neurophysiology of human primary consciousness · 2019. 9. 11. · babiloni c, sarà m, vecchio f,...
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Neurophysiology of Human
Primary Consciousness
Claudio Babiloni 1,2, Fabrizio Vecchio,3, and Paolo Maria Rossini,2,3,4
1. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy;
2. Hospital San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
3. A.Fa.R. Osp. FBF; Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy;
4. Section of Neurology, Catholic University of Rome; Rome, Italy
Università degli Studi di Foggia Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali
Cattedra di Fisiologia
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Primary (phenomenal) consciousness
vs. non conscious stimulus processing
In the figure, primary consciousness sub-serves reading of the newspaper article, while non conscious
processes elaborate walking people stimulus
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pyramidal neurons
oscillating at
synchronized alpha
frequencies
Dominant resting (eyes-
closed) alpha rhythms are
coherent over wide
cortical areas and
corresponding thalamic
nuclei
REST
THALAMUS
Reticular neurons
Relay neurons
BRAIN STEM
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pyramidal neurons
oscillating at
several peculiar
high frequencies
High-frequency EEG
rhythms substitute alpha
rhythms during activity.
ERPs may be formed by
re-phasing of EEG
oscillations
Gamma rhythms
ACTIVITY
THALAMUS BRAIN STEM
Reticular neurons
Relay neurons
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self-report (“seen” or “not seen”)
50% of the cue stimuli are
consciously detected (“seen”)
50% of the cue stimuli are
consciously missed (“not seen”)
(unpredictable) go at right, movement
at right button
Primary consciousness of visuo-spatial functions can be
experimentally studied giving visual stimuli
at threshold time (passive view)
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C. Babiloni, F. Vecchio, GL Romani and PM Rossini. Visual-
spatial consciousness is related to pre- and post-stimulus alpha
rhythms: a high-resolution EEG study. Cerebral Cortex 2006
Cue stimulus onset LORETA sources
Occipital and posterior parietal sources of pre-stimulus alpha
rhythms are related to consciousness of visuo-spatial stimuli
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C. Babiloni, F. Vecchio, GL Romani and PM Rossini. Visual-spatial
consciousness is related to pre- and post-stimulus alpha rhythms:
a high-resolution EEG study. Cerebral Cortex 2006
Cue stimulus onset LORETA sources
Occipital and posterior parietal sources of alpha ERD are
related to consciousness of visuo-spatial stimuli
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C. Babiloni, F. Vecchio, M. Miriello, GL Romani and PM Rossini. Visual-spatial consciousness and parieto-occipital areas:
a high-resolution EEG study. Cerebral Cortex 2005
Occipital and posterior parietal sources of P3 are related to
consciousness of visuo-spatial stimuli
+ mV
- mV
P3 peak (about +400 ms post-stimulus) LORETA sources
Pz electrode
zerotime
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Repetitive
transcranial
magnetic
stimulation
(rTMS) over
BA 7-39
BA 6 (sham)
Are parietal alpha ERD epiphenomena for visuo-spatial
consciousness?
Babiloni C, Vecchio F, Rossi S, De Capua A, Bartalini S, Ulivelli M, Rossini PM. Visuo-spatial
consciousness and parietal areas: a rTMS study. Cerebral Cortex 2006. Cereb Cortex. 2007
Jun;17(6):1486-92.
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Visuo-spatial attention and consciousness are impaired by
rTMS in parietal areas showing maximum alpha ERD
Babiloni C, Vecchio F, Rossi S, De Capua A, Bartalini S, Ulivelli M, Rossini PM. Visuo-spatial consciousness and parietal areas: a
rTMS study. Cerebral Cortex 2006. Cereb Cortex. 2007 Jun;17(6):1486-92.
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self-report (“seen” or “not seen”)
Primary consciousness of frontal executive functions can be
experimentally studied (paradigm of “inverted response”)
(unpredictable) go at right, movement at left button
50% of the cue stimuli are
consciously detected (“seen”)
50% of the cue stimuli are
consciously missed (“not seen”)
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Frontal and parieto-occipital sources of P3 are related to
consciousness of visuo-spatial stimuli during executive functions
Babiloni C, Vecchio F, Iacoboni M, Buffo P, Eusebi F, Rossini PM. Cortical sources of visual evoked potentials during
consciousness of executive processes. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 Mar;30(3):998-1013.
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Primary consciousness of emotional faces can be experimentally
studied (passive view)
self-report (“seen” or “not seen”)
happy (sad) icon, movement at left (right) button
50% of the cue stimuli (just one
face for each event) are
consciously detected (“seen”)
50% of the cue stimuli are
consciously missed (“not seen”)
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Frontal and posterior parietal sources of N170 are related to
consciousness of emotional sad faces
Babiloni C, Vecchio F, Buffo P, Cibelli G, and Rossini PM. Cortical responses to consciousness of schematic emotional facial
expressions: a high-resolution EEG study. Human Brain Mapping 2009
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self-report (“seen” or “not seen”)
Primary consciousness of words can be experimentally studied
(passive view)
50% of the cue stimuli are
consciously detected (“seen”)
50% of the cue stimuli are
consciously missed (“not seen”)
muro
xxxx
muro left or right mouse button if the go stimulus
was a living or nonliving being
Cue and go stimuli: muro (wall), mulo
(mule), cane (dog), pane (bread)
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ERPs to cue stimuli (words) are higher in amplitude at N1 and P3
peaks during primary consciousness
Babiloni C, Vecchio , Buffo P, De Sero R., Rossini PM. Cortical sources of visual evoked potentials during consciousness of
executive processes. NeuroImage (moderate revisions).
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Babiloni C, Vecchio , Buffo P, De Sero R., Rossini
PM. Cortical sources of visual evoked potentials
during consciousness of executive processes.
