networks classification 1

8/13/2019 Networks Classification 1

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Networks lassification

By


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twork

A network is a set of hardware

devices connected together, either

physically or logically to allow themto exchange information.


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Networking

Networking is the conceptof sharing resources andservices.A network therefore is a

set of interconnectedsystems with somethingto share.


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Difficulties in Categorizing

Network Classes

As with most other distinctions and categorizations inthe world of networking, the lines between thesevarious definitions are not very concrete. For

example, wireless LANs are usually not entirelywireless, because they contained wired elements.Similarly, trying to say absolutely when a network islocal and when it is wide is difficult also onepersons local-area network (LAN) may be anothers

campus-area network (CAN). ..and so on.Keep in mind that networking categories andterminology may overlap, complement, or beindependent.


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Network Components

The following are the main hardware components of a network:

Nodes: Computers and network interface cards (NICs)

Topology: Logical and physical

Connection elements: Cabling, wiring centers, links, and so onAuxiliary components: Peripheral devices, safety devices, and tools

The software components include the following:

Networking systems: Network operating system (NOS) and

workstation softwareResources: Server software and drivers

Tools: Utilities, LAN analyzers, network monitoring software, and

configuration managers

Applications: Network-aware software


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Network Content

In summary, all networks must have the

following:

A resource to share (resource).

A pathway to transfer data (transmission

medium).

A set of rules governing how to

communicate (protocols)

Devices that use for network connection.


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Networks

Classification (1)

Networks

Classified by

Communication

media:


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Networks

Classification (2)

The earliest networks operated at kilobit persecond (kbps) speeds, anywhere from fewer than ten

to a few hundred kilobits per second.

The next generation encompasses thetransmission speeds for the traditional LAN

architectures: Ethernet, Token Ring, and ARC net.

These have speeds in the 1 to 20 megabit per second

(Mbps) range. The traditional speeds are 10 Mbps or

slower; the 16 Mbps Token Ring and 20 Mbps ARCnet

Plus are improvements on the original designs.

The up-and-coming generation supportstransmissions in the 100+ Mbps range. This includes

FDDI (100 Mbps), ATM (up to 600+ Mbps), and fast

Ethernet (100 Mbps).

The next generation of networks will support

transmissions at 1+ gigabits per second (Gbps) rates.At these speeds, the entire Oxford English Dictionary

could be transmitted several times in a single second.

These rates can be obtained only through

multiplexing, since hardware devices (such as disk or

tape drives) cannot supply data fast enough.

Networks Classified

by Transmission

Rate:

In general, broadband networkssupport higher transmission rates.

However, there is considerable

variation in transmission rates for

baseband networks, and there is

considerable overlap in

transmission rates. That is there

are lots of baseband networks that

are faster than some broadbandnetworks, even Networks Classified

by Transmission Rate though

broadband networks tend to

support higher rates. Very roughly,

we can distinguish four

generations of networks:


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Networks

Classification (3)

baseband

carrierband

broadband

Networks Classified byMessage Capacity:

Whether the network can

transmit one or more

messages at a time.

Networks are either:


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NetworksClassification (4)

Networks Classified

by Range

The geographical or

bureaucratic range

over which the nodes

are distributed.

Networks can becategorized as


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Networks Classified by Range

MeaningAbbreviation

Global Area NetworkGAN

Area NetworkWideWAN

Metropolitan Area NetworkMAN

Area NetworkRegionalRAN

Campus Area NetworkCANLocal Area NetworkLAN

Departmental Area NetworkDAN

Home Area NetworkHAN

Storage Area NetworkSAN

Near-me Area NetworkNAN

Personal Area NetworkPAN

Area NetworkBodyBAN

Near Field CommunicationNFC


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Networks

Classification (5)

Point-to-PointUnidirectional

Point-to-PointBi-directional

Point-to-Multi-pointUnidirectional

Point-to-Multi-pointBi-directional

Networks Classified

by Line Configuration:

Line configuration

means the way two ormore communication

devices attach to a

link.

There are fourpossible line

configurations with

directional:


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Networks

Classification (6)

Networks used for general-

purpose computing and

operations are most likely to

be PC-based.

MIS departments and

universities are most likely to

have networks that includeminicomputers or

mainframes. Backbone

networks are networks

whose nodes are actuallysmaller networks, known as

access networks.

Networks Classified

:Node typesby

Nodes in a network

may be PCs,

minicomputers,

mainframes, or evenother networks.


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Networks

Classification (7)

Networks Classified

by Node

Relationships:

The relationship

among the nodesthat make up the

network. Networks

categorized

along these lines are:known as


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Networks

Classification (8)

Networks Classifiedby topology:

Network topology is

the arrangement of

the various elements(links, nodes, etc.) of

a computer or

biological network.

Essentially, it is the

topological structure

of a network and

may be depicted:


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Networks Classified by topology

Physical topology refers to the placement of the network's variouscomponents, including device location and cable installation,

while logical topology shows how data flows within a network,

regardless of its physical design. Distances between nodes,

physical interconnections, transmission rates, and/or signal

types may differ between two networks, yet their topologies may

be identical.The networks logical topology (logical layout of nodes in the

network) and physical topology (physical layout, including the

wiring scheme by which nodes are connected). The main logical

topologies are bus and ring. Physical topologies include bus,

star, ring, and star-wired ring.

