Neurocritical Care for Neurosurgeons

Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo Leonardo C. Welling • Nícollas Nunes RabeloEditors

Neurocritical Care for NeurosurgeonsPrinciples and Applications

ISBN 978-3-030-66571-5 ISBN 978-3-030-66572-2 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66572-2

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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EditorsEberval Gadelha FigueiredoUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil

Nícollas Nunes RabeloUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil

Leonardo C. WellingState University of Ponta GrossaPonta GrossaParanáBrazil

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Foreword

As every neurosurgeon is aware, our surgical results depend on so much more than just excellent technical competency. Of the many requirements for getting the best outcomes for our patients like appropriate decision-making, great neuroanesthesia, and good staff, none are more pertinent than excellent neurocritical management.

Drs. Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo, Leonardo C. Welling, and Nícollas Nunes Rabelo have collected superb experts and assembled a long-overdue book on the practical aspects of achieving outstanding critical care.

It is divided into four parts — the first presents and details the general basic prin-ciples of neurosurgical care, including monitoring and interpretation of exams. In the second part, the authors present and thoroughly discuss general management of neurocritical patients. Specific conditions and diseases care are discussed in Part III. In Part IV, outcomes and strategies of rehabilitation are presented.

This volume is appropriate for all those involved in the care of neurosurgical patients, especially residents, critical care physicians, neurologists, and all neurosurgeons.

I congratulate the authors for the excellent job in presenting this much-needed material and suspect it will be used routinely by physicians taking care of these critical patients.

Robert F. SpetzlerDepartment of Neurosurgery

Barrow Neurological InstitutePhoenix, AZ, USA

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Acknowledgments

To think is easy. To act is hard. But the hardest thing in the world is to act in accordance with your thinking. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

No new project comes about without the tough efforts of a number of colleagues, and this book is certainly no exception. We would like to start by thanking the edito-rial and production teams at Springer Nature, as always, an extremely talented and most pleasant group to work with. It is clearly through their efforts that the pub-lished result is so outstanding. Second, we would like to thank all authors and col-laborators that persisted highly committed even in the adversity and uncommon occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic that changed everyone’s life. For a few moments, it seemed impossible to get all the pieces together and their individual contributions, which included skilled editing, production, and design. It shows that even in the face of the impossible dream, it is possible to accomplish great things.

A special thanks to our families, parents, wives, sons, and friends that in hard moments who understood us in difficult times, and always believed and supported the project. For friends and other collaborators who, even in anonymity, were unconditionally supportive.

This book is about Neurocritical Care for Neurosurgeons: Principles and Applications, a fundamental part of our routine of patient care. It is well known that the details in the neurocritical care of patients make a total difference in outcome, no matter how beautifully one operates. This book is for medical students, residents, fellows, faculty, neurosurgeons, neurologists, and general physicians who cope with these challenging conditions on a daily basis.

Finally, we would like to acknowledge all our teachers, mentors, and others who inspired us all these years for their guidance, encouragement, and friendship.

Eberval Gadelha FigueiredoProfessor of Neurosurgery – University of São Paulo, BrazilLeonardo C. WellingNeurological Surgery Department – State University of Ponta Grossa, BrazilNícollas Nunes RabeloNeurological Surgery Department – University of São Paulo, Brazil

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Contents

1 Neurocritical Care: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, Leonardo C. Welling, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

Part I The Basics and Monitoring

2 Metabolism and Cerebral Blood Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Markus Dengl and Gabriele Schackert

3 Brain Edema: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment . . . . . . . . 27Jesse A. Stokum, Phelan Shea, Gary Schwartzbauer, and J. Marc Simard

4 Intracranial Pressure: Invasive Methods of Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . 45Ruy Castro Monteiro da Silva Filho and Paulo Eduardo de Mello Santa Maria

5 Noninvasive Intracranial Pressure Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Leonardo C. Welling, Gustavo Frigieri, Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

6 Brain Tissue Oxygen Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Fábio Santana Machado, Leonardo C. Welling, Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

7 Brain Microdialysis Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Maria A. Poca, David Sanchez-Ortiz, Jacinto Baena, and Juan Sahuquillo

8 Jugular Bulb Oximetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Leonardo C. Welling, Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

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9 Transcranial Doppler: Practical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Ricardo de Carvalho Nogueira, Rafaela Almeida Alquéres, Victor Marinho Silva, and Pamela Torquato de Aquino

