neural basis of social cognition based on fmri studies, yoko mano

Neural basis of social cognition based on fMRI studies

Yoko Mano JSPS Research Fellow (RPD)

Department of Psychology

Kyoto University

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Contents

◇ social cognition

◇ Previous work Ⅰ: study of perspective-taking

◇ Previous work Ⅱ: study of social interaction in episodic memory

◇ Proposal: study of empathy between child and parents

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Contents

◇ social cognition

◇ Previous work Ⅰ: study of perspective-taking

◇ Previous work Ⅱ: study of social interaction in episodic memory

◇ Proposal: study of empathy between child and parents

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What is Social Cognition? (社会的認知とは)

低次から高次までの様々な

認知過程によって構成される，他者の特性や意図などを正確に認知する情報処理過程である

(Brothers, 1990)．

“Social cognition is the processing of any information which culminates in the accurate perception of the

dispositions and intentions of other individuals” (Brothers, 1990)．

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Important aspects in Social Cognition

• recognize difference between self and others

• emotional recognition of others

• collaboration

• sharing episodic memory

• “Theory of Mind"

• perspective taking

• empathy

Social Cognition

Self and others

Emotional recognition

Theory of Mind

Perspective taking

Collaboration

Sharing episodic memory

Empathy

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• collaboration




• empathy

Social Cognition

Self and others


Theory of Mind

Perspective taking

Collaboration


Empathy

Neural Network of Mentalizing

• MPFC, TP, TPJ, posterior STS, and precuneus are activated by

Mentalizing (Frith and Frith, 2003, 2006; Saxe, 2006)．

• Cartoon and Story comprehension

Neural Network of Mentalizing

※MPFC; medial prefrontal cortex, TP; temporal pole,

TPJ; temporo-parietal junction includes angular gyrus (BA39), supramarginal gyrus (BA40),

and posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS).

*BA: broadman area

MPFC

BA 8, 9, 10

Posterior STS

BA 21/22

TPJ

BA 39, 40

TP

BA 38

precuneus

BA 7, 31

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• collaboration




• empathy

Social Cognition

Self and others


Theory of Mind

Perspective taking

Collaboration


Empathy

Neural basis of perspective-taking

Precuneus (BA 7, 31)

• TPJ is activated with guessing of other people’s mind (Saxe and Kanwisher, 2003; Saxe and

Wexler, 2005; Frith and Frith, 2006).

• Posterior cingulate cortex is related to third person perspective-taking (Goel et al., 1995;

Fletcher et al., 1995; Brunet et al., 2000), empathy with protagonist (Völlm et al., 2006).

• Precuneus is activated with guessing the believe and memories of great people in history, such as Columbus (Goel et al., 1995).

Posterior cingulated cortex

(BA 23, 29, 30)

TPJ (BA 39, 40)

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• To depict the neural substrates of spatial perspective taking in narrative emotional comprehension.

Purpose

(See, e.g., Morrow, Bower, & Greenspan, 1989; Rink & Bower, 1995)

Workload

Situation model hypothesis:

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物語理解における主人公の感情を理解する際の他者視点取得に関連する神経基盤を検討すること．

• Subjects: 18 healthy volunteers

(10 females & 8 males, age: 25.2±2.46)

• Task: Emotional comprehension task (partial modification of the previous study (Pons et al., 2004))

• Conditions:✓ spatially coupled (SC); “here and now”

✓ spatially decoupled (SD); “there and now”

✓ unconnected (UC) as a control

24 trial (SC 8, SD 8, UC 8)/session * 3

• Experimental design: Event-related design

• Functional images: 3T MRI (Allegra, SIEMENS, Erlangen, Germany)

44 axial slices/volume, TR: 3000 msec

• Data analysis: SPM 5

Methods

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Example of task

Kana is playing

with her much-

loved stuffed toy.

Kana is watching

her favorite

comedy at the

movie theater.

Norio is watching

his favorite

comedy at the

movie theater.

Kana’s stuffed toy

was pecked and

ripped by a bird in

her room.

Q: Does Kana have

positive/negative emotion?

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Conclusion (study of perspective taking)

• The “there and now” scenario activated the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) more prominently than the “here and now” scenario.

• Both scenarios, in contrast to the control tasks, revealed common activation of the well-known mentalizing network including the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, Temporal pole, pSTS, PCC and TPJ.

Precuneus (BA 7, 31)

PCC (BA 23, 29, 30) TPJ (BA 39, 40)

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• collaboration




• empathy

Social Cognition

Self and others


Theory of Mind

Perspective taking

Collaboration


Empathy

• The left MPFC reflects “Self Referential Processing” (e.g. Cabeza et al., 2004).

• The right MPFC is associated with “Social Relations” (e.g. Iacoboni et al., 2004) and the “Traits of Others” (e.g. Van Overwalle, 2009).

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MPFC

BA 8，9，10

Neural basis of “Self Referential

Processing” and “Social Interaction”

• To dissociate the neural substrate of social interaction (SI) from that of action events (AE) during episodic memory retrieval.

Purpose

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エピソード記憶におけるソーシャルインタラクションの要素を細かく切り分けて，他者との共同作業や自分だけでの行動，受動か能動かの，それぞれに関連する

神経基盤を検討すること．

• Subjects: 24 healthy volunteers with ear-plugs (unfamiliar in pairs) (14 females & 10 males, age: 20.5±2.2)

• Task 1): Story generation task (encoding processes)

• Task 2): Word recognition task (retrieval processes)

Methods

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MRI外で，画面に提示される単語を用いての文章作成課題（記銘課題）．

MRI内での文章作成課題で用いた単語の再認課題．

• The volunteers generated

sentences using the

presented words.

