a subacum ina ta

B u l im in a su b c a lv a

A l l o f t h e s e s p e c i e s a r e found l i v i n g w i t h i n u p p e r - lo w e r

b a t h y a l e n v i r o n m e n t s . Numerous, m o r p h o lo g i c a l l y s i m i l a r

s p e c i e s a r e found i n t h e a n c i e n t , and a r e t h u s a s s i g n e d an

i n f e r r e d b a t h y m e t r i c r a n g e on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r l i v i n g

c o u n t e r p a r t s .

B ased on e v id e n ce p r o v i d e d by a s s o c i a t e d f a u n a l

a s se m b la g es and p r im a ry s e d im e n ta r y s t r u c t u r e s , t h e

method i s q u i t e r e l i a b l e i n e v a l u a t i n g Neogene d e p o s i t s ,

a l t h o u g h a c c u r a c y d e c r e a s e s i n t h e e a r l y T e r t i a r y and

M e so z o ic .


25

P l a n k t o n l c / B e n t h o n l c R a t i o

The r e s u l t s o f tw e lv e s t u d i e s f rom f o u r major w a te r

b o d i e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e i s an i n c r e a s e i n t h e r a t i o o f

p l a n k t o n i c t o b e n th o n ic f o r a m i n i f e r a w i t h i n c r e a s i n g d e p th

( F i g u r e 5) • (Bandy 1953, 1954, 1956; Grim sda le and van

Morkhoven 1955; P a r k e r 1954; P a r k e r P h le g e r and P i e r s o n

1 9 6 O; P h le g e r 1951)* The p l o t s r e p r e s e n t a v e ra g e v a lu e s of

a l l d a t a r e v i e w e d , t h u s a r e i n f l u e n c e d m arkedly by sample

f r e q u e n c y . The b e s t s t u d i e s a p p e a r t o be t h o s e done i n t h e

n o r t h w e s t and c e n t r a l Gulf o f Mexico (Bandy 1954, 1956,

P a r k e r 1954, P h l e g e r 1951) and o f f s h o r e s o u th e r n C a l i

f o r n i a (Bandy 1 95 3 ) . M a t e r i a l examined i n t h e e a s t c o a s t

s tu d y was o b t a i n e d from f o u r s h o r t t r a v e r s e s o f f t h e c o a s t s

o f C o n n e c t i c u t and New J e r s e y , where a t o t a l of 37 samples

were c o l l e c t e d a t d e p th s r a n g i n g from 23 m. - 700 m. The

r e s u l t i n g e r r a t i c d i s t r i b u t i o n i s p r o b a b l y i n f l u e n c e d by

t h e low sam pl ing f r e q u e n c y .

One s tu d y o f p l a n k t o n i c / b e n t h o n i c r a t i o s has been

p u b l i s h e d f rom t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n a r e a ( C h i c e r c i , C i t a

1 9 6 3 ) . The s tu d y a r e a in t h e A d r i a t i c Sea i s s t r o n g l y

i n f l u e n c e d by t h e d i s c h a r g e f rom t h e Po R iv e r which e n t e r s

t h e s e m i - r e s t r i c t e d b a s i n . The s e a s o n a l i n f l u x o f f r e s h

w a t e r and t e r r i g e n o u s m a t e r i a l e x e r t s a s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u

ence .

The a b n o rm a l ly h ig h r e l a t i v e abundance o f p l a n k t o n i c

fo rm s i n t h e n o r t h e a s t Gulf o f Mexico (Bandy, 1956) i s


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W este rn A t l a n t i c O f f s h o re C a l i f o r n i a NW, & Cen. G u l f o f Mexico M e d i t e r r a n e a n Sea Cen. G u l f o f Mexico NE. G u l f o f Mexico Average o f 12 S t u d i e s

i " ' t " 1— I— I— I— I I r- I I > I I I— h - r1000 1600 2200 2600

BATHYMETRY (M ETERS)F i g u r e 5 D a ta s o u r c e s - t o p o f page 25

roCTv

27

a p p a r e n t l y I n f l u e n c e d by h i g h e r w a te r t e m p e r a t u r e s and t h e

p r o x i m i t y t o a c a r b o n a t e e n v i ro n m en t . Most o f samples were

c o l l e c t e d from t h e w es t F l o r i d a S h e l f , an a r e a o v e r which

warm, c l e a r , c a r b o n a t e b e a r i n g w a t e r s a r e i n t r o d u c e d from

c u r r e n t s e n t e r i n g t h e Gulf from th e s o u t h e a s t . T h is a r e a

p r o v i d e s t h e e s s e n t i a l s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e p r o l i f i c p r o d u c t i o n

o f p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a .

A p p l i c a t i o n o f P/B R a t i o s t o Study Area

Specimen c o u n t s were made o f a l l s u r f a c e samples by

u t i l i z i n g t h e " f i r s t 200" p i c k i n g method p r e v i o u s l y de

s c r i b e d . Most o f t h e s u r f a c e samples (M iddle Miocene-

P l i o c e n e ) r a n g e be tw een 5 and 4o^ p l a n k t o n i c s w h i l e th e

o l d e r s u b s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l ( O l i g o c e n e - e a r l y Miocene) c o n ta in s

60 -9 5 ^ p l a n k t o n . Two o f t h e t h r e e s u b s u r f a c e s e c t i o n s were

s t u d i e d from p r e v i o u s l y p i c k e d s l i d e s p r o v i d e d by

INGEOMINAS i n Bogota ' . Due t o l a c k o f knowledge p e r t a i n i n g

t o p i c k i n g p r o c e d u r e s , e x a c t co u n ts were n o t made. How

e v e r , t h e d e e p - w a te r b e n t h i c a ssem b lages c o n f i r m t h e a p p a r

e n t h ig h p l a n k t o n p o p u l a t i o n a s s u g g e s te d by t h e p i c k e d

f a u n a s .

The p e r c e n t p l a n k t o n i c s were p l o t t e d on each

d i s t r i b u t i o n c h a r t and on t h e com pos i te d a t a c h a r t s which

were u se d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e d i s c u s s i o n s o f each

s t r a t i g r a p h i e s e c t i o n (Appendix G ) . These d a t a , i n

a d d i t i o n t o t h o s e p r o v i d e d by t h e b e n t h i c a s s e m b la g e s .


28

produced a w o rk a b le and com pl im en ta ry c o m b in a t io n f o r

d e te r m in in g p a l e o b a t h y m e t r y .

P a l e o e n v i r o n m e n ta l Assemblages U t i l i z e d I n t h e Lower Magdalena B a s i n

The b e n t h i c f o r a m l n l f e r a l a s s e m b la g e s (Appendix C)

which were u t i l i z e d In t h i s s tu d y f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n

o f p a le o b a th y m e t r y a r e b a se d on t h e f o l l o w i n g Recent

s t u d i e s . N a t l a n d ( 1 9 3 3 ) , Bandy (1953 , 1954, 1956) , P h le g e r

( 1 9 5 1 , i 9 6 0 ) , P h l e g e r and P a rk e r ( 1 9 5 1 ) , P a r k e r , Ph leg e r

and P e l r s o n (1 9 5 3 ) , Walton (1955) , Todd and Bronnlman

( 1 9 5 7 ) , Smith (1 9 6 4 ) , P r e r l c h s (1970) and A lb e r s (1972) .

B io g e n ic S t r u c t u r e s

B io g en ic s t r u c t u r e s o r t r a c e f o s s i l s a r e f e a t u r e s

p r e s e r v e d I n r o c k which r e c o r d t h e p a s t p r e s e n c e o f a p l a n t

o r an im a l . F e a t u r e s such as t r a c k s , t r a i l s , bu rrow s , b o r

i n g s , f e c a l p e l l e t s , e t c . a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s l e b e n s s p u re n

and comprise a f i e l d o f s tu d y known a s i c h n o l o g y .

The m ajo r v a l u e o f t h i s group I s f o r p a l e o e n v i r o n

m en ta l r e c o n s t r u c t i o n , a l th o u g h g e n e r a l i z e d s t r a t i g r a p h i e

a p p l i c a t i o n s have been r e p o r t e d (See C r im es , 1970) . In

t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , b i o g e n i c s t r u c t u r e s have been employed

o n ly f o r p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t a l p u r p o s e s .

T race f o s s i l s p r o v i d e a so u rc e o f v a l i d p a l e o e c o l o g i c

d a t a because t h e y a r e seldom t r a n s p o r t e d , and t h e y o f t e n

o c cu r In s t r a t a t h a t a r e t o t a l l y l a c k i n g I n body f o s s i l s .


29

A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e y a r e u s u a l l y p r e s e r v e d i n t h e i r " l i f e "

p o s i t i o n , which o f f e r s a souz'ce o f more s p e c i f i c d a t a r e

g a r d i n g t h e o r i g i n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e and t h e h a b i t a t o f t h e

p l a n t o r an im al r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e i r f o r m a t i o n . S h o r t

comings r e s u l t f rom l a c k of abundance, o r t h e y a r e o f t e n

imbedded i n h i g h l y i n d u r a t e d r o c k . I n such c a s e s d a t a

must be c o l l e c t e d f rom p o o r l y e x p r e s s e d o r in c o m p le te

spec im ens .

Most r e c e n t s t u d i e s have been o f i n t e r t i d a l and

s h a l lo w s u b t i d a l e n v i ro n m e n t s , which h a s r e s u l t e d i n a

r e l a t i v e l y w e l l r e f i n e d é c o l o g ie d i v i s i o n o f t h e s e z o n es .

C o n ve rse ly , m idd le s h e l f t o a b y s s a l env i ro n m en ts

have been examined p r i m a r i l y v i a p h o to g r a p h s and c o re s ;

t h u s t h e R e c e n t - a n c i e n t a n a lo g s f o r t h e s e e n v i ro n m en ts a r e

l e s s a c c u r a t e . The p r e s e n t s tu d y u t i l i z e s b e n t h i c foram

i n i f e r a as b a t h y m e t r i c g u id e s f o r i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e d e p o s i -

t i o n a l env ironm ent o f a s s o c i a t e d b i o g e n i c s t r u c t u r e s .

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f L eb en ssp u ren :

Workable s y s t e m a t i c d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t r a c e f o s s i l s

l a c k c o n s i s t e n c y be tw een a u th o r s b e c a u se o f t h e h ig h

d e g re e o f m orpho log ic v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n a g iv e n ich n o g e n u s .

T h is i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e among t h e b u r ro w s , where s l i g h t

e n v i r o n m e n ta l changes might r e s u l t i n a d i f f e r e n t burrow

p ro d uced by t h e same s p e c i e s . The most w id e ly a c c e p te d

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s b a s e d on e n v i r o n m e n ta l a ssem b la g es as

d e f i n e d by S e i l a c h e r ( 1 9 6 3 , 1964, 1 9 6 7 ) . • The s i x g roups


30

a r e b a s e d on t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f s i m i l a r t r a c k s , t r a i l s , and

b u r r o w s , w i th c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a p a r t i c u l a r t a x o n depen

d e n t upon t h e morphology and in d e p e n d e n t o f t h e s o u r c e o f

t h e s t r u c t u r e . The a ssem b la g es have an e n v i r o n m e n t a l r a n g e

f rom n o n -m a r in e t o a b y s s a l , and t h e y a r e b a s e d p r i m a r i l y

on a n c i e n t e x am ple s . Each a ssem b la g e c o n s i s t s o f numerous

g e n e r a , o f which one has been s e l e c t e d a s t h e nom ina l g e n u s .

The e n s u i n g t a b l e ( F ig u r e 6 ) summarizes and i l l u s t r a t e s t h e

d e f i n i t i v e components of each a s s e m b la g e .

Burrow O r i e n t a t i o n - Energy R e l a t i o n s h i p :

As s u g g e s t e d by Howard ( 1 9 6 6 ) , t h e r e i s a d i r e c t

r e l a t i o n s h i p be tw een burrow o r i e n t a t i o n and e n e r g y . Zones

o f s p a r s e , v e r t i c a l burrows a r e i n d i c a t i v e o f h i g h en e rg y

e n v i r o n m e n t s , w i t h t h e d e g re e o f i n c l i n a t i o n d e c r e a s i n g

w i t h r e d u c t i o n i n e n e rg y . In t h e s tu d y a r e a t h i s g e n e r a l

i z e d t r e n d was a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e n e a r s h o r e m ar ine t r a n s i t i o n

zo n e , b u t s e v e r a l v e r t i c a l and s l i g h t l y i n c l i n e d burrows

were a l s o fo un d i n m a r g in a l m ar in e q u i e t w a te r e n v i r o n m e n t s ,

and i n low e n e r g y s h e l f b a s i n s .


31F ig u r e 6

P a l e o ta thym et r i e E s t i m a t e s Based On Trace F o s s i l Assemblages ( A f t e r S e i l a c h e r , 196?)

AssemblageC h a r a c t e r i s t i c T race F o s s i l E nvironm ent

S c o y e n ia I s o p o d i c h n u s ; some P l a n o l i t e s , Non-marine

G l o s s i -f u n g i t e s

G l o s s i f u n g i t e s ; w e l l d e v e lo p e d v e r t i c a l burrows o f s u s p e n s i o n f e e d e r s .

L i t t o r a l : s t a b l e c o h e r e n t su b s t r a t e ,Some t u r b u l e n c e .

S k o l i t h o s S k o l i t h o s ; v e r t i c a l , and p r o f u s i v e and r e t r u s i v e s p r i t e n ; some Ophiomorpha. S u s p e n s io n f e e d e r s .

Û aL i t t o r a l : s h i f t i n g s e d im e n t , r a p i d depos i t i o n and e r o s i o n . U s u a l l y s a n d s .

C ru z 1ana C r u z ia n a and s i m i l a r c r a w l in g t r a c e s ; w e l l d e v e lo p e d , i n c l i n e d , U- sh a p ed , e . g . R h i z o c o r a l l i u m .

L ow -t ide to 1 0 0 -2 0 0 m. w e l l s o r t e d s i l t s and s a n d s .

Zoophycos

N e r e i t e s

T a b u la r v a r i e t i e s o f Z o o p h ycos ; s im p le b u t e f f i c i e n t l y e x e c u te d g r a z i n g t r a c e s .

N e r e i t e s : complex g r a z i n g t r a c e s r e f l e c t i n g v e r y h ig h o r g a n i z a t i o n o f f e e d i n g b e h a v i o r .

1 0 0 -2 0 0 to 400 m. impure s i l t s and sa n d s ; a r e a s f r e e o f t u r b i d i t e s e d i m e n ta t i o n .

B a t h y a l - A b y s sa l 1 0 0 0 -5 0 0 0 m. P e l a g i c s e d i m e n t a t i o n m o s t ly muds be tw een t u r b i d i t e d e p o s i t s .


3 2

Three t y p e s o f b i o g e n i c s t r u c t u r e s f rom th e lower

Magdalena B a s i n were r e c o g n i z e d and c o r r e l a t e d w i th t h e

o c c u r r e n c e o f b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a . Macroburrows, m ic ro

s t r u c t u r e s , and i n one sample a t r a c k were c o l l e c t e d from

m a r g in a l m ar in e t o lower b a t h y a l e n v i r o n m e n t s . A complete

d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e i d e n t i f i a b l e g e n e r a can be found i n t h e

Appendix D, " S y s t e m a t i c s o f L e b e n s s p u r e n " . The f o l lo w in g

p a r a g r a p h s summarize t h e g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e

m orpho log ic g ro u p s examined. A l l s t r u c t u r e s were p l a c e d

i n one o r two major g r o u p s . Those w hich c o u ld be examined

i n hand specimen o r macroburrows, and a d i v e r s e group o f

m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s o b t a i n e d from t h e washed r e s i d u e s .

Macroburrow Groups

V e r t i c a l Burrows

Numerous v e r t i c a l burrows were examined from

m a r g in a l m ar in e and i n n e r - s h e l f s t r a t a . The g r e a t e s t

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o c c u r s i n t h e i n n e r - m i d d l e s h e l f channel

d e p o s i t s where an abundance o f random ly o r i e n t e d burrows

a r e found i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i th t h e s p i r a l burrow , G y r o l i t h e s ,

The d i a m e t e r o f t h e v e r t i c a l burrows r a n g e s from 1-3 cm.,

and t h e i r s u r f a c e app ea ra n c e v a r i e s f rom smooth to nodose

( Ophiomorpha) , t o ones which d i s p l a y a c o n c e n t r i c "growth

l i k e " p a t t e r n . G e n e r a l l y , t h e e n v i ro n m e n ts i n d i c a t e d by

t h e burrow s a g r e e s w i t h t h o s e i n d i c a t e d by b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i

f e r a , a l t h o u g h i n some i n s t a n c e s t h e f o r a m i n i f e r a l

a s sem b la g es r e c o r d a d eep e r env iron m en t t h a n had been


33

r e p o r t e d p r e v i o u s l y f o r t h e b u r ro w s . R are v e r t i c a l burrows

o c c u r i n q u i e t w a te r m a rg in a l m ar ine e n v i r o n m e n t s , and i n

one case i n a b a t h y a l e n v i r o n m e n t .

I n c l i n e d Burrows

Very l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e was n o t e d be tw een th e i n

c l i n e d and v e r t i c a l burrows i n r e g a r d t o s i z e and morphology.

S e v e r a l s e c t i o n s d i s p l a y e x c e l l e n t t r a n s g r e s s i v e - r e g r e s s i v e

sequences i n which t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f burrow o r i e n t a t i o n

t o energy was w e l l e x p r e s s e d . (See d i s c u s s i o n o f U s i a c u r i

S e c t i o n i n Appendix E ) .

H é l i c o ï d a l Burrows

F iv e h é l i c o ï d a l burrows o f t h e genus G y r o l i t h e s were

c o l l e c t e d from t h e P u e r to Colombia s e c t i o n , where they

o c c u r r e d w i th numerous v e r t i c a l , i n c l i n e d , and h o r i z o n t a l

b u r ro w s . Tliese specim ens were c o n t a i n e d In sed im e n ts i n t e r

p r e t e d a s s h e l f c h a n n e l d e p o s i t s b a s e d on b e t h i c f o r a m i n i -

f e r a l a s se m b la g es i n t h e s u b j a c e n t and s u p e r j a c e n t s t r a t a .

The a n im a l r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e f o r m a t i o n o f s p i r a l

burrows i s n o t known, b u t s e v e r a l modes o f o r i g i n have

been s u g g e s t e d . S i m i l a r f e a t u r e s have been m en t ioned in

s t u d i e s o f Mugu Lagoon and Bodaga Bay, C a l i f o r n i a , b u t were

n o t d e s c r i b e d o r i l l u s t r a t e d . Warme (1971) n o t e d t h a t

s p i r a l ty p e bu r ro w s were formed by t h e s h o re c rab

Pach y g rap sus c r a s s i p e s R a n d a l l , i n a m i d - t i d e mud f a c i e s


3 4

o f t h e l a g o o n a l e n v i ro n m e n t . Eocene forms from t h e S tone

C i t y F o rm a t io n o f Texas ( S t e n z e l , K rause , and Twinning ,

1 9 5 7 ) a p p e a r t o be e x t e n s i o n s of Ophiomorpha bu r row s which

were p r o b a b l y formed by an a n c i e n t c o u n t e r p a r t o f t h e Re

c e n t b u r ro w in g sh r im p C a l l i a n a s s a . T h e i r f o r m a t i o n c o u ld

r e s u l t f rom an a n im a l b u r ro w in g w i th o n ly o n e - h a l f o f i t s

d i g g i n g s t r u c t u r e s a v a i l a b l e . T h is u n i l a t e r a l b u r ro w in g

would c a u se t h e a n im a l t o r o t a t e as i t moved t h r o u g h t h e

s e d im e n t , ( S t e n z e l p e r s o n a l comm unica t ions , 1 9 7 3 ) . T h is

i s somewhat an a lo g o u s t o t h e c o u rs e p roduced by a swimmer

a t t e m p t i n g to swim v e r t i c a l l y t o t h e b o t tom by u s e o f

o n ly one arm. However, i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t

most p u b l i s h e d o c c u r r e n c e s o f t h i s genus a r e from r o c k s

o f Miocene age and u s u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i th h ig h ene rg y

e n v i r o n m e n t s . E x c e p t i o n s a r e found i n t h e C re ta c e o u s

c h a l k s o f England and t h e p r e v i o u s l y m ent ioned Eocene o f

T e x a s . The f o l l o w i n g l i s t i n d i c a t e s t h e d i r e c t i o n of

s p i r a l , and t h e Miocene l o c a l i t i e s from where G y r o l i t h e s

h a s b e en d e s c r i b e d .

Miocene o f Maryland - M a n s f i e ld (1927)D e x t r a l l y c o i l e d .

Miocene o f Borneo - KeiJ ( 1 9 6 5 )S i n i s t r a l l y c o i l e d

Miocene o f Germany - K i l p p l e r ( I 9 6 2 )S i n i s t r a l l y c o i l e d .

Miocene o f Colombia - t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n S i n i s t r a l l y c o i l e d


35

The d i r e c t i o n o f b u r row ing i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h i n a g iv en

a r e a , b u t n o t t h e same f o r a l l Miocene l o c a l i t i e s ; most

examples a r e s i n i s t r a l l y c o i l e d . A l l c h a n n e l s a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h t h e one b e a r i n g G y r o l i t h e s , d i s p l a y a w e l l d e f i n e d

e r o s i o n a l b a s e , a r e e x t e n s i v e l y b u r row ed , and occur

be tw een s t r a t a which c o n t a i n w e l l documented i n n e r and

m idd le s h e l f b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a .

Branched Burrows

An abundance o f r a m i f i e d b u r ro w s , p r o b a b ly formed by

b u r ro w in g sh r im p , were found a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n n e r s h e l f

sands i n two l o c a l i t i e s . T h e i r g r e a t e s t abundance i s

a s s o c i a t e d wir.h t r a n s g r e s s i v e s h e e t sands n e a r t h e mouth o f

Arroyo J u a n de A c o s ta . An o u t s t a n d i n g example of a d w e l l i n g

s t r u c t u r e was examined i n Arroyo Ju a n de Acosta where i t

o c c u r r e d a s a component o f a b r a n c h i n g ne tw ork of t u n n e l s

and s h a f t s . T h is s t r u c t u r e ( P l a t e 6 , f i g u r e 5) d i s p l a y e d

f i v e h o r i z o n t a l b ra n c h e d and s i n g l e bu r row s p r o t r u d i n g

i n t o t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s e d im e n t . The a s s o c i a t e d sands were

c l e a n , f a i r l y w e l l s o r t e d , and f i n e g r a i n e d . A more com

p l e t e d i s c u s s i o n i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e s e c t i o n d e s c r i b i n g t h e

p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t a l h i s t o r y o f t h e J u a n de A cos ta s e c t i o n (Appendix E) ,

R a d i a t i n g Burrows

One o c c u r r e n c e of m a r g in a l m ar ine s p o k e - l i k e burrows

was n o t e d i n a. r e g r e s s i v e n e a r s h o r e o r m a r g i n a l marine sa n d .


36

These, buprows a r e be d d in g p l a n e s t r u c t u r e s and a r e r e f e r r e d

t o t h e I chnogenus H a e n t z s c h e l l n i a . The s u r r o u n d in g s e d i

ment i s w e l l s o r t e d , f i n e g r a i n e d sand , i n t o which t h e

o r g a n i s m h a s burrowed f o rm in g a c e n t r a l s h a f t from which i t

s u b s e q u e n t l y e x te n d s i t s f o o d g a t h e r i n g a p p a r a t u s e i t h e r

on b e d d in g p l a n e s , o r s l i g h t l y below t h e s e d i m e n t - w a t e r

i n t e r f a c e . T h is r e s u l t s i n a v e r t i c a l l y o r i e n t e d s e r i e s

o f s t r u c t u r e s , w i th o n ly t h e u pperm os t group v i s i b l e on

b e d d in g p l a n e views.

M i c r o s t r u c t u r e s

D ur ing r o u t i n e sample e x a m in a t io n o f s a n d - s i z e d

washed r e s i d u e s t o o b t a i n f o r a m i n i f e r a l and O s t r a c o d

f a u n a s , i t was n o t e d t h a t many sam ples c o n ta in e d m ic r o

s t r u c t u r e s which became f r e e o f m a t r ix m a t e r i a l when

w ashed . These s t r u c t u r e s were p i c k e d , and p l a c e d i n one

o f t h e f o l l o w i n g m orp ho g ro up s .

1 . S t r a i g h t , smooth s u r f a c e d .2 . S l i g h t l y c u r v e d , f u r ro w e d .3 . I r r e g u l a r t w i s t e d .4 . I r r e g u l a r , knobby and rough s u r f a c e d .

T h e i r o c c u r r e n c e was p l o t t e d w i t h t h e b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a

and t h e y were a s s i g n e d a p a l e o b a t h y m e t r y on t h i s b a s i s . In

most c a s e s a l l s t r u c t u r e s w i t h i n a g iv e n sample d i s p l a y e d

s i m i l a r morphology . T h is a s p e c t i s p o s s i b l y a. f u n c t i o n

of s e l e c t i v e p r e s e r v a t i o n , o r i t c o u ld be a r e c o r d o f t h e

dom inan t fo rm w i t h i n a g iv e n e n v i r o n m e n t . R e g a r d l e s s o f

t h e r e a s o n , forms w i th s i m i l a r morphology i n s e p a r a t e

s e c t i o n s were found a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s i m i l a r e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y


37

c o n t r o l l e d b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a l a s s e m b la g e s .

M lc r o b io g e n ic s t r u c t u r e s a r e v a l u a b l e i n p a l e o

e n v i r o n m e n t a l s t u d i e s f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s : ( l ) t h e y a r e

u s u a l l y more a bundan t t h a n m a c r o s t r u c t u r e s j ( 2 ) t h e y o f t e n

o c c u r i n s t r a t a t h a t a r e t o t a l l y b a r r e n o f body f o s s i l s o r

m a c r o t r a c e s : and ( 3 ) th ey can be e a s i l y r e c o v e r e d from

w e l l c u t t i n g s .

The f o l l o w i n g m orphologic t y p e s which r a n g e from

m a r g i n a l m ar in e t o lower b a t h y a l and a b y s s a l env iron m en ts

were n o t e d . M a t e r i a l was o b t a i n e d f rom b o t h , s u r f a c e and

s u b s u r f a c e s t r a t i g r a p h i e s e c t i o n s .

S t r a i g h t , Smooth S u r fa c e d M i c r o s t r u c t u r e s ( F i g u r e 7, - E and F)

Segments o f smooth s u r f a c e d t u b e s and burrows r a n g i n g

i n l e n g t h from 1 -3 mm. w i th d i a m e t e r s of 250-400 microns

were found i n sam ples which c o n t a i n e d low er b a t h y a l t o

u p p e r a b y s s a l b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a . The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

f e a t u r e o f b u rrow s f rom t h i s h a b i t a t i s t h e i r u n i fo rm r o d

sh ap e , l a c k o f s u r f a c e o r n a m e n ta t i o n , and th e y a r e i n v a r i

a b l y p y r i t i z e d .

S l i g h t l y Curved, Furrowed M i c r o s t r u c t u r e s

M i c r o s t r u c t u r e s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e a s s o c i a t e d w i th

lower b a t h y a l t o a b y s s a l f a u n a s , were found i n q u i e t

w a te r m a r g i n a l m ar ine e n v i r o n m e n t s . Morphologic d i f f e r e n c e s

r e s u l t e d from t h e p r e s e n c e o f 2 t o 4 l o n g i t u d i n a l f u r r o w s .

Two d i s t i n c t , b u t s i m i l a r forms c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h i s


38

e n v i ro n m e n t j a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e (1 mm. d i a m e te r ) p y r i t i z e d

form w i t h p o o r l y d ev e loped g ro o v e s ( F i g u r e 10, - B ) , and

a s m a l l e r , n o n - p y r i t i z e d s t r u c t u r e w i t h w e l l d e f i n e d

l o n g i t u d i n a l f u r r o w s , ( F ig u r e 7 , - A ) .

I r r e g u l a r , T w is ted M i c r o s t r u c t u r e s ( F i g u r e 7 , - 8 )

An abundance of i n n e r s h e l f n o n - p y r i t i z e d , t w i s t e d

and i r r e g u l a r shaped s t r u c t u r e s were n o t e d in numerous

sa m p le s . E x c e l l e n t sha l low s h e l f f a u n a l assem blages

o c c u r r e d i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i th t h e s e fo rm s . Tlieir v e r t i c a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n a g re e d w i th t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t r a n s

g r e s s i v e and r e g r e s s i v e sequ en c es a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e

f o r a m i n i f e r a .

Knobby, I r r e g u l a r S u r fa ce d M icroburrow s ( F i g u r e 7, - 0 and D)

M iddle s h e l f to u pper b a t h y a l e nv ironm en ts a r e

c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f i r r e g u l a r , rough s u r f a c e d

t u b e s o r bur row s s e v e r a l mm, i n l e n g t h and h i g h l y v a r i a b l e

i n d i a m e t e r . I n some specimens t h e w a l l s a r e composed o f

random ly a r r a n g e d a n g u la r m a t e r i a l which a p p e a rs t o ad h e re

t o t h e o u t e r w a l l r a t h e r t h a n s e r v i n g a s a s t r e n g t h e n i n g

e l e m e n t . M i c r o s t r u c t u r e s from t h e s e env iron m en ts a r e

seldom p y r i t i z e d .

The e n t i r e morphologic sequence i s p ro b a b ly r e l a t e d

t o en e rg y and sed iment s i z e , w i t h s t r a i g h t and r e l a t i v e l y

smooth forms o c c u r r i n g in t h e lower e n e rg y , ve ry deep o r


39

v e r y s h a l lo w e n v i ro n m en ts , and t h e t w i s t e d rough s u r f a c e d

forms p r e v a l e n t In t h e more a c t i v e en v iron m en ts of t h e

I n n e r s h e l f , s h e l f edge, and u p p e r s l o p e .


4o

A 60X

1

120X60X 60X

F i g u r e 7 M i c r o s t r u c t u r e s


4l

MAJOR RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

B i o s t r a t i g r a p h y o f n o r t h e r n Lower Magdalena B a s in(T ab le l )

P l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a i n d i c a t e ag es which a r e younger

t h a n p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d from t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e b a s i n .

S t u d i e s by Anderson (1927, 1 9 2 9 ) , Redmond (1953) , and B u r g l ,

B a r r i o s and Rostrom (1 9 5 5 ) , a s s i g n e d an e a r l y t o m idd le

Miocene ag e t o t h e s t r a t i g r a p h i e s e c t i o n s a t Tubar*a and a t

Arroyo P i o j o ( S a c o ) . R e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y d e m o n s t r a te

t h a t a l l o u t c r o p s t h a t w e re . s a m p le d i n t h e s tu d y a r e a a r e

younger t h a n Zone N9 (Blow I 9 6 9 ) , (m idd le M iocene) . Much

o f t h e s e c t i o n i s l a t e Miocene t o m idd le P l io c e n e as

e v id e n c e d by a p p ro x im a te ly 1000-1200 m. o f P l io c e n e s t r a t a

i n t h e A rroyo P i o j o (Saco) s e c t i o n . T h is segment o f t h e

s e c t i o n o c c u r s above s t r a t a , which c o n t a i n s S p h a e r o i d i n e l -

l o p s i s s p h a e r o i d e s an e x c e l l e n t l a t e Miocene index s p e c i e s .


SERIES liO CEN E

PLANKTONIC FORAM. ZONES

FORMATION(Approximate Time Relationehipa)

OLIGOCENE

(lAWHAlEAMP I f n )N 2 - N3

MIOCENN4 I N3 N6 I N 7 I N8 1 N9 I NIO |

PERDICES l'HIBACHi

G lo b le e r ln a angu la H iit iim H h

G loblgerina angustum bilicataG lo b ig e r ln a a n e r tu r nG lo b le e r ln a b ra d v iG lo b le e r ln a b u ïb o ââ "G lo b le e r ln a b u l lo ld e sG lo b ig e r ln a c lp e r o e n a lT 'G lo b le e r ln a d ru ry iG lo b ig e r ln a f a lc o n e n s lsG l o b l y e r i n n f n l i a t aG lo b ig e r lna ju v e n i l i s . . . . G lo b ig e r ln a n e p e n th e sG lo b ig e r ln a p ra e b iiH ni ripaG lo b ig e r ln a t r i p a r t i t eG lo b lg e r ln o ld e s b o l l i 1G le b lg e r ln o ld e s o b l iq u a "G lo b lg e r ln o ld e s o u a d ra lo h a tn s

o b le e r ln o ld e s ru b rnG lo b lg e r ln o ld e s s ln a n u sG lo b lg e r ln o ld e s t . r i in b a a n e e .G l o b i e e r l n n i d e s t r i l n h a t r i 1 n h nG l o b l e e r l n a t e l l a e f . i n s n e t aG l o b i g e r i n i t a d l s s l m l l l s G l o b i g e r i n l t a g l u t l n a t a

G l o b l g e r l n l t a s t a l n f o r t h lG lob l e e r l n l t a r n ie a v n s

jG lo b lg e r ln o l ta m o ru g ae n sls g io b o q u a d r ln a a l t . i s p i r a ------G lo b o a u a d rln a d u t e r t r e iG lo b o q v a d rln a d e h ls c e n sp lo b o q u a d r in a y e n e z u e le a n a . G lo b o r o t a l l a a c o s ta e n s isG lo b o r t a l l a a en ie lia n aO lo b o r t a l l a a rcb eo m en ard iG lo b o r o t a l l a b l rn a e e a eG 1 o h n r n t a l i a o e r r n a ^ r c l e n ? i s I IG lo b o r o ta l l a o r a s s a o r n tn n e n s isG lo b o r o t a l l a c u l t r a t a e x i l i sG lo b o r o t a l l a c u l t r a t a 1Im bataG l o b r r o t a l i a rn b siG lo b o r o t a l l a f o h s i b a r l s a n e n s l sG lo b o r o t a l l a hum erosaG lo b o r o t a l l a c f . k r a l e r lG lo b o r o t a l l a l e n g u a e n s isj H o h n r o t a l l a - c l l .—m a r g a r l ta e -

m ayeci_G lo b o r o t a l l a m en a rd llG lo b o r o t a l i a m ero tum ldaG l o b o r o t a l l a m i n i i t . î s s i m aG lo b o r o ta l l a oplm a nanaG lo b o r o t a l l a oplma oolmaG lo b o r o t a l l a p e r ip lie ro ro n d a _ G lo o o r o tn l la p r a e h i r s i i t aG lo b o r o t a l l a o r a e s c l tu l aG lo b o r o t a l l a ô s e u d o k u ë ïe r lG lo b o r o t a l l a p seudoplm aG lo b o r o ta l i a s ia V e n a iaG lo b o r o t a l l a u n e a la taH a s t lg e r ln a a c q u l l a t e r a l l s H a s t l e e r ln a s lp h o n i f e r a in v o ln taO rb u l^n a b i lo b a t aO rb u lln a s u t u r a i î sO rb u lln a u n lv e r s aP r a e o r tu l l n a o i r o o l a r i s

H H R anges R ecorded in S tudy Area----------- W orldw ide Ranges

S p h a e ro ld ln e l lO D s ls semi m i l om S p h a e r o ld ln e l lo n ls a p h a e r n i d e aR ad io la rla

TABLE 1 9 : RANGES OF PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA


42

GOCENE MIOCENE PLIOCENEN 2 - N3 N4 I N5 I N6 I N7 | N8 | N9 | NIO | Nil | N12 | N13 | N I4 ~ N I5 | N I6 | n i 7 | NI8 | n i 9 |p t y I r t i v \ n i l I n u I N I 3 | N W ,

,'H IB A C H A R O -G A L L IN A Z O j P IO JO ; TUBARA P ^ a C O ^PERDICES

I i

orded in Study Area Ranges_____________________


43

S t r a t i g r a p h i e Cross S e c t i o n s

The f o l l o w i n g s t r a t i g r a p h i e s e c t i o n s ( F i g u r e s 8 and

9) I n d i c a t e an e a s t e r l y t h i n n i n g d u r in g t h e l a t e Miocene to

m idd le P l i o c e n e . T h i c k e s t d e p o s i t s o c cu r a t Arroyo P io jo

( S a c o ) , and t h e t h i n n e s t a t P u e r to Colombia which was

l o c a t e d n e a r t h e p a l e o s h e l f edge. The s e c t i o n s a l s o show

an e a s t e r l y l i t h o l o g i e change d u r in g d e p o s i t i o n o f t h e

H lb a ch a ro , C a l l l n a z o , and P i o j o F o rm a t io n s which crop

o u t a s an a l t e r n a t i n g s a n d - s h a l e sequence I n t h e w e s t e r n

segment of t h e s t u d y a r e a . This t im e I n t e r v a l I s r e p r e

s e n t e d by an e n t i r e s h a l e sequence n e a r t h e e a s t e r n

e x t r e m i t y o f t h e a r e a .