10 Electroencephalogram in the Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit (When a Single EEG Is Not Enough) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Luiz H. Castro

11 Radiological Evaluation of Postoperative Complications of Intracranial Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Fabricio Stewan Feltrin, Eduarda Tavares da Rocha de Azeredo Bastos, and Mariana Dalaqua

Part II General Management

12 Management of Intracranial Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Estêvão Bassi, Bruno Martins Tomazini, Filipe Mateus Cadamuro, Roberta Muriel Longo Roepke, Bárbara Vieira Carneiro, and Luiz Marcelo Sá Malbouisson

13 Neuroprotection in Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, Leonardo C. Welling, Robson Luis Oliveira de Amorim, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

14 Decompressive Craniectomy: Breaking Skepticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Leonardo C. Welling, Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

15 Sedation and Analgesia in Neurocritical Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira, Daniel Ciampi de Andrade, Wellingson da Silva Paiva, Leonardo C. Welling, Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

16 Hemodynamic Management in the Neurocritical Patient . . . . . . . . . . 301Sâmia Yasin Wayhs and Edwin Koterba

17 Blood Transfusion Strategies in Neurocritical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323André Luiz Nunes Gobatto, Marcela de Almeida Lopes, and Luiz Marcelo Sá Malbouisson

18 Ventilatory Strategies in the Neurocritical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Salomón Soriano Ordinola Rojas, Amanda Ayako Minimura Ordinola, João Paulo Mota Telles, Leonardo C. Welling, Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

19 Endotracheal Intubation, Extubation, and Tracheostomy: How, When, and Why? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347Leonardo C. Welling, Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

Contents

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20 Infections in Neurocritical Care Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Alok Patel, Ivan da Silva, and Andre Beer-Furlan

21 Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders in Neurocritical Care . . . . . . . . 373Renata Harumi Gobbato Yamashita, Vitor Nagai Yamaki, Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, Leonardo C. Welling, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

22 Basic Aspects of Nutrition in Neurocritical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Vitor Nagai Yamaki, Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, Leonardo C. Welling, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

23 General Principles of Neurosurgical Postoperative Care . . . . . . . . . . 407Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira, Davi J. Fontoura Solla, and Wellingson S. Paiva

24 Head Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Prashin Unadkat, Katherine Wagner, and Jamie S. Ullman

25 Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and the First Week After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Brenna Kathleen McElenney, Craig Schreiber, Joseph Georges, and Peter Nakaji

26 Hemorrhagic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483Joao Brainer Clares de Andrade, Felipe Chaves Duarte Barros, and Gisele Sampaio Silva

27 Cerebral Hemorrhage and High INR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Gustavo Cartaxo Patriota and Rui Paulo Vicente Reinas

28 Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517Mateus P. Pellegrino, Felipe Moreira, and Adriana B. Conforto

29 Emergencies in Neuro-oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535José Marcus Rotta, Afonso Henrique Dutra de Melo, and Rodolfo Casimiro Reis

30 Hemorrhage into a Pituitary Tumor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555Christiane Fialho Gonsalves, Leandro Kasuki, and Mônica Gadelha

31 Status Epilepticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565Christiane Cobas and Eliana Garzon

32 Systemic (Non-neurological) Complications in the Neurocritical Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579Salomón Soriano Ordinola Rojas, Amanda Ayako Minimura Ordinola, Leonardo C. Welling, Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, João Paulo Mota Telles, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

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33 Acute Spinal Cord Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599Erion Junior de Andrade, Fernando Luís Maeda, Raphael Augusto Correa Bastianon Santiago, and Andrei Fernandes Joaquim

34 General Principles of Awake Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619Eduardo Carvalhal Ribas, Cristiana Pinheiro Protasio, Sang Ken Kim, Hannah Keeble, and Christian Brogna

35 TBI in Pediatric Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635Giselle Coelho and Eduardo Varjão Vieira

Part III The Outcomes

36 Prognostic Models in Neurocritical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649Leonardo C. Welling, Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, Jefferson Rosi Junior, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

37 Rehabilitation and Palliative Care in Neurocritical Patients . . . . . . . 667Rebeca Boltes Cecatto and Linamara Rizzo Battistella

38 Brain Death and Management of the Potential Donor . . . . . . . . . . . . 677Leonardo C. Welling, Thomas Markus Dhaese, Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

39 New Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697Leonardo C. Welling, Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

Contents

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About the Editors

Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo, MD, PhD completed a fellowship in microsurgery at the Barrow Neurological Institute (USA). He holds a PhD in sciences and is an associate professor of neurosurgery and lecturer in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of São Paulo (USP), as well as head of the Vascular Neurosurgery Group, Division of Neurological Surgery (HCFMUSP). He has been postgraduate coordinator at the University of São Paulo’s Department of Neurology since 2015 and chief editor of Brazilian Neurosurgery, the official Brazilian neurosurgery journal, since 2011. He is the president of Brazilian Neurosurgical Society (2021–2022) and associate member of Harvard Medical School and Harvard University Alumni since 2015 .

