networking. what is a network? consist of two or more computer that are linked in order to share...
TRANSCRIPT
BASIC NETWORKING
NETWORKING
WHAT IS A NETWORK?
Consist of two or more computer that are linked in order to share resources, exchange files or allow electronic communications.
LINKED THRU:
Cables
Telephone lines
Radio waves
Satellites
Infrared light beams
BASIC TYPES OF NETWORKS:
LAN
MAN
WAN
LAN – Local Area Network
Confined to a relatively small area or limited to a geographic area
MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
Covers larger geographic area such as cities or schools
WAN –Wide Area Network
Connect larger geographic areas such as world
Dedicated Transoceanic Cabling or satellite-used to connect the network
OSI MODEL
OSI Model
APPLICATION SET
LAYER 7 PRESENTATION-layer that actually interacts with the
operating system or application whenever the user chooses to transfer files, read messages, or perform other network-related activities
OSI Model
APPLICATION SET
LAYER 6 PRESENTATION-takes the data provided by the
application layer and converts it into standard format that the other layers can understand
OSI Model
APPLICATION SET
LAYER 5 SESSION-establishes, maintains and ends
communication with the receiving device
Recap: of OSI Model
APPLICATION SET
LAYER 4 TRANSPORT-maintains flow control of data and
provides for error checking and recovery of data between the devices
Recap: of OSI Model
APPLICATION SET
LAYER 3 NETWORK-the way that the data will be sent to recipient device is determined .
Logical protocols, routing and addressing are handled here.
OSI Model
APPLICATION SET
LAYER 2 DATA-the appropriate physical protocol is
assigned to the data
OSI Model
APPLICATION SET
LAYER 1 PHYSICAL-the actual hardware. The physical
characteristic of the network such as connections , voltage level and timing
NETWORK TOPOLOG
Y
WHAT IS A TOPOLOGY
Two types of topology:
Physical Refers to the layout of cables,
computer and other peripherals
Logical Method used to pass the
information between the computers
TYPES OF PHYSICAL TOPOLOGIES
Bus
Hub/Star
Ring
Bus Topology
Consists of main run of cable with a terminator at each end.
All nodes are connected to the linear cable.
STAR Topology
Designed with each node connected directly to a central network hub or concentrator.
RING Topology
Computers are connected on a single circle of cable
No terminated ends
UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR
PRIMARY LAN MEDIA CONDUCTED
Unshielded Twisted Pair Shielded Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Fiber Optic
WIRELESS Microwave Radio Broadcast Radio Spread Spectrum Radio Infrared Light
UTP CABLE
Is the most certainly by far the most popular network cable around the world.
UTP CATEGORIES
Category 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7-a specification for the type of
copper wire and jacks.
-refers to the revision of the specification and in practical terms refers to the number of twists inside the wire
Category 1
-typically a telephone wire
-not capable of supporting computer network traffic and is not twisted.
Category 2-7
-network wire specifications
-can support computer network and telephone traffic
CATEGORY
DATA RATE
USAGE
1 1 Mbps Traditional telephone and ISDN-Modem
2 4 Mbps Token Ring
3 10 Mbps Token Ring and 10BASE-T
4 16 Mbps Token Ring
5 100 Mbps 10 Mbps Ethernet, 1000 Mbps Fast Ethernet and Token Ring
5e 1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
6 – 7 1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
WIRING THE UTP CABLES
2 POPULAR WIRING SCHEMES
T-568A Supposed to be the standard for new
installation
T-568B An acceptable alternative
MODULAR PLUG
Rj-45 -standard connector used in utp cables except category 1
-8 conductor cables with 8 pins
Rj-11 -modular plug used in category 1
-used in telephone wire
T-568APIN WIRE COLOR
1 WHITE GREEN
2 GREEN
3 WHITE ORANGE
4 BLUE
5 WHITE BLUE
6 ORANGE
7 WHITE BROWN
8 BROWN
T-568B
PIN WIRE COLOR FUNCTION PAIR
1 WHITE ORANGE TRANSMITTED DATA + 2
2 ORANGE TRANSMITTED DATA - 2
3 WHITE GREEN RECEIVED DATA + 3
4 BLUE PAIR 1 1
5 WHITE BLUE PAIR 1 1
6 GREEN RECEIVED DATA - 3
7 WHITE BROWN 4
8 BROWN 4
2 TYPES OF CABLE FOR 10/100BASE-T
STRAIGHT THRU CABLE Used in peer-to-peer networking Used in connecting from PC to Hub Used in connecting two hubs with an
uplink port
CROSS-OVER CABLE Used in connecting PC to PC networking Used to connect two hubs in the absence
of uplink port
STRAIGHT THRU CABLE
Both end of the cable uses the same wiring schemes either:
T568 A <<<<->>>> T568A
T568B <<<<->>>> T568B
CROSS-OVER CABLE
end of the cable has dissimilar wiring schemes
T568 B <<<<->>>> T568A or vice-versa
ETHERNET CABLE SUMMARY
SPECIFICATION CABLE TYPE MAXIMUM LENGTH
10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair
100 meters
10Base2 Thin Coaxial 185 meters
10Base5 Thick Coaxial 500 meters
10BaseF Fiber Optic 2000 meters
100BaseT UTP 100 meters
100BaseTX UTP 220 meters
TOOLS AND MATERIALS:
UTP Cable Cat5
Crimper
Cable Tester
Wire stripper
Modular Plug –RJ45
CRIMPER
is a tool designed to crimp or connect a connector to the end of a cable. For example, network cables and phone cables are created using a crimping tool to connect the RJ-45and RJ-11 connectors to the end of the cable
NETWORK CABLE TESTER
is an electronic device used to verify the electrical connections in a cable or other wired assembly
Wire Stripper
simple manual wire stripper is a pair of opposing blades much like scissors or wire cutters
NETWORKING DEVICES
NETWORKING DEVICES
NIC
HUBS
SWITCHES
ROUTER
MODEM
NIC – Network Interface Card
Required to a PC to make them ready for network use
FACTORS TO CONSIDER: Speed of your hub, switch –Ethernet or fast
Ethernet Type of connection you need –Rj-45 for
twisted or BNC for coaxial
Bus Architecture
HUB
Sometimes used to refer to any piece of network equipment that connects PC’s together but actually serve as repeater.