A good example is a local area network (LAN): Any given node in

the LAN has one or more physical links to other devices in the

network; graphically mapping these links results in a geometric

shape that can be used to describe the physical topology of the

network. Conversely, mapping the data flow between the

components determines the logical topology of the network


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Networks Classified

by topology:

We have seen that a topology is

essentially a stable geometric

arrangement of computers in a

network. If you want to select atopology for doing networking. You

have attention to the following points:

Application S/W and protocols. Types of data communicating devices.

Geographic scope of the network.

Cost.

Reliability.We see:

Common layouts

Overlay network

The term TOPOLOGY

refers to the way in

which the end points orstations/computer

systems, attached to

the networks, are

interconnected. The

IEEE defines topology

as the interconnection

pattern of nodes on a

network."


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Networks Classified by

topology

(Overlay network)An overlay network is a

virtual computer network

that is built on top of

another network. Nodes in

the overlay are connected

by virtual or logical links,

each of which corresponds

to a path, perhaps through

many physical links, in the

underlying network. Thetopology of the overlay

network may (and often

does) differ from that of the

underlying one. A sample

overlay network: IP over

SONET over Optical
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Network_Overlay.svg


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topology

Networks

topology can alsoclassified as

shown :-


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topologyCable topologies


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Networks

Classification (9)Networks Classified by

:Access Possibilities

At one extreme areshared-media networks,

in which exactly one nodecan have access to thenetwork medium at agiven time. In contrast tothis, switching networks

allow multiple nodes to

use the network at thesame time. Switchingnetworks accomplish

this by multiplexing.

:Networks can be


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Networks

Classification (10)

To reduced the complexity of the

networks, network designers

have developed general

blueprints(they are generallycalled a network architecture)that

guide the design and

implementation of networks.

The most widely referenced

architecturesthe OSI

architecture and the Internet

architecture .

The New Network Architecture

is Overlay Architecture.

Networks Classified

by Architecture :

network architecture - The

philosophy and organizational

concept for enabling

communications between

equipment at multiple locations;

detailed specifications outlining the

processors, terminals and

transmission media, protocols and

software to be used to accomplishaccurate communications.


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Networks Classified

:by Architecture

Ethernet/IEEE802.3

ARCnet

Token Ring

FDDI

The network

architecture, which

is defined by the

cabling used, by themethod used to

access the network,

and by the format of

a data packet on thenetwork. Common

LAN architectures

:include


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NetworksClassification (11)


Transmission

:technology

Network can be

Classified by

Transmission technology

:as shown


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Networks

Classification (12)

Networks Classified by:Switch type

A switched network is one inwhich temporary connections

between two nodes areestablished when needed.Routing a transmissionthrough such temporaryconnections is known asswitching. Switching is usedfor networks on which many

nodes, or parties, may beaccessing the network at thesame time.

Three types of switchednetworks are in

common use:


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Networks

Classification (13)

Networks

Classified by

:function type

Network can be

Classified byfunction type

:as shown


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Networks

Classification (14)

Many devices are capable of being networked.

Some of the more obvious categories (with

examples) are as follows:

1. Computers (desktop PC, notebook PC, PDA,

shared peripherals).

2. Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camcorder,

camera, stereo, MP3).

3. Telecommunications (telephone, mobile

telephone, intercom, fax).

4. Appliances (microwave, refrigerator, clock,

furnace, airco, lights).

5. Telemetry (utility meter, smoke/burglar alarm,

thermostat, babycam).

Networks Classified by Home

networking: Homenetworking is on the

horizon. The fundamental

idea is that in the future

most homes will be set up

for networking. Everydevice in the home will be

capable of communicating

with every other device,

and all of them will be

accessible over the

Internet.


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Networks

Classification (15) alternativecomputing

collaborativecomputing

centralcomputingNetworks Classified

by computing powerdistribution:

Network can be

Classified by

computing powerdistribution

Into three category

as shown :


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Networks

Classification (16)

TRANSMISSIONMEDIA

GUIDED

TWISTED-PAIRCABLE

CO-AXIAL CABLE

HOME WIRING

OPTICAL FIBER

UNGUIDED

RADIOFREQUENCYALLOCATION

TERRESTRIALMICROWAVE

SATELLITECOMMUNICATION

CELLULARTELEPHONE


Transmission media: Various

physical media can be usedfor the actual transmission.