Uppermost Tubar^a strata and the overlying Chorrera and Saco Formations, are Interpreted as nearly contemporaneous shelf and marginal marine facies.


73CD■DOQ.C

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ARROYO JU A NA R R O Y O P IO JO (SA CO )

TUBARA

P IO JOAREA

PUERTOCOLOM BIA

ARROYOGRANDE C A M PITO

N O . 3M U DV O L C A N O

HIBACHARO

SO U T H W E ST - N O R T H E A ST STRATIGRAPHIC CROSS

SECTION A -A '

VE R T I CALSCALE

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d» ,ftSo9?TAARROYO P IO JO (S A C O )

TUBARA

CHORRERAAREA

USIACURI

PUERTOC O L O M B IAliC T IO N

SOUTH to N O R T H

STRATIGRAPHIC C R O SS SE C T IO N B -B ' •00

B v e r i i c a lS C A IE

Ig t i r e 9-fs-

U l

46

OLIGOCENE TO LATE PLIOCENE ENVIRONMENTS

S i x Oligocene t o P l i o c e n e t im e i n t e r v a l s , as

d e f i n e d p r i m a r i l y by p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a l i n d e x

s p e c i e s were u t i l i z e d f o r p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e c o n

s t r u c t i o n . I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e p a le o g eo g ra p h y d u r i n g

e ac h o f t h e i n t e r v a l s was b a s e d on b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a ,

p r im a r y s e d im e n ta r y s t r u c t u r e s , l i t h o l o g y , and th e

s t r a t i g r a p h i e s u c c e s s i o n .

L a t e O l i g o c e n e - E a r ly Miocene ( F ig u r e 10) (Zones N4-N12)

D a ta c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e e a s t e r n p o r t i o n o f t h e

s t u d y a r e a , ( t h r e e I n t e r c o l w e l l s ) i n d i c a t e s a s i m i l a r

l i t h o l o g i e sequence c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a predominance o f

s h a l e . P a le o b a th y m e t r y r e a c h e d a b y s s a l dep th s i n t h e

l a t e Eocene and p e r s i s t e d i n t o e a r l y Miocene t im e .

S t r a t a b e a r i n g f lo o d s o f r a d i o l a r l a a re o v e r l a i n by beds

y i e l d i n g Melonj s n o m n i l o i d o s . U v i g e r i n a r u s t i c a and

U. h i s n i d a which s u g g e s t a s l i g h t s h a l lo w in g d u r i n g t h e

l a t e s t , e a r l y Miocene, w i th m idd le b a t h y a l en v i ro n m en ts

(1 5 0 0 m.) r e p r e s e n t i n g m in im al d e p t h s .

T h is t im e i n t e r v a l was n o t sampled i n o u t c r o p .

F o r m a t io n s mapped as e a r l y Miocene were found t o be

y o u n g e r t h a n Zone N-9 (Blow) which marks the b a se o f

t h e m id d le Miocene. Data f rom th e t h r e e I n t e r c o l w e l l s

i n d i c a t e d p a le o d e p th s d e e p e r t h a n th o s e r e p o r t e d by


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"OCD

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Tubara *

PALEOBATHYMETRY OI igocene - Early M iocene

S c a l e1 0 K m

D i r e c t i o n a lP r o p e r t i e s

P t . o lombia

Saco

C am pito No

Campeche No, 1

F ig u r e 10

4=-

48

F e t t e r s and S a rm ien to (1958) , who s t u d i e d m a t e r i a l o f

s i m i l a r age i n t h e Carmen-Zamhrano s e c t i o n , l o c a t e d

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100 Km. toward th e s o u t h . Data was

u n a v a i l a b l e from th e w e s te r n p o r t i o n o f t h e s tu d y a r e a ,

however . Eocene l im e s t o n e , and e a r l y , m iddle Miocene

s a n d s t o n e s o f p o s s i b l e t u r b i d i t e o r i g i n , i n d i c a t e

d i f f e r e n t d e p o s i t i o n a l a s p e c t s , i n t h i s a r e a , p r o b a b ly

r e s u l t i n g from a s o u th w e s t e r n s o u r c e a r e a .

Middle Miocene (F ig u re 11) (Zones N14-N16)

A r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f m idd le Miocene p a leo g eo g ra p h y

s u g g e s t s t h e p r e s e n c e of an i n c i p i e n t n o r t h e a s t - s o u t h w e s t

t r e n d i n g s h o a l a r e a which s u b s e q u e n t l y p l a y e d a m ajor

r o l e i n t h e l o c a t i o n o f d e p o c e n te r s a s s o c i a t e d w i th th e

a n c e s t r a l and Recent Magdalena R i v e r .

I n t h e e a s t e r n segment , n e a r t h e t h r e e I n t e r c o l

w e l l s , c o n d i t i o n s sh a l lo w ed s l i g h t l y , b u t t h e a r e a was

s t i l l o c c u p ied by a n o r t h - s o u t h t r e n d i n g t r o u g h whose

s e d im e n t s r e c o r d ev idence o f m iddle t o lo w er b a t h y a l

p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t s . S i m i l a r p a l e o d e p t h s a r e i n d i c a t e d

n e a r th e mouth o f Arroyo P i o j o (Saco) where s lope

t u r b i d i t e s a r e s u g g e s t e d . The s h e l f a r e a , which i s w e l l

documented d u r i n g t h e su b s e q u e n t l a t e Miocene t im e , i s

l o c a t e d be tw een th e two deep w a t e r e n v i ro n m e n ts . The

a r e a l o c a t e d so u th w e s t o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y a r e a i s

h i g h l y i m p o r t a n t - t o th e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f mid-Miocene

d e p o s i t i o n a l p a t t e r n s in t h e a r e a o f the p r e s e n t s t u d y .


CD■DOQ.C

3Q.

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PALEOBATHYMETRY Late M iddle Miocene

Campito No. 3P u e r t o

Colombia

S c a le

10 Km

TubaraMIDDLE t oDinER ' SHELF‘S-

Saco-B a ra n o a

U s i a c u r i : ______

z:z:;Campeche No. 1

H ib a ch a ro- if fu r e 11

!=•VO

50

L a te Miocene ( F i g u r e 12) Zones NI6 - I 7 )

The b e s t d e f i n e d t ime i n t e r v a l i s documented by

t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s s p h a e r o i d e s , a l a t e

Miocene p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a l in d e x s p e c i e s . T h is

zone i s r e c o r d e d a t numerous l o c a l i t i e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e

C a r ib b ean and t h e Gulf o f Mexico (Lamb and B e a rd , 19 72 ) .

I t was e n c o u n t e r e d a t s i x l o c a l i t i e s i n t h e s tu d y a r e a ,

two o f which , I n t e r c o l w e l l Campito No. 3 and t h e Mud

Volcano Area, c o n t a i n e d a s s o c i a t e d b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a

i n d i c a t i v e o f m id d le b a t h y a l p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t s . The f o u r

i n t e r m e d i a t e l o c a l i t i e s p roduced f a u n a s u g g e s t i n g m iddle

t o o u t e r s h e l f e n v i ro n m e n t s . The s o u th w e s t segment

(H ibacharo a r e a ) r e m a in s p r o b l e m a t i c a l a s i t was d u r in g

t h e m idd le Miocene t im e .

T h is zone was n o t r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e two s o u t h e r n

most w e l l s , b o t h o f which e x h i b i t a w e l l d e f i n e d uncon

f o r m i t y be tw een P l i o c e n e and e a r l y Miocene s t r a t a . The

n o r th e r n m o s t w e l l , Campito No. 3 p r o v i d e s a n e a r l y complete

Miocene s e c t i o n .

E a r ly P l i o c e n e ( F i g u r e l^l (Zones N18-N20)

During e a r l y P l io c e n e t im e t h e c o n c u r r e n t development

o f two r e g r e s s i v e e v e n t s r a p i d l y changed t h e p r e v i o u s l y

e s t a b l i s h e d d e p o s i t i o n a l p a t t e r n s i n t h e b a s i n . The

c o n t in u e d u p l i f t a lo n g t h e n o r t h e a s t - s o u t h w e s t o f f s h o r e

t r e n d r e t a r d e d d i s p e r s a l o f c l a s t i c m a t e r i a l which

was b e in g I n t r o d u c e d by t h e p r o g r a d a t i o n o f a m a rg in a l


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PALEOBATHYMETRY Late Miocene ( N 17-N18 )

Sphaeroidinellopsis sphaeroides Snbsone

S c a le

ZZZïCampito No. 3.P u e r to

.Colombia.

T ' 5 10 KmD i r e c t i o n a l

P r o p e r t i e s

-T u b a ra ■F ' F ' W #

yyi" S K E L I ""-r'§ d 0

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# V r ^ r

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F ig u r e 12

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52

1♦


53

m arin e seq u en ce, -which was p r o b a b l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e

encroachm ent o f t h e a n c e s t r a l Magdalena R i v e r . D i s c u s s io n s

o f f e a t u r e s s u p p o r t i n g t h i s c o n c l u s i o n a r e c o n ta in e d in

d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s t r a t i g r a p h i e s e c t i o n s .

Coarse e l a s t i c s , b a r r e n o f f a u n a and b i o g e n i c

s t r u c t u r e s , o c c u r a t t h e v i l l a g e s o f U s i a c u r i , Tubar’a ,

n o r t h o f C h o r r e r a , and in Arroyo Ju a n de A costa and

P i o j o ( S a c o ) . Changing e a r l y P l i o c e n e l i t h o f a c i e s a r e

r e a d i l y r e c o g n i z e d a c r o s s t h e s t u d y a r e a i n a s o u t h e a s t -

n o r t h w e s t d i r e c t i o n . I n t h e U s i a c u r i a r e a sed im e n ts a r e

t h i c k bedded , h i g h l y c o n g lo m e r a t i c , d i s p l a y b i d i r e c t i o n a l

p r o p e r t i e s , and c o n t a i n p l a n t f o s s i l s . The c o r r e l a t i v e

s t r a t a n e a r t h e c o a s t i s t h i n , e v e n l y bedded , f i n e r

g r a i n e d and l a c k s m a r g in a l m ar in e se d im e n ta ry s t r u c t u r e s .

Three s u r f a c e s e c t i o n s , U s i a c u r i , Tubar’a. and Arroyo

P i o j o (Saco) p r o v i d e example:: s u p p o r t i n g t h i s

1 n t erp.r e t a t i o n .

Middle P l i o c e n e ( F i g u r e l4)

A w id e ly d i s t r i b u t e d , h i g h l y f o s s i l i f e r o u s s i l t s t o n e -

s h a l e i n t e r v a l i s u s u a l l y fo u n d o v e r l y i n g t h e f a u n a l l y

b a r r e n , and o f t e n c h an n e le d h o r i z o n s which a r e r e g a r d e d

a s "members" o f t h e Usiacuri-Tubai^a. F o r m a t i o n s .


5 4

i i l i


55

T h is zone i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by an abundance o f m o l lu sk s

w hich o c c u r i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h w e l l d ev e lo p ed i n n e r -

m id d le s h e l f b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u l a t i o n s .

Rare o c c u r r e n c e s o f p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r s ,

G l o b o r o t a l i a ae mi l i a n a and G_ c r a s s a c r o t o n e n s i s d a t e t h i s

zone as m iddle P l i o c e n e , a s d e f i n e d by Lamb and Beard

( 1 9 7 2 ) .

Samples which c o n t a i n e d components o f t h i s zone

were c o l l e c t e d from t h e y o u n g e s t beds o f t h e type

T u b a r a ' F o rm a t io n (sam ples 4 ? - 4 8 ) ; i n Arroyo P i o j o ( S a c o ) ,

e a s t o f th e v i l l a g e o f Saco (samples 4 0 3 - 4 o 4 ) ; and i n

A rroyo Juan de A costa b e tw een th e v i l l a g e and th e c o a s t

( sa m p le s 3 6 9 - 3 7 1 ) .

Based on i t s s t r a t i g r a p h i e p o s i t i o n , and s i m i l a r

b e n t h i c F o r a m i n i f e r a , t h e C h o r r e r a Fo rm at ion which i s

e s s e n t i a l l y b a r r e n o f p l a n k t o n i c F o r a m i n i f e r a , i s

r e g a r d e d as b e in g a p p r o x i m a t e ly t ime e q u i v a l e n t .

T h is sequence i s t h e y ou n ges t i d e n t i f i a b l e u n i t

i n t h e s t u d y a r e a .


56

Economie P o t e n t i a l o f Area

D a ta compiled i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y s u g g e s t s t h a t

t h e a d j a c e n t o f f s h o r e a r e a , be tw een Galarazamba and

P u e r t o Colombia o f f e r s p o t e n t i a l i n r e g a r d t o t h e e x p l o r

a t i o n f o r h y d r o c a r b o n s .

The r e c o r d o f n o r t h e r n Colombia e x p l o r a t i o n

i n d i c a t e s t h a t a t r e m e n d o u s ly t h i c k s h a l e s e c t i o n i s

p r e s e n t , w i t h few a s s o c i a t e d r e s e r v o i r b e d s . By d e t e r

m in ing t h e d e p o c e n te r l o c a t i o n s o f t h e a n c e s t r a l

Magdalena R i v e r , and knowing th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e s e

d e p o s i t i o n a l s i t e s t o t h e p a le o e n v i r o n m e n t s n e a r th e

r i v e r mouths , a p o t e n t i a l l y v a lu a b le e x p l o r a t o r y t o o l

r e s u l t s .

To d a t e , t h e r e i s no commerical p r o d u c t i o n o f

h y d ro c a rb o n s w i t h i n o r n e a r t h e a r e a o f s t u d y . Approx

i m a t e l y 15 w e l l s have b e e n d r i l l e d s i n c e as e a r l y as

1 9 2 4 ( U s i a c u r i a r e a ) , w i t h a c t i v i t y c o n t i n u i n g

s p o r a d i c a l l y t o t h e p r e s e n t t im e . Most d r i l l i n g has

b e e n done on p ro m in en t s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e s , p r i m a r i l y

n e a r t h e c h e s t o f th e C ib a rc o A n t i c l i n e .

C o n c lu s io n s r e s u l t i n g from t h i s s t u d y r e g a r d i n g

t h e p o t e n t i a l o f th e a r e a a r e b ased on f i v e m ajo r l i n e s

o f e v i d e n c e .

1) M io c en e -P l io c en e t e c to n i s m and i t s

r e l a t i o n s h i p t o c hang ing p a l e o b a t h y m e t r y .


57

2) Source a r e a - d e p o c e n te r s r e l a t i o n s h i p s

a s e v id e n c e d hy l a t e M io c e n e - e a r ly

P l i o c e n e d i r e c t i o n a l p r o p e r t i e s , and

th e marked i n c r e a s e i n s t r a t i g r a p h i e

t h i c k n e s s tow ard t h e w e s t ,

3) The r o l e o f t h e a n c e s t r a l Magdalena

R i v e r i n t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f sands

i n t o deep w a te r e n v i ro n m e n t s .

4) The o c c u r r e n c e o f middle Miocene

( G a l l i n a a o F o r m a t io n ) , deep w a te r

sands o f p o s s i b l e t u r b i d i t y o r i g i n .

5) The pre:::ence o f a t l e a s t , 4000 m. o f

p o t e n t i a l so u rc e beds i n t h e form o f

deep w a te r s h a l e s , o f l a t e Eocene t o

m iddle Miocene a g e .

1) T e c t o n i c - P a l e o b a t h y m e t r i c R e l a t i o n s h i p s :

Changing p a le o b a th y m e t r y i n t h e a r e a o f s t u d y has

r e s u l t e d from t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f two m a jo r p r o c e s s e s .

The u p l i f t o f t h e n o r t h e a s t - s o u t h w e s t t r e n d ; and s e c o n d ly

t h e r a p i d i n f l u x o f an., abundance o f s e d im e n ts from the

a n c e s t r a l Magdalena R i v e r .

The m ajo r r o l e p l a y e d by th e r i s i n g a n c i e n t s h e l f

a r e a has be en r e l a t e d t o sed im en t d i s p e r s a l p a t t e r n s , and

th e c o u rs e a l t e r a t i o n o f t h e lower Magdalena R i v e r . As

n o te d p r e v i o u s l y the f i r s t e v idence o f t h i s t r e n d was

n o te d i n t h e l a t e Miocene (F ig u re 12), and i t s prominence


58

h a s p e r s i s t e d i n t o t h e R e c e n t . The t r e n d i s o r i e n t e d

n e a r l y p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e mouth o f the P l io c e n e

Magdalena R iv e r , th u s i t has caused th e f o r m a t io n o f

an o v a te d e l t a , w i th i t s l on g a x i s a p p ro x im a te ly p a r a l l e l

t o t h e u p l i f t e d t r e n d .

By d e te rm in in g t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h i s t r e n d , and

more s p e c i f i c a l l y the p o s i t i o n o f th e p a le o s h e l f edge,

a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e d e p o c e n te r - s o u r c e bed

r e l a t i o n s h i p r e s u l t s . T h is a s p e c t i s i n c l u d e d i n th e

f o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n s .

2) Source Area - D e p o cen te r R e l a t i o n s h i p s :

More t h a n n i n e t y - f i v e p e r c e n t o f t h e l a t e Miocene-

e a r l y P l i o c e n e d i r e c t i o n a l p r o p e r t i e s I n d i c a t e an e a s t to

s o u t h e a s t sed iment s o u r c e . Most measurements were made

i n c r o s s - b e d d e d , i n n e r t o m iddle s h e l f sand and s i l t -

s t o n e s . Major d e p o c e n te r s whose l o c a t i o n s a r e c o n t r o l i e d

by t e c t o n i s m i n the r e c e i v i n g a r e a s , have changed m arked ly

s i n c e t h e middle M iocen e . More t h a n 2000 m. o f

b a t h y a l t o m a rg in a l m ar ine s e d im e n ts were d e p o s i t e d i n

t h e Arroyo P ic jo (Saco) a r e a . Subsequen t d e p o c e n te r s

s h i f t e d from n o r t h t o s o u t h as th e Magdalena t r a n s p o r t e d

g r e a t volumes o f m a t e r i a l i n t o and th ro u g h th e a r e a c f

s t u d y . The g r e a t e s t q u a n i t y o f sand was d e p o s i t e d d u r in g

t h e l a t e M io c e n e -e a r ly P l i o c e n e t ime when a maximum of

3 0 0 - 5 0 0 m. were r e t a i n e d on th e a n c i e n t s h e l f , w h i le

p e r h a p s a much g r e a t e r volume was t r a n s p o r t e d o v e r the


59

s h e l f edge toward th e w e s t . T h is p r o c e s s would b r i n g

e x c e l l e n t r e s e r v o i r sands i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y w i th

p o t e n t i a l Miocene so u rc e b e d s . Sands o f t h i s age c ro p

o u t over much o f t h e s t u d y a r e a , and e x te n d westward

n e a r t h e c o a s t , a lo n g a n o r t h - s o u t h t r e n d be tw een the

v i l l a g e o f P i o j o , n o r th w ard to P u e r t o Colombia. This

o u t c r o p b e l t i s l e s s t h a n 0 .5 Km, from th e p r e s e n t

c o a s t l i n e and u n d o u b te d ly e x te n d s i n t o t h e a d j a c e n t

o f f s h o r e a r e a be tw een Galarazam ba and P u e r to Colombia.

3) The A n c e s t r a l Lower Magdalena R i v e r : (F ig u re 15)

The c hang ing c o u rs e o f t h e low er Magdalena has

p l a y e d a m ajor r o l e i n t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f sands i n t o

deep w a t e r e n v i ro n m e n ts . Three p r o b a b le d e p o c e n te r s a r e

r e c o g n i z e d w i t h i n the s t u d y a r e a , o r i n t h e a s s o c i a t e d

d e l t a i c complex. L a te M i o c e n e - e a r ly P l i o c e n e m a rg in a l

and s h a l lo w marine sands com pr ise t h e most p rom inen t

s u r f a c e f e a t u r e s i n t h e a r e a . E xp o su res a t U s i a c u r i ,

T u b a r a ' , Saco, and n e a r t h e mouth o f Arroyo Juan de

A c o s ta r e c o r d d e p o s i t i o n a l e v e n t s d u r in g t h i s i n t e r v a l .

Each i s d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l i n t h e u n i t d e s c r i b i n g the

s t r a t i g r a p h i e s e c t i o n s . The b e s t c o n t in u o u s sequence i s

c o n t a i n e d i n the Arroyo P i o j o (Saco) s e c t i o n , which

r e c o r d s t h e e n t i r e h i s t o r y i n t h e development o f th e l a t e

M io c e n e - e a r ly P l i o c e n e d e p o c e n t e r i n t h i s a r e a .


6 0

P ro b a b le P l io -Pleistocene EVOLUTION of th e LONA ER

MAGDALENA RIVERScale 1:1000000LI Pleistocene Coralline

LimestonePresent Magdalena

Discharge

Barran-quilla ce

MagOTia^iaiDraina

\ é ^ r i 3 \ - ^ l d . \ Pliocen^

Luruaco Nvi^giVial

Figure 13


61

As r e c o g n i z e d by L ink (1 9 2 ? ) , an a n c i e n t m ajor

c h a n n e l o f t h e Magdalena headed n e a r Calamar, and f low ed

n o r th w e s tw a r d n e a r L uruaco , and d i s c h a r g e d i n t o t h e

C a r ib b e a n n e a r G a la razam ba . The r e s u l t i n g o f f s h o r e f a n

was d e s c r i b e d by Hoover (1973» o r a l p r e s e n t a t i o n ) . This

d r a i n a g e c h a n n e l i s p r o b a b l y o f l a t e P l io c e n e age as

i n d i c a t e d b y t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f o l d e r , m iddle P l i o c e n e

p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a , i n t h e s t u d y a r e a t o t h e n o r t h ,

and t h e p r e s e n c e o f P l e i s t o c e n e l im e s to n e (La Popa

F o rm a t io n ) n e a r t h e a n c i e n t r i v e r mouth a t G a larazam ba .

T h is d i s c h a r g e a r e a p o s t d a t e s th e middle P l io c e n e

f o r a m i n i f e r a and p r e d a t e s t h e d e p o s i t i o n o f t h e l i m e s t o n e .

The r e s u l t i n g l a t e P l i o c e n e o f f s h o r e d e p o c e n te r i s c l e a r l y

shown on R e c e n t c o n to u re d b a th y m e t r i c maps.

As u p l i f t o f t h e n o r t h e a s t - s o u t h w e s t c o n t i n u e d ,

d r a i n a g e to w a rd t h e n o r t h w e s t was f o r c e d t o s h i f t . Th is

e a r l y P l e i s t o c e n e c o u rs e a l t e r a t i o n must have b e en toward

t h e s o u t h w e s t as e v id e n c e d by t h e o c c u r re n c e o f th e

La Popa F o rm a t io n , a c o r a l l i n e l i m e s t o n e , which c ro p s out

s p o r a d i c a l l y be tw een B a r r a n q u i l l a and C a r t a g e n a .

D e t r i t u s t r a n s p o r t e d i n t o t h e C a r ib b e an was

p r o b a b l y moved so u thw ard by lo n g s h o r e c u r r e n t s , away from

t h e l i v i n g c o r a l s . T h is d e p o c e n te r , o f e a r l y P l e i s t o c e n e

age s h o u ld be l o c a t e d s o u t h o f C a r ta g e n a , n e a r , and s o u th

o f t h e mouth o f t h i s m ajor c h a n n e l . (F ig u re 15)


6 2

Combined u p l i f t and c h a n n e l f i l l i n g f o r c e d th e

so u th w a rd f l o w in g Magdalena t o s h i f t t o a n o r t h e r l y

f l o w i n t o i t s p r e s e n t d r a i n a g e com plex . When t h i s

o c c u r r e d , t h e sed im ent i n f l u x was sw ep t sou thw es tw ard and

was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e t e r m i n a t i o n o f c o r a l g row th ,

n e a r t h e c o a s t a l a r e a .

4) The O ccurrence o f Middle Miocene ( G a l l i n a z o Form ation ) Deep W ater Sands :

Middle Miocene s a n d s to n e o f p r o b a b l e t u r b i d i t y

o r i g i n a r e found i n t h e w e s t e r n segm ent o f th e s t u d y

a r e a . The u n i t was n o t e x t e n s i v e l y s t u d i e d b u t i t

o b v i o u s l y t h i n s r a p i d l y tow ard t h e n o r t h . I t s ty p e

l o c a l i t y i s l o c a t e d n o r t h o f t h e L u r a r a c o u p l i f t , s o u t h

e a s t o f t h e v i l l a g e o f H ib a ch a ro , where i t s e s t i m a t e d

t h i c k n e s s i s 500 m.+. The G a l l i n a z o i s i n t e r b e d d e d w i th

b a t h y a l s h a l e n e a r th e mouth o f Arroyo P i o j o (Saco) and

i n r o a d c u t s a lo n g the B a r r a n q u i l l a - G a l a r a z a m b a Highway.

I t i s u s u a l l y p o o r l y i n d u r a t e d , c o n t a i n s an abundance

o f c l a y and i s p o o r l y s o r t e d . I t s r e s e r v o i r q u a l i t i e s

a r e q u e s t i o n a b l e , however , i f i t o c c u r r e d i n c l o s e

a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h sou rce beds i t c o u ld s e r v e t h i s p u rp o se .

The u n i t e x te n d s i n t o t h e o f f s h o r e a r e a be tw een P u e r to

Colombia and Galarazamba.

5) P o t e n t i a l Hydrocarbon Source Beds:

: Eocene t o middle Miocene lo w e r b a t h y a l and a b y s s a l

s h a l e s a r c w id e sp rea d , and a t t a i n a t h i c k n e s s more th a n

4000 m. th r o u g h o u t much o f n o r t h e r n Colombia. M a t e r i a l


63

f rom t h i s i n t e r v a l which was examined from th e s t u d y a r e a

c o n t a i n e d an abundance o f f o r a m i n i f e r a and r a d i o l a r i a .

The n a t u r e o f t h e s e sed im en ts i n r e g a r d t o o rg a n ic ca rbon

and o t h e r s o u r c e ro ck q u a l i t i e s i s n o t known by th e

a u t h o r . However, s i m i l a r g e o l o g i c s e t t i n g s i n o t h e r

p a r t s o f t h e w or ld p ro v id e f a v o r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r

t h e g e n e r a t i o n and m i g r a t i o n o f h y d r o c a r b o n s .

I n summary, t h e most a t t r a c t i v e a r e a f o r

e x p l o r a t i o n i s l o c a t e d o f f s h o r e be tw een Galarazamba

and P u e r t o Colombia.

Two p o t e n t i a l r e s e r v o i r h o r i z o n s a r e th e middle

Miocene G a l l i n a z o Form ation , and e a r l y P l i o c e n e s a n d

s t o n e s (T ubara Pm. and e q u i v a l e n t s ) . P r a c t i c a l l y a l l

d i r e c t i o n a l measurements i n d i c a t e w es t and n o r th w e s t

s e d im e n t t r a n s p o r t upon, and a c r o s s t h e n o r t h e a s t -

s o u t h w e s t t e c t o n i c t r e n d . To my knowledge a l l w e l l s

have b e e n d r i l l e d on the e a s t s i d e o f t h i s t r e n d ; or

t h e s i d e o p p o s i t e to where m a jo r sand a c c u m u la t io n has

t a k e n p l a c e s i n c e l a t e Miocene t i m e . Thus i n most

c a s e s a p r e d o m i n a t e ly s h a l e s e c t i o n has b e e n p e n e t r a t e d .


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A k e rs , W. H ., 1955» Some p l a n k t o n i c F o r a m i n i f e r a o f th e American G u l f C o a s t and s u g g e s t e d c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e C a r ib b e an T e r t i a r y :J o u r . P a l e o . . v . 29. n . 4, pp. 647-664 .

A l b e r s , 1972, P a l e o e c o l o g i c F o r a m i n i f e r a l a s sem b la g es o f t h e g u l f C o a s t , i n G u l f C oas t S t r a t i g r a p h i e C o r r e l a t i o n methods ; H. C. S k in n e r , e d . , L o u i s i a n a H e r i t a g e P r e s s .

A ndersen , H. V . , 1971» Key t o Cenozoic f o r a m i n i f e r a l f a m i l i e s and g e n e r a o f th e G u lf C o a s t a l p l a i n p r o v i n c e : L o u i s i a n a S t a t e Univ. Sch . o fG e o sc ie n ce , M isc . P u b l . 7 1 - 2 , 34 p .

Anderson , F. M., 1927» The marine Miocene d e p o s i t s o f N or th Colombia: C a l i f o r n i a Acad. S c i . P r o c . .V . l 6 , n . 3» pp . 8 7 - 9 5 .

A nderson , F. M., 1929» Marine Miocene d e p o s i t s o fColombia and t h e i r m o l lu sc a n and f o r a m i n i f e r a l f a u n a : C a l i f . Acad. S c i . P r o c . . v . 18, n . 4 ,pp . 7 3 - 2 1 3 .

Bandy, 0. L . , 1953» E c o lo g y and p a le o e c o lo g y o f some C a l i f o r n i a F o r a m i n i f e r a . P a r t I . The f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f R e ce n t F o r a m in i f e r a o f f C a l i f o r n i a : J o u r . P a l e o . . v . 27» pp . l 6 l - l 8 2 .

Bandy, 0. L . , 1954, D i s t r i b u t i o n o f some s h a l l o w - w a te r F o r a m i n i f e r a i n t h e G u l f o f Mexico :U. S . G eo l . S u r v . P r o f . Paper 254-F . pp. 125-141, p i s . 28-31 , 13 f i g .

Bandy, 0 . L . , 1956, E co lo g y o f F o r a m i n i f e r a i n n o r t h e a s t e r n G u l f o f Mexico: U. S . G e o l .S u rv . P r o f . P a p e r 274-G. pp. 179-204.

Bandy, 0. L. and A r n a l , R. E . , 1957» D i s t r i b u t i o n o f R ecen t F o r a m i n i f e r a o f West C oas t o f C e n t r a l America: Am. A s s o c . P e t r o l . Geol . B u l l . .V . 41, pp . 2 0 3 7 - 2 0 5 3 .

Bandy, 0. L . , 1964a, G e n e r a l C o r r e l a t i o n o fF o r a m i n i f e r a l s t r u c t u r e w i th env ironm en t : i n Approaches t o P a l e o e c o l o g y . J . Im br ie and N. Newell , e d s . , John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp . 7 5 - 9 0 .

64-


65

Bandy, 0 . L . , 1964b, Cenozoic P l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a l z o n a t i o n : M ic ro p a le o n t . . v , 10, p p . 1 -17 .

Bandy, 0 . L. and R odo l fo , K. S . , 1964c, D i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o r a m i n i f e r a and s e d i m e n t s , P e r u - C h i l e Trench a r e a : D eep-sea R e s e a r c h , v . 11, pp . 817-837.

Bandy, 0 . L . , 1967» L e c tu r e 6 - B e n th o n ic F o r a m in i f e r a a s e n v i r o n m e n ta l i n d i c e s : S h o r t Course L e c tu r eN otes ( P a l e o e c o l o g y ) , Amer. G e o l . I n s t i t . ,p p . 6 7 - 8 3 .

Bandy, 0 . L . , 1970, Upper C r e ta c e o u s - C e n o z o ic P a l e o - b a t h y m e t r i c C yc le s , E a s t e r n Panama and N o r th e rn Colombia , G u l f C oas t A s s o c . G e o l . S o c . . v . 48, pp . 181-193 .

B anner , F . T. and Blow, W. H . , 1959» The C l a s s i f i c a t i o n and s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e G l o b i g e r i n a c e a e ! Pal e o n t o l o g y , v . 2, p t . 1,p p . 1 - 2 7 , p i . 1- 3 .

Banner , F . T, and Blow, W. H . , i 9 6 0 . Some p r im a ry t y p e s o f s p e c i e s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e s u p e r f a m i l y G l o b i g e r i n a c e a : Cushman Found. Foram. R esea rchC o n t r i b . . v . 11, p t . 1, pp . l - 4 l , p i . 1 -8 .

Banner , F . T. and Blow, W. H . , I 9 6 5 , P r o g r e s s i n t h e p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a l b i o s t r a t i g r a p h y o f th e Neogene: N a t u r e . v . 208, p p . 1164-1166.

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Blow, W. H . , 1 9 5 6 , O r i g i n and e v o l u t i o n o f th ef o r a m i n i f e r a l genus O r b u l i n a : M i c r o p a l e o n t . .V . 2, pp . 5 7 - 7 0 .

Blow, W. H . , 1 9 5 9 » Age, c o r r e l a t i o n and b i o s t r a t i g r a p h y o f t h e u p p e r Tocuyo (San L orenzo) and Pozen F o r m a t i o n s , e a s t e r n F a l c o n , V e n e z u e la : B u l l .Amer. P a l e o n t . , v . 39» p . I 0 6 ,


6 6

Blow, W, H, and Banner , F. T . , I 9 6 6 , The morphology, taxonomy, and h i o s t r a t i g r a p h y o f G l o b o r o t a l i a b a r i s a n e n s i s LeRoy, G l o b o r o t a l i a f o h s i .Cushman and E l l i s o n and r e l a t e d t a x a ;M i c r o p a l e o n t . . v . 12, pp. 286-315*

Blow, W. H . , 1 9 6 9 » L a te middle Eocene t o R ecen t p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a l b i o s t r a t i g r a p h y :F i r s t I n t e r n a t . C on f . P l a n k . M i c r o f o s s i l s G eneva . 1967 P r o c . v . 1, pp . 1-422 , p i s . 1 -54 , t e x t f i g s . 1- 4 3 .

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Crimes, T. P. and H a rp e r , J . C. , 1970, T race F o s s i l s :S e e l House P r e s s , L i v e r p o o l , p . 5^7.

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Dryden, A. L . , 1931» Accuracy i n p e r c e n t a g e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f heavy m in e r a l f r e q u e n c i e s : P r o c . N a t l . Acad.S c i . . V . 1 7 » pp . 2 3 3 - 2 3 8 .


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Gould, H, R . , 1 9 7 2 , E n v i ro n m en ta l i n d i c a t o r s - A key t o t h e S t r a t i g r a p h i e Record : i n R e c o g n i t i o n o fA n c ie n t S e d im e n ta ry E n v i r o n m e n t s . Soc. Econ.P a l e o n t . and m i n e r a l . Sp. P u b . , n . I 6 , pp . 1 -3 .

G r im sd a le , T. F. and Van Markhoven, F .P .C .M . , 1955,The r a t i o b e tw een p e l a g i c and b e n th o n i c F o r a m i n i f e r a as a means o f e s t i m a t i n g d ep th o f d e p o s i t i o n o f s e d im e n ta r y r o c k s : F o u r th WorldP e t r o le u m Congress P r o c . S e c . 1, Rome, I t a l y ,pp . 4 7 3 - 4 9 1 .

H a n t z s c h e l , W a l t e r , I 9 6 2 , T race f o s s i l s and P r o b le m a t i c a , i n Moore, R. C. , e d . . T r e a t i s e on i n v e r t e b r a t e p a l e o n t o l o g y . P t . W. M i s c e l l a n e a : G eo l . Soc.America and Univ . Kansas P r e s s , P . W177-W245.

Harman, R. A . , 1964, D i s t r i b u t i o n o f F a r a m i n i f e r a i nth e S a n t a B a rb a ra B as in , C a l i f o r n i a : M ic ro p a le o n t .V. 10, p p . 8 1 - 9 6 .

H ecke l , P . H . , 1972, R e c o g n i t i o n o f a n c i e n t sh a l lo w m ar ine en v i ro n m en ts i n : R e c o g n i t i o n o f A nc ien tS e d im e n ta ry E n v i ro n m e n t s . pp . 226-286 .

Heezen, B. C. and H o l l i s t e r , C. H . , 1972, The Face o f t h e Deep, p . 207, Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ,New York , 659 P*

Howard, J . D. , I 9 6 6 , C h a r a c t e r i s t i c t r a c e f o s s i l s i n Upper C r e t a c e o u s Sand s to nes o f t h e Book C l i f f s and Wasatch P l a t e a u : Utah Geol . M in e ra l S u r v . B u l l . 8 0 :3 5 -53 .


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K e lJ , A. J . , 1 9 6 5 , Miocene t r a c e f o s s i l s f rom Borneo; P a l a o n t o l . Z e l t . 39: 2 2 0 - 2 3 8 , p i s . 28 , 29.