Leonardo C. Welling, MD, PhD is a neurosurgeon and member of the Brazilian Society of Neurosurgery. He obtained a postgraduate qualification in neurointensive care from Sirio Libanês Hospital (São Paulo) and completed a fellowship in microneuroanatomy at the Portuguese Beneficence Hospital (São Paulo). He holds a doctoral degree in medical sciences from the School of Medicine at the University of São Paulo (FM–USP) and completed the same university’s postdoctoral neurology program. He is a member of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (USA) and a Professor of Neurosurgery at the State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG) .

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Nícollas Nunes Rabelo, MD is a neurosurgeon and member of the Brazilian Society of Neurosurgery. He has a postgraduate qualification in neurointensive medicine from the Sirio Libanês Hospital and com-pleted a fellowship in vascular and skull base neurosur-gery at the University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP). He has a PhD in progress in neurosciences and is an adjunct researcher in the School of Medicine at the University of São Paulo. He is member of Brazilian Neurosurgical Society board as SBN academic leagues (2021–2022).

About the Editors

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Rafaela  Almeida  Alquéres Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamic Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Hospital das Clinicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Jacinto  Baena Neurotraumatology Intensive Care Unit, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain

Felipe Chaves Duarte Barros Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Estêvão Bassi Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgery, Discipline of General Surgery and Trauma, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, Brazil

Linamara Rizzo Battistella Full Professor of Physiatry of School of Medicine of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Andre  Beer-Furlan Department of Neurological Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Christian  Brogna Department of Neurosurgery, King’s College Hospital, London, UK

Filipe Mateus Cadamuro Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgery, Discipline of General Surgery and Trauma, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil

Bárbara Vieira Carneiro Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgery, Discipline of General Surgery and Trauma, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Department of Critical Care Medicine and Telemedicine, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil

Contributors

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Giselle Coelho Department of Neurosurgery, Santa Marcelina Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

EDUCSIM Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Luiz  H.  Castro Epilepsy Division, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Rebeca Boltes Cecatto Instituto do Cancer do estado de São Paulo, ICESP, School of Medicine of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

School of Medicine University 9th July UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil

Christiane Cobas Dotoral Student, Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Adriana  B.  Conforto Clinical Neurology Division, Hospital das Clínicas/São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil

Mariana  Dalaqua Radiology Department, Hospital du Valais, Valais, Sion, Switzerland

Eduarda Tavares da Rocha de Azeredo Bastos Radiology Department, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Ivan  da Silva Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Ruy Castro Monteiro da Silva Filho Department of Neurosurgery, Miguel Couto Municipal Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Trauma Department, Sociedade Brasileira de Neurocirurgia (SBN) 2018 – 2020, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Wellingson da Silva Paiva Neurology Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Marcela de Almeida Lopes Critical Care Medicine, Hospital da Cidade, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Robson Luis Oliveira de Amorim Division of Neurological Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Daniel Ciampi de Andrade Neurology Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Erion  Junior  de Andrade Neurosurgery Resident  – University of Campinas, Campinas – São Paulo, Brazil

Joao  Brainer  Clares  de Andrade Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Pamela  Torquato  de Aquino Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamic Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Hospital das Clinicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Contributors

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Ricardo  de Carvalho  Nogueira Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamic Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Hospital das Clinicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Department of Neurology, Hospital Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil

Paulo  Eduardo  de Mello  Santa  Maria Department of Neurosurgery, Miguel Couto Municipal Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Afonso  Henrique  Dutra  de Melo Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Markus  Dengl Department of Neurosurgery, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Thomas  Markus  Dhaese Intesive Care Department, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Fabricio  Stewan  Feltrin Radiology Department, Universidade Estadual dos Campos Gerais, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil

Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo Division of Neurological Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Davi  J.  Fontoura  Solla Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Gustavo Frigieri Scientific Department – brain4care, São Paulo, Brazil