Each one has its own niche

in terms of bandwidth,

delay, cost and ease of

installation andmaintenance .Transmission

media are roughly divided

into two broad categories:

guided and unguided


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Networks

Classification (17)

Networks Classified

by the signals in thetransmission

medium

TransmissionThe

Medium Signals canbe classified as :-


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WirelessNetworkslassification


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EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS

ACCESS


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Networks Classified

(:1)by Generation First Generation Wireless Networks:

Wireless Access

Second Generation Wireless

Networks: Mobile Access

Third Generation Wireless Networks:

Wireless and Mobile Access to High-Bandwidth Services

Fourth Generation Wireless

Networks: and Beyond: Universal

Access in a Multinetwork

Environment

The last two decades of the 20thcentury marked an explosion in

the growth of wireless and

mobile communications, fueled

by the demand for cellular

telephones, pagers, and

messaging devices. Now, at the

beginning of a new century,

market growth is being fueled by

the promise of multimedia

applications and Internet access

for wireless laptops, cellular

telephones, and personal digital

assistants (PDAs) . The delivery

of such services depends on the

ability of future networks tocombine the mobile freedom of

the cellular telephone networks

with the bandwidth of current

computer networks like the

Internet .


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Types of Wireless(2):

Wireless data networks are

often divided into several

categories according to how

the networks are viewed by

the user.

Such characteristics as fixed

or mobile, point-to-point

(PTP) or point-to-multipoint

(PTM), licensed or

unlicensed, and standards-

based or proprietary are

used to define the network.

In reality, there are three

types of networks:


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Network Formation and

Architecture(4):

Wireless networkscan be divided

into two broad

categories based on

how the network isconstructed and the

underlining network

architecture:


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Communication

Coverage Area(5):

Wireless networks

can be classified into

different types based

on the distances over

which data is

transmitted:


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Networks Classified byfrequencies involved(6):

Radio Wave

MicrowaveInfrared

Wireless networks use

signals that cover a

broad frequency range,from a few megahertz to

a few terahertz.

Depending on the

frequencies involved, the

network is known asa:

:


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Access Technology(7):CDMA

TDMA

GSM

Wi-Fi(802.11)

Satellite

Hiperlan2

Bluetooth

Infrared

Depending on the

specific standard,

frequency, andspectrum usage,

wireless networks

can be categorized

based on the accesstechnology used.

These include:


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Networks Classified by8):)Network Applications

Wireless networks

can also be

categorized based

on the specific

usage and

applications theysupport,

for example:


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INTERNETWORK

An internetwork maybe defined as a network of computer

communication networks every authorized member of

which could communicate with every authorized

member (node) directly or indirectly.

It may by consist of several Local, Metropolitan or Wide

Area Networks interconnected via LAN, MAN or a WAN

oriented communication technology, depending uponspecific context of use.


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Classification of internetworks

There exist three classes of internetworks for most practical and

analytical purposes:

-The global Public Internetwork: The Internet (International Network)

-The Wholly Owned/Private Internetwork: The Intranets

- The Hybrid internetworks connected through the Internet: The

Extranets

The generic noun internetis a short form for the word internetwork,

while the proper noun Internetrefers to the global internetwork

of TCP/IP networks we all know and use. The term intranetrefers

to an internal network that uses TCP/IP technologies like theInternet does. An extranetis like an intranet that is extended to

individuals or organizations outside the company. All these

terms can be used ambiguously, so care must be taken in

determining exactly what they mean in any given context.


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The Internet networks

The Internet consists of the following groups of networks:

Backbones: Large networks that exist primarily to interconnect

other networks. Also known as network access points (NAPs) or

Internet Exchange Points (IXPs). Currently, the backbonesconsist of commercial entities.

Regional networks connecting, for example, universities and

colleges.

Commercial networks providing access to the backbones to

subscribers, and networks owned by commercial organizationsfor internal use that also have connections to the Internet.

Local networks, such as campus-wide university networks.


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Multimedia Internetwork

An internetwork of autonomous computer

consisting of LANs and/or WANs, in which

(depending upon the specific context of use)it could be possible for two or more

participating entities to get an assured

minimum quality of network service(s) during

their exchange of one or more componentsof multimedia data is called a Multimedia

Internetwork(MMI)


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Generic Classification of

Multimedia Internetworks

There do exist a variety of way to place the MMIs in a specific

category or the other.

One of these is to consider the type of service-solicitation as the

criteria for deciding a class. Based on this, a partial list of MMI

classes might look like:

On-Demand Multimedia Internetworks.

Interactive Multi-location Telecollaboration-based Multimedia

Internetworks.

Intelligent Multimedia Internetworks. Desktop Teleconferencing-oriented Multimedia Internetworks.


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Linked based of Multimedia

Internetworks

MMIS also can be categorized on the based link classes. Going to

the basis/yardstick, the major MMI applications can be grouped

into four broad classes. These include:

Point-to-Point Unidirectional Multimedia Internetwork

applications.

Point-to-Point Bi-directional Multimedia Internetwork

applications.

Point-to-Multi-point Unidirectional Multimedia Internetwork

applications. Point-to-Multi-point Bi-directional Multimedia Internetwork

applications.


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NGN


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NGN (Next Generation Networks)

NGN is a Voice Over IP, by passing the regular switches

to save the investment on Switches and Trunks.

NGN is Network Convergent Technology, combiningWireline (PSTN), Wireless (GSM, CDMA & 3G) and

packet data network together, for integrated voice,

data and multimedia services.

NGN is a Flat telephone network over Packet Data

Network , instead of traditional Hierarchy structured

telephone network with reduced investment.

networks classification 1

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