Neologisms as a Discursive Element in

Modern English

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONTYPOLOGY OF NEOLOGISMS

POLITICAL NEOLOGISMSCONCLUSION

APPENDICES

The topicality The aim

The object

Discourse

from Latin discursus, meaning "running to and from"

"written or spoken communication"

Three types of discourse

1. Informative2. Narrative

3. Argumentative

NEOLOGISMS

(from the Greek νέο-, néo-, "new", and λόγος, lógos, "speech",

"utterance")

is a newly coined term, word or phrase

The main means of creating neologisms in English are:1) creation of new words

It is based on those that are already in the language, for example word to dieselize. This neologism formed from the connection of the old word diesel and productive suffix –ize;

2) redefining the existing words in the languagee.g. the word egg was received a special meaning – bomb recently.

3) borrowing from the other languagesBorrowing from the other languages. Borrowing may be direct (phonetic) and copying, for example:

kolkhoz (direct loan);collective farm (copying);4) reduction

Tendency to create new words by reducing existing words or phrases increased recently in the English language such as:

radar (radio detection and ranging);Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg)

Typology of Neologisms

1) lexical items referring to types of computers and their structure, such as:personal computer (PC), supercomputer,multi-user – "the computer for a few people", neurocomputer – "electronic equivalent of the human brain" , hardware –"computer parts", software – "computer program", monitor – "computer screen”;

2) lexical items referring to types of computer languages, such as: BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), Fortran (Formula Translation) and others;

3) lexical units that represent concepts connected with work on computers, for example: liveware – "specialists who work at computers", computerman – "computer expert", computerize – "to make or develop a program," computerization, to trouble-shoot – "to fix problems on your computer", to blitz out – "to destroy the data in computer memory," etc.

Political NeologismsNeologisms widely uses in art, music, computing, business world, literature, culture, in sports

and also in politics. genocide (1943)

Dixiecrat (1948) meritocracy (1958)

pro-life (1961) homophobia (1969)

political correctness (1970) Californication (1970s)

pro-choice (1975) heterosexism (1979)

glocalisation (1980s) sie and hir (pronouns) (1981)

Republicrat (1985) astroturfing (1986)

dog-whistle politics (1990) Islamophobia (1991) soccer mom (1992)

fauxtography (1996)

red state/blue state/swing state (2000)corporatocracy (2000s)

e-bond (2000) tweenagers (2000)e-marketing (2001)

Islamofascism (2001) iconomania (2002)santorum (2003)Chindia (2004)

NASCAR dad (2004)Saddlebacking (2009)

-Chindia is a portmanteau word that refers to China and India together in general. The credit of coining the now popular term goes to Indian Member of Parliament Jairam Ramesh. China and India are geographically proximate, are both regarded as growing countries and are both among the fastest growing major economies in the world.

-Meritocracy in the first, most administrative sense, is a system of government or other administration (such as business administration) wherein appointments and responsibilities are objectively assigned to individuals based upon their "merits", namely intelligence, credentials, and education, determined through evaluations or examinations.

- Homophobia is a term used to refer to a range of negative attitudes and feelings towards lesbian, gay and in some cases bisexual, transgender people and behavior, although these are usually covered under other terms such as biphobia and transphobia.

-Corporatocracy, in social theories that focus on conflicts and opposing interests within society, denotes a system of government that serves the interest of, and may be run by, corporations and involves ties between government and business.

-Islamofascism is a neologism which draws an analogy between the ideological characteristics of specific Islamist movements from the turn of the 21st century on, and a broad range of European fascist movements of the early 20th century, neofascist movements, or totalitarianism.

-NASCAR dad broadly refers to a demographic group of often white, usually middle-aged, working-class or lower-middle-class men in North America. The group received this nickname because they are men who are believed to typically enjoy watching NASCAR racing, or comparable high-impact sports or entertainment.

A large number of neologisms appear in connection with the social changes taking place in the English language.

In the theatre life there are also a lot of changes. New types of theatres, and new terms appeared: theatre of absurd, theatre of cruelty, son et lumiere (Fr. : sound and light) – "the theatre with sound and lighting effects", theatre of fact, black theatre – "Negro Theater", etc., among many other neologisms related to theatrical life the following nouns can be mentioned, for example: revolve – "revolving stage" and theatredom – "theatrical world."

In the field of cinematography, television and video a large number of neologisms followed the invention of new technical facilities: inflight movies – "movies displayed during the flight on board of an aircraft", inflight videosystem – "video, used on board of a plane", serial – "multi-part film with a single plot", series – "multi-part film series in which each has a separate, complete the story", satellite-delivered show – "a program transmitted via satellite“.

For example, the need of nomination in different jargons generated many neologisms with the second component -speak: Artsspeak – " artists", Sportsspeak – "athletes", Medspeak – "doctor", Teacherspeak – " teacher", Videospeak – " users of video equipment", Cablespeak – " employees on TV", etc.

Conclusion

Each year thousands of neologisms are appeared in developed languages. Thus, a neologism is a newly coined word or phrase or a new meaning for an existing word, or a word borrowed from another language.

Neologisms will not stop appearing in the process of social development and under the conditions of globalization. The theme of our study is still topical and need further scientific research.