Mônica Gadelha Neuroendocrinology Unit – Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Neuroendocrinology Research Center – Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Internal Medicine Department/Medical School - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Eliana  Garzon Coordenating Physician, Electroencephalography Section of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Joseph Georges Department of Neurosurgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Department of Neurosurgery, Cooper University Healthcare, Philadelphia, PA, USA

André Luiz Nunes Gobatto Internal Medicine Department, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Critical Care Medicine, Hospital da Cidade, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Christiane  Fialho  Gonsalves Neuroendocrinology Research Center  – Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Contributors

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Andrei Fernandes Joaquim University of Campinas, Campinas – São Paulo, Brazil

Jefferson Rosi Junior Neurological Surgery Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Leandro Kasuki Neuroendocrinology Research Center – Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Neuroendocrinology Unit – Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Hannah Keeble Inomed Neurocare, London, UK

King’s College, London University, London, UK

Sang Ken Kim Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Edwin Koterba Hospital das Clínicas of the Universidade de São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil

Fábio Santana Machado Neurointensive Care Unit, Hospital Sírio Libânes, São Paulo, Brazil

Fernando  Luís  Maeda Neurosurgery Resident  – University of Campinas, Campinas – São Paulo, Brazil

Luiz  Marcelo  Sá  Malbouisson Disciplina de Anestesiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Surgical Intensive Care Units – Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Brenna Kathleen McElenney University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Felipe  Moreira Clinical Neurology Division, Hospital das Clínicas/São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil

Peter Nakaji University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Banner University Medical Center Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Amanda  Ayako  Minimura  Ordinola Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Intensive Care Department, Hospital Bp of the Portuguese Beneficence of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Wellingson S. Paiva Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Alok Patel Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Contributors

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Gustavo  Cartaxo  Patriota Head of Neurosurgery, Department in Hospital de Emergência e Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil

Titular member of the Brazilian Neurosurgery Society, São Paulo, Brazil

Titular member of the Brazilian Neurosurgery Academy, Neurotrauma and Neurocritical Care Expertise, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Mateus  P.  Pellegrino Clinical Neurology Division, Hospital das Clínicas/São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil

Maria A. Poca Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain

Neurotrauma and Neurosurgery Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain

Cristiana  Pinheiro  Protasio Division of Neuropsychology and Cognitive Rehabilitation, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Nícollas Nunes Rabelo Division of Neurological Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Rui Paulo Vicente Reinas Department of Neurosurgery at CH Vila Nova de Gaia, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal

Clinical Fellow in Hospital de Emergência e Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena, João Pessoa, Brazil

Rodolfo  Casimiro  Reis Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Eduardo  Carvalhal  Ribas Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil

Roberta  Muriel  Longo  Roepke Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgery, Discipline of General Surgery and Trauma, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Intensive Care Unit, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil

Salomón  Soriano  Ordinola  Rojas Department of Intensive Care, Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo City, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

José  Marcus  Rotta Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Contributors

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Juan Sahuquillo Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain

Neurotrauma and Neurosurgery Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain

David  Sanchez-Ortiz Neurotrauma and Neurosurgery Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain

Raphael  Augusto  Correa  Bastianon  Santiago Neurosurgery Resident  – University of Campinas, Campinas – São Paulo, Brazil

Gabriele  Schackert Department of Neurosurgery, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Craig Schreiber Department of Neurosurgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Department of Neurosurgery, Cooper University Healthcare, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Gary  Schwartzbauer Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Phelan  Shea Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Gisele Sampaio Silva Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Hospital Israelita Brasileiro Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil

Victor  Marinho  Silva Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamic Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Hospital das Clinicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

J. Marc Simard Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Jesse A. Stokum Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira Department of Intensive Care, Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo City, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Neurological Surgery Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Contributors

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João Paulo Mota Telles School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Bruno Martins Tomazini Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgery, Discipline of General Surgery and Trauma, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Teaching and Research Institute Sírio-Libanês Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil

Jamie  S.  Ullman Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA

Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA

Prashin  Unadkat Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA

Eduardo Varjão Vieira Department of Neurosurgery, Santa Marcelina Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Katherine Wagner Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA

Sâmia Yasin Wayhs Neuro-ICU at Central Institute, Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil

Leonardo C. Welling Neurological Surgery Department, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Vitor Nagai Yamaki Division of Neurological Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Renata  Harumi  Gobbato  Yamashita Division of Neurological Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Contributors