K i l p p e r , K . , I 9 6 2 , X en oh e l lx M a n s f i e l d 1927 aus de rMlozanen n l e d e r r h e l n l s c h e n B ra u n k o h le n fo rm a t lo n : P a l a o n t . Z e l t s c h r . 3 6 : 5 5 - 5 8 .

Kuenen, P. H. and N a t l a n d , M. W., 1951, T u r b i d i t y c u r r e n t s and t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f c o a r s e sed im e n ts t o deep w a t e r : I n Soc. Econ. P a l e o n t . and M in e r a l . Spec .Pub. 2 .

Lamb, J . L. and B eard , J . H . , 1972, L a te Neogenep l a n k t o n i c f o r a m l n l f e r s I n t h e C a r ibb ean , Gulf o f Mexico and I t a l i a n s t r a t o t y p e s : Univ . Kansas ,P a l e o n t . C o n t r l b u t . , a r t . 57, p . 63.

L ank fo rd , R o b e r t R . , 1959, D i s t r i b u t i o n and e co lo g y o f f o r a m i n i f e r a from E a s t M i s s i s s i p p i D e l t a Margin:Amer. A ssoc . P e t r o l . G eo l . B u l l . , v . 43, n . 9, p p . 2 0 " 6 8 Z ^ 9 , f i g . " 1 1 , p i s ' ; ' ! ' . '

L in k , T. A . , 1 9 2 7 , Pos t T e r t i a r y s t r a n d l i n e o s c i l l a t i o n s I n t h e C a r ib b e an c o a s t a l a r e a o f Colombia:J o u r . G e o l . , v . 35, n . 1, p p . 5 8 - 7 2 .

L o e b l l c h and Tappan, 1957, U. S. N a t . Mus. B u l l . , n o . 2 I 5 .

M a n s f i e ld , W. C. , 1927, Some p e c u l i a r f o s s i l forms from M ary land , U. S. N a t . Mus. P r o c . 7 I ( I 6 ): 1 - 9 .

M o ra les , L .G . , 1958, G enera l g e o lo g y and o i l o c c u r r e n c e s o f m id d le Magdalena V a l l e y : In H a b i t a t of O i l , p p . 641 -6 95 .

Moyer, D. A . , 1929, The r e l a t i o n o f a f o s s i l f o r a m i n i f e r a f a u n a f rom Lomlta Q uarry , San Pedro , C a l i f , t o a R ecen t F o r a m i n i f e r a f a u n a f rom o f f t h e c o a s t o f San Pedro : u n p u b l i s h e d , M. A. t h e s i s , Univ. o f S. C a l i f .

N a t la n d , M. L . , 1933, The t e m p e r a t u r e and d e p t h - d l s t r l b u t l o n o f some R ecen t and F o s s i l F o r a m i n i f e r a In t h e S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a r e g i o n : B u l l . S c r lp p s I n s t .Oceanography , U niv . C a l i f . , v . 3 , pp . 225-230 .

P a r k e r , F . L . , P h l e g e r and P e l r s o n , 1953, Ecology o fF o r a m i n i f e r a f rom San Antonio Bay and e n v i r o n s , s .w . T exas :

Cush. F ou n d . Foram. R e s . S p . P u b . 2 , p . 75.

P a r k e r , F . L . , 1954, D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fo ram in i fe ra , I n t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n Gulf o f Mexico: B u l l . Mus. Comp.Zool . , V. I I I .


6 9

F e t t e r s , V. and S a r l e n t o , S. R . , 1956, O ligocene and Lower Miocene b i o s t r a t i g r a p h y o f t h e Carmen- Zambrano a r e a , Colombia: M i c r o n a l e o n t o l o g y .V. 2 , n . 1 , pp. 7 - 3 5 .

P h l e g e r , F .B . and P a r k e r , P . L . , 1951, Ecology o f F o r a m i n i f e r a n o r th w e s t G u l f o f Mexico: G eo l .S o c . Amer. Mem. 4 6 , p . 6 3 .

P h l e g e r , F. B . , i 9 6 0 . E co lo g y and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f R e c e n t F o r a m i n i f e r a : Johns Hopkins P r e s s ,B a l t i m o r e , p . 2 9 7 .

Pos tuma, J . A . , 1971, Manual o f P l a n k t o n i c F o r a m i n i f e r a : E l s e v i e r P u b l i s h i n g Company, Amsterdam, London,New York, p . 420.

Redmond, C. D . , 1953, Miocene F o r a m i n i f e r a from th eT ub a ra be d s o f n o r t h e r n Colombia : J o u r , o f P a l e o . .V. 2 7 , pp . 7 08 - 7 5 3 .

R e s i g , J . M,, 1 9 5 8 , E co lo g y o f F o r a m i n i f e r a o f t h e S a n t a Cruz B a s in , C a l i f o r n i a : M ic ro p a le o n t . .V. 4 , p p . 28 7 - 3 0 8 .

S e i l a c h e r , A d o l f , 1964, B io g e n ic s e d im e n ta r y s t r u c t u r e s : i n J o h n . I m b r i e and Norman N ewell , Approaches t o P a l e o e c o l o g y . pp . 2 9 6 - 3 I 6 , John Wiley and Sons,I n c . , New York.

Sm i th , P . B . , 1 9 6 4 , E co logy o f b e n th o n i c s p e c i e s ,R e c e n t F o r a m i n i f e r a o f f C e n t r a l America:U. S . G e o l . Survey P r o f . P a p e r . 429-B, pp . 1 -55 .

S t a i n f o r t h , R. M., 1952, E c o lo g y o f a re n ac e o u s F o r a m i n i f e r a , M i c r o p a l e o n t . . y . 6 , n . 1.

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7 0

Todd, R, and Bronnimann, P . , 1958, R ecen tF o r a m i n i f e r a and Thecamoebina from t h e e a s t e r n G u l f o f P a r i a : Cushman Found. Foram, R e s . ,S p e c , P u b , 1 , p , 4-3,

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V i s h e r , G. S , , I 9 6 5 , Use o f t h e v e r t i c a l p r o f i l e i ne n v i r o n m e n ta l r e c o n s t r u c t i o n : Am. A s so c , P e t r o l .G e o l . B u l l , . V, 49 n , 1, p p . 4 1 -61 ,

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APPENDIX A

D e f i n i t i o n s and C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Neogene P l a n k t o n i c F o r a m i n i f e r a l Zones

71


7 2

D efi n i t i o n e and C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Neogene P l a n k t o n i c F o r a m i n i f e r a l Zones

Zone N. 1

G l o b i g e r i n a a m p l i a p e r t u r a - P a r t i a l - r a n g e zone

(m idd le O l ig ocene )

D e f i n i t i o n :

1. Range o f G l o b i g e r i n a a m p l i a p e r t u r a

2. Top o f zone i s marked by th e f i r s t appea ran ce o f

G l o b i g e r i n a a n g u l i s u t u r a l i s .

Remarks :

Q u e s t i o n a b l e o c c u r re n c e o f t h i s zone was found i n

I n t e r c o l w e l l Campeche #1 a t 2500 f t .

Zone N. 2

G l o b i g e r i n a a n g u l i s u t u r a l i s / G l o b o r o t a l i a opima opima

G o n c u r r e n t - r a n g e zone (m iddle to l a t e O l igocene)


1. Base - f i r s t o c c u r re n c e o f G l o b i g e r i n a a n g u l i s u t u r a l i s

2. Top - marked by th e e x t i n c t i o n o f G l o b o r o t a l i a

opima opima

3 . C oncur rence o f th e two s p e c i e s m ent ioned above .

Remarks :

T h is zone i s w e l l d eve loped i n I n t e r c o l w e l l Campeche #1

be tw een 1250-2250 f t . and i n T u b a r a ' #4 a t IOOO-I5 0 O f t .


73

Zone N. 3

G l o b i g e r i n a a n g u l i s u t u r a l i s - P a r t i a l - r a n g e zone

( l a t e O l ig o ce n e )

D e f i n i t i o n ;

1. Base - im m e d ia te ly above th e b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c range

o f G l o b o r o t a l i a opima opima

2. Top - be low th e f i r s t app ea ra n c e o f G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s

o u a d r i l o b a t u s p r im o r d iu s

3 . F i r s t a p p ea ra n c e o f G l o b o r o t a l i a k u g l e r i o c c u r r e d i n

th e m iddle t o l a t e p a r t s o f t h i s zone.

Remarks :

T h is zone was i d e n t i f i e d i n I n t e r c o l w e l l T u b a r a ' # 4 a t

750-1000 f t . and a q u e s t i o n a b l e o c cu r ren c e i n Campito #3

a t 4 5 0 0 - 5 0 0 0 f t .

Zone N. 4

G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s o u a d r i l o b a t u s p r i m o r d i u s / G l o b o r o t a l i a

k u g l e r i - G o n c u r r e n t - r a n g e zone ( e a r l y Miocene)


1. Base - f i r s t ap pea ra n c e o f G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s

o u a d r i l o b a t u s p r im o r d iu s

2. Top - e x t i n c t i o n o f G l o b o r o t a l i a k u g l e r i

3 . This zone i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by th e c o n c u r re n c e o f the

nominal s p e c i e s .

Remarks :

Not r e c o g n i z e d i n a r e a s t u d i e d .


74

Zone N. 5

G lo b o q u a d r in a d e h i s c e n s p r a e d e h i s c e n s / G l o b o q u a d r i n a

d e h i s c e n s d e h i s c e n s - P a r t i a l - r a n g e zone ( e a r l y Miocene)


1 . Base - im m e d ia te ly above th e range o f G l o b o r o t a l i a

k u g l e r i

2. I n c l u d e s time o f e v o l u t i o n o f G loboquadr ina

d e h i s c e n s from G lo b o q u a d r in a p r a e d e h i s c e n s

3 . Top - im m e d ia te ly be low th e f i r s t s t r a t i g r a p h i e

o c c u r r e n c e o f G l o b i g e r i n a t e l l a i n s u e t a .

Remarks :

I d e n t i f i e d i n I n t e r c o l w e l l T u b a r a ' #4 a t 500-750 f t .

Zone N. 6

G l o b i g e r i n a t e l l a i n s u e t a / G l o b i g e r i n i t a d i s s i m i l i s

G o n c u r r e n t - r a n g e zone ( e a r l y Miocene)


1. Base - f i r s t o c c u r r e n c e o f G l o b i g e r i n a t e l l a i n s u e t a

2. Top - t h e h o r i z o n o f e x t i n c t i o n o f G l o b i g e r i n i t a

d i s s i m i l i s

3 . Zone i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by th e c o n c u r ren c e o f e i t h e r

G l o b i g e r i n i t a u n ic a v a u n i c a v a w i th G l o b i g e r i n a t e l l a

i n s u e t a .

Remarks :

Q u e s t i o n a b l e o c c u r r e n c e s i n I n t e r c o l w e l l Campeche #1 a t

750 f t . ai;d i n Campito #3 a t 4250 f t .


75

Zone N. 7

G l o b i g e r i n a t e l l a i n s u e t a / G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s o u a d r i l o b a t u s

t r i l o b u s - P a r t i a l - r a n g e zone ( e a r l y Miocene)


1, Base - im m e d ia te ly above t h e h o r i z o n o f e x t i n c t i o n o f

G l o b i g e r i n i t a d i s s i m i l i s and G l o b i g e r i n i t a u n i c a v a

u n i c a v a

2» Top - f i r s t app ea ran ce o f G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s s i c a n u s

3 . Synonymous w i th C a ta p s y d r a x s t a i n f o r t h i zone

( B o l l i , 1957) .

Remarks :

T h is zone was q u e s t i o n a b l y r e c o g n i z e d I n t e r c o l w e l l

T u b a r a ' # 4 .

Zone N. 8

G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s s i c a n u s / G l o b i g e r i n a t e l l a i n s u e t a

P a r t i a l - r a n g e zone ( e a r l y Miocene)


1. Base - f i r s t e v o l u t i o n a r y a p p e a ra n c e o f

G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s s i c a n u s

2. Top - im m e d ia te ly below t h e h o r i z o n o f the f i r s t

e v o l u t i o n a r y appea rance o f O r b u l i n a s u t u r a l i s

3 . C h a r a c t e r i z e d by th e c o n c u r r e n c e o f G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s

s i c a n u s and G l o b i g e r i n a t e l l a i n s u e t a w i th o u t

O r b u l i n a s u t u r a l i s .


76

Remarks :

The t o p o f Zone N. 8 was r e c o g n i z e d i n I n t e r c o l w e l l s

Campeche #1 a t 750 f t . ; i n T u b a r a ’ # 4 a t 2 5 0 - 5 0 0 f t . ;

and i n Campito #3 a t I 5 0 O f t . T h is p i c k was based on

t h e h i g h e s t s t r a t i g r a p h i e o c c u r r e n c e o f G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s

s i c a n u s .

Zone N. 9

O r b u l i n a s u t u r a l i s / G l o b o r o t a l i a p e r i o h e r o r o n d a

P a r t i a l - r a n g e zone (m iddle Miocene)


1. Base - f i r s t e v o l u t i o n a r y a p p e a ra n c e o f O rb u l in a

s u t u r a l i s

2. Top - im m e d ia te ly be low t h e h o r i z o n o f th e f i r s t

e v o l u t i o n a r y a p p ea ran ce o f G l o b o r o t a l i a

p e r i o h e r o a c u t a from ; i ts a n c e s t o r G l o b o r o t a l i a

p e r i p h e r o r o n d a

3 . The zone c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e c o n c u r re n c e o f

G l o b o r o t a l i a p e r i p h e r o r o n d a and O r b u l in a s u t u r a l i s .

Remarks :

I n I n t e r c o l w e l l Campito #3 th e i n t e r v a l be tw een 1250 f t .

and 4000 f t . c o n t a i n s f a u n a w hich c h a r a c t e r i z e s th e

G l o b o r o r a l i a f o h s i l i n a g e (N9-N12). Zone b o u n d a r i e s a r e

d i f f i c u l t t o l o c a t e b e cau se o f t h e wide sam pling

i n t e r v a l , and mixing d u r in g r e c o v e r y .


77

Zone N. 10G l o b o r o t a l i a •p e r ip h e ro a c u ta - C o n s e c u t iv e - r a n g e zone

(middle Miocene) Synonymy: G l o b o r o t a l i a f o h s i f o h s i

zone (Blow, 1957; B o l l i , 1957)


1. Base - f i r s t a p p ea ra n c e o f G l o b o r o t a l i a

• p e r in h e ro ac u ta

2. Top - im m e d ia te ly be low th e h o r i z o n o f the f i r s t

appea ran ce o f G l o b o r a t a l i a p r a e f o h s i .

Remarks :

See remarks u n d e r Zone N, 9-

Zone N. 11

G l o b o r o t a l i a p r a e f o h s i - C o n s e c u t iv e - r a n g e zone (middle

Miocene) Synonymy: G l o b o r o t a l i a f o h s i f o h s i zone and

p a r t o f G l o b o r o t a l i a f o h s i l o b a t a zone


1. Base - f i r s t ap pea ra n c e o f G l o b o r o t a l i a pr a e f o h s i

2. Top - im m e d ia te ly be low the f i r s t o c c u r re n c e of

G l o b o r o t a l i a f o h s i .

Remarks ;

See remarks u n d e r Zone N. 9*


78

Zone N, 12

G l o b o r o t a l i a f o h s i - P a r t i a l - r a n g e zone (m idd le Miocene)

Synonymy: G l o b o r o t a l i a f o h s i l o b a t a zone p lu s

G l o b o r o t a l i a f o h s i r o b u s t a ( B o l l i , 1957)


1. Base - f i r s t e v o l u t i o n a r y ap p ea rance o f G l o b o r o t a l i a

f o h s i

2. Top - im m e d ia te ly be low th e f i r s t a p p ea ra n c e o f

S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s su b d e h i s c e n s s u b d e h i s c e n s .

Remarks :

See remarks u n d e r Zone N. 11.

Zone N. 13

S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s su b d e h i s c e n s s u b d e h i s c e n s /

G l o b i g e r i n a d r u r y i - P a r t i a l - r a n g e zone (m iddle Miocene)

Synonymy: G l o b o r o t a l i a f o h s i r o b u s t a zone ( B o l l i , 1957)


1. Base - f i r s t a p p e a ra n c e o f S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s

s u b d e h i s c e n s s u b d e h i s c e n s

2. Top - im m e d ia te ly be low the h o r i z o n o f t h e f i r s t

ap p ea ran ce o f G l o b i g e r i n a n e p e n th e s

3 . C h a r a c t e r i z e d by th e c o n c u r ren c e o f G l o b i g e r i n a

d r u r y i and S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s s u b d e h i s c e n s

s u b d e h i s c e n s .


79

Zone N. 14

G l o b i g e r i n a n e n e n t h e s / G l o b o r o t a l i a s i a k e n s i s

G o n c u r r e n t - r a n g e zone ( l a t e middle Miocene)

Synonymy; G l o b o r o t a l i a m a v e r i / G l o b i g e r i n a n e p e n th e s

zone (Blow, 1959)


1. Base - f i r s t e v o l u t i o n a r y o c c u r re n c e o f G l o b i g e r i n a

n e p e n th e s from i t s a n c e s t o r G l o b i g e r i n a d r u r y i

2. Top - h o r i z o n o f e x t i n c t i o n o f G l o b o r o t a l i a s i a k e n s i s

Remarks :

T h is zone was r e c o g n i z e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s u r f a c e s e c t i o n s .

Arroyo Juan de A co s ta - samples 123-127; and i n s e c t i o n

n e a r c o a s t f rom sample 266 ( u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d w i th zones

N. 13 - N. 1 5 ) . Arroyo Chiaonava ( n e a r P i o j o ) - p o o r l y

e x p re s s e d i n sample 394.


8 0

D e s c r i p t i o n o f L a te Middle Miocene t o Middle P l i o c e n e P l a n k t o n i c Zones U t i l i z e d i n

P r e s e n t S tu d y (Lamb and Beard . 1972)

G l o b o r o t a l i a s i a k e n s i s zone

Age I L a te m idd le Miocene


1, Base - l a s t o c c u r r e n c e o f G l o b o r o t a l i a f o h s i r o b u s t a

2. Top - l a s t o c c u r r e n c e o f z o n a l m ark e r , G_j_- s i a k e n s i s .

Remarks :

Recognized i n Arroyo P i o j o (Saco) s u r f a c e s e c t i o n and

I n t e r c o l w e l l Campito # 3 .

G l o b o r o t a l i a m en a rd i i zone

Age: L a te m iddle Miocene


1. Base - l a s t o c c u r r e n c e o f G l o b o r o t a l i a s i a k e n s i s

2. Top - f i r s t o c c u r r e n c e o f G l o b o r o t a l i a a c o s t a e n s i s .

Remarks :

T h is zone was n o t e d i n Arroyo P i o j o (Saco) s e c t i o n and i n

I n t e r c o l w e l l Campito # 3 .

G l o b o r o t a l i a a c o s t a e n s i s zone

Age: L a te Miocene


1. Base - f i r s t o c c u r r e n c e o f G__ a c o s t a e n s i s

2. Top - f i r s t o c c u r r e n c e o f G l o b o r o t a l i a m a r g a r i t a e .


81

Remarks :

T h is zone was r e c o g n i z e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s u r f a c e

s e c t i o n s and w e l l s . Arroyo P i o j o (S a c o ) , and I n t e r c o l

w e l l Campito # 3 .

S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s s e m i n u l i n a subzone

Age : L a te Miocene


1. Base - f i r s t o c c u r re n c e o f G l o b o r o t a l i a a c o s t a e n s i s

w i th Sjj_ s e m in u l i n a

2. Top - l a s t o c c u r re n c e o f S^ s e m i n u l i n a .

Remarks ;

Recogn ized i n t h e f o l l o w in g w e l l s . I n t e r c o l Campeche #1

750 f t . I n t e r c o l Campito # J ,

S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s s p h a e r o i d e s subzone

Age : L a te Miocene


1. Base - f i r s t o c c u r re n c e o f S_ s p h a e r o i d e s

2. Top - f i r s t o c cu r ren c e o f G l o b o r o t a l i a m a r g a r i t a e .

Remarks :

Th is zone i s d e v e lop ed b e t t e r t h a n a l l o t h e r s which were

r e c o g n i z e d i n t h e s u r f a c e s e c t i o n s . I t was w e l l

e x p r e s s e d i n th e f o l l o w in g s e c t i o n s .


82

H ib acha ro a r e a - p a t h e a s t o f v i l l a g e i n samples328 and 337

H ibacha ro a r e a - Arroyo Grande i n sample 411

P i o j o a r e a - Arroyo Chiaonava i n sample 394

Arroyo P i o j o (Saco) - i n sam ples 367 t o 373

Arroyo Juan de A cos ta n e a r c o a s t - q u e s t i o n a b l eo c cu r ren c e i n sample 266

P u e r to Colombia s e c t i o n - sample 285

Arroyo Juan de A co s ta - s h a l e s e c t i o n n e a r v i l l a g ei n samples 128 and 1 2 9 .

G l o b o r o t a l i a m a r g a r i t a e zone

Age; E a r l y P l i o c e n e

D e f i n i t i o n : Range o f G_ m a r g a r i t a e

Remarks ;

Recogn ized i n Arroyo P i o j o (Saco) and q u e s t i o n a b l y i n

o t h e r P l i o c e n e s e c t i o n s ,

G l o b o r o t a l i a m u l t i c a m e r a t a subzone

Age: E a r l y P l i o c e n e


1 . Base - l a s t o c cu r ren c e o f G l o b o r o t a l i a m a r g a r i t a e

2. Top - f i r s t o c c u r re n c e o f P u l l e n i a t i n a p r i m a l i s .

Remarks :

L a te ph ases o f t h i s zone were r e c o g n i z e d by the p re s e n c e

o f G l o b o r o t a l i a a e m i l i a n a and G_ c r a s s a c r o t o n e n s i s i n the

T u b a r a ' s e c t i o n (samp. 4 7 -4 8 ) , P u e r t o Colombia, Arroyo

P i o j o ( S a c o ) , and Juan de A c o s ta .


8 3

P u l l e n i a t i n a p r i m a l i s subzone

Age : Middle P l io c e n e


1. Base - f i r s t o c c u r r e n c e o f Gj, m a r g a r i t a e i n

c o n c u r r e n c e w i th th e z o n a l marker

2. Top - l a s t o c c u r re n c e o f m a r g a r i t a e and e x t i n c t i o n

o f G lo b o q u a d r in a a l t i s p i r a .

Remarks :

The nom ina l s p e c i e s was n o t p o s i t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e

s t u d y a r e a , b u t th e o c c u r r e n c e o f w e l l d e v e lo p ed

G l o b o r o t a l i a c r a s s a c r o t o n e n s i s s u g g e s t t h e p r e s e n c e o f

t h i s t ime i n t e r v a l .


APPENDIX B

T e s t Morphology - B a th y m e t r i c R e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e U v l g e r l n l d s , B u l l m l n l d s and C a s s l d u l l n l d s .

84


85

U v l g e r i n i d s

Of th e t h r e e g e n e r a , t h e U v l g e r i n i d s a r e th e most

u s e f u l a s p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t a l g u i d e s . They a r e u s u a l l y

a b u n d a n t , and th e v a r i a n c e i n t e s t o r n a m e n ta t io n i s

e a s i l y r e c o g n i z e d . S ix s p e c i e s com pr ise t h i s morpho-

g roup which i n c l u d e s a d e p th ran g e from 100 m. t o more

t h a n 2000 m. (F ig u re ]6)

U v i g e r i n i d , M o rp h o lo g ic -B a th y m e tr ic R e l a t i o n s h i p

S p e c i e s Depth Range Morphology

U. t e n u i s t r i a t a 1 0 0 - 2 0 0 m. E l o n g a t e , s l e n d e r , m o d e r a te ly s t r i a t e .

U. p e r i g r i n a I c o s t a t e )

2 0 0 - 1 2 0 0 m. T h ick , n o t e l o n g a t e , heavy w e l l dev e lo p ed c o s t a e .

U. h i s p i d o c o s t a t a ( c o s t a e & s p i n e s )

1200-1800 m. T h ic k l i k e U. p e r i g r i n a , b u t c o s t a e a r e d i s c o n t i n u o u s and a p p e a r . a s s p i n e s on t h e t e r m i n a l cham bers .

U. h i s p i d a T s p i n e s )

1 5 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 m. Chambers e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same as U. h i s p ido c o s t a t a i n r e g a r d to s i z e . Absence o f c o s t a e , c o v e re d w i th s p i n e s .

U. s e n t i c o s a T p a p i l l a t e )

1 6 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 m. S i m i l a r t o U_ h i s - p i d a . S u r fa c e c o v e red w i th p a p i l l a e .

U. h o o t s i (sm oo th )

2000 m. Chamber s u r f a c e s a r e e n t i r e l y f r e e o f 0 rname n t a t i o n ; s p e c i e s o c cu rs commonly i n C a l i f o r n i a .


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G u l f o f Mexico C a l i f o r n i a E a s t C o a s t U.S. C e n t r a l America

F ig u r e l 6 U v i g e r i n i d M o r p h o lo g ic - B a t h y m e t r ic R e l a t i o n s h i p s

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87

Buliminids

S p e c ie s o f B u l im ina and B u l i m i n e l l a d i s p l a y a

t r e n d s i m i l a r t o th e U v l g e r i n i d s , w i th p o s s i b l e d i s c r e

p a n c i e s i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f B u l im ina s t r i a t a mexicana

i n t h e G u l f o f Mexico where i t has been r e c o r d e d from

t h e o u t e r s h e l f which i s s h a l l o w e r t h a n most o c c u r r e n c e s .

With t h i s e x c e p t i o n th e sequence i s v a l i d as i l l u s t r a t e d

( F ig u r e 17)

B u l im in a , B ù l i m i n e l l i d B a th y m e t r ic M orphologic R e l a t i o n s h i p s

S p e c i e s Depth Range Morphology

B u l i m i n e l l ae l e g a n t i s s i m a

M arg ina l marine t o 30 m.

G e n e r a l l y s m a l l ,4 mm. i n l e n g t h . L a r g e r be tw een 1 0 0 - 2 0 0 m.

B u l im in a d e n u d a ta ( t y p i c a l o f t e m p e r a t e zones)

3 0 - 3 0 0 m.R e l a t i v e l y l a r g e and smooth, w i th s m a l l s p i n e s a t t h e base o f each chamber.

B u l im ina m a r g i n a l a ( t y p i c a l o f t r o p i c s and s u b t r o p i c s )

3 0 - 3 0 0 m.

B u l im in a s t r i a t a m exicana

800-1800 m. Large ( 1 .0 mm. max.) c o s t a t e , s p i n o s e a t b a se o f c h am b ers .

B u l im in a r o s t r a t a 1 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 m. Small ( 0 . 3 mm. lo ng ) c o n t in u o u s c o s t a e , r e l a t i v e l y w id e ly s p a c e d .


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E a s t C o a s t U.S. C e n t r a l America

P iigure 17 Buliminid Morphologic-Bathymetric Relationships

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Cassidulinids

T ren d s e x h i b i t e d by t h e C a s s i d u l i n i d s i s t h e

p o o r e s t o f t h e t h r e e g ro u p s ; however, t h e y p r o v id e a

r e l a t i v e p a l e o b a t h y m e t r io sequence which i s u s e f u l . The

most v a l u a b l e forms a re t h e l a r g e , l im b a te C a s s i d u l i n a

l i m b a t a . a s h e l f s p e c i e s ; t h e l a r g e , g lo b o se Cj_ s u b g lo b o s a

which c h a r a c t e r i z e s middle t o o u t e r s h e l f a s se m b la g es ; and

t h e s m a l l Cj. d e l i c a t a o r l a r g e t r ans l u cens which a r e

found i n t h e b a t h y a l zone (F ig u r e l8 ) .

C a s s i d u l i n i d Morphologic B a th y m e t r ic R e l a t i o n s h i p s

S p e c ie s Depth Range Morphology

C a s s i d u l i n a 3 0 - 2 0 0 m. • Large ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 0 mm.) r e l a t i v e l y f l a t , u s u a l l y d i s p l a y s s h a r p , i r r e g u l a r p e r i p h e r y .

l im b a t a

C a s s i d u l i n a 1 0 0 -5 0 0 m. Large 1 .0 mm.) g l o b o s e .s u b g lo b o s a

C a s s i d u l i n a 2 0 0 -1 6 0 0 m. Small f l a t , s h a r p r e g u l a r p e r i p h e r y .d e l i c a t a &

C a s s i d u l i n al a e v i g a t a

C a s s i d u l i n a 2 0 0 -1 6 0 0 m. L a rg e , b iu m b on a te , t e s t w e l l t r a n s l u c e n t , m o d e r a te ly s h a r p p e r i p h e r y .

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APPENDIX C

B e n th o n lc F o r a m l n l f e r a P a l e o e n v i r o n m e n ta l Assemblages U t i l i z e d I n t h e Lower Magdalena B a s in

91


92

Zone I - Nonmarine

Zone I I - T r a n s i t i o n a l ( B r a c k i s h w a te r , Bay, Marsh, Lagoon)

Ammonia b e c c a r i i

Trochammina sp .

C r i b r o e l p h ld i u m Poeyanum

D i s c o r b i s f l o r id a n u m

B u l i m i n e l l a e l e g a n t i s s i m a

C r i b r o e lp h ld iu m g u n t e r 1

Zone I I I - I n n e r S h e l f (0 -20 m.)

B o l i v i n a lowmani

B u l i m i n e l l a e l e g a n t i s s i m a

C r ib r o e lp h ld iu m d i s c o i d a l e

C r ib r o e lp h ld iu m g u n t e r i

P l o r i l u s a t l a n t i c a

Ammonia b e c c a r i i

P l o r i l u s g r a t e l o u p i

R e u s s e l l a a t l a n t i c a

C i b i c i d e s f l e t c h e r i

N o n io n e l l a m lo c en ic a

C a s s i d u l i n a t o r t u o s a

15% p l a n k t o n l c s


93

Zone IV - Irnershelf (20-60 m.) Hanaanaia sp.Bolivina vaughani Cribroelphldium translucens Cassidulina californica Buliminella elegantissima Bolivina striatula Eggerella advena

1S% planktonlcs

Zone V - Middle Shelf (60-120 m.) Cassidulina californien Trifarina, angulosa Florilis labradorica Globobulimina pacifica Uvigerina parvula Cibicides floridanus Amphistegina lessonii Bolivina striatula Eggerella advena

30-40^ planktonlcs


94

Zone VI - O ute r S h e l f (120-200 m . )

U v i g e r i n a p e r i g r i n a

B u l im in a m a r g i n a t a

G lo b o b u l im in a p a c i f i c a

C a s s i d u l i n a su b g lo b o sa

P l a n u l i n a o r n a t a

" C i b i c i d o i d e s " McKanna:

D i s c o r b i s panam ens is

40-50?? p l a n k t o n i c s

Zone VII - Upper B a th y a l (200-500 m.+)

B u l im ina a c u l o a t a

H og lund ina e l e g a n s

S p h a e r o i d i n a b u l l o i d e s

P u l l e n i a b u l l o i d e s

G o e s e l l a s p .

B u l im in a s t r i a t a mexicana

G y r o i d i n o i d e s s o l d a n i i

Cyclammina c a n c e l l a t a

U v i g e r i n a h i s p i d o c o s t a t a

Melonis barleanutn

P s e u d o p a r r e l l a b rad y a n a

C a s s i d u l i n a p u l c h e l l a

5 0 - 6 0 % p l a n k t o n i c s


95

Zone VIII - Middle Bathyal (500-1100 m.) Bolivina plicataBrlzallna splssa Bulimina pagoda Cassidulina delicata Uvigerina hispido costata Hoglundina elegans

60-750 planktonics

Zone IX - Lower Bathyal (1100-2000 m.) Eggerella bradyi Laticarinina pauperata Fontbontia wuelle rstorfi Uvigerina prohoscidea Bulimina affinus

80-900 planktonics

Zone X - Abyssa l ( 2000 m.)

Melonis pompiloides Uvigerina senticosa Uvigerina hootsi Bulimina rostrata Plectofrondicularia californica

90-950 planktonics


APPENDIX D

S y s t e m a t l c s o f L e b e n ssp u re n


97

S y s t e m a t i c s o f Letienss-puren

Ich no g en us GYROLITHES D e S a p o r ta , 1814

P l a t e 6 , f i g u r e 1

SYNONOMYi G y r o l i t h e n Debey, 1849; S iphodendron D e S a p o r ta ,

1814; S y r in g o d e n d ro n Fuchs , 1895; Daemonhelix k r a m e r i

von Ammon, I 9 0 0 , B a rbour , 1892, 1895; X enohe l ix

M a n s f i e l d , 1927.

DESCRIPTION: S i n i s t r a l l y , l o o s e l y c o i l e d b u r row s ,

o r i e n t e d from u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n t o an ang le o f l e s s t h a n

10 d e g r e e s t o bedd ing p l a n e s . D iam e te r ran g e s from 1 - 3

cm. fo rm in g a s l i g h t e l l i p t i c a l o u t l i n e . Three t o f o u r

w hor ls a r e p r e s e n t i n spec im ens c o l l e c t e d , b u t a d d i t i o n a l

ones a p p e a r t o be embedded i n s e d i m e n t . D i s t a n c e b e tw een

w h or ls i s c o n s i s t e n t f o r g i v e n specim en and p r o p o r t i o n a l

t o bu r row d i a m e t e r . Specimens w i th a burrow d i a m e t e r o f

1 . 0 cm. d i s p l a y 3*5 cm, s p a c i n g ; specimens w i th 3*0 cm.

d i a m e t e r e x h i b i t 5 cm. s p a c i n g be tw een w h o r l s . Thin

w a l l s ( 1 - 2 mm.) a r e composed o f c l a y and s i l t , i n f i l l i n g

i s by s i l t , and v e ry f i n e s a n d .

STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON AND LOCALITY: E a r l y P l i o c e n e ,

P u e r t o Colombia s e c t i o n , f i r s t r o a d c u t so u th o f V i l l a g e ,

Sample 290.

ENVIRONMENT; Middle t o i n n e r s h e l f , 6 O-IOO m . ,

p r o b a b l y s h e l f e ros iona] . c h a n n e l .


98

Ichnogenus HAENTZSCHELINIA V ia lo v ,H a e n t z s c h e l in i a s n .

P l a t e 6 , f i g u r e 2

SYNONOI/IY: S p o n g ia o t t o i G e i n i t z , 1849,

DESCRIPTION: T h is burrow d i s p l a y s 8 -1 0 t u n n e l s , 3 -5 cm.

long and 5 -7 mm. w ide, which r a d i a t e h o r i z o n t a l l y away

from a c e n t r a l s h a f t which i s 5 - 7 mm. w ide , and o f

unknown l e n g t h .

STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON AND LOCALITY: L a te M io c e n e -e a r ly

P l io c e n e , A rroyo Chiaonava n e a r v i l l a g e o f P i o j o ,

Sample 3 98 -397 .

ENVIRONMENT: G l o s s i f u n g l t e s f a c i e s n e a r s h o r e ,

r e g r e s s i v e s a n d , f i n e g r a in e d , w e l l s o r t e d . T h is form

i s s i m i l a r t o "spoke" burrows which have been d e s c r ib e d

from th e P e r u - C h i le Trench (Heezen, 1972, p . 207) from

a d e p th o f 3 6 2 6 m. The form d e s c r ib e d i n th e p r e s e n t

s tu d y i s a s s o c i a t e d w i th w e l l docum ented n e a r sh o re fau na

( o y s t e r s . B iv a lv e s , f o r a m i n i f e r a ) .

Ichnogenus OPHIOMORPHA Lundgren, I 8 9 I Ophiomorpha s p .

P l a t e 6 , f i g u r e s 3 , 4 , 5, &

SYNONOMY: C y l i n d r i t e s s p o n g io id e s . G o e p p e r t , lB 4 l ;

S p o n g i te s s a x o n i c u s . G e i n i t z , 1842; C y l i n d r i t e s t u b e r o s u s ,

E ich w a ld , 1865; Phymatoderma d i e n v a l i i . W a te le t , I 8 6 6 ;


9 9

H aly m en ite s m a jo r . L equereeux , 1873; B r o e c k ia . C a r t e r ,

1877; H alym enidium . Schim per, 1879; A s t r o p h o r a . Deecke,

1895.