Use to extend a network
SWITCH
Reduces the amount of the unnecessary traffic
Divide the network into smaller, less congested sections
Routers
checks the data packet for its destination address and protocol format details
forward data packets across computer networks
Modems
(modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information.
The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data
TYPES OF LAN
2 MAJOR TYPES OF LAN
PEER-TO-PEER
CLIENT/SERVER
PEER-TO-PEER
Network set up that allow users to share resources and files located on their computer and to access shared resources found on other computer.
All computer are considered equal
No dedicated server needed
ADVANTAGES:
Less Initial expense Easy to set up
DISADVANTAGES: Decentralized Unsecured
CLIENT/SERVER
Network set up that allow the network to centralize functions and applications in one or more dedicated file server.
ADVANTAGES
Centralized Resources and data security are controlled through a
server
Scalability Any or all elements can be replaced individually as
need increaser
Flexibility New technology can be easily integrated into the
system
Interoperability All components work together
Accessibility Server can be accessed remotely and across multiple
platforms
DISADVANTAGES
Expense Requires initial investment in dedicated
server
Maintenance Large networks will require a staff to
ensure efficient operation
Dependence When server goes down, operation will
cease across the network
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
Coordinates the activities of multiple computers across a network.
Acts as a director to keep the network running smoothly
Examples of NOS
Appleshare
LANtastic
Microsoft Windows NT Server
Microsoft Windows for Workgroup
Novell Netware
APPLESHARE
Apple Computer’s networking solution.
Includes both server and workstation software
LANtastic
Powerful, inexpensive program with good interface for DOS and Windows
Best security for industries
MICROSOFT WINDOWS FOR WORKGROUP Peer to peer networking version of
windows
Allows client only workstation and server only workstations
MICROSOFT WINDOWS NT SERVER An enhanced version of Windows NT
that provides a powerful client/server network operating system.
Contains all of the features of Windows NT including capabilities as an application server and multitasking.
Novell Netware
Most popular client/server operating program available on the market
Has a file by file compression which allows system to hold more online data by compressing files that are frequently accessed or used.
COMMON PROTOCOLS
Ethernet Local Talk Token Ring FDDI ATM
ETHERNET
By far the most widely used
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Detection) – access method used by the ethernet
FAST ETHERNET
Requires the use of different, more expensive network concentrators/hubs and network interface cards.
GIGABIT ETHERNET
Primarily used for backbones on a network
Transmission speed is 1Gbps
Used fiber optic cabling and copper
LOCALTALK
Network protocol that was developed by Apple Computer, Inc. for Mac computers.
Uses CSMA/CA (CSMA with collision Avoidance)
FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface
Used primarily to interconnected two or more local area networks often large distances
Access method used is token ring.
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Network protocol that transmits data at a speed of 155 Mbps and higher.
IP ADDRESS
Internet Protocol
Is a unique identifying number of a machine and normally expressed in decimal format as a dotted number.
Four groups of numbers separated by dots and each group is called octets.
NETWORK CLASSESS
CLASS TYPE
NETWORK RANGE DEFAULT SUBNET MASK
Class A 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
255.0.0.0
Class B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
255.255.0.0
Class C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
255.255.255.0
Class D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
n/a
Class E 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
n/a
PRIVATE CLASS IP ADDRESSES
Class Private Start Address
Private End Address
A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
-RESERVED FOR MULTICAST-MAINLY USED ON RESEARCH-SHOULD NOT BE USED BY ORDINARY NODES ON THE INTERNET
CLASS D & E
IP ADDRESSING NOTATION
IPv4 Consist of four bytes (32 bits) known as
octets. Uses dotted decimal for human readability
purposes
Ex. 00001010 00000000 00000000 00000001
Written as: 10.0.0.1
IP ADDRESSING NOTATION
IPv6 Consist of 16 bytes (128 bits) long rather
than four bytes (32 bits). Pairs are separated by a colon and each
bytes in turns is represented as a pair of hexadecimal numbers
Ex. E3D7:0000:0000:0000:51F4:9BC8:COA8:6420
LOOP BACK IP ADDRESS
127.0.0.1 is the loop back IP Address A test mechanism of network adapters Use test the behavior of network
interface
ZERO ADDRESS
Unable to communicate properly on the internet
Benefits of Network Addressing:
Can improve security (by isolating critical nodes) and can reduce network traffic (by preventing transmissions between nodes that do not need to communicate with each other).
IP ADDRESS ASIGNMENT
STATIC IP ADDRESS Does not change over time unless changed
manually Remain the same consistently Manually assigned by the network administrator
DYNAMIC IP ADDRESS Keeps on changing Used when having a consistent IP address is not
necessary Assigned by the ISP Automatically obtained from the network
IP SECTIONING