NeuroImage (moderate revisions).
Occipito-temporal N1
sources are related to
primary consciousness
of words
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Del Percio C, Babiloni C, Bertollo M, Marzano N, Iacoboni M, Infarinato F, Lizio R, Stocchi M, Robazza C, Cibelli G,
Comani S and Eusebi F. Visuo-attentional and sensorimotor alpha rhythms are related to visuo-motor performance in athletes
Hum Brain Mapp. 2009
Reduced cortical EEG activation during focused attention in
elite pistol shooters. Restriction of conscious experience?
VIDEO
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Del Percio C, Babiloni C, Bertollo M, Marzano N, Iacoboni M, Infarinato F, Lizio R, Stocchi M, Robazza C, Cibelli G,
Comani S and Eusebi F. Visuo-attentional and sensorimotor alpha rhythms are related to visuo-motor performance in athletes
Hum Brain Mapp. 2009
Postural freezing of elite shooters is related to selectivity/neural
efficiency as revealed by widespread cortical EEG deactivation: a
“disconnection” from irrelevant stimuli of the external world?
More efficiency
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Del Percio C, Babiloni C, Bertollo M, Marzano N, Iacoboni M, Infarinato F, Lizio R, Stocchi M, Robazza C, Cibelli G,
Comani S and Eusebi F. Visuo-attentional and sensorimotor alpha rhythms are related to visuo-motor performance in
athletes Hum Brain Mapp. 2009
Compared to non-athletes, pistol shooters show stronger parieto-
temporal and parieto-occipital alpha coherence
high cortical coherence
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Babiloni C, Del Percio C, Rossini PM, Marzano N, Iacoboni M, Infarinato F, Lizio R, Piazza M, Pirritano M, Berlutti G, Cibelli G,
Eusebi F. Judgment of actions in experts: a high-resolution EEG study in elite athletes. Neuroimage. 2009 Apr 1;45(2):512-21.
Understanding of the sporting performance by other athletes is
related to selectivity/neural efficiency of parietal cortical
activation (mirror systems) as revealed by EEG mapping. More
efficiency?
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Low- (about 8–10 Hz) and high-frequency (about 10–12 Hz) alpha rhythms
were lower in amplitude in the elite karate athletes compared to the non-
gymnasts in occipital and temporal areas (ventral pathway) and in dorsal
pathway (neural efficiency)
Babiloni C, Del Percio C, Rossini PM, Marzano N, Iacoboni M, Infarinato F, Lizio R, Piazza M, Pirritano M, Berlutti G, Cibelli
G, Eusebi F. Judgment of actions in elite amateur katate athletes a: a high-resolution EEG study. Behavioral Brain Research.
2010
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EEG provides the high temporal
resolution necessary for the study of
secondary (“extended”)
consciousness including
autobiographical and moral
consciousness
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Resting EEG
data
Resting EEG data:
30 normal controls
12 PVS recovered
32 PVS not recovered
Babiloni C, Sarà M, Vecchio F, Pistoia F, Sebastiano F, Onorati P, Albertini G, Pasqualetti P, Cibelli G, Buffo P, Rossini PM. Cortical sources of
resting-state alpha rhythms are abnormal in persistent vegetative state patients. Clin Neurophysiol. 2009 Apr;120(4):719-29.
Resting state alpha sources are especially depressed in persistent
vegetative state (PVS) subjects (awake but not conscious) who will not
recover consciousness at 3-months follow up
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Resting EEG
data
Resting EEG data:
30 normal controls
32 PVS recovered
12 PVS not
recovered
Babiloni C, Sarà M, Vecchio F, Pistoia F, Sebastiano F, Onorati P, Albertini G, Pasqualetti P, Cibelli G, Buffo P, Rossini PM. Cortical
sources of resting-state alpha rhythms are abnormal in persistent vegetative state patients. Clin Neurophysiol. 2009 Apr;120(4):719-
29.
In PVS subjects, permanent deterioration of secondary consciousness
may be related to abnormality of resting state alpha rhythms
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Resting EEG
data
Resting EEG data:
15 normal controls
13 LIS
Babiloni C, Sarà M, Vecchio F, Pistoia F, Sebastiano F, Onorati P, Albertini G, Pasqualetti P, Cibelli G, Buffo P, Rossini PM. Resting state brain
rhythms in patients with locked in syndrome: an EEG study. Clinical Neurophysiol. 2010.
Resting state alpha sources are depressed in locked in syndrome (LIS)
subjects (they are conscious but with some abnormalities in emotional
experiences)
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Resting EEG
data
Resting EEG data:
15 normal controls
13 LIS
Babiloni C, Sarà M, Vecchio F, Pistoia F, Sebastiano F, Onorati P, Albertini G, Pasqualetti P, Cibelli G, Buffo P, Rossini PM. Cortical
sources of resting-state alpha rhythms are abnormal in persistent vegetative state patients. Clin Neurophysiol. 2009 Apr;120(4):719-
29.
In LIS subjects, some abnormal conscious experience may be related to
abnormality of resting state alpha rhythms
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Cortical alpha rhythms before and during the stimulus are related to primary consciousness (“neuromodulatory context of cortical neural synchronization/desynchronization”)
ERPs disclose the spatio-temporal evolution (100-400 ms post-stimulus) of cortical responses related to primary consciousness (“re-phasing and synchronization of cortical neurons”)
Cortical resting state alpha rhythms are abnormal in subjects with persistent abnormal consciousness and in subjects with locked in syndrome
Cortical resting state alpha rhythms reflect efficiency of attention processes in elite athletes
Conclusions: mapping alpha rhythms or ERPs unveils cortical
processes related to primary and secondary consciousness
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Thanks for your consciousness
The father of
EEG: H. Berger