DESCRIPTION; Burrow s, 1 - 2 .5 cm. d ia m e te r , i r r e g u l a r

p o o r ly ro u n d ed c ro s s s e c t i o n , s t r a i g h t and o f t e n

b ra n c h e d ; s u r f a c e co v ered w ith w a r t l i k e n o d e s , in n e r

w a l l sm ooth .

STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON AND LOCALITY; P l i o - P l e i s t o c e n e ;

Arroyo Juan de A c o s ta , sample 139; C h o rre ra -B a ra n o a

S e c t io n , sam ple 239; P l e i s to c e n e LaPopa F o rm ation n e a r

cement p l a n t n o r th w e s t o f B a r r a n q u i l l a , sam ple 312;

P u e r to Colom bia S e c t io n , sample 292.

ENVIRONMENT; In n e r s h e l f to m a rg in a l m a r in e .

"SKOLITHES"

P l a t e 6 , f i g u r e s 7, 8

DESCRIPTION; U -shaped burrow w ith l im b s o f "U" in

c o n t a c t ; s l i g h t l y c u rv e d , 2-3 cm. d ia m e te r ; t h i c k ,

c o u rse g r a i n e d w a l l s , ( a p p ro x im a te ly 1 / 2 o f th e d ia m e te r )

w i th c l a y i n f i l l i n g .

STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON AND LOCALITY; L a te M io c e n e -e a r ly

P l io c e n e ; A rroyo Juan de A co sta , sam ple 139.


100

ENVIRONMENT : S k o l i t h e s f a c i è s ; i n n e r s h e l f a t b a se o f

t h i c k s a n d s e q u e n c e .

"GLOSSIFUNGITES”

P l a t e 6 , f i g u r e s 9, 10

DESCRIPTION: B urrow s, u s u a l l y s t r a i g h t , i n c l i n e d 1 0 -2 0

d e g re e s ; d i a m e te r 3 cm .; t h i n (1 mm,) f i n e g r a in e d w a l l

( s i l t ) , w i th an i n f i l l i n g o f s i l t t o medium g ra in e d sa n d ;

s u r f a c e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by "grow th" r i n g p a t t e r n o f

v a ry in g t h i c k n e s s which p a r a l l e l s b e d d in g .

STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON AND LOCALITY: P l i o c e n e ; Arroyo

P io jo (S a c o ) ; b e s t exam ple, sam ple 6 ? .

ENVIRONMENT: G l o s s i f u n g l t e s f a c i e s m a r g in a l m arine

lag o o n , s i l t and f i n e sand f a c i e s .


APPENDIX E

DISCUSSION OF STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS AND

WELLS IN REGARD TO:

L i th o lo g y

S t r a t i g r a p h i e S u c c ess io n

Time S t r a t i g r a p h y

S ed im en ta ry and B io g en ic S t r u c t u r e s

P a le o e n v iro n m e n ts

101


102

CHORRERA AREA

L o c a t io n :

The sam ples which p r o v id e d th e d a ta f o r t h i s

d i s c u s s i o n were c o l l e c t e d from s t r a t a exposed hy new

r o a d c u t s b e tw een San Ju an de A c o s ta and B aranoa , v i a

C h o r re ra (F ig u re 19)» The segm en t be tw een C h o rre ra

and Juan de A co sta i s e n t i r e l y new, th u s i s n o t i n d i c a t e d

on a v a i l a b l e maps. Between C h o r r e r a and Baranoa th e

f r e s h o u tc r o p s r e s u l t from r e c e n t ro a d im provem en ts .

L i th o lo g y :

The s e c t i o n i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by f i n e g r a in e d

m o llu sk b e a r i n g m udstone, s i l t s t o n e and f i n e g r a in e d

s a n d s to n e , w i th t h i n c o n g lo m e ra te and c o a rse g r a in e d

san d h o r i z o n s o c c u r r in g i n t h e younger b e d s .

Time S t r a t i g r a p h y :(F ig u re 20 and T ab les 1 -lA )

P la n k to n ic f o r a m i n i f e r a a r e r a r e i n a l l sam ple

exam ined . The o c cu rren c e o f G l o b o r o t a l i a a c o s t a e n s i s .

G l o b i g e r i n a n e p e n th e s , and G lo b o q u a d r in a d u t e r t r e i

i n d i c a t e a P l io c e n e age f o r p a r t o f th e s e c t i o n . The

sam p les w hich y i e l d n o n - d i a g n o s t i c s p e c i e s a re o f

q u e s t i o n a b l e age , however, t h e b e n th i c f o r a m in i f e r a and

O s tra c o d s c o r r e l a t e w e l l w i th t h e upperm ost Tubara

s e c t i o n w hich has b een d a te d b y u se o f p la n k to n ic

f o r a m i n i f e r a , as m iddle P l i o c e n e ,


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104

B e n th ic F o r a m in i f e r a l Assem blages :(T a b le s 1 - lA )

Most o f s p e c i e s i d e n t i f i e d from t h i s s e c t i o n a re

com ponents o f e n v iro n m en ta l a sse m b la g es t h r e e and f o u r ,

t h e i n n e r s h e l f f a c i e s . An abundance o f Ammonia b e c c a r i i .

N o n io n e l la a t l a n t i c a . and B u l im in e l l a e l e g a n t i s s i m a .

combined w i th l e s s th a n p l a n k t o n i c s , p ro v id e t y p i c a l

e le m e n ts o f th e s e c t i o n .

S e d im e n ta ry S t r u c t u r e s :

P r im ary - w e s t e r l y d ip p in g s m a l l s c a l e c ro s s b e d s ,

i n c l i n e d 1 0 -2 0 d e g re e s , com prise t h e m ost common

s t r u c t u r e s . L e n t i c u l a r and t h i n , u n i f o rm ly bedded g r a v e l

d e p o s i t s o c c u r i n f r e q u e n t l y , and d i s p l a y o n ly a s l i g h t

i n d i c a t i o n o f b a s a l c h a n n e l in g .

B io g e n ic - burrowed and b i o t u r b a t e h o r iz o n s a re

r a r e , and p ro v id e l i t t l e p a le o e n v iro n m e n t d a t a .

E n v iro n m e n ta l A n a ly s is (F ig u re 12)

B e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l a sse m b la g es t h r e e and fo u r

p re d o m in a te , t h u s i n d i c a t e an I n n e r - s h e l f ( 20 -6 0 m .)

en v iro n m en t o f d e p o s i t i o n . The abundance o f mudstone

and p o o r ly s o r t e d s a n d s , the h ig h c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f open

m arine m o llu sk s ( P e c te n s p . . A rea s p . and T u r r i t e l l a s p . ) ,

t h e o c c u r re n c e o f E chinoderm s, and d a ta p ro v id e d by th e

O s t r a c o d s , a l l s u p p o r t th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f a sh a l lo w

m arine en v iro nm en t o f d e p o s i t i o n .


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y X U l o b i g i ^ r i n a i u v e n i l i eG l o ' l o r o t a l l H n f . a a y e r i

K N G l o b i t ' e r i n a T > r a e b u l l o i d e sX > >

X G l o b l p e r i n o l d ^ s o b l i n i m> X ■ I G l o b o r o t a l i a o f . c u l t r a t a

r.%v' ' G l o b i e e r l n o i c B s r u b r aX X R G l o b i z e r l n o l d a s t r i l o b a t r l l n b aX 5. G l o b i i i e r i n a b u lb o s a•aS m n b o q i i a d r i n a a l t i s p i r a

s >9. s o G lo b o o u a d r ln a o f . d u t s r t r r igpjHt

X ; G l o b i g e r i n a f o l i a t ab BENTHO NTCS

C v m b a lO D o r e t t a b r a d v iX E l o h id i u r a c l a v a t u m

X X X B i f a r i n a h a n c o c k im X V a l v u l i n e r i a o l s s o n iA m n o b a c u l i t e o s c .X T e x t u l a ’- i a f l . l n t l

X R e u s s e l a h o r r in t n

X D i t t c o r b i s f l o r i d a n u sX V

FX A n g u lo E H r ln a a r a u l o s a

gX Q u i n o u f c lo o u l in a la m a r o V i

■ X x m ■ X A m m on j a b e i o a r i

X C i b i c i d e s M c K a n n a i

■ X X X C i b i c i d e s f l e t c h e r iX E L n h id i i im n o e v .a n ar ' n i l i n e r t e o n .

X X Xi r

G l a b r a t e l l a l b r o ^ n i n f i iX Q u i n o u e ln o u l l n » e l o n r a t . a

X B o l i v i n a t o r t u o s aL u c e n a n t - l a t a

N o n i o n e l l a a t l a n t i c a

X X B o l i v i n a c f . s o l . n s at T e x t u l a r l a r r a m e n

X 1 X X% A m o h l n t i r i n a l e n u o n i . .

N o n io n * r r i i t e l o u p i

X L B o l i v i n a o u b a r a e r i t e a1 B o l i v i n a o t r i a f.u 1 ag 1 X A n j r u l o ^ r e r i n a o c c i d e n t a l i n

m X m X N o n i o n e l l a a t l a n l i o aI B o l i v i n a o f . lo w m a t iQ u i n q i i e l o i . u l i n a u e m in u lu mU v i g e r i n a o e r l r r l n a v a r . n a r v u l aE l o h i d i u m d i s c o ' d a l e —

1 T e x t u l a r l a e a r l a m d i1 R e u s s e l l a w e b e r i

X X X X 1 X C a m ^ r i s s a g r a8 U v i g e r i n a v f . o e r i f r ’ n aB u l i m i n a p a g o d aR e u s s e l l a p u l c h r a

XX X B o l i v i n a i n t e - . i u n c t aB o l i v i n a a r g e n t e aC i b i c i d e s i o

X X B u l i m i n e l l a s u b f u s l ' o r m i ;

X X Q u i n a u e l o c u l l n a a k n e r i a n a

X F i s s u f i n a f l l n t i

R p i s t o m l n e l l n h r n d y i . .A M V t o m cl s i d e l i n e s u b c a r i n n t e

r ' ÿ S B X C i b i c i d e s r e f u l g e n sC a s r i d u l i n e c a l i f o r n i e n

W

B o l i v i a , m a r g in a t a■ m i X —T X B o l i v i a n i f m i n u d a

< N o n io n p l z o a r r n s cB o l i v i n n a l n u a t a1 L n .g e n a h c x a g o n nL n r e n u : : c l a r i f o r m i ; i

X B o l i v i n n c j l i f .' X B n l i v i n . i b a r b n r a n n. . .

Boil u i i ' l l n n t l a r i L i c n■f ♦


107

GHORRERA-BARANOA SECTION

O stra c o d Fauna - I d e n t i f i e d by

W. A. van den Bold L o u is ia n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y

Sample No.

232 C y t h e r e l l a

C y th e ro p te ro n s u b r e t io u l a tu m

P aracy th erom a p u n c ta t a

217 C y t h e r e l l a p o l i t a

A r g i l l o e c i a s p .

P u r ia n a form osa

C o s ta ? k u g l e r i n e o te r a 15-65 m.

O r io n in a s e r r u l a t a

R a d im e lla e x . g r . c o n f ra g o s a

" I s o c y t h e r e i s " redm ondi

C a t i v e l l a n a v is

"Cytherom orpha" c a u d a ta

P e l lu c i s to m a m a g n iv e n tra

Age - N 18 (P l io c e n e o r younger)

Environm ent - 15-65 ^

216 P a racy thero m a p u n c t a t a

P a r a c y th e r id e a s p ,



108

Sample No.

214 R ad im e lla s p . ?

C y th e ru ra s p .

O rio n in a s e r r u l a t a


Loxoconcha s p .

R e u s s ic y th e re ? s p .

Loxoconcha s p .


211 P e r i s s o c y t h e r i d e a s p . - E n v i r . B ra c k is h


O r io n in a f r a g i l i s - E n v i r , 15 m.

H em icy the ru ra c ra n e k e y e n s i s

210 P e r i s s o c y t h e r i d e a s p . - E n v i r , B ra c k is h

R ad im ella s p . (m o lt ) - E n v i r . 15 m.

B a s s l e r i t e s m in u tu s


209 C y t h e r e l l a s p .

Q u ad racy the re s p .



208 C y t h e r e l l a s p .

O r io n in a e ru g a



109

Sample No.( c o n ' t . )

208 O r io n in a f r a g i l i s (p ro b . v e ry s h a l lo w )

P u r ia n a s p . ±N17

Q u a d rac y th e re ? b i c h e n s i s


P a r a c y t h e r i d e a s p .

P e l lu c i s to m a m ag n iv en tra

T r i e b e l i n a s p ,


206 P u r ia n a fo rm osa

P u r ia n a s p . (m o lt)

Loxoconcha s p .

P e l lu c i s to m a m a g n iv en tra

205 P a r a c y p r i s s p .

R ad im ella ? s p .

Loxoconcha s p .

189 R a d im e lla s p .

Loxoconcha s p .


185 C a t i v e l l a s p . (m o lt)

B a s s l e r i t e s m inu tus

C y th e ro p te ro n s u b r e t io u la tu m


110

Sample No, ( c o n ' t , )

185

182

Loxoconcha f i s c h e r i



C y th e ro p te ro n ? s p .

R a d im e l la c o n f r a g o s a

O r io n in a s e r r u l a b a

C y th e ro p te ro n s u b r e t io u l a t u m

Loxoconcha s p .

Age - N 18 (P l io c e n e o r younger)

181

180



C o s ta ? k u g l e r i n e o t e r a


C y th e ru ra s w a in i

P e l lu c i s to m a n a g n iv e n t r a


Q u a d rac y th e re s p .

R a d im e lla c o n f r a g o s a

H erm an ite s ? s p ,


O r io n in a e ru g a

C a u d ito s n i p e e n s i s


Age: N19 P l io c e n e o r youngerE n v i r : 15-65 m.

Age : N18P l io c e n e o r younger


Ill

Sample No.

176 C a t i v e l l a n a v is

" I s o c y t h e r e i s " redm ondi Age; NI9 ( P l io c e n eo r younger

C o s ta ? k u g l e r i n e o t e r a E n v i r ; 15-65 m.


C y th e ro p te ro n s u b r e t i o u l a t u m

Loxoconcha s p .

P a racy th e ro m a p u n c t a t a

158 Q u ad racy th e re s p . (m o lt)

C o s ta sp .

Loxoconcha c y r to n

H em icy th e ru ra s p ,

P a r a c y th e r id e a s p .

157 C a u d i je s s p . (m o lt)

Loxoconcha s p .


H em icy th e ru ra c r a n e k e y e n s i s

P a r a c y th e r id e a s p .

156 K an g ar in a que H i t a

P a r a c y th e r id e a s p . (m o lt)

4?2 C a t i v e l l a n a v is

C o s ta ? k u g l e r i n e o t e r a Age; N19 ( P l io c e n eo r younger)E n v i r ; 15-65 m.


112

S ^ p l e No.( c o n ’t . )

4 7 2 R a d im e lla s p . (m o lt)

Loxoconcha s p .

C y th e ro p te ro n s u h r e t i c u l a t u m

P a r a c y th e r id e a s p ,

M ic r o x e s to l e b e r i s s p .

E u c y th e ru ra n . s p .



C o s ta v a r i a h i l o c o s a a r e c t i c o s t a t a


Q u ad racy th e re b i c h e n s i s


C a u d ite s n i p e e n s i s

R a d im e lla ex g r . c o n f ra g o s a

C o s ta k u g l e r i n e o t e r a Age: N19 (P l io c e n eo r younger)

Loxoconcha s p . E n v i r : 15-65 m.

K an g arin a que H i t a ?

C y th e ru ra sp .

M unseyella m inu ta


P aracy thero m a p u n c ta t a


113

Sample No.

481 C y t h e r e l l a s p ,

B a i r d i a deim orpha

P u r ia n a s p .

Q u a d rac y th e re ? s p , (m o lt)

Loxoconcha

C y th e ro p te ro n s u h r e t i c u la tu m

H e m icy th e ru ra c ra n e k e y e n s is

E u c y th e r u r a a f f . com p le x a


114

STRAT. ANALYSIS e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n a l y s i sO I P T H 60 120 200 2000

* - » ■z 2 M A R I N ES U B I I T T O R A I» = %1 0 0 5 0 lOQ INNER MIDDLE OUTER

197196

194

193

191

190

188

187

185

183

182

181

179

178

F ig u re 20 Summary C h o rre ra -B a ra n o a S e c t io n


115

STRAT. ANALYSIS e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n a l y s i s

60 120 200 2000

M A R I N ES U R L I T T O R A lm

J M SO INNER MIDDLE OUTER

177

175

173

172

168

o

163

l 6 o

157

155

g g " • • • •

F ig u re ?0 ( c e n t . )


116

STRAT. ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS60 120 200 2000

ftU HOH-M ARINC M A R I N EM

S U B L IT T O R A LM O*1 0 0 3 0 MIDDLEINNER OUTER

••

151

4 7 0

F ig u re 2 0 ( c e n t . )


117

HIBACHARO AREA

L o c a t io n :(F ig u re 2 l )

Two s t r a t i g r a p h i e s e c t i o n s , l o c a t e d e a s t o f th e

v i l l a g e o f H ih a c h a ro , were s t u d i e d and sam pled . The most

c o n t in u o u s seq uence i s exposed a d j a c e n t t o a p a th b e tw een

H ih a ch a ro and M o lin e ro , where e a s t e r l y d ip p in g s t r a t a i s

ex p osed o v e r a d i s t a n c e o f 6 Km. A seco n d , p o o r ly

exposed s e c t i o n , l o c a t e d i n ru g g e d , h ig h ly v e g e t a t e d

t e r r a i n n e a r A rroyo Grande n o r t h e a s t o f th e v i l l a g e was

a l s o exam ined .

Time S t r a t i g r a p h y :( F ig u re and T ab le 2)

Most o f th e sam p les a r e dom inated by long r a n g in g ,

n o n - d i a g n o s t i e s p e c i e s . I n sam ple No. 4 l l , o b ta in e d from

A rroyo G rande, a l a t e Miocene age i s w e l l documented by th e

o c c u r re n c e o f S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s s p h a e r o i d e s . T h is

s p e c i e s was n o t found i n th e p a th s e c t i o n , th u s i n d i c a t e s

t h a t a l l s t r a t a i n t h i s s e c t i o n (G a l l in a z o F o rm atio n ) i s

p r e - l a t e M iocene. T h is same age r e l a t i o n s h i p was n o te d

i n A rroyo P io jo (Saco) 13 Km. n o r t h o f t h i s a r e a .


P r im a ry - The m ost p a le o e n v i r o n m e n ta l ly s i g n i f i c a n t

s e d im e n ta r y s t r u c t u r e s were exam ined i n th e h o r iz o n s of

sam p les 333 and ^21 . B oth d i s p l a y e d e v id e n ce o f p o s s i b l e

t u r b i d i t e d e p o s i t i o n .


118

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119

Sample L o c a t io n 333 :

An e x c e l l e n t c o r r e l a t i o n be tw een s e d im e n ta ry

s t r u c t u r e s and b e n th i c f o r a m i n i f e r s was o b se rv ed i n t h i s

sam p le , which c o n s i s t s o f in te r b e d d e d s h a l e , s i l t s t o n e ,

and s a n d s to n e . The s a n d s to n e u n i t s a re c h a r a c t e r i z e d by

numerous b o ttom m ark ing s (F ig u re 22 ) w hich have

form ed upon a t h i n , c ro s sb e d d e d h o r iz o n which c h a r a c t e r

i z e s th e upperm ost segm ent o f th e p re d o m in a te ly even

b ed d ed sequence (F ig u re 23).

The a s s o c i a t e d s h a l e and s i l t s t o n e b eds c o n ta in an

abundance (lOOfo) o f u p p e r t o m iddle b a th y a l a g g u l in a t e d

f o r a m i n i f e r a , which i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by th e b a th y m e t r ic

in d e x s p e c i e s Cyclammina c a n c e l l a t a . Large p o p u la t io n s

o f a g g l u t i n a t e d s p e c i e s a r e u s u a l l y found i n v e ry deep

o r v e ry s h a l lo w e n v iro n m e n ts w i th o n ly s p o r a d ic

o c c u r r e n c e s i n I n t e r m e d ia t e e n v iro n m e n ts . I n b o th

h a b i t a t s th e y d i s p la y an a f f i n i t y f o r t u r b i d c o n d i t i o n s ,

w hich a p p a r e n t ly s t i m u l a t e s p r o l i f e r a t i o n by p r o v id in g a

w e a l th o f m a t e r i a l f o r t e s t c o n s t r u c t i o n . A g g lu t in a te d

g e n e r a a re v e ry s e l e c t i v e i n r e g a r d to th e p a r t i c l e s i z e

o f i n d i v i d u a l t e s t com ponen ts , th u s a t u r b i d env iron m en t

o f f e r s a wide s e l e c t i o n from which to ch o o se .

Sample L o c a t io n 421:

An a l t e r n a t i n g seq u en ce o f t h i n sa n d s to n e u n i t s

and homogeneous s h a le a r e w e l l exposed a t t h i s l o c a l i t y


120

(F ig u re 24 ) . Each s a n d s to n e h o r i z o n i s p o o r ly g r a d e d ,

and some show e v id en ce o f r e v e r s e g r a d in g by th e p re s e n c e

o f l a r g e r i s o l a t e d p a r t i c l e s and c o a r s e g r a in e d h o r i z o n s

n e a r t h e to p (F ig u re 15 ) . They e x h i b i t an e r o s i o n a l

b a s e , and show s l i g h t e v id e n c e o f b u r ro w in g . The i n t e r

bedded s h a l e s a r e b a r r e n o f f a u n a .

E n v iro n m e n ta l A n a ly s is :( F ig u re 2 5 )

The b a se o f th e s e c t i o n (H ih ach aro F o rm a tio n )

c o n t a i n s a m idd le to o u t e r s h e l f f o r a m i n i f e r a l a ssem b lag e

i n t h i s l o c a l i t y . T h is p a le o b a th y m e try i s s h a l lo w e r t h a n

i n o t h e r H ih ach a ro sam ples s t u d i e d , which i s p o s s i b l y a

r e f l e c t i o n o f th e p ro x im i ty t o th e Luruaco h ig h . R ap id

s u b s id e n c e d u r in g d e p o s i t i o n o f th e u p p e r H ihacharo

F o rm a tio n and th e o v e r ly in g G a l l i n a z o and low er P io jo

F o rm a tio n s I s r e c o r d e d by th e s lo p e f a u n a l e le m e n ts and

th e s e d im e n ta r y f e a t u r e s m en tio ned above.


121

F ig u re 22 - Bottom M arkings

K #

F ig u re 23 - Sand S h a le Sequence

F ig u r e 24 - S l i g h t l y G raded Sand Bed


122

TABLE 2 DISTRIBUTION OF FORAMINIFERA

HIBACHARO AREAgJOgo go gs

a)l\)ro o roo.0o 5

uu.H

•fr w ro v) rof3

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t d

LOfO0 w a a Cd |w w t d jJ Cd 0 t z t d t d t z PLANKTONICS

y | yX G i o b i e e r i n a n e p e n th e s. __ 1 y G l o b o r o t a l i a (T) a o o s t a e n s i s

1H

G l o b i e e r i n o i d e s o b l i q u a»

X G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s t r i l o b a immat.X 5 G i o b i e e r i n a p r a e b u l l o i d e s

î ï l s i l

y G i o b i e e r i n a V e n e z u e la n sS

y G l o b i e e r i n i t a c f . n a o a r im a e n s i s>

%

■

G l o b o r o t a l i a (T) c f . o b - s aa O r b u l in a u n i v e r s an H a s t i e e r i n a s i n h o n i f e r a v a r . i n v .

X g

g

o G i o b i e e r i n a a o e r t u r aS o h a e r o i d i n e l l o c s i s s p h a e r o i d e s

*■

G l o b o r o t a l i a c f . p r a e m e n a r d i i■ G l o b o r o t a l i a m e n a r d i i

G l o h i e o r i n o i d e c t r i ' ’ oba t r i l o b aO rb u l in a . j t u r a l i sG l o b i e e r i n o i d e s r u b r a

yX

G lo b o u u ad in a c f . d u t e r t r e iy G l o b i e e r i n o i d e s t r i l o b a , s a o c u l i .

-BENTHONICS

■ C a . : s ld u l in a c f . l im b a taU v i e e r i n e l l a a p u r s i c o s t a t a

■■

G lo b o b u l im in a s p .B u l im in a c f . a l l i g a t a

m■

O u in u u e lo c u l in a s c .G o - s e l l a m io - e n i c a

"

I n v o l u t i o n minima■ ■ Huplophrae.-noides c f . c a r in a tu m

X Cvclammina c a n c e l l a t a o besay B o l iv i a n i n t e r . i u n c t ay Nonion s d .

X . C l a v u l i n a communis

■

■

X H anlophraem oides s p .X Nonion c f . soâphum

U v i r e r i n a .iuncea

■V i r e u l i n a c f . p u n o t a t a—

h ■ L e n t i c u l i n a amm ericana— A ro V tzJW S a r a c e n a r i a a r c u a t a

■~

sG l a n d u i i n a l a e r i e a t a

y —“ 1 E lb h id iu m iioevana

yL I '

" A V I C a s s i i u l i n a su b g lo b o s a□ X K l n Ammobaculites Sp.

fia■

■

_h T e x t u l a r i a s p .r 1_ U v i e e r i n a h i n o . c j s l a t .ar U v ie e r in a n e r i e r i n a

Amcnjan b e c c a r i iy Nonion c o a t i f e r u my B u l i m i n e l l a s u b f u u .


123

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISSTRAT. ANALYSIS60 120 200 2000

fi NONMARINE M A R I N E< wM

S U B L IT T O R A LI M 5 0 MIDDLE OUTERINNER

•H

F ig u re 25 Summary H ibacharo Area


124


11 N O M -M ARIN C m a r i n e

SUR L IT T O RA Lo S9 =100 so INNER MIDDLE OUTER

i I

331

P o o r l jGradec

327

413F ig u re 25 ( c o n t . )


1 2 5

ARROYO jUAN de ACOSTA

L o c a t io n :

Three s t r a t i g r a p h i e s e c t i o n s exposed by th e Arroyo

were s t u d i e d and sam p led . A t h i c k , w e l l exposed m a s s iv e ly -

bedded sa n d n e a r t h e mouth o f th e Arroyo (F ig u re 26 ) ,

a v e r y f i n e g r a in e d c l a s t i c sequ en ce which c ro p s o u t n e a r

and s o u t h e a s t o f th e v i l l a g e o f Juan de A c o s ta . (F ig u re 19)

The t h i r d i s l o c a t e d s o u t h e a s t o f th e v i l l a g e n e a r th e

v i l l a g e o f C h o r re ra (F ig u re 1 9 ) .

S e c t i o n 1 - Near Mouth o f Arroyo (Sam ples 257-271)

L i th o lo g y :

An e x t e n s i v e l y bu rrow ed , medium t o f i n e g r a in e d

s a n d s to n e s e q u e n c e , which g ra d e s upward i n t o s i l t and

s h a l e , p r o v id e s th e m ost w e s t e r l y o u tc ro p o f th e P l io c e n e

T ubara F o rm a tio n . The t h i c k e r i n d i v i d u a l sand u n i t s

n e a r th e b a se o f th e s e c t i o n a re c l e a n , r e l a t i v e l y w e l l

s o r t e d , and a re t h i n t o medium bedded a t th e b a s e ,

becom ing more t h i c k l y bedded u p sc -c tio n (F ig u re 27) .

The t h i c k b a s a l u n i t t e r m in a t e s a b r u p t l y , and i s o v e r -

l a i n by t h i n n e r p o o r ly s o r t e d san d u n i t s which a r e i n t e r -


126

n n i i i i i i i i i i i l

A R R O Y O J U A N OE A C O S T A

S e c t i o n 1 S c a le 1:25000

0 .5 Km. 1 Km500 m. 0

T o

V e ro n ic a

To Juan de A c o s ta

F ig u re 26


127

"bedded w i t h s i l t s t o n e and s h a l e .

Time S t r a t i g r a p h y ; ( F i g u r e 2 8 and Table 3)

The o l d e r s a n d s to n e u n i t c o n t a i n s few p l a n k t o n i c

F o r a m i n i f e r a t h u s d a t i n g o f t h e s e beds i s d i f f i c u l t .

However, t h e o v e r l y i n g s h a l e s (samples 26 9 - 2 7 I ) c o n t a i n a

w e l l d e v e lo p e d middle P l i o c e n e f a u n a . On t h i s b a s i s th e

t h i c k lo w e r sand has been a s s i g n e d a q u e s t i o n a b l e low er

P l i o c e n e ag e , and t h e o v e r l y i n g s h a l e ,m i d d l e P l i o c e n e .

B e n th o n ic F o r a m i n i f e r a l A ssem blages ;

Two b a t h y m e t r i c a l l y d i s t i n c t a ssem b lag es c h a r a c t e r i z e

t h i s s e c t i o n . The low er sa n d f a c i e s i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a

w e l l d e f i n e d i n n e r s h e l f t o m a r g i n a l marine f a u n a as

e x p r e s s e d by a predominance o f E lp h id ium s p . , N o n i o n e l l a

a t l a n t i c a , and Ammonia b e c c a r i i .

The t h r e e y o u n g e s t s a m p le s , which a re s e p a r a t e d from

th e lo w e r beds by a c o v e re d i n t e r v a l o f 100 f t . , c o n t a i n

a w e l l d e v e lo p ed o u t e r s h e l f t o u pper b a t h y a l f a u n a . T h is

i n d i c a t e s a s t r i k i n g change i n p a le o b a th y m e t r y i n v e r y

s h o r t t im e s p a n . The c o v e r e d i n t e r v a l p r o b a b l y c o n t a i n s

f a u n a l , and p o s s i b l y s t r a t i g r a p h i e d a t a which s u p p o r t s

t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .


128

s t r a t i g r a p h i e F e a t u r e s ;

The most o b v io u s and u s e f u l s t r a t i g r a p h i e f e a t u r e

i s d i s p l a y e d by v a r i a n e e i n bed t h i e k n e s s (F ig u re 2 7 ) .

The r e g r e s s i v e n a t u r e o f t h e low er sand i s w e l l e x p r e s s e d

by t h e g r a d a t i o n o f t h i n p a r a l l e l beds a t t h e b a se t o

t h i c k m ass iv e u n i t s n e a r t h e t o p o f t h e seq u en c e . C r o s s

b e d s , c o n g lo m era te l e n s e s , and d i s t o r t e d f e a t u r e s a r e

a b s e n t i n t h i s s e c t i o n .

B io g e n ic - The most e x t e n s i v e l y burrowed i n t e r v a l

i n t h e e n t i r e s tu d y a r e a was examined i n t h e lower

s a n d s to n e u n i t s o f t h i s s e c t i o n , ( P l a t e 6 - 4 ) . E x c e l l e n t ,

b r a n c h e d , c u rv e d , and r e c t a n g u l a r n e tw o rk s a r e found on

numerous b e d d in g p l a n e s th r o u g h o u t t h e U n i t . F e a t u r e s

i n t e r p r e t e d as d w e l l i n g s t r u c t u r e s ( d i s c u s s e d u nd e r s e c t i o n

on b i o g e n i c s t r u c t u r e s ) were found i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i th t h e

h ig h c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f bur-rows. ( P l a t e 6 - 5 ) .

E n v i ro n m e n ta l A n a ly s i s ( F i g u r e 28)

Based on t h e p r e s e n c e o f b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a l

a s se m b la g es two and t h r e e , t h e abundance o f h o r i z o n t a l

b u r ro w s , l a c k o f p l a n k t o n i c s , and t h e n a t u r e of t h e v e r t i c a l


129

F ig u r e 27

T h in t o t h i c k bedded s a n d s t o n e n e a r mouth o f Arroyo Ju a n de A c o s t a .


130

s u c c e s s i o n , an i n n e r s h e l f t o m a r g i n a l m ar ine d e p o s i t i o n a l

e n v i ro n m e n t i s r e c o g n i z e d f o r t h e l o w e r , s a n d s to n e i n t e r v a l .

These s t r a t a a r e o v e r l a i n by s i l t s t o n e and s h a l e which

c o n t a i n m ic r o f a u n a i n d i c a t i v e o f a n i n c r e a s i n g p a l e o -

h a t h y m e t r y u p s e c t i o n . The t h r e e y o u n g e s t samples ( 2 6 9 - 2 7 1 )

c o n t a i n components o f a s se m b la g e s s i x and s e v en , which

s u g g e s t d e p o s i t i o n n e a r t h e s h e l f edge and upper s lo p e

e n v i r o n m e n t s .


131

TABLE 3DISTRIBUTION OF FORAMINIFERi

ARROYO JUAN ce ACOSTA (n e a r mouth s e c t i o n 1 )

o\M KrofOO vw ■p*

ro-A

&o. «0roON000

\oro-vjg .

EgMw W o PLANKTONICS

1 G lo b ie e r in o id e s t r i l o b aXM G lo b o r o t a l i a e u l t r a t a a v i l i s

I G lo b o r o ta l i a o i iT tra ta l im hatnG lo b ie e r in o id e s o b l i a u a

i G lo b o r o t a l i a (T) nseudotiimaX 1 XD H a s t i e e r i n a s ip h o n i f '^ ra

B io î 'b u l in a so .

' ’ ’ s - i is og

G lo b o r o t a l i a (T) a o o s t a e n s i sG lo b o r o t a l i a fT) humerosaG io b ie e r in a b u l l o i desG lo b o r o t a l i a m enard i iG l o b i e e r i n i t a o f . iir.ioavaG lo b ie e r in o id e s t r i l o b a immat.G lo b o r o t a l i a i n f l a t aG lo b ie e r in o id e s extrem usG lo b o r o t a l i a c r a s s a o r o to n e n s i sG io b ie e r in a eg p a r i m n l t i lo h .

g G l o b o r o t a l i a s c i t u l a1 G l o b o r o t a l i a u n e a l a t a

X y G l o b i e e r i n i t a e l u t i n a t aX y G l o b i e e r i n i t a naD arim aensis

X X G io b ie e r in a neoen thesX Glo) 0: 0 t a l l : o f . tumida

X G lo b o r o t a l i a c f . m a re a r i ta e

BENTHONICS

M mm Q u in q u e lo cu l in a lam arckiA m V B o l iv in a i n te r . iu n c ta

N o n io n e l la m iocenica§ U v ie e r in a n e r i e r i n a

B ulim ina oaeodaX ■ 1

M O B ulim ina subacuminataX B u l im in e l l a su b fu s i fn rm iu

B ulim ina ovataB u l im in e l l a e l e e a n t i s u im aD ii ico rb is f l o i i d a n u sN onlon-sn .L e n t i c u l i n a am ericanus

X B o l iv in a u in u a taQuinqueloeulin .a semin.Ammonia b e c c a r lC a E s id u l ln a su b e lo b csaE o is to ra i r .e l la P a c i f i c aF i s s u r i n a o f . m a re in a taB o l iv in a s t r i a hulaB o l iv in a a r e e n te a

s F i s s u r i n a f l i n t iNonion scaohum

X N o n io n e l la ouimaC a s s id u l in a c f . b r a z i l ' en.sis

X C a r .s id u l in a t o r t u o s aAmmobaculites c f . d i r e c t u s

X U v ie e r in a h iso id o c o s t a t aX V a lv u l i ’. e r i a so .M E lph id ium sp .

L e n t i c u l i n a sp .■ E lph id ium a u s t r a l e

Elphidii:m po..yanaE lph id ium t r a n s l u c e n sN o n io n e l la c f . a t l a n t i c a

X B ulim ina m a re in a ta


132

STRAT. ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISO i P T H 60 120 200 2000

z z M A R I N EmS UB L IT T O RA Lx a

o* MIDDLE OUTER1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 INNER

271OO

270

269

267

• H

261

260

F ig u r e 28 Summary Arroyo Juan de A c o s ta - S e c t i o n 1


133

ARROYO JUAN de ACOSTASections 2-3L o c a t i o n :

T h is s e c t i o n i s l o c a t e d i n t h e Arroyo, be tw een t h e

v i l l a g e s o f San Juan de A cos ta and C h o r r e r a . I t i n c l u d e s

sam ples 135-149 as p l o t t e d on F i g u r e 1 9 .

L i t h o l o g y and S t r a t i g r a p h y :

The p r im a r y ro o k ty p e s i n t h i s s e c t i o n a r e s a n d s to n e

and s h a l e w i t h r a r e o c c u r r e n c e s o f s m a l l ch an n e ls which

c o n t a i n t h i n c o n g lo m e r a t e s . Most o f t h e c o n t a c t s a r e

s h a r p , p a r t i c u l a r l y a t the b a se o f a h o r i z o n s .

