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CHAIR OF PETROLEUM AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY
Herbert Hofstätter Oktober 2014
Neue Technologien im
Brennpunkt der Forschung
• Fracturing Technology/ Bio Enhanced Energy Recovery
• Ultrasonic Technology for IOR
• Nano Technology for IOR
• ESP Optimization
• Geothermal Applications
• SR Anti Buckling Systems
• Sonic Wave Analysis
• …..
Research Goals 2014 - 2017
3
• Increase the Rate at which the Well is Capable of Producing Oil or Gas
or Geothermal Energy
• Increase the Economically Recoverable Reserves (Recovery Factor) for
a Well (although it does not alter the Total Reserves in Place)
• Increase overall Energy Efficiency
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING - GOAL
• The Use of Fluids to create a Crack by
Hydraulic Pressure
• The Continued Injection of Fluids into the created Crack (“Fracture”) to make it grow larger
• The Placement of Small Granular Solids into the Crack to insure the Crack remains open after the Hydraulic Pressure is no longer being applied
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING - DEFINITION
The Continued Injection of Fluids into the created Crack
FRAC FLUID ADDITIVES - CONVENTIONAL
• Water
• Polymers
• Crosslinker
• pH Control
• Gel Breakers
• Surfactants
• Clay Control
• Biocides
• Conductivity Enhancers
• Fluid Loss Additives
• Proppants
( 11 Components )
BIO ENHANCED ENERGY RECOVERY (BEER) – MUL 2014
• Water
• Base Fluid
• Modified Starch
• Rheology, Fluid Loss, Carrying Capacity
• Potassium Carbonate
• Weighting Agent, Corrosion Inhibitor, Clay Stabilizer, Sour Gas Buffer
• Fricition Reducer, Cost Efficient, Bacteria & Temperature Resistant
• Proppants
• Frac Opening
( 4 Components)
Advanced Pipe Technologies for Surface Modification (Nano Technology) and Insulation
Key drivers Increase energy production & efficiency Decrease costs for production, transportation and storage
Issues state of the art High temperature solutions Corrosion, adhesion Energy efficiency
April 2013 Confidential Presentation EPG Group
9 Source: EPG
Nano Technology for IOR
9
• Reduction of the surface roughness after application of a glass like coating material
• Profilometric measurement of an uncoated (Ra = 2.1 µm, left side) and an coated (Ra = 150 nm, right side) stainless steel sample
April 2013 Confidential Presentation EPG Group 10
Source: EPG
Roughness Reduction
Nano Technology for IOR
10
Borehole Insulation Materials
On flat surfaces (buildings, trucks, etc.), thermal resistance is proportional to insulation thickness and inversely proportional to thermal conductivity.
For piping, as thickness is increased, heat gain/loss is not proportional to thickness as the area increases
Source: EPG
11
Production Optimization
Artificial Lift System:
• Combination of ESP and GL (head reduction)
• Permanent fluid level control (MURAG)
Usage of associated gas for reinjection
Usage of associated gas for power generation (Microturbine)
Surface coated and insulated materials
ESP Optimization
12
Open question: GLR Optimization
Optimization of Geothermal Energy Recovery
• Materials (steel, surface coated inside – nano technolgy,
relined, insulated, fiber glass, others)
• Manipulation of surface parameters by nano technology
(oleophobic, hydrophobic)
• Surface coating & insulation (outside)
• Underground heat exchanger
• Vertical & Radial Drilling (jetting different media)
• Perforating Technology
• Borehole stabilization
• Geothermal Flow Simulation & Calibration
• Simulation Program
Geothermal Application
13
Piezoelectric Effect
The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in materials where applied mechanical pressure generates an electrical charge.
The reverse piezoelectric effect is defined as the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field.
• Lead zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable piezoelectricity when their static structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension. Conversely, those same crystals will change about 0.1% of their static dimension when an external electric field is applied to the material.
Degassing by US waves
Oilfield Application:
Oil / Gas separation
Water / Gas separation
Mud degassing
Hydrates
Gas hydrates are clathrate hydrates (a class of solid hydrates of gases): water ice with gas molecules trapped within. When the gas is methane it is called a methane hydrate.
Nonpolar molecules such as methane can form clathrate hydrates with water, especially under high pressure.
Hydrates in oil and gas production may plug tubings, chokes, surface facilities
Hydrate / ice destroyed by US
Problems with wax precipitation
Reduced inside diameter – more pressure losses
Lower production rate
Higher friction – more energy consumption
Plugging of surface facilities
Plugging of pipelines
….
Application of Sonic Waves - Summary
2011 Removal of Paraffin & Asphaltenes Scale removal (with HCl) Manipulation of cement slurries Manipulation of oil viscosity Phase separation Hydrate removal 2012 - 2014 •Cleaning of equipment in place (e.g.compressor, turbine, ESP‘s etc.) •Gravel pack cleaning •Cleaning gravel filters (water treatment) •Prevention of precipitations by permanent application •Mud treatment (screens, degasser) •Bacteria (injection water)
Progress Ultrasonics AG Environmentally Friendly Oil Well Stimulation
MATERIAL SCIENCE APPLICATIONS
Material Zugfestigkeit
[MPa]
Reißlänge
[km]
PE 100 23 2,5
Polyamid 12 38 3,6
Polyesterfaser
(Nylon®) 900 85
Glasfaser 1400 135
Aramidfaser
(Twaron® /Kevlar ®) 2700 200
Dyneema®
Polyethylenfaser 3000 330
HexelOne® Tape 270 22,3
Baustahl St 37 370 5,4
Reiß
län
ge
Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Späth – Kunststoffe im Hochdruckbereich
MATERIAL SCIENCE APPLICATIONS
Replacement of conventional steel tubulars by compound materials
• Velocity string
• Data transfer (intergrated fiber optics, conductor)
• Heat conservation
• Dewatering gas wells
• Corrosion resistance
• Weight
• Rigless intervention
• ….