neuroscience and behavior chapter 2 1. amnesia 2
TRANSCRIPT
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NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR
CHAPTER 21
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AMNESIA
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NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR
The Brain The Tools of Discovery
Older Brain Structures
The Cerebral Cortex
Our Divided Brain
Left Brain-Right Brain
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THE BRAIN
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THE BRAIN
A brain lesion experimentally destroys brain tissue to study
animal behaviors after such
destruction. 5
Techniques to Study the Brain
Hubel (1990)
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CLINICAL OBSERVATION
Clinical observations have shed light on a number of brain disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric
diseases are now being catalogued.
6another-island.blogspot.com
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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)
An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured
by electrodes placed on the scalp.
7psyk.uu.se
sciencegl.com
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PET SCAN
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PET (positron emission
tomography) Scan is a visual display of brain
activity that detects a
radioactive form of glucose while
the brain performs a given task.
nida.nih.gov
parkavenuepetct.com
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MRI SCAN
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MRI (magnetic resonance
imaging) uses magnetic fields and radio waves
to produce computer-
generated images that distinguish among different types of brain
tissue.
fmrib.ox.ac.uk
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MRI SCAN
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OLDER BRAIN STRUCTURES
The Brainstem is the oldest part of
the brain, beginning where the spinal cord
swells and enters the skull. It is
responsible for automatic survival
functions.11
acstaff.gpc.edu
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BRAIN STEMThe Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the base
of the brainstem that controls
heartbeat and breathing.
Reticular Formation is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling
arousal.12
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MEDULLA
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BRAIN STEMThe Thalamus
[THAL-uh-muss] is the brain’s sensory
switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages
to the sensory areas in the cortex
and transmits replies to the
cerebellum and medulla. 14
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CEREBELLUM
The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It
helps coordinate voluntary
movements and balance.
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CEREBELLUM
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THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped
system of neural structures at the
border of the brainstem and
cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the
hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
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AMYGDALA
The Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la]
consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the
emotions of fear and anger.
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AMYGDALA
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HYPOTHALAMUSThe Hypothalamus
lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating,
drinking, body temperature, and
control of emotions. It helps govern the
endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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REWARD CENTERRats cross an
electrified grid for self-stimulation when
electrodes are placed in the reward
(hypothalamus) center (top picture). When the
limbic system is manipulated, a rat will navigate fields or climb
up a tree (bottom picture). 22
Sanjiv T
alwar, S
UN
Y D
ownstate
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THE CEREBRAL CORTEXThe intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells
that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.
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STRUCTURE OF THE CORTEXEach brain hemisphere
is divided into four lobes that are separated by
prominent fissures. These lobes are the
frontal lobe (forehead), parietal lobe (top to rear head), occipital lobe (back head) and temporal lobe (side of
head).
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THE BRAIN
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FUNCTIONS OF THE CORTEXThe Motor Cortex is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements. The Sensory Cortex (parietal cortex) receives
information from skin surface and sense organs.
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VISUAL FUNCTION
The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces.
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Courtesy of V
.P. Clark, K
. Keill, J. M
a. M
aisog, S. Courtney, L
.G.
Ungerleider, and J.V
. Haxby,
National Institute of M
ental Health
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AUDITORY FUNCTION
The functional MRI scan shows the
auditory cortex is active in patients who
hallucinate.
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ASSOCIATION AREASMore intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of
the cortex.
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LANGUAGE
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Aphasia is an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking)
or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding).
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APHASIA
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SPECIALIZATION & INTEGRATION
Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words
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CONCUSSIONS
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THE BRAIN’S PLASTICITYThe brain is sculpted by our genes but also by
our experiences.
Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some type of injury or
illness.
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THE BRAIN’S PLASTICITY
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BRAIN HEALING
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PHANTOM LIMBS
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OUR DIVIDED BRAINOur brain is divided into two hemispheres.
The left hemisphere processes reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, and
comprehension skills. In the 1960s, it was termed as the dominant brain.
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SPLITTING THE BRAINA procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers
(mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.
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Corpus Callosum
Ma
rtin M
. Ro
the
r
Courtesy of T
erence William
s, University of Iow
a
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SPLIT BRAIN PATIENTS
With the corpus callosum severed,
objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual
field cannot.
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DIVIDED CONSCIOUSNESS
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DIVIDED CONSCIOUSNESS
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TRY THIS!
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Try drawing one shape with your left hand and one with your right hand,
simultaneously.B
BC
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NON-SPLIT BRAINS
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People with intact brains also show left-right hemispheric differences in mental
abilities.
A number of brain scan studies show normal individuals engage their right
brain when completing a perceptual task and their left brain when carrying out a
linguistic task.
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BRAIN ORGANIZATION & HANDEDNESS
Is handedness inherited? Yes. Archival and historic studies, as well as modern
medical studies, show that the right hand is preferred. This suggests genes and/or prenatal factors influence handedness.
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IS IT ALRIGHT TO BE LEFT HANDED?
Being left handed is difficult in a right-handed world.
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IS IT ALRIGHT TO BE LEFT HANDED?The percentage of left-handed individuals
decreases sharply in samples of older people (Coren, 1993).
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Studies are inconsistent.Possible reasons:Birth stressMore accidents – right handedEquipmentUse more tobacco and alcoholSuffer more immune system Problems – asthma, hay fever