Time S t r a t i g r a p h y :( F ig u r e 29 and Table 6 )

D i a g n o s t i c m ic ro fau n a i s v e r y r a r e j a s p e c i e s

q u e s t i o n a b l y i d e n t i f i e d as G lo b o r o t a l i a merotumida was

n o te d n e a r t h e b a se o f t h e s e c t i o n , and th e c o n cu r ren c e o f

G l o b i g e r i n a f a l c o n e n s i s and G l o b i g e r i n a nep en th es i n

you n g e s t b e d s , p l a c e s th e s e c t i o n i n t h e o l d e s t l a t e

Miocene, p r o b a b l y i n th e NI0 -N I7 Zones as d e f in e d by

Blow ( 1 9 6 7 ) .

B e n th ic F o r a m i n i f e r a : (Table 6 )

P a le o e n v i r o n m e n ta l i n d i c a t o r s i n c l u d e members o f

middle s h e l f a ssem b la g es a t t h e b a se o f the s e c t i o n .

Tn is g roup c o n t a i n s in d ex s p e c i e s C i d i c i d e s m ck a n n a i .

Angul .ogerina s p . and V a l v u l i n e r i a o l s s o n i . i n a d d i t i o n t o

a p l a n k t o n i c abundance o f 3 0 -4 0 ^ . The u p p e r p o r t i o n


134

c o n t a i n s components o f a s se m b la g e s 3 - 4 ( i n n e r s h e l f ) ,

a s i d e n t i f i e d by Ammonia b e c c a r i and B u l i m i n e l l a

e l e g a n t i s s i m a .

S e d im e n ta r y S t r u t n r e s *

P r im a r y - u n i d i r e c t i o n a l s m a l l s c a l e p l a n a r c r o s s

b e d s , c h a n n e l s c o n t a i n i n g g r a v e l and c l a y b a l l s , and

m o d e r a t e l y co n v o lu te beds c o m pr ise the m ajor s e d i m e n ta r y

s t r u c t u r e s . These f e a t u r e s o c c u r i n th e i n t e r v a l which i s

b a r r e n o f f a u n a o r b i o g e n i c s t r u c t u r e s t h e r e f o r e p r o v id e

t h e s o l e s o u rc e o f p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t a l d a t a .

B io g e n ic S t r u c t u r e s ;

I n c l i n e d and U-shapod burrows a re common i n th e

o l d e r h o r i s o n s . The U-shaped forms an-i r e f e r a b l e t o the

ich n o g e n u s S k o l i t h o s , a s h a l l o w marine modera te e n e r g y

i n d i c a t o r . S e v e r a l nodose Ophiomoruha s p e c i e s were n o te d

i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i th S k o l i t h o s . ( d e s c r i b e d under s e c t i o n

on t r a c e f o s s i l s , P l a t e 6 , F i g u r e s 3 , 7, 8 )

E n v i r o n m e n ta l A n a l y s i s : ( F i g u r e s 29, 29A)

The younger beds e x h ib i t , f e a t u r e s , such as b i o g e n i c

s t r u c t u r e s , p r im ary s e d i m e n ta r y s t r u c t u r e s , and m ic ro fau n a

which document a w e l l d e f i n e d r e g r e s s i v e se q u e n c e .

( sam p le s 135-140) S t r a t a l y i n g above the r e g r e s s i v e sequence

r e c o r d s a minor t r a n s g r e s s i o n as i n d i c a t e d by th e p r e s e n c e

o f i n t e r b e d d e d i n n e r t o m idd le s h e l f s a n d s to n e an d s h a l e .


135T A S I i ; 4

D IS T R IB U T IO N OF B E N T B O N iC F O R A M IN IF E R A

ARROYO JU A N : l o ACOSTA ( n e a r v i l l a g e s e c + io n 2 )

C i b i c i d t rlotcheriAmmi n i a b e r c a r i l

AmB o l i v i n a raenttraB o l i v i n a i r - t e r j u n c t a

B o l i v i n a r - e m in u d aD i C ' o r b i s f l n r i d a n uC a s s i d ’ J l i n a s u b c a r i i i a t a

E n t u s - a e n i a a t l a n t i c - aV a l v u i \ n K r i a c l ? . s o n i iN o n i o n e l l a a t l a n t i c aQ u j n q u o l o c u l i n a ^ S M n ; n u lu tnE l p h i d i u m e x c a v a t u mB u l i m i n e l l a s p b f u s i f o r m i s

L - '. / re n a Y e :

B o liv in a n n u a taD l s c o i b i c t e r a u e m i

C a . ;s i d u l i n a r u Y e lo b o s aA m p h i ; - te g 3 n a l e s s o n i i

l a m a r c k i a n aA n g u l o g c r i n a . l a m a in e n a is

C a c u i d u l i r a c a r i b o a n aB o l i v z t r l a t u l a

C a s d i d u l i n a c a l i f o r n l c aF i s a u r i n a f l i n t . i

B i r a r i . n a P a c i f i c aB u l i m i n e l l a e l s g a n t i n s i m aB o l i v i n a h u g hC a s iU M U J . n a l a e v i g a t aB o i i v n a b r e v u i r

R e u s u e l l a b o r d a t a

B o l i v i n a t o n t u o s a L a A 'o n a I ' t i i a t ?y e / t r b a J i f i a o o j o ir.b i a n aC i b i n d i * : : Ml-K en.*.

fulehrai m b a i ü

l . o x o i ; lo m u m ; i u .C a : : : : i d u i n i a j c l i c a t a

Bl>U.-dnu,,iaciiljCiA__T r i ’ o f u l i n a o b l o i i g i É I Vi I l i l I >n a r tTc u l a t i » mAri/*:ulo;».e> in a an j:u lQ .aB i f a r i n a h a i “ C O c k i

A mV I B u 1 i m in a n e x t c a n a

1 1 * i ;D l ; : c o r b l h < - 1 1;j : ' i > .

U viilO llL L lLJAii k 'lL U irU T e x l u l a r i a

N c n io n X a b r u d o r i i \u c i Ljifcna ntriatui d u l i m i c a l i f o r n i c a

N o f i i o n o l J a r n i t c l o u p i

U v i g e r i n a c l p o n g r i n aB o l i v i n a v a u g h a n .

B u l i n i n a n .- ifro d a

calari ürmiL a g e n aQ u i n o u o l o c u l i n a p u l c h e l l i AP l o c t o f r o n d l c u l a r i a f l o r j d a n aG l o c o b u l i m i n a b a r b a t aN o rn o n n i z z a r v a r b o J i s u i n a t aB u l i m t n a m a r g i n a t aQ u i n q u e l QOLilimL p n ly ^ o n aÜV I g o r 1 n a n* • r I g r i n aB u J i m in o m a r r i n o s r n n

O u t r a c Q i l : :H i v a l vlia, trof Oil:Dm

r o n i i r r o w


CD■ DOQ.C

gQ.

■DCD

(/)C/)

8■D( O '

3.3"CD

CD■DOQ.CaO3"Oo

CDQ.

■DCD

(/)(/)LnLnLn, g-p-vo w z a

m >. s : : O 2 0

g" Wm

TABLE 5 DISTRIBUTION OF PLANKTONIC

FORAMINIFERA ARROYO JUAN de ACOSTA

(near v i l la g e s e c t io n 2)

G lob igerina .ju v en ilisG lob igerina b r a d y i _________G lob ig er in o id es ob liqua_____G lo b o ro ta lia (T) m inutissina G lob igerina b u llo id e s G lo b o ro ta lia c f . merotumidaG ld jo ro ta lia obesa HastiserinaG lob igerina drurvi G lob oro ta lia (T) o f . in f la ta G lob igerin o id es quad, tr ilo b a G lo b o ro ta lia (T) homerosa G lo b o ro ta lia a c o s t . pseudopima. G lob igerina fa lc o n e n s isG lob igerina n ep en th es_____G lo b o ro ta lia archeomenardiG lob igerina p raab u llo id es G lo b o ro ta lia (T) s ia k e n s is G lo b ig er in o ita morugaensis G lob igerin o id es quad, sa c c . G lob igerin o id es b o l l iG lo b o ro ta lia c f . mayeriG lob igerin o id es quad, iininat.G lo b o ro ta lia menardiiG lo b ig e r in ita nanarim aensisG lo b ig er in o id es sican u sG lob igerina anerturaGlpbjgerina. foiiataG lobigerina bulbosaG lob igerina rubraOrbulina u n iv erse

HÜÜ0 \

137

TABUS 6 DISTRIBUTION OP FORAMINIFERA

6Jo

H*W>HW*n3 30

J-O

MfH*

fr H»S s

£o ïuuARROYO JUAN de ACOSTA

(n ea r c h o r r e r a s e c t i o n 3)w G9WCd U bd PLANKTONICS

X G lo b ie e r in a c b l ia u a

iG lo b i fe r in a f a lc o n e n s in

X X C lo b i fa r in a p r a p h u l l c i desG lo b ig e r in a b ra d y i

K G lo b ig e r in o id es t r i l o b a t r i l o b aX X G lob ige r ina d ru rv i

1 M V X G lo b o r o ta l i a m inu t iss im a

a> >>9

y G lo b o ro ta l ia c f . merotumidaX G lo b o r o ta l i a c f . mayeriX Orbulina u n iv e rsa

G lo b ig e r i ia c f . neoenthesrr g BENTHONrCS

■ - T Ammonia b e c c a r iV a l \ 'u l in e r ia o l s s o n iAm ohistigina l e s s o n i i

■ B o l iv in a seminudaX Elnhidium ooevana

- ■ X X B o l iv in a in te r . iu n c taX R X S C a js id u l in » iamanaenal £i 1

-

yA

C asu idu l ina lo m i te n s i sX X y Non Ion p ra te l mini

■y X >31 Ani'uloffcrî na angiilnaa

KO X X K >!9 ReuQSclla bnrrtat.aX X P la n u l in a a r im in e n s is

y Q uinoueloculina ak n e r ian aX X / y C ib lc id e s f l e t c h e r i

X X U vigerina o f . o e r i c r i n aH - ”

1^ Aneuloeerina o c c i d e n t a l sB u l im in e l la e l e g a n t i s s im ar.i B o l iv in a s o l s s a ----Nonion c f . lab radoricum

1 Elbhidium sp .X ' !' P u l l e n i a b u l lo id e s

X y B o l iv in a to r tu o s nX !k F is s u r in a f l i n t i

T e x tu la r ia c f . f l i n t ig

_s V e r te b ra l in a colorabiana

a H C ass idu l inn cnrihbennn1 B o l iv in a lowttiani

g 21 N onionella opimaI j U vigerina o f . h ia p . c o a t .

■

■ZJ T ri lo c i i l in n ap .

— iJ E lohidium t r a n s lu c e n s

' C ib ic id ea o f . M o V e n n i

E lbh id i :m clavatum“ C ib ic id e s McKeir i

s Q uinqueloculina polygnna8 A neuloeerina iam aicensia8 Q uinoueloculina lamarckiw D isc o rb is so .g Nonion scaphum

” _ _ “ - j


138

ARROYO JUAN de ACOSTA( S e c t i o n No. 2 - Near V i l l a g e )

O s tra co d Fauna - I d e n t i f i e d by W. A. van den Bold

L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y

Age : P l i o c e n e o r younger

P a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t ; s h a l lo w m ar ine 50 m.

Predominance o f m o l t s (more e a s i l y t r a n s p o r t e d ) s u g g e s t t r a n s p o r t down s l o p e by weak c u r r e n t s t o d e e p e r e nv ironm en t t h a n i n d i c a t e d by fauna .

Sample No.

113 P u m i l o c y t h e r i d e a s p .

R a d im e l l a s p . (m o l t )

C y t h e r o p t e r o n s u b r e t i c u l a t u m

C o s ta v a r i a b i l o c o s t a t a r e c t i c o s t a t a

C a t i v e l l a n a v i s (molt )

R e u s s i c y t h e r e ? s p .

B a s s l e r i t e s s p .

Loxoconcha s p .

114 R a d im e l l a sp .

C a u d i t e s (m o l t )

R e u s s i c y t h e r e ? (molt )

B a s s l e r i t e s m inutus

Loxoconcha s p .


139

Sample No.

116 "M o n o c e ra t in a " s p .

Q uad racy th e re s p . (m o l t )


C osta v a r i a b i l o c o s t a t a r e c t i c o s t a t a (m o l t ) 3 0 - 1 0 0 '

C a t i v e l l a n a v i s

R e u s s i c y t h e r e (m o l t )

117 "M onocera t ina" s p .

C y th e r o p te r o n s u b r e t i c u l a t u m

C os ta v a r . r e c t i c o s t a t a

K angar ina a n c y l a

1^1 H em icy th e ru ra c r a n e k e y e n s i s

E u c y th e r u r a complexa ?

R ad im el la s p . (m o l t )

R é u s s i c y th e ie s p . (m olt )

P u r ia n a form osa

123 R e u s s i c y th e r e ? s p . (m olt )

P u r i a n a fo rm osa

124 C y t h e r e l l o i d e a s p .

Q uadracy the re s p , (m o lt )

C a t i v e l l a s p . (m o lt )

R e u s s i c y th e r e s p . (m o lt )

Costa sp. (molt)


l4o

Sample No.

131 Q uadracy the re s p . (m o l t )

C os ta ? s p . (m o l t )

Loxoconcha s p . (m o l t )


E u c y th e r u r a r o h r i ?

133 R e u s s i c y th e r e ? s p . (m olt )

C osta s p . (m o l t )


Loxoconcha s p .


E u c y th e r u r a complexa

135 Q u adracy the re s p . (m olt )

Costa s p . ? (m o l t )


Loxoconcha s p . (m o l t )


E u c y th e r u r a r o h r i ?

E u c y th e r u r a complexa ?

P e l l u c i s t o m a s p .


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ARROYO JUAN de ACOSTA(Section No. 3 - Near Cnorrera)

O stracod Fauna ~ I d e n t i f i e d by W. A. v an den Bold


Sample No.

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R a d im el la s p . (m o l t )



E u c y th e r u r a a f f . r o h r i + N 18

C y th e r u r a s p .

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l48 C a t i v e l l a n a v i s

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E u c y t h e r u r a a f f . complexa

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14-9 C y t h e r o p t e r o n s u b r e t i c u l a t u m

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142

STRAT. ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISd i p t h <a 60 120 200 2000

NON-MARINE M A R I N E

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143

STRAT. ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISO I P T H c a 60 120 200 2000

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F i g u r e P9A Summary Arroyo Juan de Acosta - S e c t i o n 3


144

ARROYO PIOJO (SACO)

L o c a t i o n ;

T h is s e c t i o n has been i d e n t i f i e d as Arroyo Saco

i n one p r e v i o u s p u b l i c a t i o n ( B u r g l , 1954), b u t maps

p ro d u c e d by t h e I n s t i t u t e G e o g r a f i c o M i l i t a r , 1 :15000 ,

1 9 5 6 , r e f e r t o th e Arroyo as P i o j o . Thus b o th names

a r e u t i l i z e d when r e f e r r i n g t o t h i s s e c t i o n . The

s t r a t i g r a p h i e sequence c o n t a i n s t h e t h i c k e s t (2000 m , ) ,

and most c o n t in u o u s s e c t i o n i n t h e s tu d y a r e a . I t i s

e x p o sed b y t h e Arroyo which c o v e r s a d i s t a n c e o f a p p ro x

i m a t e l y 8 Km. (normal t o s t r i k e ) from t h e mouth o f t h e

A rroyo on th e w es t , t o a p o i n t 1 .5 Km. o a s t o f t h e

v i l l a g e o f Saco (F ig u re 3 0 ) ,

L i t h o l o g y :

The l i t h o l o g y i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by s h a l e , s i l t -

s t o n e , and f ine-medium g r a i n e d s a n d s t o n e , which e x h i b i t s

a n a l t e r n a t i n g sequence t h r o u g h o u t most o f t h e s e c t i o n .

The lo w e r p o r t i o n i s p r e d o m i n a t e l y s h a l e which g r a d e s

i n t o sa n d and s i l t s t o n e and s u b s e q u e n t l y i n t o c h an n e le d

i n t e r v a l s which c o n t a i n c o a r s e sa n ds and f i n e g r a v e l .

Time S t r a t i g r a p h y :( F i g u r e 27 and T ab le 7-?A)

The e n t i r e s e c t i o n c o v e r s a s u r p r i s i n g l y s h o r t

t im e s p a n . The base o f t h e i n t e r v a l i s o f l a t e Miocene

age as e v id e n c e d by th e o c c u r r e n c e o f G l o b o r o t a l i a

a o o s t a o n s i s and S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s s p h a e r o i d s . w h i le


145

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146

th e t o p o f t h e s e c t i o n i s d a t e d as m iddle P l i o c e n e on

t h e b a s i s o f G l o b o r o t a l i a a e m e l i a n a . and G l o b o r o t a l i a

c r a s s a c r o t o n e n s i s . The t o t a l t im e r e p r e s e n t f o r t h i s

t h i c k seq u en c e (2 0 0 0 m.) i s l e s s t h a n 6 m i l l i o n y e a r s .

B e n th ic F o r a m i n i f e r a :(Table 8 - 8A)

D i a g n o s t i c c o n s t i t u e n t s o f a l l en v iro n m en ts from

m iddle b a t h y a l t o m a r g in a l mar ine a r e c o n t a i n e d i n t h i s

s e c t i o n . Assemblages c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e o c c u r re n c e o f

U v i g e r i n a h i s p i d a a r e o v e r l a i n by o u t e r s h e l f faunas w i th

a dominance o f U v i g e r i n a p e r i g r i n a and s u b s e q u e n t l y by

components o f a s sem b lages 4-5» m iddle s h e l f fo rm s . The

u p p e r n e a r sh o re -» m a rg in a l m ar ine f a c i e s c o n t a i n s an

abundance o f Ammonia b e c c a r i and B u l i m i n e l l a e l e g a n t i s

s i m a .


P r im a r y - S e d im e n ta ry s t r u c t u r e s a r e n o t abundan t

b u t s e v e r a l p r o v i d e d a t a which i s u s e f u l i n t h e p a l e o

e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e c o n s t r u c t i o n .

S h a le d i a p i r s - In two m a r g in a l m ar ine c h an n e l

d e p o s i t s , e x c e l l e n t examples o f p i e r c e m e n t by u n d e r l y i n g

l a g o o n a l muds i s e x p r e s s e d ( F ig u r e 3 1 ) . I n b o th c a s e s ,

( sam ples 403 and 4o4) w e l l documented r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f

e n v i r o n m e n t a l a ssem blage 2 a r e found i n abundance i n

t h e s h a l e . The s t r u c t u r e s a r e more p ronounced i n t h e

u p p e r c h a n n e l where t h e y i n t r u d e i n t o t h e o v e r l y i n g

conrs( ' s a n d s , up t o a d i s t a n c e o f 12 i n .


147

C onvolu te beds - Bedding o f t h i s ty p e o c c u r s a t

s e v e r a l h o r i z o n s i n t h e m a r g in a l m ar ine-nonm ar ine

i n t e r v a l . I n a l l c a s e s i t i s found i n s a n d s t o n e s o v e r -

l y i n g m a r g in a l m ar ine s h a l e o r s i l t s t o n e ( F ig u r e 3 1 ) .

Gross beds - G ross b e d d in g i s s m a l l s c a l e , o c cu rs

i n f i n e t o medium g r a i n e d s a n d s t o n e s , and i n most c a s e s

d i p s west t o n o r t h w e s t . One e x c e p t i o n oc cu rs i n t h e

lo w er p o r t i o n o f t h e s e c t i o n where e a s t e r l y d ip p in g beds

were e n c o u n t e r e d . T h is p o s s i b l y r e f l e c t s a change i n

s o u r c e d i r e c t i o n from w e s t t o s o u t h e a s t d u r in g the

d e p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e c t i o n (F ig u re 3‘-') .

B io g en ic S t r u c t u r e s :

T race f o s s i l s a r e n o t as abundan t i n t h i s s e c t i o n

as i n age e q u i v a l e n t s t r a t a s t u d i e d t o t h e n o r t h and s o u th

o f t h e a r e a . However, two p o o r l y d e f i n e d a s sem b lages

were n o t e d . I n i n t e r b e d d e d s i l t s t o n e and s h a l e

(sam ples 3 0 3 - 3 0 6 ) , e x t e n s i v e b i o t u r b a t i o n was n o t e d .

T h is i n t e r v a l , which c o n t a i n s s h e l f b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a ,

g r a d e s i n t o o y s t e r a s s o c i a t e d sands and s u b s e q u e n t l y

i n t o q u i e t w a t e r m a r g i n a l m ar in e d e p o s i t s which c o n t a i n

s t r a i g h t i n c l i n e d bu rrow s o f v a r y i n g s i z e . ( P l a t e 6 -9 )

Environinojvbal A n a l y s i s :( F ig u r e 33)

This s e c t i o n p r o v i d e s a t e x t b o o k example o f a

r e g r e s . i v e sequence i n v;hich s h e l f , m a r g in a l and


148

nonmarine env iron m en ts have p r o g r a d e d ov e r b a t h y a l

d e p o s i t s . An e x c e l l e n t example o f i n t e g r a t e d p a l e o -

e c o lo g y i s d i s p l a y e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n by t h e c o n c u r re n c e

o f numerous f e a t u r e s which a id e d i n d e t e r m i n i n g th e

p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t s .


149

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- --

I-

U v i c e r l n e l l a o b e s a1 B u ’ im i n a b l v k e r i c f . c u b a c u m .

Q u i n o u e l o c u l i n a c h i p o l e n e i ai P l e c t o f r o n d i c u l a r i a f l n r i d a n a

C i b i c i d e s c f . H c K e n n iS c . h e n c k i e l l a s o .P l e c t o f r o n d i c u l a r i a m io o e n lc a ---------N o d o s a r ia c f . r u d i . cS t i l o s t o m e l l a g r a c i l i sH a o l o o h r a e n o id e s c a r i n a t u mK a r r i e l l a s o .

L a g u n a s t r i a t aG v r o i d i n a a l t i f o r m i sC l a v i i l i n a c f . c o m m u n isU v i g e r i n a c f . H o o t s iC a s s i d i l i n a c a l i f o r n i c aT e x t u l a r i a m i o c e n i c aQ u i n o u e l o c u l i n a l a m a r c k i

B o l i v i n a n i s e i f o r m i sP l e c t o f r o n d i c u l a r i a c f . c a l i f .N o n io n b a r l e a n u s

1 U v i g e r i n a c f . h i s p i d a

U v i g e r i n a c f . e n l l o w a v iN o d o s a r ia h i r s u t a

—B u l i m i n a a l l i r a t a

-— I

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- -— T " 4

iM a r g l r i u l i n e g l a b r a

1 1 i C l a n d u l i n a ’ a c v l r a t a

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B u l i m i n e l l a e l e g a n t i s s i m a1 B o l i v i n a lo w m p n i1 E l u h i d i u m t io e v a n a1 V i r g u l i n a D u n a t a t a

E l p h i d i u m a u s t r a l e>< X N o n io n g r a t e l o u p i

m ■E l u h i d i u m e x c a v a t u mE l o h i d i u m t r a n s l u c e n s

N o n io n s o .C r . R e o c h a x s o .S a c c a m m ln a s o h t r i e aU v i g e r i n a t e n n u i s t r i a t a

X U v i g e r i n a c l , c e r i g r i n a

X N o n i o n e l l a a t l a n t i c aB u l i m i n a s t r i a t a v a r , m e x ic a n a

m B o l i v i n a c f . m a r g i n a t a

X E l p h i d i u m s o .B o l i v i n a c a l i f o r n i c a

X X>< X X B u l i m i n e l l a s u b f u s i f o r m i eC a s s i d u l l n a c f . s u b g lo b o a aC a s s i d u l i n a s u b c a r i n a t aB u l i m i n a o v a t a ■

X B o l i v i n a i n t e r i u n c t aE o o n id e s c f . t e n e rT e x t u l a r i a s o .

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X C i b i c i d e s f l e t c h e r iN o n io n s c a o h u mT E l o h i d l u m tu m id u m

X 1 X 1 N o n i o n e l l a m i o c e n i c a

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K X B o l i v i n a s i n u a t a

s - -■ B o l i v i n a c f . a r g f n t e a

X < L e n t i c u l i n a a m e r ic a n u sB u l i m i n a o f . s u b c a l v a . ..A n g u lo g o r i n a o c i d o n t a l i s

1 M i ' v i n i l i n a a c u l e a t a

X ■ -1 A fo V f. C a u s i d u l i n a s u b g lo b o s a

| lU v i c e r i n a n r l g r i n a

1 F i s s u r i n a f l i n t i

X 1 1A1A S z U v i ^ e r t n e l l a o b e u a

X X < 1 X ■ O B u l i m i n a b lu e k e r i c f . s u b a e u m .

R Q u i n o u e l o c u l i n a c h i ' o o l e n s i s

X i P le c t o f r o n d i c u l a r i a f o r i d a n a

X C i b i c i d e s c f . M c K e n n i

X X S c h e n o k i e l l a s o .

2 P l e c t o f r o n d i c u l a r i a m i o c e n i c aN o d o s a r ia c f . r u d i s

%S t i l o s t o m e l l a g r a c i l i s

XX ( H ap lonh ragm oidE S c a r i n a t u m

XX K a r r i e l l a s n .

L a e e n a s t r i a t aG v r o i d i n a a l t i f o r m i sC l a v u l i n a c f . c o m m u n is

X X U v i g e r i n a o f . H o o t s i< C a s s i d u l i n a c a l i f o r n i c a

T e x t u l a r i a m i o c e n i c aQ u i n o u P i o c i i l i n a l a m a r c k iB o l i v i n a o i s o i f o r m i s

1 P l e c t o f r o n d i c u l a r i a c f . c a l i f .N o n io n b a r l e a n u sU v i g e r i n a o f . h i s o i d aU v i g e r i n a c f . g a l l o w a v i

XX N o d o s a r ia h i r s u t a

8 B u l i m i n a a l l i g a t aX S ig m o l l . . a 3 0 .X P l a n u l i n a m u r i a l a n a

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154

ARROYO PIOJO (SACO)

Ostracod Fauna - Identified by W, A. van den Bold

Louisiana State University

Age: Pliocene ?Paleoenvironment" Shallow marine Sample No.

109 Cytherella sp.Costa kugleri neotera 50-200 Reussicythere ? sp. (molt)Cytheropteron sp.Luvule aff. gigarton Eucytherura rohri


155STRAT. ANALYSIS e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n a l y s i s

60 120 200 2000II M A R I N ESU BL I T T OR A L

jO O 5 0 INNER MIDDLE OUTER

■J s h a l 5 d i a p Lr

I n chnL.

398

100101105

106110112

308F ig u r e 34 Summary Arroyo P i o j o (Sac


156

STRAT. ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISO I P T H

(ni»t«r») 60 120 200 2000

M A R I N E«* mS U B L I T T O R A l

lO O 3 0 1 0 0 9 3 INNER MIDDLE OUTER

306

377

372

368

•H

• H

366

F ig u r e 34 ( c e n t . )


157

STRAT. ANALYSIS e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n a l y s i s

60 120 200 2000N O N -

M ARIN E M A R I N ES U B L I T T O R A LOm

1 0 0 3 0 MIDDLE OUTERINNER

•H

•H

3 6 2

F i g u r e 3^ (c o n t


158

ARROYO CHIAONAVA (PIOJO AREA)

L o c a t i o n and L i t h o l o g y ;

E i g h t sam ples were c o l l e c t e d from a n o r t h e a s t

t r e n d i n g A rro y o , which l e a d s f rom t h e v i l l a g e o f P i o j o t o

t h e v i l l a g e o f Saco (F ig u re 3 5 ), Sand and s i l t s t o n e

com prise most o f th e s e c t i o n , w i t h a p ro m inen t r e s i s t a n t

m a r l , upon which t h e v i l l a g e o f P i o j o i s l o c a t e d , n e a r

t h e b a s e . Th is u n i t r e p r e s e n t s one o f few h i g h l y

c a l c a r e o u s h o r i z o n s i n t h e e n t i r e a r e a o f s t u d y . (The

l a t e P l i o c e n e - P l e i s t o c e n e LaPopa l im e s t o n e was n o t

s t u d i e d , )

Time S t r a t i g r a p h y :( F ig u r e 36 and Tab le 9 )

P l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r s a r e n o t ab u n d an t , b u t

th e o c c u r r e n c e o f S n h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s s p h a e r o i d e s i n

sample 39^, d a t e s a t l e a s t p a r t o f t h e s e c t i o n as

l a t e Miocene.

B e n th i c F o r a m i n i f e r a :(Table 9)

B e n th i c assem blages a r e w e l l r e p r e s e n t e d i n

t h e e i g h t sam ples which were exam ined . The f o l l o w i n g

l i s t summarizes th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d on t h e t a b l e .

Sample No. Most Abundant S p e c ie s39 0 V a l v u l i a e r i a o l s s o n i , C i b i c i d e s f l e t c h e r i .

B u l i m i n e l l a s u b f u s i f o r m i s

3 9 3 - 3 9 5 U v ig e r in a p e r i g r i n a

3 9 6 - 3 9 7 E lph id ium ex ca v a tu m . Ammonia b e c c a r i i .Nonion g r a t e l o u p i . B u l i m i n e l l a e l e g a n t i s s i m a


159


160


P r im a ry - S t r u c t u r e s a r e r a r e , w i th t h e e x c e p t i o n

o f s m a l l s c a l e c r o s s - b e d s i n t h e t h i n n l y bedded f i n e

g r a i n e d sand h o r i z o n s i n th e i n t e r v a l be tw een sam ples

396- 397 .

B io g e n ic - Trace f o s s i l s c o n s i s t e d o f tv/o t y p e s .

(1) R a d i a t i n g bu r ro w s r e f e r r e d t o th e

ichnogenus H a e n t z s c h e l i n i a V ia lo v were found i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i th t h e

c l e a r f ine -m ed iu m g r a i n e d sands i n

the i n t e r v a l be tw een samples 395-396 .

(2) R am if ied , h o r i z o n t a l burrows

o c c u r r e d i n s i l t s t o n e and f i n e

g r a i n e d san ds above sample 3 9 7 .

Both o f th e bu rrow s a r e d e s c r i b e d

i n the s e c t i o n on " P a le o b io g e n ic

S t r u c t u r e s " . ( P l a t e 6 , F ig u r e s 2, 4)

E n v i r o n m e n ta l A n a ly s i s :( F ig u r e 3 6 )

Based on the o c c u r r e n c e o f m o l lu sk b e a r i n g m ar l

i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i th members o f b e n t h i c f o r a i r ‘n i f e r a l

a s se m b la g es 3 - 4 ; th e base o f th e s e c t i o n i s i n t e r p r e t e d

as an i n , e r s h e l f f a c i e s . T h is i n t e r v a l i s o v e r l a i n by

beds wliich c o n t a i n an abundance o f p e r i ^ r i n a ,

i n d i c a t i v e oT mid'lli-' t o o u t e r s h e l f onviT'onments. Thus

tile e n t i r e s e c t i o n d i s p l a y s e v id e n c e c f o s c i l l a t i n g


I6l

c o n d i t i o n s b e tw een i n n e r s h e l f and m a rg in a l m a r in e , t o

m idd le and o u t e r s h e l f d e p o s i t i o n . This i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

which i s b a s e d p r i m a r i l y on t h e f o r a m i n i f e r a , i s

s u p p o r t e d by th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f m o l lu sk s , t h e o c c u r r e n c e

o f h o r i z o n t a l b u rrow s , and t h e s c a r c i t y of c u r r e n t f e a t u r e s

i n t h e s a n d s t o n e .


162

TABLE 9DISTRIBUTION OF FORAMINIFERA

ARROYO CHIAONAVA (near Piojo)

•OowVOI-*

u)vOro

wVOW

U)vOf

j}o vOOv

o-o

tx t w tx t PLANKTONICSX X Globifferinoides obliaua

X X X X Globifferinoides t r i l o b a t r i l o b aGlobifferina oraebullo ides

X Orbulina universamm Globieer ina so.

XV

X Globieer inoides auadralobatusX S phaero id ine l lops is sphaeroides

V \ OJ z W P: : : O 3

3 Globoquadrina praedehiscensE. G loboro ta l ia merotumida

Globigerina drurvioS ' m G lob lse r ina bu l lo ides

s w X X G lo b ie e r in i t a c f . napar lens ismg

I j y G loboro ta l ia (T) mayeriX G loboro ta l ia acostaens isX

BENTHONICSElphidium excavatum

m T ex tu la r ia sp.A V Ammonia beccar i

- §

- aaE 5

Buliminel la e legant iss ima1 Elphidium poeyanazM Nonion g ra te lou p i

X — WO X Uvigerina p e r ig r in aNonion sp.Nonion elongatumElphidium sp.L en t icu l ina americanaElphidium transluceneBoliv ina i n t e r .iunctaV a lv u l in e r ia o lsson iMareinulina pseudohirsutaCib ic ides f l e t c h e r i

X Boliv ina ar^enteaI1 Nonionella miocenica■ Buliminel la subfusiformisBoliv ina sp i s saDiscorbis f lo r id an a

X Uvigerina c f . hoots i

OstracodsBivalvesGastropodsEchinoid spines


1 6 3

ARROYO CHIAONAVA ( P io jo Area)

O s t r a c o d Fauna - I d e n t i f i e d by W. A. van den Bold


Sample No.

39 0 C o s ta k u g l e r i ?

R a d im e l l a sp .



C y t h e r u r a sp .


164

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISSTRAT. ANALYSISO I P T M 60 120 200 2000

I Î M A R I N E#S U B L I T T O R A l2 Z

MIDDLE OUTERIOC 3 0

I----1

F i g u r e 36 Summary Arroyo Chiaonavoa ( n e a r P i o j o )


165

PUERTO COLOMBIA

L o c a t i o n :(F ig u re 37 )

A 'new ro a d l e a d i n g s o u th from P u e r to Colombia,

p a r a l l e l t o t h e c o a s t has exposed an e x c e l l e n t s e c t i o n

th r o u g h an a r e a t h a t was p r e v i o u s l y h e a v i l y v e g e t a t e d .

C o l l e c t i o n s were made from P u e r to Colombia, sou thw ard t o

P u e r to Caiman, th e t e rm in u s o f t h e r o a d a t t h e t im e o f

sa m p l in g . Only th o s e o b t a in e d from th e i n c l i n e d b e d s ,

0 .5 t o 1 .5 km. s o u t h o f P u e r to Colombia y i e l d e d i d e n t i f i a b l e

m ic ro fa u n a , o r o t h e r d a t a which c o u ld be u t i l i z e d f o r

p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t a l , o r time s t r a t i g r a p h i e p u r p o s e s .

However, t l i e tw e lv e samples which were f o s s i l i f e r o u s ,

p ro v id e d an abundance o f d a t a , p e r t a i n i n g to th e i n t e r r e l a

t i o n s h i p o f m ic ro fa u n a , b i o g e n i c s t r u c t u r e s , and s h e l f

c h a n n e l d e p o s i t s ,

L i t h o l o g y :

The s e c t i o n e x h i b i t s an a l t e r n a t i n g sequence o f

s h a l e , i n t e r b e d d e d w i t h h o r i z o n s o f v e r y f i n e , p o o r l y

s o r t e d , s a n d s and s i l t s . Two, w e l l deveoped, e x t e n s i v e l y

burrowed c h a n n e l s f i l l e d with s i l t and f i n e sand , a r e

p ro m in en t s e d i m e n ta r y f e a t u r e s .

Time S t r a t i g r a p h y : (Table 10 and F i g u r e 4l)

P l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r s v a r y i n g i n abundance , up t o

a maximum o f 50%, p r o v id e w e l l d e f i n e d t ime h o r i z o n s i n


166


1 6 7

t h i s s e c t i o n . The o l d e s t zone r e c o g n i z e d i s i d e n t i f i e d

hy th e p r e s e n c e o f S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s s p h a e r o i d e s , a l a t e

Miocene s p e c i e s f o r w hich th e zone o f t h a t age i s named

(Lamb and B e ard , 1 972) . This i n t e r v a l i s o v e r l a i n by

s t r a t a which c o n t a i n s G l o b o r o t a l i a a e m e l i a n a an e a r l y

P l io c e n e form , and a component o f t h e G l o b o r o t a l i a

c r a s s i f o r m i s l i n a g e . These two zones a r e c o r r e l a t i v e w i th

t h e f o l l o w i n g l o c a l i t i e s i n t h e s t u d y a r e .