Task 1): Story generation task (encoding processes)

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MRI外で，画面に提示される単語を用いての文章作成課題（記銘課題）

単語を使用して文章を作成するか，単語が含まれた文章を見て読む．その後，文章を発話する．（受動的に見ているだけでは課題を行っているか判断しかねるため．）

• The volunteers generated

sentences using the

presented words.

✓social interaction (SI): A pair of volunteers alternately generated

sentences to construct a coherent story.

→ “Social Self (SS)”: He/She generated sentences.

“Social Other (SO)”: He/She looked at the sentences

that the other volunteer generated.

✓Non-social Self (NS): He/She generated sentences alone.

✓Non-social Other (NO): He/She looked at the automatically

presented sentences.

・Stimuli: 96 words (SI 48(SS 24, SO 24), NS 24, NO 24)

Task 1): Story generation task (encoding processes)

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ソーシャル

インタラクション（あり / なし）

自分で作成（能動）/ 他者が作成（受動）

面識のないペアで，画面に提示される単語を用いて一貫性のある物語を作成する．

social interaction (SI): A pair of volunteers alternately generated sentences to construct a coherent story.

“Social Self (SS)”: He/She generated sentences. “Social Other (SO)”: He/She looked at the sentences

that the other volunteer generated.

• The weather is getting a little more bearable.

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Non-social Self (NS): He/She generated sentences alone.


• It’s nice condition for exercise.

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Non-social Other (NO): He/She looked at the automatically presented sentences.


• It’s nice condition for exercise.

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• The subjects retrieved words which were presented during the story generation task.

• Stimuli: 96 words (SS 24, SO 24, NS 24, NO 24)

+ 96 new words = 192 words

• Experimental design: Event-related design

• Measurement and analysis

Functional imager: 3T MR scanner (Achieva Quasar Dual, Philips, Netherlands)

30 axial slices/volume, TR: 2000 msec

• Data analysis: SPM5

Task 2): Word recognition task (retrieval processes) fMRI

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全条件に共通する認知機能

rSS rSO rNS rNO

(rSS + rSO) – (rNS + rNO): main effect of SI

(rSS + rNS) – (rSO + rNO): main effect of AE

MRl Results N=24

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右内側前頭前野左内側前頭前野中部帯状皮質

◆(rSS + rSO) – (rNS + rNO): main effect of SI ◆(rSS + rNS) – (rSO + rNO): main effect of AE

• The left MPFC could reflect “Self Referential Processing” (e.g. Cabeza et al., 2004).

• The right MPFC could be associated with “Social Relations” (e.g. Iacoboni et al., 2004) and the “Traits of Others” (e.g. Van Overwalle, 2009).

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MPFC

BA 8，9，10

Neural basis of “Self Referential

Processing” and “Social Interaction”

Conclusion (study of social interaction in episodic memory)

• Dissociable regions within the medial prefrontal cortices contribute to both the processes of social interaction and the action events in the retrieval of episodic memory.

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＜結論＞

自分1人での行動と，他者との行動のようなソーシャルインタラクションがある場合の

それぞれに関わる脳領域として，内側前頭前皮質の左右で担われる機能が

異なることが示唆された．

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• collaboration




• empathy

Social Cognition

Self and others


Theory of Mind

Perspective taking

Collaboration


Empathy

In Family

Proposal: study of empathy between child and parents using fMRI study

• To clarify the empathy mechanism

between child and mother.

• To clarify the empathy mechanism

between child and father.

• To clarify the empathy of the synchronization process for children between

mother and father.

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National Institute for Physiological Sciences Dr. Norihiro Sadato (Professor at NIPS)

Dr. Tokiko Harada (Assistant Professor at NIPS)

Dr. Motoaki Sugiura (Associate Professor at Tohoku University)

Dr. Daisuke N. Saito (Associate Professor at Fukui University)

Mano Y, Harada T, Sugiura M, Saito DN, Sadato N. (2009)

Perspective-taking as part of narrative comprehension:

a functional MRI study. Neuropsychologia. 47(3):813-24.

Acknowledgment

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Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University (IDAC)

Dr. Ryuta Kawashima (Professor at IDAC)

Dr. Motoaki Suigiura (Associate Professor at IDAC)

Dr. Takashi Tsukiura (Associate Professor at Kyoto University)

Dr. Joan Y. Chiao (Assistant Professor at Northwestern University)

Dr. Yukihito Yomogida (Postdoctoral Fellow at Tamagawa University)

Dr. Jeong Heonjeong (JSPS Research Fellow at IDAC)

Dr. Atsushi Sekiguchi (Lecturer at IDAC)

Mano Y, Sugiura M, Tsukiura T, Chiao JY, Yomogida Y, Jeong H, Sekiguchi A,

Kawashima R. (2011) The representation of social interaction in episodic

memory: A functional MRI study. Neuroimage. 57(3):1234-1242.

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Acknowledgment

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

Department of Psychology, Kyoto University Dr. Shoji Itakura (Professor at Kyoto University)

All laboratory members

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Acknowledgment

Thank you very much

for your kind attention !

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neural basis of social cognition based on fmri studies, yoko mano

Science

empathy social cognition

study of perspective

episodic memory empathy

study of empathy

study of social interaction

tpj ba

precuneus ba

person perspective