H ibacha ro a r e a P i o j o a r e a Arroyo P i o j o (Saco)T u b a r a ' a r e aMud v o lca n o (Galarazamba a r e a )I n t e r c o l wol] Campito #3

B e n th ic F o r a m i n i f e r a ; (T ab le 10)

Copious b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r s (50-100% i n most

sam ples ) p r o v i d e r e l i a b l e p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t a l d a t a which

has b e en u t i l i z e d to i n t e r p r e t t h e d e p o s i t i o n a l h i s t o r y

a t t h i s s e c t i o n . T hroughout th e sequence th e p o p u l a t i o n s

a r e dom ina ted by B o l i v i n a i n t e r .i u n c t a . U v i g e r i n a p e r i g r i n a ,

L e n t i c u l i n a a m e r i c a n u s . and Nonion soaphum. The r a r e

o c c u r r e n c e of B u l im in a su b a c u m in a ta ( c f . mexicana)

i s o f p a r t i . c u l a r s i g n i f i c a n c e , s i n c e i t i s one o f the

b e s t I n d i c a t o r s o f o u t e r s h e l f and u p p e r b a t h y a l e n v i r o n

ments .


168

S e d im e n ta ry S t r u c t u r e s ;

P r im ary - The most obv ious f e a t u r e i n t h e s e c t i o n

i s th e o c c u r r e n c e o f two w e l l d ev e lo p ed chann e ls

( F i g u r e s 38-3 9 ) . These f e a t u r e s have c u t i n t o t h e

s u b j a c e n t s h a l e , and were r a p i d l y f i l l e d with unbedded

s i l t and f i n e s a n d . Both a r e n e a r l y th e same s i z e

(15-20 m. i n w id th and 5-8 m. t h i c k ) . They have undergone

e x t e n s i v e b i o t u r b a t i o n , and t h e y a r e h i g h l y g y p s i f e r o u s .

The c h a n n e l s a r e b a r r e n o f m ic ro fa u n a and c o n t a i n o n ly

f rag m e n te d g a s t r o p o d s o f t h e genus Conus. They a r e o f

m ajor s i g n i f i c a n c e b e cause o f t h e i r p r o x im i ty t o m iddle

and o u t e r s h e l f m ic ro fa u n a , and t h e i r p a le o g e o g r a p h ic

p o s i t i o n be tw een th e s h a l lo w s h e l f and contemporaneous

d e e p e r w a te r en v i ro n m en t l o c a t e d west o f t h i s s i t e .

B io g en ic S t r u c t u r e s :

The roost e x t e n s i v e l y burrowed h o r i z o n s i n t h e a r e a

o f s t u d y , a r e found i n th e o ha m ,e l s p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d .

Randomly o r i e n t e d s t r a i g h t b u r row s , and h e l i o c o i d a l

b u r ro w s , a r e c o n t a i n e d e n t i r e l y w i t h i n t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f

t h e c h a n n e l s . The burrows a r e r e f e r a b l e to th e i c h n o -

g e n e r a Opiomorpha and G y r o l i t h e s which a re d e s c r i b e d i n

t h e s e c t i o n on " P a l e o b i o g e n i c S t r u c t u r e s " . They were

p r o b a b l y formed by C r u s t a c e a n s as su g g e s t e d by s i m i l a r

f e a t u r e s i n th e R ecen t which were formed by c r a b s and

sh r im p (Weimer, 1964) .


169

F ig u r e 39

' "

F i g u r e 40 F ig u r e 4 l


170

Many c r u s t a c e a n s a r e d e t r i t u s f e e d e r s and o b t a i n

t h e i r food by s o r t i n g medium g r a i n e d e l a s t i c s ( sand

s i z e d m a t e r i a l ) i n s e a r c h o f e d i b l e p a r t i c l e s , A s low

moving subm arine c h an ne l would p r o b a b ly p r o v id e a c o n d u i t

t h r o u g h which an abundance o f o r g a n i c s would p a s s , t h u s

c r e a t i n g a s e t t i n g which would be f a v o r a b l e f o r h a b i t a t i o n .

E n v i r o n m e n ta l A n a ly s i s :( F i g u r e 4 l)

A l l f o s s i l i f e r o u s sam ples i n d i c a t e an o u t e r s h e l f

o r p o s s i b l y u pp e r b a t h y a l en v iro n m en t of d e p o s i t i o n . The

b e n t h i c assem blages i n d i c a t e a s l i g h t r e g r e s s i o n from

o u t e r to i n n e r s h e l f . T h is i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s s u p p o r t e d

by a d e c r e a s e i n p l a n k t o n i c s from 5^% to l e s s t h a n 20fo

u p s e c t i o n , and th e o c c u r r e n c e o f S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s s p .

a d e e p e r w a te r s p e c i e s .


1 7 1

TABLE 10 DISTRIBUTION OF JdJRAMINIFKRA

PUERTO COLUMBIA AREAo \)\00\roo rooo

rooOJro"O

roVÛroooro rJU VO V

■ oJUVOO» %03 •nJ

a PLANKTONICSX X X y Orbulina univi>r:sa

X X V Clo’ ifLerina c f . drurviGlobiKerina Draab-.lloidaa

X G lo b o ro ta l ia (Tt acos taena is

■ X % X H ast ige r ina a c o u i l a t e r

-

X X % G lo b o ro ta l ia o ra e h i r s u ta- m y G loboru ta lo ides Buteri

t m■g 1

Globigerina ob liouasz I G lo b o ro ta l ia aem iliana

I- XI Globoquadrina o f . praadphia.

X ■ G lob ige rinc ides ouad. t r i l .=î >< Globigari.na c f . anaustumb.

M 3 . - - ■ X ■ y X G loboro ta l ia manardi......... X Globig. quad, immat.tm

X G ib o r o t a l i a a e o s t . a c n a t .X X Glo b o r o ta l . soi tu la

X G lo b o ro ta l ia praemannrdiy G lo l ' igerino ides quad, a l t i a p .

X G;.obigerii\oidrs ouad. saro ."

Û C icb ig t-r in it a o f . ra rvu lnSph.-eroidinolloD.oiu sohaernidaa

X Clob igar ina oon^lomorataX Globigorina venezuelana

X Globigorino oaohvcierma■ 1 ■

BKNTHONTCSX ■ p X Bol vina i n t e r iuncta

A M V nz ■ y m - n X Nonion sp.X " Uvlci.Tiria b e r i r r i n a

È 1 QuinqurZoo, seminulum— I P Eponides c f . umbonatus

X " N T " ■ 4- - 4 y K Virgulina sr..X L en t icu l ina americanus

V 1 s< B oliv ina n rnenteaX 5 X B oliv ina s in u a taB M ■ X Nonior. scani a

X s C ass ldu l ina snbçlobosaL } Bulimina dubi»,

X Uvigerina t e n n u i s t r i a t aX X

tm Sarai.enaria arouat.ay Bulimina so .X Denta lina c f . onmmimi-'.

X X T ex tu la r ia sp .Ix Elphidium sp .

Boliv ina c f , lowmaniGlrjbobulimina boeglungi

X Sjphngenerina r.enni

1 K Nodocaria s t a ln f o i tK lX Nonion coctjferum

y z Laxena .:p.X Marginulina subacii lra taX Bulimina :il i e a t a

P lanu lina marialariaQuinf.uelo , chi.DPlerisisCibi< ides McKanni

V n.i..a iMiel 1 e r s t n r f iX Bulimina rubacuminataÛ L a t io a r in a ta sp .

— y Marginulina so .X X Nodosaria so .

■Sc.henvckicl ! a pe t ru ssReophax so.Agglutinated sn .OstracodsBivalvesGastropods

S g :e : X1 MicroburrowsS J r E. spinesr r _L


172


NON-MARINC M A R I N E

S U B L I T T O R A ltoo 59 MIDDLE OUTER

287288

286

289

290

291

• H ; 292

293

•H

•H

296

297f i g u r e 4 l S u m m a r y P u e r to Colombia S e c t i o n


173

TUBARA SECTION

L o c a t i o n ;( F ig u r e 42)

T h i s s u r f a c e s e c t i o n i s t h e most e x t e n s i v e l y

s t u d i e d o f a l l a r e a s i n th e n o r t h e r n Lower Magdalena

B a s i n . (Anderson, 192?» 1929; Redmond, 1953; van den

B old , 1 9 6 6 ) . Two l i t h o l o g i c a l l y s i m i l a r s t r a t i g r a p h i e

s e c t i o n s were s t u d i e d so t h a t c o v e r e d h o r i z o n s i n one,

m igh t be o b se rv e d i n the o t h e r . One s e c t i o n , i d e n t i f i e d

as t h e " A r r o y o - V i l l a g e e n t r a n c e S e c t i o n " f o l lo w s the

c o u rs e o f Arroyo T u b a ra ' up s e c t i o n t h ro u g h th e t r o u g h

o f t h e d i s s e c t e d T u b a ra ' S y n c l i n e , t o the r é s i s t e n t beds

upon which th e v i l l a g e i s l o c a t e d n e a r i t s

e n t r a n c e (Typo T u b a r a ' , Anderson, 1927) . The second s e c t i o n

i s i d e n t i f i e d as th e "E as t Limb S e c t i o n " where c o l l e c t i o n s

were made from ex p osu res n e a r t h e ro a d from B a r r a n q u i l l a ,

which a s c e n d s r a p i d l y up th e e a s t f l a n k o f th e s y n c l i n e

t e r m i n a t i n g a t t h e c e n t e r o f t h e s t r u c t u r e , a p p r o x i m a t e ly

80 m e te r s w es t o f t h e e n t r a n c e t o t h e v i l l a g e .


174

ToB a r r a n q u l l ] j

i i

Tubara

T U B A R A A R E ASample L o ca t io n s

S c a le

To / Juan /

de { A c o s ta \

\\WirItn

500 m. 0 . 5 Km. 1 Km,

Fiiquru 4:'


175

L i t h o l o g y and S t r a t i g r a p h y

e l a s t i c s v a ry in g i n s i z e from c l a y to g r a v e l

c h a r a c t e r i z e th e s e c t i o n , w i t h an o v e r a l l i n c r e a s e i n

g r a i n s i z e u p s e c t i o n . T h is v e r t i c a l sequence a g r e e s w i th

th e macro and m ic ro fauna i n r e c o r d i n g an o s c i l l a t i n g

r e g r e s s i v e sequence , o v e r l a i n by a w e l l d e f in e d t r a n s

g r e s s i o n i n t h e younges t h o r i z o n s .

Time S t r a t i g r a p h y : (Table 11 and F ig u r e 46)

P l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r s a r e r a r e o r a b s e n t i n most

T u b a r a ' s a m p le s . However, t h e c o n c u r re n c e o f G l o b o r o t a l i a

c r a s s a c r o t o n e n s i s , G l o b o r o t a l i a hum erosa . and G l o b o r o t a l i a

ameli a n a , i n d i c a t e a middle P l i o c e n e age f o r sam ples 4? and

4cl which were c o l l e c t e d n e a r th e t o p o f the sequence ( ty p e

T ubara ) . The o l d e r beds c o n t a i n few index s p e c i e s , b u t

th e occiiin-ence o f numerous G l o b i g e r i n a nepen thes s u g g e s t s

a l a t e Mioc-.-n e - e a r l y P l i o c e n e ag e , f o r the b a s a l u n i t s .

B e n th i c F o r m a i n i f e r a l A ssem blages ; (Table 11)

The b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a l a ssem blages r e c o r d a

r e g r e s s i v e sequence as i n d i c a t e d by th e p resence o f o u t e r

s h e l f a s sem b lages in the o l d e r s t r a b a , which g rad e upward


1 7 6

i n t o s h a l l o w s h e l f and m a r g i n a l m ar ine c o a r se g r a i n e d

e l a s t i c s . The h i g h l y f o s s i l i f e r o u s , y ounges t be d s i n th e

s e c t i o n o v e r l i e a n o n - f o s s i l i f e r o u s , c o a r s e g r a i n e d

i n t e r v a l which was p r o b a b ly d e p o s i t e d i n a m a r g i n a l marine

e n v i r o n m e n t . Thus a s l i g h t t r a n s g r e s s i o n o c c u r r e d a f t e r

t h e n o n - m a r g i n a l marine c o a r s e c l a s t i c i n t e r v a l .

S e d im e n ta r y S t r u c t u r e s :

P r im ary - The t h i c k b ed d ed , g r a v e l b e a r i n g i n t e r v a l

(sample 44) c o n t a i n s t h r e e p r i m a r y f e a t u r e s which a r e

d i a g n o s t i c o f m a r g in a l m ar ine e n v i ro n m e n ts .

(1) A ngu la r c l a y lumps ( F ig u r e 4 3 ) - l a r g e

(up t o 2 f t d i a m e te r ) a n g u l a r chunks of s h a le a r e

c o n c e n t r a t e d a t one h o r i z o n . T h e i r a n g u l a r i t y , combined

v e r y r a r e E lp h id ium s and a h i g h o r g a n i c ( l i g n i t e ) c o n t e n t

s u g g e s t s a m a rg in a l marine d e p o s i t i o n a l en v iro n m en t . These

f e a t u r e s p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t ove rbank d e p o s i t s t h a t have

caved i n t o c h a n n e ls and have s u b s e q u e n t l y undergone l i t t l e

o r no t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .

(2 ) F l u i d E m iss io n S t r u c t u r e s (F ig u re 44 ) - s t r i k i n g ,

t e e p e e l i k e s t r u c t u r e s , which a r e common i n R ecen t p o i n t


177

b a r d e p o s i t s , were found i n th e m a r g in a l m a r i n e - f l u v i a l

s e q u e n c e . T h e i r o r i g i n a p p a r e n t l y r e s u l t s from g a s e s

e s c a p i n g t h r o u g h u n c o n s o l i d a t e d f i n e g r a i n e d s a n d s a s

p r e s s u r e c a u se d by th e d e p o s i t i o n o f ove rb u rden i n c r e a s e s .

(3) Cross beds - P l a n a r and Trough, u n i d i r e c t i o n a l

c r o s s beds o c cu r f r e q u e n t l y i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i th t h e

p r e v i o u s l y ment ioned s t r u c t u r e s . These f e a t u r e s a re

g e n e r a l l y s m a l l s c a l e ( s e t s 8-10 i n . t h i c k ) and a r e

composed o f f ine-medium g r a i n e d s a n d . (F ig u re 45 )


With tlie e x c e p t i o n o f o c c a s i o n a l i n c l i n e d b u rrow s

n e a r t h e b a s e o f the s e c t i o n , t r a c e f o s s i l s were n o t n o te d

i n t h i s s e q u e n c e .

E n v i r o n m e n t a l A n a l y s i s :( F i g u r e 4 5 and 45 A)

High c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f f o s s i l s occur on ly a t t h e

b a s e o f t h e s e c t i o n i n t h e A rroyo , and i n th e y o u n g e s t

m a t e r i a l which i s exposed n e a r t h e v i l l a g e e n t r a n c e . The

b a r r e n i n t e r v a l i n b e t w e e n , i s a s s o c i a t e d w i th r a r e o c c u r

r e n c e s o f s h a l lo w w a te r f a u n a , and a t h i c k sequence o f

c o a r s e c l a s t i c sed im en ts i n t e r p r e t e d as b e in g o f m a r g i n a l

m ar ine o r i g i n . Thus t h e p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t a l curve i n d i c a t e s

a r a p i d s h o a l i n g from middle o r o u t e r s h e l f e n v i r o n m e n t s .


178

t o non o r m a r g in a l m ar in e , f o l lo w e d by a t r a n s g r e s s i v e

p hase a t t h e t o p o f t h e s e c t i o n .


179

F i g u r e ^3

F igu

F ig u r e ^5


1 8 0

TABLE 11DISTHIBI'TICN OF FORAMINIFERA

TJBARA AREA

PLANKTONICSG l Q b i g e r l r i L l d e s t r i l o b a t r i l o b a G l o b i g . t r i l o t a Im m a t i i ï - aG l o b i g e r i n n b u l l o i d e s a n e r t u r a

O r b u l i n u Atu,yG lo b o r o t a l i a c f . p r a s c i tu la

lenzuacnsisG l o b o r o t a l i a c f .G l o b i g e r i n o i d e ô Q ü a d r i l o b a t u svxro o fc 2

ÏI3

G l o b o r o t a l i a a e m i l i a n aG l o b o r o t a l i n c r a s s i c p o t o n e n o i s

G lo b o r o t a l ia a c Q s t a e n s i sG l o b o r o t a l i a u n g a l a t aG l o b o q u a d r i n a h u m e ro o aG l o b j g e r i n o i d e b o l l iG l o b i g e r i n o i d e s t r i l o b a s a o cG l o l i g e r i n o i d e s t r i l o b a a l t i a p

G l o b i g e r i n a f a l c o n r n a i s

Globorotalia (T) obessaf T l m i n u t i s s i m aGloborotal

G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s r u b r aG l o b i g e r i n o i d e s o b l i q u a

G l o b i g e r i n o i t a m o r u g a g n s i sG l o b i g e r i n a n e p e n t h e

B E N TH O N IC S

B u l i m i n e l l a s u b f u s I f o r m i sB u l i m i n e l l a e l e g a n t i s & i m aCibicides fletcheriBolivina inlP>rjtmotat t u i D O u e l o c u I i n aN o d o s a r i aE l p h i d i u m advenumR e u r r e l l a m i o c e n i c a

Amaoni b e c c a r i

McMniWU vi/a» rina i s i d r o u r u i iU v i g c r i r ia t .e r t g r l f i

CujkiIl-jiiiœi—

B n ) I V 1 n-'t L f l a t ' i l u

E i p h i d l u m : .u

E l p h i d i u m u - t l c u l a t u mQ u in u iic lo c u l in a la m a rc k iaN o n io n s c u p h u m

B o l i v i n - i m a r g j n a t a

N o n i o n e l l a m i n c e n i c aB i f u r i n aD i s c o r b i n f l l s f l o r i d a p uv e r t e b r a l i n a u p

R o su lin aT e x t u l a r i a

E n t o u o l e n i a c a t e n u l a t aE n t o s o l e n i u l u o i d a

C a j s i d u l i n a l a e v i g a t a

A foV B i f g r i n a h a n c o c i dB o l i v i nutita

t t l a n t i s a .E n t o j o l e n jD i i c o r b i x

B o l l v i n u im p o r c a t aRnunsf'l la bordata

F o n k b o n i i a w u l l ? r s t i - f i

Noninn grxtaloiPiYulYulinoOstracodBIV 11 vtv.f,a :trr),.r> fi:Kca.'.roi'jM l c r ij _burrtiM


181

TUBARA AREA

O s t r a c o d Fauna : I d e n t i f i e d byW. A. van den Bold

L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r i t y

Age ; P l i o c e n e ?

Sample No.

48 C y t h e r e l l o i d e a impages

M u n sey e l la b o l l i i


O r i o n i n a s e r r u l a t a

Loxoconcha c i f f . rhomboidea


C y t h e r o p t e r o n sp .


P a ra c y th e ro m a p u n o t a t a



A r g i l l o e c i a s p .

P a ra c y th e ro m a p u n c t a t a

" I s o c y t h e r e i s " redmondi

B a s s l e r i t e s minutus

Loxoconcha a f f . rhomboidea

C y t h e r o p t e r o n s u b r e t i c u l a t u m X e s t o l e b e r i s sp . A


182

STRAY. ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS60 120 200 2000

NOM-MARINE M A R I N E

S U B L I T T O R A LOZ1 0 0 5 0 INNER MIOOLE OUTER

S h a lelumpsÛ Û

GasHeaveS t r u c :

iH

F ig u r e 46 Summary Arroyo Tubara


183

STRAT. ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISO I P T M 60 120 200 2000

M A R I N ESi S U B L I T T O R A L

1 0 0 3 P INNER I MIDDLE OUTER

O9O

F i g u r e 46A Summary T u b a r a ' E a s t l imb S e c t i o n


184

USIACURI AREA (F igu re 47)

L i t h o s t r a t i g r a p h y :

Coarse g r a i n e d e l a s t i c s and i n t e r b e d d e d m icaceous

s i l t s t o n e c h a r a c t e r i z e t h i s s e c t i o n . Thick bedded ,

c o n g l o m e r a t i c - c o a r s e sand u n i t s a r e exposed i n a p ro m in en t

n o r t h - s o u t h t r e n d i n g hogback, p ro d uced by th e e a s t e r l y

d i p p i n g f l a n k o f the C ib a rc o a n t i c l i n e . The t h i n bedded ,

m icaceous s i l t s t o n e s y i e l d p l a n t f r a g m e n ts , f o s s i l l e a v e s ,

and t h e washed r e s i d u e s o f t e n c o n t a i n more t h a n

l i g n i t e .

Time S t r a t i g r a p h y :( F ig u r e 49 and Table 12)

With t h e e x c e p t i o n o f sam ples 460 and 462, which

c o n t a i n lo n g r a n g in g s p e c i e s , t h e s e c t i o n i s t o t a l l y

b a r r e n o f p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r s .

B e n th i c F o r a m i n i f e r a l A ssem blages :( Table 12)

One sample (No. 2 4 l ) c o l l e c t e d n e a r t h e b a s e o f

th e s e c t i o n c o n ta in e d an abundance o f Ammonia b e c c a r i i .

a r e l i a b l e i n d i c a t o r o f a s se m b la g e s 2-3» m a r g in a l m ar ine

and i n n e r m o s t s h e l f e n v i r o n m e n t s . A t h i c k , e s s e n t i a l l y

b a r r e n i n t e r v a l o v e r l i e s t h i s h o r i z o n , and p e r s i s t s t o

n e a r t h e to p o f the s e c t i o n where a w e l l d e v e lo p ed i n n e r

s h e l f a s sem blage a p p e a r s . T h is f a u n a c o n s i s t s o f


1 8 5

rH to0) O O A

E H C r t O w hA H

OirZfy

cuH ( U À i-H

S n j cd o M CO


186

Ammonia b e c c a r i i . E lp h id iu m e x c a v a tu m . N o n io n e l l a

a . t l a n t i c a . and B u l i m i n e l l a e l e g a n t i s s i m a . (Samples 4 6 0 -

462)

S e d im e n ta r y S t r u c t u r e s : ( F i g u r e 48)

P r im a ry - Many o f t h e f e a t u r e s d e s c r i b e d from t h i s

l o c a l i t y a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e n o t e d i n p a r t o f t h e T u b a r a '

s e c t i o n . They a r e more common h e r e , and i n most c a s e s

e x h i b i t b e t t e r deve lopm ent .

C ro ssbed s - M u l t i d i r e c t i o n a l , s m a l l t o medium s c a l e

c r o s s b e d s a r e found t h r o u g h o u t th e s e c t i o n . Most a re

p l a n a r , and t h e y have formed i n f i n e t o medium g r a i n e d

s a n d s t o n e . This r e p r e s e n t s t h e o n ly P l io c e n e s t r a t i g r a p h i e

s e c t i o n s t u d i e d , where c r o s s b e d s d i s p l a y e d a d ip d i r e c t i o n

o t h e r t h a n w es t o r n o r t h w e s t .

P ^ u i d e m is s io n s t r u c t u r e - S t r u c t u r e s o f t h i s type

o c c u r be low sample No. 250, i n f in e -m ed ium g r a i n e d w e l l

s o r t e d s a n d s t o n e . A d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e s , and

comments p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e i r o r i g i n i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e

d a t a on t h e "T ubara ' A re a " .

C la y b a l l s and lumps - Two h o r i z o n s c o n ta in e d

e l o n g a t e c l a y b a l l s up t o 2 f t . i n maximum d i a m e t e r .

(Samples No. 245 and be low 2 4 9 ) . They d i f f e r from t h o s e

i n th e T u b a r a ' s e c t i o n , by b e i n g more rounded and s l i g h t l y

l a r g e r . I n a l l c a se s t h e y a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d a t p r e f e r r e d

h o r i z o n s .


1 8 7

F ig u r e 48


188

Bedding f e a t u r e s - The most consp icu ou s a s p e c t o f

t h e s e c t i o n i s t h e numerous c o n g lo m e r a t i c u n i t s which

o c c u r a s l e n s e s , i n d i v i d u a l b e d s , and as b a s a l components

o f t h i c k bedded s a n d s t o n e s .


Burrowed h o r i z o n s a r e a b s e n t t h r o u g h o u t most o f t h e

s e c t i o n , and were o b se rv e d o n ly i n th e h o r i z o n o f sam ples

2 5 0 - 2 5 1 » where t h e y a r e found i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i th m ar ine

m o l lu s k s . Burrowing p a t t e r n s d i s p l a y a v e r t i c a l p r im a r y

o r i e n t a t i o n , s u g g e s t i v e o f a s h a l lo w , m o d e ra te ly h ig h

e n e r g y e n v i ro n m en t . T h e i r a c t i v i t y i s l i m i t e d by

i n d u r a t e d s h e l l beds above and be low the burrowed s i l t -

s t o n e .

E n v i ro n m e n ta l A n a l y s i s :( F ig u r e 49 )

The p r im a ry t o o l s u t i l i z e d i n the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

o f t h i s s e c t i o n have b e en t h e s e d im e n ta r y s t r u c t u r e s , and

t h e v e r t i c a l s u c c e s s i o n . A f l u v i a l - m a r g i n a l

m ar ine sequence i s w e l l documented i n most o f th e s e c t i o n

by t h e p r im a ry s t r u c t u r e s , l i t h o l o g y , p l a n t f o s s i l s and

l i g n i t e , an abundance o f m ica , and th e g e n e r a l s t r a t i

g r a p h y . The p a l e o e n v i r o n m e n t a l cu rve i n d i c a t e s th e

f l u v i a l - m a r g i n a l u n i t s and a n o v e r l y i n g t r a n s g r e s s i v e

sequence as e v id e n c e d by th e p r e s e n c e m o l lu sk s , t r a c e

f o s s i l s and b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r s . This p roduces a


1 8 9

r e l a t i o n s h i p a lm o s t i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t d i s p l a y e d i n th e

T u b a r a ' , C h o r r e r a , and Juan de A co s ta s e c t i o n s .

Sample 449 :

One h i g h l y f o s s i l i f e r o u s sample was c o l l e c t e d from

n e a r t h e c r e s t o f th e C ib a rco A n t i c l i n e , w e s t o f U s i a c u r i

( F i g u r e 4 ? ) . I t was n o t p a r t o f a c o n t in u o u s

s e q u e n c e , b u t c o n ta in e d b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l l y and p a l e o -

e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y im p o r t a n t f o r a m i n i f e r a . T h e r e f o r e , i t

was u t i l i z e d i n th e p r e p a r a t i o n o f th e p a le o g e o g r a p h ic

maps. The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s p e c i e s i s p l o t t e d on

T ab le 13.


190

TA6I£ 12DISTRIBUTION OF FORAMINIFERA

USIACURI SECTION (East Limb Cibarco A n t ic l in e )

-

1 1 1o

f\J rofro 1yj\Ikoro5

NJ\CroH

roro A

42*P oo g ro5 3 Oto Qd u 03 0300 OS PLANKTONICS

“ î | |

• • t s |

X AG lob ice r ina f o l i a t aR X C lob ieor ino ides t i i l o b aGlbbS?otalia cF. m in u t i r iT iS -“

X X G lobinerina b - l lo id e s

M BE.NTHONICSX B ulim ine lla e leeantis 'i im a

An^jloffKTinn ^-.niulosa- z

wm

Amuhistii-ina TessnnllC ib jc ides r ie t c h e r i

X Nonionelln at lanl .inaR ELchidlim excavatum■ Ammitnia bec.-ari

> 0 3 . V alv u l in e r ia olasoni* ro.V SS. X V Qulnqi.eloculina lamarckiR y B o l iv 'na tortuo-ja'tC C asaldu lina c f . subcar ina ta

R eusse lia SDinuc.saX \i Dolivina aeminuda

!'l D EiDJiidium Iransluc-nuD Cf. AmmobaculltesH Uvleerina. uoriirrlna v a r . DarvaH Nonion oo.

Quinauelor.ulina seminulumX Bollv ina In te l .iuncta

Uvif'ei-ina c f . i s id ro e n s isX Eluhidlum a u s t ra l

Micro bur;oweX Bivalves

X H Gas troDOd:-'R X X Echinoid spines

X i * R X Qstrnc.ndyX 1 t P lan ts


1 9 1

. . . I '

TABLE 13 NO. 449 • DISTRIBUTION OF FORAMINIFERA

USIACURI SECTION (west o f Usiacuri

center o f Cibarco A n tic lin e)<o

AGE-LATE MIDDLE MIOCENE (N14-17)(D3 Otn ! PLANKTONICSX ■ G loborotalia aonataensls

XI Globigerina netjenthes—f- Globigerinoid.es obliqua

_ Globoquadrina venezueleanay i G lobigerinoides sa ccu liferaCX3 Orbulina universa

. J X Globigerina ju v e n ilis_ A h)'V

_

aBENTHONICS

Melonis oom oiloides_ _ - Melonos barleanus

X WO' P ullen ia b u llo id esP lecto fron d icu laria floridanaUvigerina h isn ida

X Gvroidina a lt ifo r m isy Glandulina la ev ig a taH B olivina p isc iform is

C assidulina subglobosa

.. ENVIRONMENT - Lower bathval -abyssal (9-10)

t111


1 9 2

USIACURI AREA

O s t r a c o d Fauna - I d e n t i f i e d by W. A= van den Bold


Sample No.

462 C y t h e r e l l o i d e a impages



. C y t h e r e l l o i d e a impages

"Cytheromorpha" c a u d a ta

B a s s l e r i t e s minutus


P e l l u c i s t o m a m a g n iv e n t r a

Loxoconcha

C y t h e r u r a s w a in i ?

E u c y h e ru ra


1 9 3

STRAT. ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISD I P T H < 3 60 120 200 2000

fi M A R I N ES U B L IT T O R A LO M

1 0 0 3 0 MIOOLEINNER OUTER

462

252

251

250

F ig u r e 49 Summary U s i a c u r i Area


1 9 4


U NON-MARINC M A R I N E

S U B L I T T OR ALX K

O *INNER MIOOLE OUTER <

247246

243

241240

F i g u r e 49 ( c o n t . )


1 9 5

STRATIGRAFHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES OF INTERGOL WELLS

(Figure 5 0)

Campito No. 3 Tubara No. 4 Campeche No. 1

(Figure 5 1 ) (Figure 5 2 ) (Figure 5 3 )


196

h


1 9 7

STRAT. ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISO IP T M 60 120 200 2000

X X X 2 NON-MARINE M A R I N E

m I K S U B L I T T O R A lMIDDLE OUTER

d ui q CD P/O [ Q - H• o{Lh 1000

2000•H

H

• H3000

• H

4000O '

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Estimapick

tion fron ed slides

Figure 51 Intercol, Campito No. 3


198

TABLE 14DISTRIBUTION OF FIANKTONIC

FORAMINIFERAINTERCOL - CAMPITO NO.

2j?tiaêr.oid3.n llQDSis sphaeroidesseminulum kO£h2

aiQtorotalia (T) ..humerosalo b ifer in o id es eiziuru

jlcbigfcrina nepenthesjlob igerin o id e 3 trilob us tr ilcb u s■rloborotalia sc itu lajlo b o ro ta lia c f . menardiijlo b o ro ta lia c f . obesallo b ig er in a traebulloidejlob iger in a aperturallo b ig er in a c f . bradyi

lob ieer in a fo lia ta01obigen.noides ruberOrbulina universaOlobigerir.a Venezuelans

Ualia menardiSlobigerina druviOrbulina su tu ra lisGlobigerina o f . nepenthes

altlSDJlioboQuadrina EJXallo b o r o ta lia c f . aemelianalob o ro ta lia sc itu la gigantea

jlo b c r o ta lia fohsi lobatallob ig er in o id es quad, immat.O lobigeriio ides sicanusllo b ig e r in ita c f . unicava unjravallo b ig er in a praebulloideslloboQuadrina dehiscensPraeorbulina elomerosa circu lar:l lob orota l-a maveri3l9tig?rina bradyj.l l oborotalia sia.kensis

inoidelobiger] quus quus3lob ogerin ita cf sta in fo r th iro V .lloboquadrina craedeh'j scensI I oro f Ln -p-vo W llo b ig er in a c f . ciperoensisllo b o r o ta lia sc itu la praescitu la llo b ig er in a fo lia taa lob orota lia praemenardii

lob oro ta lia fohsiPraeorbulina c ircu la r isOrbulinaPraeorbulina glomerosa curvallo b o r o ta lia peripherorondaIlob igerin a tr ip a z tita


1 9 ?

TABLE 15DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHONIC

FORAMINIFERAINTERCOL - CAMFITO NO.

T e x t u l a r i a mioaemcia> ta

A M V “ gE g g c r e l l a sx>.Nodosaria at '.Amphjinorphina gpS igm olina KpQ u in g u lo c u l in a a k n e r ia n aU viger ina s u b p e r ig r in aEponidep t e n e rB ulim ina c f . s t r i a t a m exicanaL.pjitipuj.ina americanusC l b ic id e s McKennlP lan u la n a o rn a ta

i d u l i n a c a l i f o r n i c aL’v ig e r i n a h o o ts iNorn on b a r le a n u s

o id in a o ld a n i a l t l l o r m aE p is to m in e l l a P a c i f i c aB o l iv in a c in u a taP u l l e n j a b i i l io id e sMelonio pom.jr ] i desHoo.-lundlna o laganB o l iv in aG vro if ' ina ro tandim ai gcNonion InbradoricumH-inzawuja muntaenU v ig e r jn a hii. piduU vigarinoJ la r.p

a r i e l l a cU vig rr in i ferigrj mC l.iv iil ina forr.mnnipB ulxnnna :ubacpltiinata

id u l i n a t n r l u oiPhogencrina c f . b a s io p in ; - ta

P liiau l iiLPreC vclamm: na c-f . canoe 11a la Haoi0 [ihraymf.i das soAm m nbaculiteT o x t u l a n a grr.mor.iHopkins i n ;-, p a c i l i c aBathvsj pi onQ uingoo locu linaT r a lo c u l in aV a lv u l in e r i a c a s i t a s e r i s i sFontbontia w u e l l e r s t o r f iP lp c t o f r o n d i c u l a r i a cook iB o l iv in a i n t e r i u n c t aBuliim no t r a t aC asn idu li f ia g lo b o saB u l i m i n e l l a nhfuGi formiB ulim ina ova taGlobobulim ina sp .


200


M A R I N ES U B L I T T O R A l

m iddle outer1 0 0 3 0 lOQ INNER

1000

WXD ■HC H QJ O CJ

a d .' lood

2000

F ig u re 5^ Summary I n t e r c o l , Tubar^a No. 4


2 0 1

A B L E 1 6

D IS T R IB U T IO N O F F O R A M IN IF E R A

IN T E R C O L - TU B A R A N O . 4

P L A N K T O N IC S

O r b u l i n a u n i v o r i aG l o b o r o t a l i a m - » n a r d i iG l o b o r o t a l i a f o h c iG l n b i g e r i n a d u t e r t r iG l o b o r o t a l i a m a y e r iG l o b i g e r a n o i d e s r u b r aG l o b i c e r i n o i d e s t r i l o b u s

V ) M t)G l o b o r o t a l i a n r a c - m e n a r d iG l o b o r o t a l i a c u l t r a t a c u l t r a t a H a s t je » = ? r in a r . j p h o n i f e r a p r a e s i p hG l o b i g e r i n o i d e s s i o a n u s

G l o b i g e r i n a v e n e z u ^ l a n aS p h a e r o i d i n e l l o D S i s

C lo b o Q u a d r i n a n r a u d e h i s c e n dG l o b o r o t a l i a o b e s aG l o b i e e r i n l t a u n i c a v u ; .G l o b i g e r i n i t a c f . s t a i n f o r t h iG l o b o r o t a l i a f o h s i b a r i ^ a n e n s i sG lo b o o u n d r i n a u l t i s p i r a g ln b o s aG l o b i g e r i n i t a d i s s i m i l i s

o b i g e r i n i t a s t a i n f o r t h iG lo b o r o t a l i a a c o s t a e n s i sG l o b o r o t a l i a o p im o p im aG l n b o o u a d r i n a s pG l o b i g ^ r i n o i d s s u .b g u a d . r a t u sG l o b i g e r i n o i d s d i m i n u t u ?G i o b i g e r i n a . v e q u a e n s i s

G l o b i g e r i n a a n g u l a s u t u r a l i sC f . C a s s i e e r i n s l l a s p .G l o b o r o t a l i a b o l i v a r i a n a

G l o b i g e r i n a : oR a d i o l a r i n

B E N T H O N ICX IXiriiaolouhriuiQiold

T e :< t_ u lu r fa _A ro VfvK cr] 1- C l a v u l i i u i c o m m u n i :

Û u i n o u r ' l ü c u l i n aPL€M’t i ‘f rond io i j . a n a advenaG l ob ob j l im l r i a ^ a r i C i r aB u l i m i n a a u l 'C a l v aB o l i v i n a : p l so aB o l i v i n a a r g e n t

Q U v l ^ ^ r i n a h i s p i d a " * U v i c o r i n i . h o o t t ; i

U v i g n r i n a r u s t i n a

U v i . g o n n t h u o i d o c o s t a t a

B u l i m i n e l l a s u b f u s i f o r m i sG v r o i d i n a r o t u n d i m a r g oC i b i c i d e M c K a nH o e g lu n d in a e l e g a n sG v r o i d i n a s o l d a n i a l t i f o r m i s

C a s s i d u l i n a u b g . lo b o s aC h i l o s t o m o l l a g r a n d i s

P u i i o n l a . Pu l lo i dG:M e lo n i s p o m u L l i o i d i sN o n io n b a r l e a n uP l a n u l i n a o r n a t a

L a t i c a r i n i n i L _ b u l b r o o J u .P u l l e n i a s a l i s b c r r v iB u l i m i n a r o s t r a t a

B u l i m i n a ubacuminLitaU v i g e r i n a n e n g r i n a

E p o n id e tcnerC i b i c i d e ajfiari-CAauC i b i c i d e s c l ’, f l ^ t o h e nB o l i v i n a o f . i r g o n t ' . ' aG v r o i d i n a c l . c o n d j

N o d o s a r i a s u .D o n t a l i m

L n n t i i u l i n a am ' r i c a ^ i aB u i i m i h u m r k i . o n c n


202

STRAT. ANALYSIS e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n a l y s i sDEPTH

NOH- WAPINE .

60 120 200 2000

M A R I N ES U B LI T T OR AL

ICO 3 0 INNER MIOOLE OUTER

1000

2000

o\T-4 3000

4000 Rad.Flood

o ffera

Ba rrer Dra nini

6000

E st im ap ick e

tic n from l i d e s7000

F ig u r e 53 Summary I n t e r c o l , Campeche No. 1


203

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X E l o h i d i u m e x c a v a t u m> X C i b i c i d e s M o K a n n l

T e x t u l a r i a s o .

> X X H o e e l u n d i n a e l e g a n a

P u l l e n i a b u l l o i d e uN n v p n e r i n u l o h m a n i

P u ’ l e n i a m u l t i l o b a t a

X X G v r o i d i n a a l t i f o r m i s

M .> lo n . ’ o D o m o i l l o i d e sX U v i g e r i n a r u a t i c a

X X ■E u o n i d e s t e n ^ rX C i b i o l d e s c o m o r e s s aB u l i m i n a b l e e c k c - r i c f . m e x i c a n a

1 B u l i m i n a o v u l aK A ro V s s X XX U v i g e r i n a h o c t ^ i

« | P I 4 B u l i m i n a c f . s u b a c u m i n a t aL e n t i c u l i n a c r . a m e r i c a n a

1 g B u l i m i n a c f . s c u l c t u l i iO 1 E d I s t o m i n e l l a b r a d y i

C i h i e i d e s h o d g e i

M n - ^ i n u l i n a ; p .Q u i n o u e l o c u l i n a e l o n g a t aX XX U v i g e r i n a s u b o e r i e r i n aN o n i o n b a r l e a n u s

B u l i m i n a s t r i a t a m e x i c a n a

X U v i g e r i n a p e r l g r i n aH a r . g i n u l i n a n u b a c u l e a t aB u l i m i n a i a c k s o n e n s i sX V a l v u l i n e r i a c a s s i t a c e n s i s

X s U v i g e r i n a h i s o i d a

X C l a v u l i n a c o m m u n is

X X C a c s i d u l i n a s u b g l o b o s a' E p o n i d e s k l e i n p e l l '

X — f " 'V a l v u l i n e r i a d e o r e s s a< B u l i m i n a r o s t r a t a

B u l i m i n a c o r r a g a t aX XX L e n t i c u l i n a s i m o l e x

■ ■ s G v r o i d i n a o r b i c u l a r i s

X V a l v u l i n e r i a k l e i n o e l l iX N o n i o n i n c i s a

i U v l g e r i n e l l u o b e s a

X S t i l o s t o m c l l a s o .

X U v i g e r i n a g a r z a e n s i s

X C i b i c l d e c a m e r i c a n u s

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A B u t . n v . n i n h o n u D .

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VJ\oFORAMINIFSRA

INTERCOL - CAMPECHE NO. 1

R 7.7 G loborotalia iciyerlG lobieerinoides tr ilo b a tr ilo b a

— , G lobigerinita narvulaG lobigerin ita nanarimaensisGloboauadrina st>.Globoouadrina nraedehiecensGlobigerina fo lia ta

.vvX

■‘ t i l

pr\ Globigerinoides sicanus

Globigerina VenezuelansGlobigerinoides unicava unicavaGloborotaloids su ter i

■ D

■ Turborotalia onima opimaGloboouadrina nseudovenezuelana

“ XX X G loborotalia onima onimaX Sohaeroid inellousis semin. kochi

Globigerina amollanerturaX X XV G loborotalia praemenardi

X X xr û G loborotalia ouima nanaGlobigerina angulisu turalisT y Qlrborotalia c f . minutissima

% XX X ■ Globigerina angustumbilicataX G lobigerin ita c f . s ta in fo r th iGlobigerina praebulloides

n i Globigerina ciperoensis1g Globigerina c f . t i ip a r t itaX g G loborotalia kugleri

X Globigerina s e n il isX Globorotalia oerroazulensis

H astigerina sp.Cf. G lobigerapsis sp.—1 G loborotalia increbescens

r n■ — ■ i

? FR adiolària

g □ □ p □ 1î Mysid s ta to lith s. ~ 1 1 □□ □ u . Um □

TAB1J3 18

roo4=

APPENDIX F

P l a n k t o n i c F o r a m i n i f e r a l R e f e r e n c e L i s t

205


206

PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERAL REFERENCE LIST

G l o b i g e r i n a a n g u l i s u t u r a l i s (G. c i p e r o e n s i s a n g u l i s u t u r a l i s B e l l i , 1957t U. S. Na t , Mus,B u l l . 2 1 5 .

G l o b i g e r i n a a n g u s t u m b i l i c a t a (G. c i p e r o e n s i s a n g u s t u m b i l i c a t a B o l l i , 2957.

G l o b i g e r i n a a p e r t u r a Cushman, 1918, U. S. Geol .S u rv e y B u l l . No. 6 7 6 , 57 p . , 12 p l . See a l s o G . r i v e r o a e B o l l i , B o l l i and Bermudez, I 9 6 5 .

G l o b i g e r i n a b r a d y i W iesner , See B anner and Blow,19o0, C o n t r i o , Cush. L ab . Foram. R e s . , v . I I , n . 1, 3 p i .

G l o b i g e r i n a b u l b o s a Le Roy, 1944, Colo rado School Mines Q u a t . , v . 3Q, n . 3 , p t . 1, p . 3 9 , f i g u r e s 2 6 , 2 7 .

G l o b i g e r i n a b u l l o i d e s d 'O rb ig r iy , 1826, Ann. S c o , ,N a t l . , s e r . 1, v . 7, p . 277» Models, n . 7 6 .

G l o b i g e r i n a c i p e r o e n s i s B o l l i , 1954, Cushman Found. Foram. R es . C o n t r . , v . 5» p t . 1, p . 1 .

G l o b i g e r i n a c o n g lo m era ta Schwager , 1866, See Banner and Blow, 19^0, C o n t r i b . Cushman Found. Foram.R e s . , V. I I , p t . 1, pp. 7 - 8 .

G l o b i g e r i n a d r u r v i Akers . 1955» J . P a l e o n t . , v . 29»N. 4 , p . 6 4 -5 , p i . 6 5 » f i g u r e s lA - IC .

G l o b i g e r i n a f a l c o n e n s i s Blow. 1959» B u l l . Amer. P a l . ,V. 39» n . 1 7 8 , p . 1 7 7 . p i . 9» f i g u r e s 40 a - c .

G l o b i g e r i n a f o l i a t a B o l l i . 1957» U.S . N a t l . Mus. B u l l . , V. 2 1 5 , p. I l l , pi. 24, f i g u r e 1 a - c .

G l o b i g e r i n a n e p e n th e s Todd, 1957» U .S . Geol . Survey P r o f . P a p . , n . 280-H, p . 301, p i . 7 8 , f i g u r e 7 .

G l o b i g e r i n a o b esa ( B o l l i ) = G l o b o r o t a l i a obesa B o l l i , 1 9 5 7 » U.S . N a t l . Mus. B u l l . , v . 215» P* 119, p i . 2 9 , f i g u r e s 2a-3-


2 0 7

G l o b i g e r i n a p a r a b u l l o i d e s Blow, 1959, B u l l . Amer, P a l e o n t . , v . 39 , n . 178, p . 177, p i . 9, f i g u r e s 40 a - c , 4 l .

G l o b i g e r i n a t e l l a i n s u e t a Cushman and S t a in f o r - t h , 19^5, Cushman Lab. Foram. R e s . , Spec . P u b l . , n . l 4 , p . 6 9 , p i , 1 3 , f i g u r e s 7 - 9 .

G l o b i g e r i n i t a g l u t i n a t a ( E g g e r ) , 1895, K. B oyer . Ahad, W is s . , Math P h y s . , C l . A p p r . , v . 18, p t . 2, p . 371, p i . 1 3 , f i g u r e s l 4 - 2 1 .

G l o b i g e r i n i t a n a p a r i m a e n s i s Bronniman, 1951, See B o l l i , L o e b l i c h and Tappan, 1957» U.S . N a t . Mus. B u l l .No. 2 1 5 .

G l o b i g e r i n i t a s t a i n f o r t h i ( B o l l i , L o e b l i c h , and T appan) , 1 9 5 7 , U.S. N a t . Mus. B u l l . 215.

G l o b i g e r i n i t a u n i c a v a ( B o l l i , L o e b l i c h , and Tappan) , 1 9 5 7 , U.S. N a t . Mus. B u l l . No. 215, p . 37, 7 p .

G l o b i g e r i n o i t a m o ru g ae n s i s Banner and Blow, I 9 6 0 ,Some p r im a ry t y p e s o f s p e c i e s b e lo n g in g to t h e s u p e r f a m i ly G l o b i g e r i n a c e a ; Cushman Found. Foram.R es . C o n t r i b . , v . I I , pp . l - 4 l .

G l o b i g e r i n a . j u v e n i l i s B o l l i , 1957, U.S. N a t l . Mus.B u l l . 2 1 5 , p . 110, p i . 2 6 , f i g u r e s 5 a -6 .

G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s a l t i a o e r t u s B o l l i , 1957, U.S. N a t l .Mus. B u l l . , V. 2 1 5 , p. 1 1 3 , pi. 2 5 , f i g u r e s 7, 8 .

G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s b o l l i i Blow. 1959, B u l l . Amer. P a l e o n t . , V . 39, n. 1 7 8 , p . 184-190 , p i . 10, f i g u r e 6 5 a - c .

G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s o b l io u u s B o l l i , 1957, U.S. N a t l . Mus. B u l l . 2 1 5 , p . 1 1 3 , p i . 2 5 , f i g u r e s 9 -10 .

G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s p r i m o r d i u s Blow and Banner , I 9 6 2 , i n Eames, e t a l . . Fund am en ta ls o f M i d - T e r t i a r y (Upper Eocene to A q u i t a n i a n ) s t r a t i g r a p h y , p . 115, p l . 9, f i g u r e s Dd.EF.

G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s r u b e r ( d *Orbign.v)=G l o b i g e r i n a r u b r a d 'O rb ig n y , 1839, F o r a m i n i f e r a , i n de l a s a g r a .H i s t . Phys. P o l . N a t . Cuba, p p . 8 2 -83 , p l . 4 , f i g u r e s 12-14.


2 0 8

G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s s i c a n u s de S t e f a n i , 1940. i n Cushman and S t a i n f o r t h , 1945, J . P a l e o n t . , v . 3^7 p l . 13, f i g u r e 6 .

G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s t r i l o b u s ( R e u s s ) - G l o b i g e r i n a t r i l o b a R e u ss , 1 8 5 0 , K. Akad, W iss . Wien, M a th -N a t . , v . 1, p . 3 7 4 , p l . 4 7 , f i g u r e 11.

G lo b o q u a d r in a a l t i s p i r a a l t i s p i r a (Cushman and J a r v i s ) 1 9 3 6 , Cushman Lab. Foram. R e s . , v . 12, p t . 1, 5 P»See a l s o Lamb and Beard , 1972.

G lo b o q u a d r in a d u t e r t r e i ( d 'O r b i g n y ) , See Banner and Blow, i 960 and Lamb and B e a rd , 1972.

G lo b o q u a d r in a p r a e d e h i s o e n s Blow and B anner , 1962, i n Eames, e t a l . , Fundamentals o f M i d - T e r t i a r y (Upper Eocene t o A q u i t a n i a n ) s t r a t i g r a p h y , p . I I 6 , p l . 15, f i g u r e Q-S.

G lo b o q u a d r in a t r i p a r t i t a (Koch) =G l o b i g e r i n a b u l l o i d e s t r i p a r t i t a Koch. 1926. E g log ae G eo l . H e l v . , v . 19, n . 3 , p . 746, f i g u r e 2 1 . ^

G l o b o r o t a l i a a e m i l i a n a C o la io ng o and S a r t o n i , I 9 6 7 , G l o b o r o t a l i a h i r s u t a a e m i l i a n a nuova s c o t t o s p e c i e c r o n o l o g i c a d e l P l io c e n e i n I t a l i a : G i o r . G eo log iaS e r . 2, V. 34, pp. 255-284 .

G l o b o r o t a l i a ( T u r b o r o t a l i a ) a c o s t a e n s i s Blow, 1959,B u l l . Amer. P a l e o n t . , v . 39 , n . 178, p . 208, p l . 17, f i g u r e s IO6 - IO 7 .

G l o b o r o t a l i a a rc h e o m e n a rd i i B o l l i , 1957, U.S. N a t l . Mus. B u l l . , 2 1 5 , pp . 215 - 2 1 6 , p l . 18, f i g u r e 117 a - c .

G l o b o r o t a l i a b i r n a g a e Blow. 1959, B u l l . Amer. P a l e o n t . , V. 39 , p. 120, p l . 1 7 , f i g u r e s 1 0 8 a -c .

G l o b o r o t a l i a f o h s i Cushman and E l l i s o r , 1939, Cushman Lab. Foram. R e s . , C o n t r . , v . 15, p l . 1, p . 12, p l . 2, f i g u r e 6 .

G l o b o r o t a l i a k u g l e r i B o l l i . 1 9 5 7 , U.S. N a t . Mus. B u l l . , V . 2 1 5 , p . Î 1 Ô , p l . 2 8 , f i g u r e s 5 - 6 .

G l o b o r o t a l i a nana B o l l i , 1957, U.S. N a t . Mus. B u l l . 215, p . 118, p l . 28, f i g u r e s 3 a - c .

G l o b o r o t a l i a opima B o l l i . 1957, U .S . N a t l . Mus. B u l l . ,V. 215, p. 117, pl. 2 8, figures 1-2 .


2 0 9

G l o b o r o t a l i a p e r i o h e r o r o n d a Blow and Banner , 1966, M i c r o p a l e o n t . , v . 1 2 , n . 3 , p . 294, p l . 1 ,. f i g u r e s l a - o .

G l o b o r o t a l i a o u l t r a t a ( d 'O r b i g n y ) , 1839, Banner and Blow, i 9 6 0 , C o n t r i b . Cushman Fdn. Foram. R e s . ,V. I I , p t . 1, 3 4 p . , 6 p l ,

G l o b o r o t a l i a o r a s s i c r o t o n e n s i s Conato and F o l l a d o r , 1 9 6 7 , G l o b o r o t a l i a c r o t o n e n s i s e G l o b o r o t a l i a c r a s s a c r o t o n e n s i s nuove s p e c i e s d e l P l io c e n e I t a l i a n o : Soc. G eo l . I t a l i a n a , B o l l . , v . 84,PP* 5 5 5 - 5 6 3 .

G l o b o r o t a l i a humerosa l a k a y a n a g i and S a i t o , I 9 6 2 ,Tohoku Univ. S o i . R e p o r t s , S e r . 2 (G e o l . ) S p e c i a l Volume 1 5 , 78 p . , 28 p l . See a l s o Lamb and B eard , 1 9 7 2 , p l . 8 .

G l o b o r o t a l i a i n f l a t a ( d 'O r b i g n y ) , 1839. See Banner and Blow, I 9 6 7 , M i c r o p a l e o n t . , v . I 3 , n . 2, pp . 145-146.

G l o b o r o t a l i a l e n g u a e n s i s B o l l i , 1957, U.S. N a t l . Mus. B u l l . 2 1 5 , p . 120, p l . 2 9 , f i g u r e s f a - c .

G l o b o r o t a l i a m a r g a r i t a e B o l l i and Bermudez, I 9 6 5 ,Z o n a t io n b a se d on p l a n k t o n i c F o r a m in i f e r a o f m idd le Miocene t o P l io c e n e warm-water s e d im e n t s : B o l ,I n f . , V. 8, pp . 119 - 1 4 9 .

G l o b o r o t a l i a ma y e r i Cushman and E l l i s o r , 1939, C o n t r i b . Cushman Lab. Foram. R e s . , v . 15, p t . 1, 11 p .

G l o b o r o t a l i a m e n a rd i i ( d 'O r b i g n y ) , 1826, see Lamb and B e a rd , 1972.

G l o b o r o t a l i a merotumida Blow and Banner , I 9 6 5 , N a t u r e , V. 2 0 7 , n . 5004, p . 1 3 5 2 , f i g u r e l a - c .

G l o b o r o t a l i a m in u t i s s im a B o l l i , 1957, P l a n k to n i c F o r a m i n i f e r a from th e O l igocene-M iocene C ipero and Lengua Form ations o f T r i n i d a d , B .W .I . , U.S .N a t l . Mus. B u l l . 215, PP* 97-123*

G l o b o r o t a l i a p ra e m e n a r d i i Cushman .and S t a i n f o r t h , 1945, Cushman Lab. Foram. R e s . , Spec . P u b l . , n . l 4 , p . 70, p l . 1 3 , f i g u r e l 4 .


210

G l o b o r o t a l i a p r a e s c i t u l a Blow. 1959, B u l l . Amer. P a l e o n t . , V. 3 9 » pp . 2 2 1 , p l . 1 9 , f i g u r e 128a-o .

G l o b o r o t a l i a s c i t u l a ( B ra d y ) - P u l v i n u l a s o i t u l a B rad y ,1882, Roy. Soc. E d in b u r g h , P r o c . , v . 11, p . 7 l 6 .

G l o b o r o t a l i a s i a k e n s i s Le Roy, 1939, N a tuurk . T i j d s c h r . N e d e r l . - I n d i e , v , 9 9 , n . 6 , p p . 3 9 - k o , See a l s o B o l l i , 1957» and Lamb and Beard , 1972.

G l o b o r o t a l o i d e s s u t e r i B o l l i , 1957, U.S. N a t l . Mus.B u l l . , n . 215» p . 117» p l . 27» f i g u r e s 9a-13‘b .

H a s t i g e r i n a a e a u i l a t e r a l i s (Cushman), 1917» (H. s i p h o - n i f e r a i n v o l u t a ) U .S . N a t . Mus. P r o c . , v . 51» n . 2172, 662 p . See Blow, 1959.

H a s t i g e r i n a s i p h o n i f e r a ( d 'O r b i g n y ) , 1339. See B anner and Blow, I 96O, M i c r o p a l e o n t . , v . 6 , n . 1, pp . 2 2 -23 .

O r b u l i n a s u t u r a l i s Bronnimann, 1951» C en t . Cushman Found. Foram. R e s . , v . 2, p t . 4, p . 135.

O r b u l i n a u n i v e r s a d 'O r b i g n y , 1839, F o r a m i n i f e r a , i n de l a S a g r a H i s t . Phys . P o l . N a t . Cuba, p . 3» p l . 1, f i g u r e 10

P r a e o r b u l i n a g lom erosa (B low), 1956, M i c r o p a l e o n t . ,V. 2, n . 1, p . 6 5 .

S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s k o c h i ( C a u d r i ) = G lo b i g e r in a k o c h i C a u d r i , 1934, T e r t i a r y d e p o s i t s o f Soembs, p . 144, p l . 3 5 1 » f i g u r e s 8 2 - 6 .

Sphaeroidinellopsis sphaeroides Lamb and Beard, I968,G u l f C o a s t Assoc. G e o l . S o c . , T ran s , p . 184, p l . 4,

figures 3 - 5 . Also Lamb and Beard, 1972.


APPENDIX G Surface Sections

211


535mCHORRERA SECTION

C e n t e r o f T u b a ra ' S y n o l in e S a n d s t o n e - t a n , v e r y d i r t y , abd . n o l l u s k s (whole & f r a g m e n t s ) , m e d . - c s e . g r a i n e d . S h a l e - b r . - g r a y , t h i n i r r e g . bed d ed .

c o v e r e d 32 m.

S a n d s t o n e - m e d . - c s e . g r a i n e d , l a c k s b e d d in g , a b d . s h e l l f r a g m e n t s .S h a l e - b r . - g r a y , t h i n , e v e n l y bedd ed .

212

c o v e r e d ap p rox . 190 m.

S a n d s t o n e - b r . - t a n , p o o r l y s o r t e d , abd . s h e l l f r a g , and c l a y .

S h a l e - b r . - d k . g r a y , h i - o x . , e v e n l y b edded .

IS a n d s t o n e - b r . - t a n , ab d . s h e l l f r a g . & w hole , b o t h v a lv e s o f some, low er beds c o n t a i n ab d . b i v a l v e s , concave up, f n . g r a i n e d sand , c l a y v e r y abd .

191 3

189 I188

S h a l e - b r . g r a y , t h i n i r r e g . bedded , s i l t s t r i . n i j e r s common, abd . l i g n i t e i n r e s i d u e s , h i g h l y o x i d i z e d .

S h a l e - v e r y t h i n bedded .

S a n d s t o n e -b r o w n - t a n , a b d . c l a y , s i l t and f n . g r a i n e d sand , s h e l l f r a g s , common.

S h a l e - d k . g r a y to brown, t h i n i r r e g . bedded .

510m


213

500m

182

181

S a n d s t o n e - b r . . p o o r l y s o r t e d , f n . - m e d . g r a i n e d , abd . s h e l l f r a g .

S h a l e - b r . - d k . g r a y , l a m i n a t e d a t t o p , i r r e g u l a r l y bedded n e a r b a s s .

S a n d s t o n e - t a n , v e r y d i r t y , med. g r a i n e d , abd . f OSS . f r a g .

I

S h a l e - b r . , t h i n , p o o r l y b ed d ed , r a r e s i l t , m i c r o b i o t u r b a t i o n , p o k e r c h ip p e d b u r ro w s .

S h a l e - s i l t s t o n e - t h i n bedded w i t h even i n t e r b e d s o f v e r y f i n e s a n d .

c o v e r e d a p p ro x . l6o m.

S h a l e - d k . b r . t o g r . , homogeneous, l a c k s good b e d d in g .

N-S2-5ES i l t s t o n e - s h a l e - t h i c k b edded , b r . - g r a y , a bd . m o l l u s k s , f r a g . & whole , many a p p a r e n t l y t r a n s p o r t e d w es tb i v a l v e s random ly o r i e n t e d .S h a l e - b r . - d k . g r a y , t h i n , p o o r l y b ed ded ,

c o v e re d a p p ro x . 65 m.

48 Om

S a n d s t o n e - l t . t a n , m e d . - f i n e g r a i n e d , m ass ive u n i t , t h i n g r a v e l beds (6 -1 2 i n . ) , a b d . O s t r e a . f r a g . & whole , most s h e l l s a p p ro x . same s i z e .


2 1 4

m

177

176

175

174

173 ■172

46 Om

c o v e re d ap p ro x , 35 m.

S h a l e - b r . . t h i n , p o o r l y bedded .

S a n d s to n e - t a n , r e s i s t a n t , v e r y d i r t y , abd, s h e l l f r a g .

c o v e red ap p ro x . 70 m,

S h a l e - b r . t h i n , i r r e g . bedded , l i g n i t e and gyp . common.

S a n d s to n e - t a n , m e d . - f n . g r a i n e d , abd. m o l lu sk s and f r a g m e n t s .

S i l t s t o n e - l t . brown, t h i n i n t e r b e d s o f s a n d , p o o r l y s o r t e d , a b d . m o llusks and f r a g .

S a n d s to n e - t a n , abd . c l a y , m e d . - f i n e g r a i n e d .

169


215

S a n d s to n e - t a n , m e d , - f i n e g r a i n e d , c l a y abd . g r a v e l u n i t a t t o p (5 f t . ) , s a n d o l l a r s i n f l o a t ,N-S8E

164 rzr

S h a l e - b r . , p o o r l y b e d d ed , h i - o x .

440mS h a l e - s i l t s t o n e - d k . g r a y , s h e l l f r a g s , abd .

S i l t s t o n e - s h e l l bed , e x c e l l e n t p r e s e r v . ab d . m o l l , and f r a g m e n t s , v e r y d i r t y , f i n e sand and s i l t , I g . b o u l d e r s (1 -2 f t . d i a . ) a t b a s e .

S h a l e - b r . t o g r a y , t h i n i r r e g . bedded, r a r e f o s s i l s .

m m

S a n d s to n e - t a n , p o o r l y bedded and s o r t e d , c l a y , abd . m ollusk f r a g , ab d . f i n e to V. f i n e sand , r a r e O s t r e a , Area and T u r r i t e l l a .


216

153

152

151

151a

400m

467

S h a l e - b r . . t h i n p o o r l y bedded , v e r y i r r e g u l a r , r a r e m o l lu sk s and s h e l l f r a g . , b r e a k s i n t o s p h e r i c a l m asses .

S a n d s to n e - t a n - l t . b r . , l a c k s bed , m ed .- f n . g r a i n e d , m o l l . a b d . , p o o r l y s o r t e d , I g . b l o c k s o f m o l lu sk b e a r i n g s i l t s t o n e ( . 5 - 1 f t . d i a . ) .

G r a v e l - p o o r l y s o r t e d , c l a s t s o f m i lk y q t z . , b l a c k and t a n c h e r t , p o o r l y bedded, abd . m o l l . , whole and f r a g . , O y s t re a and A r e a , c l a s t s up t o 1 .5 i n . d i a . rounded t o sub rou n ded .

S a r d s t p n e - t a n - g r a y , i n t e r b e d d e d w i th s i l t b e d s , p o o r l y s o r t e d , abd . c l a y , p o o r l y bedded, fosr>. f r a g . abd .

S h a l e - d k . b r . t h i n , p o o r l y bedcJed, r a r e macra f o s s i l s ( m o l l . ) , c l a y & s i l t .

co v e red pO m.N20E

2SS a n d s to n e - t h i c k bedd ed , m e d . - f n . g r . , p o o r l y s o r t e d , ab d . m o l l . f r a g .

change i n s c a l e

N30ElOS

S i l t - f i n e g r a i n e d s a n d s t o n e - t a n - l t . g r a y , abd . m o l lu s k s , p o o r l y s o r t e d .


217

4-70 -_r3

4-71 --_-j

3 0 0 m

473

474

475200m —

476

S a n d s to n e - t a n - ' b r . . m e d . - c s e . g r a i n e d , a b d . m o l l u s k s , b u r ro w ed , h o r i z o n t a l and i n c l i n e d .

Channe1- e x c e l i e n t example o f c o a r s e n i n g upward s e q u e n c e .

S a n d s to n e - m e d . - c s e , g r a i n e d , p l a n a r x -b ed s d i p p in g w es t (sm.-med. s c a l e ) .

N25E9S

S h a l e - d k . g r a y , e v e n ly bed d ed , abd . m o l lu s k s , a l t e r n a t i n g sequence o f s h a l e and s i l t s t o n e .

S a n d s to n e -med. g r a i n e d , t a n - g r a y , c h a n n e le d i n t o s u b j a c e n t mudstone, x -bedded on one h o r i z o n .

S h a l e " g r a y , even bedded , h i - o x , a b d , gyp.


2 1 8

100m —

477

478

0

479

^80

481

482

IReproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

219550m HIBACHARO SECTION

S a n d s t o n e - c o n g l o m e r a t e - c h a o t i c mass o f c s e . e l a s t i c s above u n c o n fo rm i ty .

S a n d s to n e - f i n e - m e d . g r a i n e d , t a n , abd , c l a y , d i r t y , i n t e r b e d d e d w i th s i l t s t o n e , s h e l l f r a g . abd .

S h a l e - d k . g r a y , i r r e g u l a r l y bedded , homogeneous t h r o u g h o u t

S h a l e - d k . g r a y , cu rv ed b u r ro w s , l i g n i t e common i n washed r e s i d u e s .

S h a l e -mod, g r a y , homogeneous, i n t e r bedded w i th t h i n ( 3 " - 5 " ) beds of r e s i s t a n t s a n d s t o n e , exposed by p a t h .

N35W9NE

S h a l e -


220

350m

331

%

421

200m

Shale-med.-It. gray, poorly bedded, hi-gyp.K50W15-20NE

Sandstone-tan, dirty, med.-fn. grained, shale stringers at base, sharp basal contact with underlying shale.

Shale-ss.-sh. interbedded, small scale cross laminations, gray-tan, abd. clay.

Ironstone-shrinkage cracks, bed thickness 0.5-0.75 in.Graded bedShale (irreg. erosional contact)

N30W5E


221200m

100m

420

S a n d s to n e - t a n , d i r t y , m e d . - f n . g r a i n e d , abd , s h e l l f r a g m e n ts and e n t i r e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h i n u n i t s , ( s m a l l Don&x s p . )

S M l e-med. g r a y , i r r e g , bedded, h i - o x .

S h a l e -med. g r a y , p o o r l y bedded.

S h a l e - d r . - m e d . g r a y , beds v e r t i c a l , abd . m ic ro fa u n a


222100m

327

418

S a n d s to n e - t a n ~ l t . g r . , med. g r a i n e d , homogeneous, m a s s i v e .

,S h a l e -d k . -m e d . g r a y .N21E

20SE

S a n d s to n e -med. b r . - t a n , med. g r a i n t o c l a y , s h e l l f r a g , common, i n c l i n e d burrows 1" d i a m e t e r .N30W

8-lOE


223

220m

271

ARROYO JUAN de ACOSTA-SEGTION 1S a n d s to n e -med. g r a i n e d , t a n , c o a r se n s toward b a s e , s l a b s o f v . f . san d , ( rounded) c h a n n e le d , g r a v e l f i l l e d , i r r e g u l a r c o n t a c t c u t t i n g i n t o u n d e r l y i n g s h a l e , c l a s t s up t o 6" d iam . composed o f w e l l bedded s i l t s , g r a v e l r e p r e s e n t s ba se o f Juan de A c o s ta Pm,

covered

N-S10-12ES h a l e - d r . g r a y , t h i n i r r e g . bedded, b r e a k s o u t i n c o n c r e t i o n l i k e b a l l s , un i fo rm t h r o u g h o u t .

co v ered

1 50m268 S i l t s t o n e - g r a y t o brown, i n t e r b e d d e d w i th

f i n e sand , e v e n ly b ed d ed , h i - o r g . i n s i l t b e d s .

267

N70E11?

S i l t s t o n e - s h a l e - d r . g r a y - b l a c k , abd . o r g . , t h i n i r r e g u l a r b e d s .

100m

S i l t s t o n e - d r . g r a y - b l a c k , m o l lu sk common, I g . O s t r e a s p . (6 i n . l o n g ) , I g . r a z o r clams (4 -5 i n . l o n g ) ab d . Area s p .

co v ered

2 6 !i.

S i l t s t o n e - c o n c r e t i o n b e d , s m a l l b u r ro w s . S i l t s t o n e - g r e e n - g r a y , e v e n l y bedded, g r a d a t i o n a l c o n t a c t .Sands t o n e - t a n - g r a y . i r r e g . bedded, abd . b u r row s , I g . s t r u c t u r e w i th numerous (3 -4 ) burrows l e a d i n g away, a p p e a r s to be a d w e l l i n g s t r u c t u r e f i l l e d w i t h fn . sand & s i l t , numerous b r a n c h i n g , h o r i z o n t a l , and v e r t i c a l b u r r o w s .


224

0

263

m262261

50m

OOOOAfi&

260

%

S a n d - s i l t s t o n e - t a n - g r a v . even b edded .

N?4El i s

n o d u les

co v ered

S a n d s to n e - m a s s i v e , t h i c k bedded , abd . t r a c e f o s s i l s on b e d d in g p l a n e , m ed .- c s e . g r a i n e d san d , l a c k s body f o s s i l s , a l l s k e t c h e s from same b e d d in g p l a n e .

S a n d s to n e - t a n - b r o w n , t h in - m e d . bedded , becomes t h i n n e r bedded and s i l t c o n t e n t i n c r e a s e s d o w n sec t io n , v e r y e v e n ly bedded .S i l t s t o n e - d k . g r a y - b l . , t h i n p o o r l y bedded , h ig h gyp. c o n t e n t , T u r r i t e l l a s p . a b d . , random ly o r i e n t e d .


22530m

113

114-

115

116

117

113

119

1201 5 m

121

122

123

124

12

126

127

128

129130

ARROYO JUAN de ACOSTA-SEGTION 2

S h a l e - d k . g r a y , v e r y homogeneous, p o o r l y bedded , l a c k s macro f o s s i l s o r s t r u c t u r e s , (one burrow a t # 1 2 4 , )

A l l m a t e r i a l examined i s c l a y s i z e d . T h is i s th e f i n e s t and most homogeneous m a t e r i a l o bse rved i n th e a r e a o f s t u d y .


226

250m

200m

150m

148

142

ARROYO JUAN de ACOSTA-SEGTION 3S h a l e - d k . g r a y , p o o r l y bedded, abd . m o l lu sk s h e l l s and f r a g m e n ts .

S a n d s to n e - t a n t o med. g r a y , p o o r l y s o r t e d , b u t r e l a t i v e l y f r e e o f c l a y , c s e , sand t o g r a v e l , t h i c k bedded .

S a n d s to n e - t a n . I t . g r a y , med. bedded , t h i n g r a v e l u n i t a t b a s e , p e b b le s and t h i c k s h e l l e d Area o b v i o u s l y t r a n s p o r t e d .

S i l t s t o n e - d k . g r a y , burrowed,

N34E14S

S i l t s t o n e -a n d s h e l l b e d , l a r g e burrows i n c l i n e d 45 d e g re e s ( 2 " - 3" d i a . ) g r a y , h i g h l y b i o t u r b a t e d .


227

100m

50m

141

140

m m

135

S a n d s to n e - m a s s i v e . b ro w n - t a n , med. g r a i n , t h i n , i r r e g u l a r l y bedded , p o o r l y d e v e l oped c r o s s b e d s , ( p l a n a r , sm. s c a l e ) , s l i g h t c o n v o l u t i o n s .

N50E7SE

S a n d s t o n e - t a n - g r a y , t h i c k bedded, med. c s e . g r a i n e d , a p p a r e n t l y homogenous.

S a n d s to n e - t a n , m ass ive i n u pper p o r t i o n , c o a r s e g r a i n e d , p o o r l y s o r t e d , l a r g e ( 6 " - l * d i a . ) c l a y lumps, c r o s s beds d ip w e s t .

S i l t s t o n e and s h a l e - i n t e r b e d d e d sequence o f e x c e l l e n t x -b e d s i n s a n d s .

S h a l e - s i l t s t o n e - d k . g r a y even b edded , v e ry s m a l l s c a l e c r o s s l a m i n a t i o n , v e r t i c a l U -shaped b u r ro w s . " S k o l i t h e s " F a c i e s , Ophiomorphia c f . n o d o s a .


228

1980m ARROYO PIOJO (SACO)S a n d s to n e - t a n , im m ature , m o d e r a te ly w e l l s o r t e d , med. g r a i n e d , s h a l e d i a p i r s a t b a s e .

f \ISha leI d i a n i

S h a l e -med. g r a y , t h i n e v e n ly bedded , t h i n sand h o r i s o n s a t b a s e w i th f l a z e r b e d d in g , s m a l l s c a l e x - b e d s , l i g n i t e abd.

r s

if-03

S a n d s to n e - t h i n e v e n l y bedded , f i n e g r a i n , e r o s i o n a l s u r f a c e a t b a s e .S a n d s to n e -med. g r a y , f n . t o c s e . g r a i n , p o o r l y s o r t e d , abd . c l a y , c o n v o lu te and d i s t o r t e d .

402

S i l t s t o n e - t a n . h i - o x . gyp. on f r u c t u r e s , c o a r s e n s upward toward t h i n s l i g h t l y r e s i s t a n t b e d .

401

1900m%

400 ai

S a n d s to n e -med. g r a y , d i r t y , f n . t o med. g r a i n , s h e l l f r a g , c o n c e n t r a t e d a t c e r t a i n h o r i z o n s , p o s s i b l e f e s t o o n s .

S h a l e -med. g r a y , homogeneous.


2 2 9

399

398

397

1800m

68

S a n d s to n e -med. t a n , m e d . - f n . g r a i n e d , t h i n beds o f l i g n i t e ( l " - 2 " ) i n t e r b e d d e d w i th s a n d s , s m a l l s c a l e x - b e d s .

S a n d s to n e -med. g r a y , fn . - m e d . g r a i n , t h i n bedded, s c a t t e r e d b i v a l v e s .

S h a l e - t h i n bed ded , med. g r a y t h i n i n t e r b e d s o f f i n e sand , p l a n t f r a g s . , abd . sm. s c a l e x -b e d s , i n t h i n bedded s a n d s .S a n d s to n e - g r a v . m e d . - f n . g r a i n , i n t e r b e d d e d w i th s i l t s t o n e .N-SlOE

S i l t s t o n e - t h i n e v e n l y bedded, dk. g r a y , no f a u n a .N17E

HE

S i l t s t o n e - f i n e s a n d s t o n e - d a r k g r a y , r e s i s t a n t , t h i c k bedded , s l i g h t l y c o a r s e r t h a n beds above, no s t r u c t u r e s , r a r e c o n c r e t i o n s .

S i l t s t o n e -d k . g r a y , e v e n l y bedded, n o d u l a r s t r u c t u r e s .

80

S i l t - s a n d s t o n e - a l t e r n a t i n g t h i n bedded s a n d s , b ro w n -g ra y s i l t s , burrowed (10° i n c l i n . ) i n t o s u b s t r a t a from sand h o r i z o n . N30E

16E

S a n d s to n e - r e s i s t a n t u n i t , dk. g r a y - b r . , v e ry f n . g r a i n e d , p o o r l y bedded. O y s t e r s a b d . . P e c te n s p . , Area s p .


230

S i l t s t o n e - t h i n bedded, dk. g r a y - b r . , i r r e g u l a r b e d s .S a n d s to n e - b r . . m e d . - f n . g r a i n e d , x -beds r a r e , r a r e burrows ( v e r t i c a l and i n c l i n e d ) g e n e r a l l y even bedded .

c o v e redS ands t o n e -mas s i v e . I t . t a n , fn . - m e d . g r a i n e d , no x -b ed s or b u r ro w s , t h i c k - t h i n bedded , co n v o lu te beds n e a r b a s e .N17E

12E

S i l t s t o n e -d k . g r a y , t h i n e v e n l y bedded, l i g n i t e , q t z . common, m o l l . f r a g . r a r e .

S a n d s to n e - l t . b r . , m a s s i v e l y even bedded, l a r g e c l a s t s o f t h i n b edded s i l t s t o n e , p l a n a r and t r o u g h x -beds n e a r b a s e .

72 S i l t s t o n e - s i l t and f n . s a n d , dk. g ray i n t e r b e d d e d w i th med. g r a i n e d s a n d s , l i g n i t e and m uscov i te abd .

S a n d s to n e - t a n , med. g r a i n e d , med. bedded, no s t r u c t , or f o s s i l s .S i l t s t o n e - a l t e r n a t i n g sequ en ce o f s i l t s and f n . g r a i n e d s a n d s .S a n d s to n e - f n . - m e d . g r a i n e d . I t . b r . , even med. bedded .

74

'41 m

' S i l t s t o n e - r e s i s t a n t , med. g r a y w i th l a r g e b o u l d e r s o f w e l l bedded s i l t s t o n e .

N5W12SE


2 3 1

75

76

81

1700m

léOOm

88

1500m

89

90

91

S i l t s t o n e - s a n d s t o n e - in te r 'b e d d e d sequence o f s i l t and f n . s a n d , med, g r a y , t h i n bedded, s m a l l burrows ( 1 / 2 i n . d i a . ) e x te n d in g from sands i n t o muds, l i g n i t e common.S i l t s t o n e - m e d . g r a y , t h i n bedded w i th t h i n beds o f V. f n . sa n d , burrowed ( p r i m a r i l y i n s a n d s ) .

S a n d s to n e - l t . t a n , m e d . - c s e . g r a i n , w e a th e rs dk . g r a y , abd . o y s t e r s ,T u r r i t e l l a s p . cnm;.oon.

S a n d s to n e - l t . b r . - t a n , p o o r l y s o r t e d , d i r t y , abd . b i v a l v e s , r a z o r clams (4 i n . l o n g ) , o y s t e r s and Area s p .N5W

16SES a n d s to n e - t a n - b r . m a s s iv e , med. g r a i n e d , w e l l s o r t e d i n t e r b e d d e d w i th s i l t s and c l a y . S a n d s t o n e - s i l t s t o n e - d k . g r a y , i n t e r b e d d e d s i l t s i n beds .5 f t . - 1 .5 f t . , absence o f f o s s i l s , b u r ro w s .

S i l t s t o n e -med. g r a y , r e s i s t a n t , abd . b i v a l v e s .

S i l t s t o n e -med. g r a y , r e s i s t a n t , , abd . o y s t e r s .S a n d s to n e - t h i n bedded . I t . t a n , n o d u le s .N16E

17SE

c o v ered 46 m.S a n d s to n e-V. f n . g r a i n e d , dk. g r a y , t h i n bedded , r a r e f o s s i l s ( b i v a l v e s ) .S h a l e - s i i a l e - s i l t s t o n e i n t e r b e d d e d , t h i n bedded, dk. g r a y .S a n d s to n e - f n . g r a i n , dk. g r a y , med. bedded .

S i l t s t o n e -med. g r a y , t h i n bedded , i n t e r bedded wikh v . f . sa n d .

N15E16SE

S a n d s t o n e - s i l t s t o n e -med. g r a y , i n t e r b u d d e d rx'qu( n e e .


92

c o v e re d 20 m.

232

9394

S a n d s to n e ~ fn . g r a i n e d , t a n , w e a th e rs g r a y , T u r r i t e l l a s]3 , , P e c t e n s p .

95

c o v e red 20 m.

c o v e red 3^ m.

S a n d s t o n e - h r . - t a n , m a s s iv e , d i r t y , m o l l , c o n c e n t r a t e d i n some b e d s .

96 S i I t s t o n e - g r a y , t h i n bedded , no s t r u c t u r e s .

97

S a n d s to n e - t a n , m e d . - f n . g r a i n e d , t h i n beds o f s i l t , e v e n ly bediied .

S i l t s t o n e - a l t e r n a t i n g sequence of s i l t s t o n e and v e r y f n . sand and s h a l e .

I400m98

99100101

S i l t s t o n e -med. g r a y , i n t e r b e d d e d w i th f n . sa n d , t r o u g h and p l a n a r x -b e d s i n sands d ip p in g w e s t , b e d s 1 /4 t o l / 2 i n . t h i c k .

102 S h a l e - g r a y , t h i n even bedded .S a n d s to n e - I x . t a n , f n . t o med. g r a i n e d c o n c r e t i o n l i k e s t r u c t u r e , co n v o lu te b e d s .


233

1 3 0 0 m104

106

107

108

109

110

111

m

112

S h a le & s i l t s t o n e - a l i : e r n a t i n g sequence of s a n d , s i l t and s h a l e .

S i l t s t o n e - i n t e r h e d d e d s i l t s t o n e and s h a l e , med. g r a y , t h i n e v e n l y b e d d ed , l e n s e s of v e r y f n . sa n d , micro x - b e d s .

S i l t s t o n e - m e d . -d k . g r a y , t h i n t o i r r e g u l a r l y bedded , burrows r a i ' e , l i g n i t e a b u n d a n t i n r e s i d u e s .


234

1200m

N14E15S

S a n d s to n e - f n . g r a i n , t a n , homogeneous, no a p p a r e n t s t r u c t u r e s .

c overed 75 m.

S i l t s t o n e - s a n d s t one-gra?/ t o I t . g r e e n , i r r e g . bedded ( m a s s i v e ) , s i l t s t o n e s n i t n e a r b a s e .

covered 20

S i l t s t o n e - g r a y t o I t . g r e e n , b i o t u r b a t e d b r a n c h in g burrows on b e d d in g p l a n e ,

304

Sand s t o n e - t a n - g r a y , med. g r a i n , becomes c l e a n e r n e a r b a s e , x -b e d s ( p l a n a r and t r o u g h , med. s c a l e 10-15 i n . ) a l t e r n a t i n g b i o t u r b a t e b e d s .covered 35 m.

S i l t s t o n e -med. g r a y , i n t e r b e d d e d fn . s a n d , micro x - l a m i n a t i o n s common, sand becomes more abundan t down s e c t i o n , even bedded v e r y s m a l l s c a l e p i n c h o u t s and c ro s s b e d s .

305

306

covered 80 m.


235

1100m

307

1000m

9 0 0 m

377

N4-5E13s

S a n d s to n e - t a n . m e d . - f n . g r a i n e d , t h i n bedded , s m a l l s c a l e x - b e d s , t h i n i n t e r b e d o f s h a l e (#3 0 7 ) , p ro m inen t r e s i s t a n t u n i t s p a r a l l e l and i n c l i n e d to b e d d in g , composed o f c l e a n med, g r a i n , w e l l cemented q t z . sa n d .

S a n d s to n e - t a n beds o f a l t e r n a t i n g t h i n t h i c k bedded , p a r a l l e l b e d s , m o l lu sks c o n c e n t r a t e d i n l e s s r e s i s t a n t b e d s , a p p e a r t o be t r a n s p o r t e d , m ass ive sands v e r y p ro m inen t ah b a se and a t t o p o f u n i t .N50E

12SE

S h a l e - d k . g r a y , even bedded , h i - o x .

376

800m

375 S a n d s to n e -med. g r a i n e d , g r a y x -b e d s d ip p in g e a s t , h o r i z o n t a l b u r ro w s .


236

374 W

373 F- 372 p

700m

367

500m

200m

S h a l e - d k . g r a y , t h i n e v en ly bedded s l i g h t l y o x i d i z e d , gyp . common.

N20E20s

S h a l e - d k . g r a y , t h i n bedded, h i - o x , s i m i l a r t o P i o j o Fm. a lo n g new c o a s t r o a d n o r t h o f P t o . Caimin .

S h e l l b e d - t o p o f sand i m i t .S a n d s to n e -med. g r a i n . , d i r t y , oong , l e n s e s and m o l l . f r a g , n e a r b a s e , c l a y b a l l s .

S h a l e - d k . g r a y , homogeneous, p o o r l y bedded .

S h a l e - d k . g r a y , homogeneous ( c l a y s t o n e ) b i v a l v e s ( r a r e ) .S a n d s to n e - t a n , v e r y d i r t y , e v e n l y b edded , l a c k s e v id e n c e o f g r a d i n g .N40E

49sS h a l e -m u d s to n e . dk. g ra y , homogeneous h i - g y p . , B u rg a ls 380-82 .

S a n d s to n e - v e r y f n . g r a i n e d t o s i l t , g r a y e v e n ly bedded , l o c a t i o n , moth o f Arroyo P i o j o ( S a c o ) .


237

310m

ARROYO CHIAONAVA (PIOJO AREA)

S i l t s t o n e - f i n e g r a i n e d s a n d s t o n e - t a n e v e n ly t e d d e d , i n t e r b e d d e d s s , and s i l t s .

S a n d s t o n e -homogeneous, m e d . - t h i c k bedded, s m a l l o y s t e r s , abd . o y s t e r f r a g m e n ts , b r a n c h e d b u r r o w s .

397

I3P6

200m

S i l t s t o n e and s h a l e - d a r k g r a y , abd , o y s t e r s , a p p e a r t o be i n p l a c e , i n t e r bedded w i t h T u r r i t e l l a and D en ta l ium i n f i n e r g r a i n e d s i l t s and c l a y s .

S i l t s t o n e - s a n d s t o n e - i n t e r b e d d e d w i th v e ry s m a l l s c a l e c ro s s b e d s , some d ip p in g e a s t .

S i l t s t o n e - i n t e r b e d d e d s i l t s a r e ve ry f o s s i l i f e r o u s , m o l l u s k s , T u r r i t e l l a s p . and s m a l l Area s p ,N30W

H ES a n d s t o n e -med. bedded s s , and i n t e r bedded s i l t , d i s t i n c t c o n t a c t be tw een s i l t s and homogeneous s a n d s , r a d i a t i n g b u r ro w s , 300-400 f t . t h i c k .


238

200m

395

39^

393

100m

»S h a l e - s i l t s t o n e -med. g r a y , i r r e g . b ed ded .

S i l t s t o n e -med. g r a y , t h i n i r r e g u l a r l y b ed ded , h l - o x , gyp . abd . m o l l , f r a g . , U. p e r i g r i n a abd . a t b a s e (samp. 3 9 3 ) .

100 m. co ve red

S i l t s t o n e - g r a v . h i - o x , t h i n i r r e g u l a r l y b e d d e d .

391M arl-med. g r a y t o brovm, w e a th e r s t a n , abd . m o l l , f r a g m e n ts & e n t i r e spec im ens , forms b a se f o r v i l l a g e o f P i o j oI 0 30W

lOE

390 5 # S i l t s t o n e - g r a v . t h i n , i r r e g u l a r l y bedded , abd . m o l lu sk f r a g m e n t s .NlOW

BE


205m

2 8 7

288

PUERTO COLOMBIA

S h a l e -dk g r . , p o o r l y bedded , homogen., s m a l l amt. o f s i l t , s i m i l a r t o #285-86,

239

100m

289

290

Channel f i l l e d w i th f i n e sand & s i l t , bu r row ed a t b a s e , t a n , h i - o x .

Red s h a l e - t h i n (2 " j below c h n l .

S h a l e -dk g r . , p o o r l y b edded , homogeneous, c u t by c h a n n e l .

S h a l e - g r a y , p o o r l y b e d d ed , abd . micro b u r r o w s .S a n d s to n e - g r . - t a n , a b d . c l a y & s i l t , burrows i n c l i n e d and v e r t i c a l , S a n d s to n e - f n . s a n d - s i l t , h i - o x . gyp. e x t e n s i v e l y bu rrow ed , v e r t i c a l ( p r i m a r i l y ) r a r e i n c l i n e d and s p i r a l , (G y r o l i t h e s ) , i r r e g u l a r c o n t a c t a t b a s e .S i l t s t o n e -homogenous. med. g r . , h o r i z . and i n c l i n e d burrows common, p r i m a r i l y h o r i z o n t a l , a b d . gyp .N?OE

4 3 sS i l t s t o n e - s h a l e - f n . g r . , w e l l bedded, burrowed, med. g r a y .

S i l t s t o n e - t a n - g r . . p o o r l y bedded , abd . g y p . , h i - o x , v e ry a l t e r e d , n o t sam pled .


2 4 0

covered.

5 0 m

294 -1S h a l c -dk . -m o d . g r a y , t h i n , i r r e g . bedded, becomes more s i l t y upward.

cove red

S h a l e -med. g r a y , p o o r l y bedded , b r e a k s i n t o c o n c e n t r i c b a l l s .

297 â-J


241250m

46

44b

TUBARA-ARROYO SECTION

S a n d -s iI t s o n e - d i r t y f i n e gra ined s s . , (Type TubaraTf abd. m ollusks fragmented end e n t ir e sp ec im en ts , tr a n sp o r ta t io n of m olluscan m a te r ia l i s very e v id e n t , h ig h ly ca lca reou s

S h a l e -med-dark g r a y , t h i n i r r e g u l a r l y bedded , b a r r e n o f m ac ro fau n a , c o n t a i n i n n e r s h e l f m ic r o f a u n a .

Sa n d s to n e - t a n , t h i c k bedded, v a r i e s from w e l l t o p o o r l y s o r t e d . T h in c o n g lo m era te be d s , p l a n a r x -b ed s d ip p in g w es t .

C lay lumps - a n g u l a r c l a y lumps (6 i n . t o 2 f t . d i a m e t e r ) , c o n c e n t r a t e d a t one h o r i z o n .

44a

100m -

S h a l e - d r . g r a y , t h i n e v e n ly bedded, 1 .5 f t . t h i c k .

S a n d s to n e - t a n , v e r y c l e a n , t h i c k bedded, med. g r a i n e d , w e l l s o r t e d .

S i I t s t o n e - t a n , h i g h l y c a l c a r e o u s , r e s i s t a n t bed , abd . m o l lu sk sN25W

5S

S h a l e -med. g r a y , t h i n i r r e g u l a r l y bedded, i n t e r b e d d e d w i t h t h i n u n i t s (1 /8 - l / l 6 i n . ) o f v e ry f i n e and f i n e sand .


5 4 242

100m

53

S a n d s to n e - t a n , t h i c k bedded , f r i a b l e , w e l l d ev e lo p ed p l a n a r x -b e d s d ip p in g NW.

N60W128

a0

co v ered i n t e r v a l ap p ro x , 200 f t .

50m

57

S a n d s t o n e - s i l t s t o n e - i n t e r b e d d e d sequence o f v e r y f i n e sand and s i l t s t o n e , i r r e g u l a r l y bedded , med. g ray t o t a n , m o l lu s k s a r e common t o a b u n d a n t .


2 4 3

480m

m m *

49b

49a

350m

If

TUBARA-EAST LIMB SECTION

S a n d v - s i l t s t o n e - s i l t . f i n e g r a i n e d , b r . t h i n i r r e g . bedded, v e r y d i r t y , abd . m o l l . f r a g , some whole , a l l a p p e a r t o be rew orked , t h i n beds of gyp. c e n t e r o f T u b a ra ' s y n c l i n e a t v i l l a g e .

100 -

200 f t .

S a n d s to n e - t a n , p o o r l y s o r t e d , s and s i n t e r b e d d e d w i th g r a v e l beds 6 i n . t o 3 f t . t h i c k , p l a n a r x -beds i n sands w i th some h e a v i e s , c r o s s beds d i p NW.

mmmA pprox , N30E

5W

S a n d s t o n e -med. f n . g r a i n e d , b r . - t a n , t h i n b e d d ed .

S a n d s t o n e -med. - f n . g r a i n e d , b r . e v e n ly bedded , u n i d i r e c t i o n a l x - b e d s , no f e s t o o n s ,


244

350m5 1

52

l i g n i t e i n r e s i d u e

S h a l e - g r a y , t h i n bedded , i n t e r b e d d e d w i t h x -bedded s a n d s to n e as i n 50 - 5 1 » h i - o x .

S a n d s t o n e - t a n - g r a y , c o a r s e n s up s e c t i o n , even bedded , m a s s iv e , v e r y f r i a b l e .

mm N70ElOS

4 8 3 ^

Î50m

S h a l e -med. g r a y , t h i n i r r e g u l a r b e d s .

S i l t s t o n e - g r a y - t a n , t h i n bedded , sand s t r i n g e r s common, abd . m o l l u s k s , b o t h whole and f r a g m e n ts d i s p e r s e d th r o u g h o u t much o f u n i t .


2 ^ 5

250ma

m

B■

lOOm

■


246

lOOm

■I

S a n d s to n e - t a n - b r o w n , m ass ive t h i c k bedded , f n . - c s e . g r a i n e d , r a r e x -b e d s , t h i n s i l t s r a r e .

m e

485

486

1

»


24?

462600m

USIACURI SECTIONS h a l e - t a n - g r a y , homogeneous, l a c k s f i s s i l i t y .

S i I t S t o n e -med. g r a y , t h i n bedded, t h i n sand s t r i n g e r s .

460 Di S h a l e - t a n - g r a y , same as #462 .

S h a l e - t a n - g r a y , p o o r l y bedded , h i - o x . , abd . bu r ro w s , w heat g r a i n e d shaped f e c a l p e l l e t s .

458 388 S i ] t s t o n e - t a n - g r a y . l a c k s bedd ing f e a t u r e s , bui 'owed ( v e r t i c a l and i n c l i n e d ) .

4 5 c

252

%

S a n d s to n e - t a n , p o o r l y bedded , abd, c l a y , m o l lu sks common. Area s p . n e a r base o v e r l a i n by o t h e r b i v a l v e s and g a s t r o p o d s , (N. s i d e o f r o a d a t e n t r a n c e to U s i a c u r i ) .

S a n d s to n e - t a n , p o o r l y bedded , d i r t y , abd . m o l lu sk s , s i m i l a r t o " t y p e " T u b a r a ' .

S i l t s t o n e - t a n - g r a y , f r e q u e n t s t r i n g e r s o f f i n e san d , w e l l p r e s e r v e d b u rrow s .


248

3 0 0 m

251

250

S a n d s to n e - t a n , m as s iv e , l a c k s obvious b e d d in g , m e d . - c s e . g r a i n , abd . f l o a t i n g p e b b le s (up t o 1 / 2 " -1 " d i a . ) , u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d , some c o b b le s a t b a s e , s l i g h t d e c r e a s e i n g r a i n s i z e upward , c o n s i s t e n t l y f i n e g r a i n e d sand a t t o p .

S h a l e -med. g r a y , e v e n ly b e d d ed .S a n d s to n e - t a n , f n . - m e d . g r a i n , w e l l s o r t , c r o s s bedded u n i t ( s m a l l s c a l e ) d ip p in g n o r t h , c o n v o l u t e ? s t r u c t u r e (gas e m i s s io n s t r u c t u r e )

S h a l e -med. g r a y , p o o r l y bedded , beds o c cu r be low s h a l e .

s i l t s t o n e


S a n d s to n e - t a n , f n . g r a i n , t h in - m e d . b edded , I g . b o u l d e r s of' x -bedded s i l t s t o n e n e a r b a se o f u n i t ,S i l t s t one - f i n e g r a i n e d s a n d s t o n e - t a n - g r a y , ' " " i r r e g . bedded, sm a l l s c a l e x - b e d s , ( b i d i r e c t i o n a l N-S) .S a n d s to n e - t a n - b r o w n , th in -m ed bedded , l a c k s s t r u c t u r e s .

c o v e re d 35 m.

2 4 9

248

S h e l l b e d - r e s i s t a n t bed , m ollusk s h e l l s , h i g h l y f r a g m e n te d , c h e r t p e b b le s ( b l a c k and t a n ) , some q t z . T u r r i t e l l a s p . common. N5W

17ES i l t s t o n e - t a n - g r a y , i r r e g . bedded , p e b b le beds w i th t h i n s h a l e a t b a s e , f o s s i l hash a t t o p .

c o v e r e d a p p ro x . 125 m.

Sands t o n e - c o n g l o m e r a t e - t a n - g r a y , in te r - ' b edded , c u t and f i l l f e a t u r e s , c l a s t s up t o 2 i n . d i a . , p l a n a r x -b e d s , d i p p i n g e a s t .


1 5 0 m

244

242

50m

■

250

S h a l e - d k . g r a y , i r r e g u l a r b e d d in g , h i - o x , o u t c r o p n e a r open w a t e r w e l l i n Arroyo , b e a r i n g S70W from c h u rc h .S a n d s to n e - t a n , f i n e g r a i n , p l a n a r x - b e d s , c o b b le s o f s i l t s t o n e .S h a l e -med. g r a y , t h i n i r r e g . bedded. S a n d s to n e - t a n , med, c s e . g r a i n e d , c l e a n , some f l o a t i n g p e b b l e s , s m a l l s c a l e p l a n a r x -b e d s d i p p i n g e a s t .C o n g lo m e r a t e - s a n d s to n e - t a n . a l t e r n a t i n g sequence o f v e r y c l e a n sand ( g r a n u l a r to f n , g r a i n ) and co n g lo m era te w i th c l a s t s up t o 1 .5 i n . d i a . , composed o f b l a c k and t a n c h e r t and abd . q t z .E lo n g a te c l a y b a l l s up t o 2 f t . i n l e n g t h c o n c e n t r a t e d on h o r i z o n .

20

S i l t s t o n e - t h i n , r e g . bedded , g r a y , abd . mica , f o s s i l l e a v e s a b d . , l i g n i t e i n r e s i d u e s .

co v e red 15 m.

S h a l e - s i l t s t o n e - b r o w n - g r a y . i r r e g u l a r l y bedded .Congl o m e r a t e - i r r e g u l a r b e d s , c u t and f i l l c l a s t s u n i fo rm in s i z e up t o l i n . d i a . i r r e g u l a r s h a r p c o n t a c t w i th c l e a n sand a t b a s e , p l a n a r x-bocls d ip p in g 3UE.


251

50m covered 13 m.

240

Mudstone- t a n w i th abd . m o l lu sk ha sh , D e n ta l iu m s p . and g a s t r o p o d s .

c o v e re d 6 m.

S a n d s to n e - c s e . g r a i n e d , b r o w n - t a n , abd. s h e l l f r a g s . , l a c k s obvious b e d d in g .

NlOElOE


PLATE 1

lA - lB G lo L ig e r in a d r u r v i Akersl a t e middle - l a t e Miocene G l o L o r o t a l i a s i a k e n s i s t o G l o b o r o t a l i a a c o s t a e n s i s Zones. 150x .

2 G l o b i g e r i n a a o e r t u r a Cushman I n t e r c o l w e l l Gampito No. 3 500 f t . l a t e M iocene, S p h a e ro i d i n e l l o - p s i s s o h a e r o i d e s Zone. 9 0 x.

3A-3C G l o b i g e r i n a f a l c o n e n s i s BlowArroyo Juan de A c o s t a - S e c t i o n 3 l a t e Miocene, i 2Ox.

4A-4B G l o b i g e r i n a n e p e n t h e s Toddl a t e Miocene - e a r l y P l i o c e n e . 120x .

5A-5B G l o b i g e r i n o i d e s q u a d r i l o b a t u st r i l o b u s ( R é u s s i , e a r l y Miocene - P l i o c e n e . 90x.

6A-6b G l o b i g e r i n i t a g l u l i n a t a (Egger) P a r k e r , m idd le P l i o c e n e , Arroyo Juan de A c o s ta , S e c t i o n 1, Sampj.e 2 6 9 . 180x.

7 G l o b i g e r i n i t a d i s s i m i l i s d i s s i m i l i s (Cushman and Bermudez)E a r l y Miocene, I n t e r c o l T u b a r a ' No. 4, 750-1500 ft. 34x.

8 G l o b i g e r i n i t a n a p a r i m a e n s i s Bronnimann middle Miocene - P l i o c e n e . 120x.

252


253P LA T E 1


254

PLATE 2

1 G lob o q u a d r in a a l t i s p i r a (Cushman and J a r v i s ) , 1936, l a t e Miocene, Arroyo P i o j o (S a co ) , Sample No, 373. 90x.

2 G lo b oq u ad r in a d e h i s c e n s p r a e d e h i s c e n s Blow and Banner^ 1 9 6 2 , l a t e O l ig o ce n e - e a r l y Miocene, I n t e r c o l Campeche No. 1,7 5 0 -1 0 0 0 f t . 6 0 x.

3 G lo b oq u ad r in a d u t e r t r e i ( d 'O r b ig n y )e a r l y P l i o c e n e , I n t e r c o l T u b a r a ' No. 4 , 250 f t . 90x.

4A-4C G l o b o r o t a l i a (T) humerosa (T akayan ag i and S a i t o ) , middle P l i o c e n e , Arroyo Juan de A c o s ta , S e c t i o n 1, No. 271. ° 0 x .

5A-5E G l o b o r o t a l i a a c o s t a e n s i s Blow,l a t e Miocene S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o p s i s s p h a e r o l d e s Sub z o n e . 9 Ox.

6 G l o b o r o t a l i a (T) s i a k e n s i s Le Roy,m iddle Miocene, Arroyo Juan de A c o s t a , S e c t i o n 2. 120x.


2 5 5PLATE 2


256

PLATE 3

lA - lB G l o b o r o t a l i a (T) s i a k e n s i s Le Roy, middle Miocene, A rroyo Juan de A cos ta , S e c t i o n 2 and I n t e r c o l Campito No. 3 , 3250 f t . 120x.

2A-2B G l o b o r o t a l i a (T ) m in u t i s s im a B o l l i , l a t e - m i d d l e Miocene, Arroyo P io jo (Saco) , No. 372. 210x.

3A-3B G l o b o r o t a l i a (T) p s e u d o k u g l e r i Blow, e a r l y Miocene, I n t e r c o l Tubara* No. 4 and Campeche No. 1. tOOx.

4A-4D G l o b o r o t a l i a (T) opima B o l l i , l a t e O l igo cè n e , N2. I n t e r c o l T u b ara ' No. 4 . 1.000-2250 f t . ,Campeche No. 1. 1250-3250 f t .90x.

5A-5B G l o b o r o t a l i a m a r g a r i t a e B o l l i and Bermudez, e a r l y P l i o c e n e , Arroyo

P i o j o ( S a c o ) . No. 377 . 90x,


257

PLATE 3

Ë

i


258

PLATE 4

lA-lC G l o b o r o t a l i a c r a s s a o r o t o n e n s i s Conato and P o l l a d o r m idd le P l i o c e n e , TuLara S e c t i o n Samples 4 7 -48 . 105x.

2A-2C G l o b o r o t a l i a merotumida Blow and Banner l a t e M io c e n e - e a r ly P l i o c e n e NI6 -N I8 . Arroyo Juan de A cos ta No. 120. 90x.

3A-3C G l o b o r o t a l i a m e n a rd i i ( d 'O r b ig n y ) l a t e M io c e n e - P l io c e n e ,I n t e r c o l T u b a ra ' No. 4,250 f t . 75x.

4a- 4C S p h a e r o i d i n e l l o n s i s s p h a e r o i d e sLamb, l a t e M i o c e n e - e a r ly P l i o c e n e , P u e r to Colombia, Sample No. 2 9 6 , and Arroyo Chiaonava ( n e a r P i o j o ) Sample No. 394 . 4 a - 6 0 x , 4B-C 90x.


259

P l A X M à


260

PLATE 5B enthon lo F o r a m i n l f e r a l

P a l e o e n v i r o n m e n ta l Assemblages

Assemblage 2 - M arg in a l m ar ine ( ] m.)

2A Ammobaculites s n . 3 Ox2B B u l i m i n e l l a e l e g a n t i s s i m a 90x2C Ammonia b e c c a r i i 3 Ox2D E lph id ium s p . 30x

Assemblage 3 -4 - I n n e r S h e l f (3-60 m . )

3-4A E lph id ium a u s t r a l e 8 Ox3 “4B Ammonia b e c c a r i i 3 Ox3-4C C i b i c i d e s f l e t c h e r i 60x3 - 4 d R o u s s e l l a b o r d a t a 95x3 “4E Non i o n e l l a a t l a n t i c a 3 Ox

Assemblage 5 - Middle S h e l f (60-100 m.)

5A B o l i v i n a in te r . juncfca b i c o s t a t a 3Ox5B U v ig e r in a p e r i g r i n a p a rva 3 Ox

Assemblage 6 - O ute r S h e l f ( 100-20^; m.)

6a U v ig e r in a p e r i g r i n a 3Ox6b B o l i v i n a i n t e r . i u n c t a b i c o s t a t a 3Ox6C U v ig e r in a p e r i g r i n a 3 Ox6D B ul im ina m a r g i n a t a 3 Ox6E C a s s i d u l i n a c f . c a l i f o r n i c a 30x6F B o l i v i n a s i n u a t a 3 Ox

Assemblage 7 - Upper B a t h y a l (200-500 m . )

?A-B B u l im ina c f . m exicana 90x?C U v ig e r in a h i s p i d o c o s t a t a 90x

Assemblage 5-9 - Middle-Lower B a th y a l (500-2000 m.)

3 - 9 A F o n t b o n t i a w u e l l e r s t o r f i 35%8-9B Bul im ina r o s t r a t a 90x8-90 Melonis p o m p i lo id es 30x8-9D U v ig e r in a h i s p i d a 3 Ox8-9E G v ro id in a a l t i f o r m i s 90x8-9F Melonis p o m p i lo id es 75x


2 6 1

PLATE 5ASSEMBLAGE 2

( M o r g f n o l M o r î n e )

ASSEMBLAGE 5( M i d d l e S h e l f )

ASSEMBLAGE 7( u p p e r B o f h y o l )

r I r •

, w -7C

ASSEMBLAGE 3 - 4( In n e r S h e l f )

3 - 4 B 3-4E

ASSEMBLAGE 6{ O u t e r S h e l f )

ASSEMBLAGE 8 - 9( M i d - L o w e r B a t h y a l )

8-9C/D

8-9 E 8-9F


262

PLATE 6

1 G y r o l i t h e a D eSapor ta l88^t-, P u e r t o Colombia s e c t i o n , Sample 290.

2 H a e n t z s c h e l i n i a V ia lo v 1964, Arroyo Chiaonava ( n e a r P i o j o ) , Samples 396-397*

3 Ophiomorpha Lundgren 1891,Arroyo Juan de A c o s ta , Sample 139* C h o r r e r a - B a r a n o a , Sample 2 3 0 .P u e r t o Colombia s e c t i o n . Samples 290-292 .

4 Ophiomorpha Lundgren 1891,A rroyo C hiaonava , Sample 397* Arroyo Juan de A c o s ta , S e c t i o n 1.

5 D w el l in g s t r u c t u r e , Arroyo Juan de A c o s ta , S e c t i o n 1.

6 Ophiomorpha. P u e r to Colombia s e c t i o n . Samples 290-292.

7 "S k o l i t h e s ", U-shaped burrow w i th l im b s o f bu r ro w i n c o n t a c t .Arroyo Juan de A c o s ta , Sample 139■

8 "S k o l i t h e s ” F a c i e s , Arroyo Juan de A c o s ta , Sample 139*

9 "G l o s s i f u n g i t e s ", Arroyo P io jo ( S a c o ) , S a m p l e 6 7 .

10 "G l o s s i f u n g i t e s ", Arroyo P io jo ( S a c o ) , Sample 6 7 .


P L A T E 6

263

f ' I 4 cm . ,

• %

, 2 c m I


^ 264

VITA

B u r to n W. S o r d i n e , son o f Lee G. and Hazel M.

S o r d i n e , was b o r n i n Monroe, M ich igan on November 28,

1 9 3 4 . He was r e a r e d i n Milan , M ich ig an , where he

a t t e n d e d p u b l i c s c h o o l s and was g r a d u a t e d from Milan

High S c h o o l i n Ju ne , 1953» Upon g r a d u a t i o n he e n t e r e d

t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Iowa and c o m p le ted two y e a r s o f s t u d y

p r i o r t o e n t e r i n g th e U n i ted S t a t e s Army i n 1955*

F o l lo w in g m i l i t a r y d u ty he e n t e r e d W es te rn Michigan

U n i v e r s i t y , Kalamazoo, Mich igan . There he r e c e i v e d th e

B a c h e lo r o f S c ie n c e Degree i n Geology i n August , 1963.

I n Sep tem ber , 1963. he e n t e r e d t h e Graduate

School a t Brigham Young U n i v e r s i t y , P rovo , Utah, and

ea rn e d t h e M as te r o f S c ie n c e Degree i n P a l e o n to lo g y

.and S t r a t i g r a p h y i n May, 1965* He v/as employed as a

M i c i ' o p a l e o n t o l o g i s t f o r Exxon Company i n C a l i f o r n i a

from May, 1965 u n t i l Augus t , I 9 6 8 , a t which t ime he

a c c e p t e d a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n a t E a s t e r n A r izo n a C o l l e g e ,

T h a t c h e r , A r i z o n a .

I n J u l y , 19?0, he was a d m i t t e d t o t h e G radua te

School a t L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , B a to n Rouge,

L o u i s i a n a , and i s a c a n d i d a t e f o r t h e D o c to r o f

Fliilcc-.ophy Degree i n Geology a t t h e May, 1974

commencement.


265

He i s c u r r e n t l y s e r v i n g as I n s t r u c t o r and

C o o r d i n a t o r a t t h e G i l a Pueb lo Campus o f E a s t e r n A r i z o n a

C o l l e g e , Globe , A r izo n a .

I n June , I 9 6 I , he m a r r i e d C a ro ly n Sue Meyers

McKinley and t h e y a r e t h e p a r e n t s o f f i v e c h i l d r e n .

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neogene biostratigraphy and paleoenvironments, lower

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